Valid Names Results
Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock, 1881) (Diaspididae: Comstockaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock 1881a: 304. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, on apple, pear, plum, and other trees.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Aonidia fusca Maskell 1895b: 43. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Bulga, on peach, Persica vulgaris, sent by Mr. French.. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Maskel1896, 14). Notes: Illustr.
- Aspidiotus albopunctatus Cockerell 1896h: 20. Type data: JAPAN: on twigs of orange seedlings; collected Craw.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 191).
- Aonidiella fusca (Maskell, 1895); Leonardi 1897: 286. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus Comstock, 1881; Cockerell 1897i: 30. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus albopunctatus Cockerell, 1896; Cockerell 1897i: 20. change of combination and rank
- Aonidiella perniciosa (Comstock, 1881); Leonardi 1897: 286. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
- Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) andromelas Cockerell 1897i: 20. Type data: JAPAN: on "Phaetenia glauca".. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 191).
- Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1881); Cockerell 1899a: 396. change of combination
- Diaspidiotus perniciosus andromelas (Cockerell, 1897); Cockerell 1899a: 376. change of combination and rank
- Aonidiella andromelas (Cockerell, 1897); Leonardi 1900: 341. change of combination
- Aspidiotus perniciosus albopunctatus Cockerell, 1896; Fernald 1903b: 275. change of combination
- Aspidiotus perniciosus andromelas Cockerell, 1897; Fernald 1903b: 276. change of combination and rank
- Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus Comstock, 1881; Brain 1918: 125. change of combination
- Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock, 1881); MacGillivray 1921: 438. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesiana) perniciosus Comstock, 1881; Thiem & Gerneck 1934a: 132. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Comstockaspis) perniciosus Comstock, 1881; Borchsenius 1935a: 33. change of combination
- Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1881); Ferris 1938a: 337. change of combination
- Aspidiotus fuscus (Maskell, 1895); Ferris 1941e: 43. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
- Aspidiotus (Quadraspidiotus) perniciosus Comstock, 1881; Merrill 1953: 25. change of combination
- Hemiberlesiana perniciosa (Comstock, 1881); Lindinger 1957: 549. change of combination
- Aspidiotus albopunctatus Cockerell, 1896; Borchsenius 1966: 368. revived combination (previously published)
- Aspidiotus andromelas Cockerell, 1897; Borchsenius 1966: 368. revived combination (previously published)
- Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1881); Borchsenius 1966: 337. revived combination (previously published)
- Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock, 1881); Takagi 1974: 12-15. revived combination (previously published)
- Aspidiotus perniciasus Comstock, 1881; Chou 1985: 310. misspelling of species epithet
- Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1881); Danzig 1993: 191-193. revived combination (previously published)
- Ceudraspidiotus perniciosus; Liang, et al. 1999: 29. misspelling of genus name
- Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock, 1881); Normark, Morse, Krewinski & Okusu 2014: 45. revived combination (previously published)
- Diaspidioutus perniciosus; Iradat, et al. 2018: 459. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- California scale KosztaKo1988F
- Chinese scale Xie1998
- cocciniglia San Iose Pegazz1948
- escama de San Jose Gonzal1989
- kaliforniiskaya ili vrednaya shitovka Borchs1936
- pernicious scale Comsto1881a
- Pou de St-Jose Balach1926
- round pear scale Xie1998
- San Jose scale Borchs1966 Dekle1965c McKenz1956 RosenDe1978
- san jose scale Borchs1966 McKenz1956 RosenDe1978
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 43 | Genera: 80
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia chinensis | Gonzal1986 Gonzal1989a
- Actinidia deliciosa | Hender2011
- Adoxaceae
- Sambucus | Balach1950b
- Viburnum lantana | Balach1950b
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium | McKenz1956
- Araliaceae
- Hedera | McKenz1956
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe | McKenz1956
- Simethis | MerrilCh1923 | (= Sieboldia)
- Asteraceae
- Stevia triflora | Balach1950b
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | Zahrad1972
- Alnus nepalensis | RahmanAn1941
- Alnus nitida | RahmanAn1941
- Betula pendula | Zahrad1972
- Betula pubescens | Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Betula alba)
- Carpinus betulus | Zahrad1972
- Corylus avellana | Balach1950b GomezM1946 Zahrad1972
- Corylus maxima | Zahrad1972 | (= Corylus tubulosa)
- Bignoniaceae
- Catalpa bignonioides | Zahrad1972
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | McKenz1956
- Cannabaceae
- Cannabis sativa | RahmanAn1941
- Cannaceae
- Canna indica | RahmanAn1941
- Caprifoliaceae
- Symphoria racemosa | Balach1950b | (= Symphoricarpos racemosus)
- Symphoricarpos | Merril1953
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- Cercidiphyllum japonicum | MerrilCh1923
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | Balach1950b
- Cornus alba | Balach1950b
- Cornus sanguinea | Balach1950b
- Cornus sericea | Balach1950b | (= Cornus baileyi)
- Nyssa | MerrilCh1923
- Cucurbitaceae
- Citrullus lanatus | Moghad2013a | (= Citrullus vulgaris)
- Cyperaceae
- Schoenoplectiella rogersii | Muntin1971 | (= Pyracantha rogersii)
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Balach1950b GomezM1946
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | MerrilCh1923
- Elaeagnus rhamnoides | JaposhBaKi2020
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron | McKenz1956 | (= Azalea)
- Euphorbiaceae
- Vernicia fordii | Balach1950b | (= Aleurites fordii)
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923
- Gleditsia triacanthos | Muntin1971
- Robinia pseudoacacia | Zahrad1972
- Spartium junceum | UlgentDo2019
- Fagaceae
- Castanea crenata | Suh2020
- Castanea dentata | Zahrad1972 | (= Castanea americana)
- Castanea sativa | Balach1950b RahmanAn1941 Zahrad1972
- Fagus sylvatica | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Quercus | Muntin1971
- Quercus hartwissiana | BatsanKaKi2017
- Quercus robur | RahmanAn1941 | (= Quercus dilatata)
- Quercus serrata | Suh2020
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | Balach1950b Muntin1971
- Ribes aureum | Balach1950b
- Ribes nigrum | Balach1950b
- Ribes rubrum | Balach1950b
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum | Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- Juglandaceae
- Carya glabra | BicheArMe2022 | (= Carya porcina)
- Juglans | McKenz1956
- Juglans ailanthifolia | Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Juglans sieboldiana)
- Juglans regia | Balach1950b RahmanAn1941 Zahrad1972
- Pterocarya fraxinifolia | BicheArMe2022
- Lardizabalaceae
- Akebia | Balach1950b
- Akebia quinata | Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- Lauraceae
- Persea | McKenz1956
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | MerrilCh1923
- Tilia | Balach1950b
- Tilia americana | Zahrad1972
- Tilia platyphyllos | Zahrad1972
- Moraceae
- Maclura pomifera | Balach1950b | (= Maclura aurantiaca, Toxylon pomiferum)
- Myrtaceae
- Eucalyptus | Zahrad1972
- Eucalyptus populnea | NormarOkMo2019
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | Muntin1971
- Fraxinus excelsior | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Ligustrum vulgare | Balach1950b
- Olea | McKenz1956
- Olea europaea | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970
- Osmanthus heterophyllus | Suh2020
- Syringa persica | Balach1950b
- Syringa reticulata | Borchs1938 | (= Syringa amurensis)
- Syringa vulgaris | Balach1950b
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | McKenz1956
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum heterophyllum | CaliskUl2017
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | Zahrad1972
- Rhamnaceae
- Ceanothus | MerrilCh1923
- Rosaceae
- Amelanchier canadensis | Balach1950b
- Chaenomeles | BesheaTiHo1973
- Chaenomeles japonica | Balach1950b McDani1970 Muntin1971 | (= Cydonia japonica)
- Chaenomeles sinensis | Suh2020
- Chaenomeles speciosa | Hender2011 Muntin1971 | (= Chaenomelis lagenaria)
- Cotoneaster | Balach1950b McKenz1956
- Cotoneaster melanocarpus | Balach1950b | (= Cotoneaster vulgaris)
- Cotoneaster microphyllus | Muntin1971
- Crataegus | McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 RahmanAn1941
- Crataegus coccinea | Balach1950b
- Crataegus crus-galli | Balach1950b
- Crataegus marshallii | Balach1950b | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
- Crataegus monogyna | Kozar1999a
- Crataegus orientalis | UlgentDo2019
- Crataegus phaenopyrum | Balach1950b | (= Crataegus cordata)
- Cydonia oblonga | Balach1950b GomezM1946 Muntin1971 RahmanAn1941 | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Eriobotrya japonica | UygunSeEr1998
- Malus asiatica | Suh2020
- Malus baccata | Balach1950b | (= Pyrus baccata)
- Malus domestica | Almeid1973b BlayGo1993 GomezM1946 Hender2011 Iren1970 Lepage1938 Martin1983 Muntin1971 RahmanAn1941 SengonUyKa1998 UygunSeEr1998 | (= Malus communis, Pyrus malus)
- Malus pumila | MoghadWa2021
- Mespilus germanica | Moghad2004
- Photinia | Cocker1897i Leonar1900 McDani1970 Merril1953
- Photinia melanocarpa | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Prunus | BesheaTiHo1973 Cocker1897i Dekle1965c Lepage1938 RahmanAn1941
- Prunus armeniaca | Balach1950b GomezM1946 RahmanAn1941
- Prunus avium | Balach1950b
- Prunus caroliniana | Wilson1917
- Prunus cerasifera | Balach1950b RahmanAn1941 | var. astropurpurea (= prunus pissardii),(= Prunus divaricata)
- Prunus cerasus | Muntin1971 RahmanAn1941 | (= Cerasus vulgaris)
- Prunus domestica | Balach1950b BlayGo1993 GomezM1946 Lepage1938 Muntin1971
- Prunus dulcis | Balach1950b GomezM1946 RahmanAn1941 | (= Prunus amygdalus)
- Prunus hortulana | Balach1950b
- Prunus japonica | Balach1950b
- Prunus laurocerasus | Balach1950b
- Prunus mahaleb | Kozar1999a
- Prunus mandshurica | Suh2020
- Prunus maritima | Balach1950b
- Prunus padus | Lepage1938 | (= Prunus germanica)
- Prunus persica | Balach1950b ErlerTu2001 GomezM1946 Maskel1895b Muntin1971 RahmanAn1941 | (= Persica vulgaris)
- Prunus pumila | Balach1950b
- Prunus salicina | Balach1950b | (= Prunus triflora)
- Prunus serotina | Balach1950b BesheaTiHo1973
- Prunus serrulata | Hender2011
- Prunus spinosa | Kozar1999a
- Prunus virginiana | Balach1950b
- Prunus yedoensis | Suh2020
- Pseudocydonia sinensis | Balach1950b
- Pyracantha | Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Muntin1971
- Pyracantha coccinea | CaliskUl2017
- Pyrus | Dekle1965c RahmanAn1941
- Pyrus communis | Almeid1973b ErlerTu2001 Iren1970 Lepage1938 Muntin1971
- Pyrus pyrifolia | Suh2020
- Pyrus ussuriensis | Balach1950b TakahaTa1956 | (= Pyrus simonii, Pyrus sinensis)
- Rosa | Borchs1936 Dekle1965c GomezM1946 Muntin1971 RahmanAn1941
- Rosa bracteata | Balach1950b | (= Rosa lucida)
- Rosa carolina | Balach1950b
- Rosa multiflora | Suh2020
- Rosa rugosa | Balach1950b
- Rosa virginiana | Balach1950b
- Sorbus | Balach1950b
- Sorbus americana | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Sorbus aria | Zahrad1972
- Sorbus aucuparia | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Sorbus domestica | Zahrad1972
- Sorbus melanocarpa | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Spiraea salicifolia | Suh2020
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Cocker1896h Cocker1897i McKenz1956 YasnosTaCh2005
- Citrus reticulata | TakahaTa1956 | (= Citrus unshiu)
- Citrus trifoliata | Balach1950b Borchs1936 GomezM1946 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Ptelea | Balach1950b
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Hender2011 Muntin1971
- Populus alba | Suh2020
- Populus canadensis | Moghad2004 | (= Populus euramericanus)
- Populus deltoides | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Populus euphratica | MoghadWa2021
- Populus nigra | Balach1950b Moghad2004 Zahrad1972 | (= Populus italica, Populus nigra italica)
- Populus tremula | Zahrad1972
- Salix | Balach1950b BesheaTiHo1973 Borchs1936 Hender2011 RahmanAn1941
- Salix acutifolia | Zahrad1972
- Salix alba | Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Salix vitellina var. vitellina)
- Salix babylonica | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Salix candida | Balach1950b
- Salix caprea | Zahrad1972
- Salix discolor | BesheaTiHo1973
- Salix eleagnos | Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (- Salix incana)
- Salix humilis | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Salix lucida | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Salix matsudana | BatsanKaKi2017
- Salix pentandra | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Salix repens | Zahrad1972
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | MerrilCh1923
- Acer campestre | Zahrad1972
- Acer japonicum | Zahrad1972
- Acer negundo | Suh2020
- Acer platanoides | Zahrad1972
- Acer saccharinum | Zahrad1972
- Aesculus hippocastanum | Zahrad1972
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | McKenz1956
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Muntin1971
- Camellia sinensis | Suh2020
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | McKenz1956 RahmanAn1941
- Ulmus americana | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Ulmus glabra | Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Ulmus campestris)
- Ulmus procera | Zahrad1972
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | McKenz1956
- Vitis vinifera | Balach1950b
Foes:
Families: 20 | Genera: 59
- Anthocoridae
- Temnostethus dacicus | ErlerTu2001
- Temnostethus longirostis | ErlerTu2001
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Ablerus americanus | Gordh1979 | (= Azotus americanus)
- Ablerus atomon | Aligey2016 | (= Azotus marchali)
- Ablerus clisiocampae | Balach1950b Gordh1979
- Ablerus dozieri | Gordh1979
- Ablerus elegantulus | AnneckIn1970 | (= Azotus elegantulus)
- Ablerus perspeciosus | GolanKoKm2023 | (= Azotus kashmirensis)
- Ablerus separaspidis | AnneckIn1970 | (= Azotus separaspidis)
- Aphelinus mali | AlfredDAsPa2020
- Aphytis | RosenDe1978
- Aphytis aonidiae | GomezM1946 GulmahDe1978a RosenDe1979
- Aphytis chrysomphali | BelgueBiBe2017
- Aphytis diaspidis | Balach1950b Flande1960 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979 | (= Aphytis fuscipennis)
- Aphytis hispanicus | MyartsRu2000 SengonUyKa1998
- Aphytis maculicornis | BelgueBiBe2017
- Aphytis melinus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Balach1950b Flande1960 RosenDe1979 Zahrad1972
- Aphytis paramaculicornis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis proclia | Balach1950b RosenDe1978 Zahrad1972
- Aphytis vandenboschi | RosenDe1979
- Archenomus bicolor | Aligey2016
- Archenomus caucasicus | Aligey2016
- Archenomus maritimus | Aligey2016
- Coccobius varicornis | Gordh1979 | (= Physcus varicornis)
- Coccophagoides fasciativentris | Gordh1979
- Coccophagoides kuwanae | Flande1960 Gordh1979
- Coccophagus immaculatus | Gordh1979
- Diaspiniphagus fasciativentris | Gordh1979 | (= Prospaltella fasciativentris)
- Diaspiniphagus moeris | Gordh1979 | (= Coccophagoides similis)
- Encarsia aurantii | Balach1950b Gordh1979 PolaszAbHu1999 | (= Prospaltella aurantii )
- Encarsia berlesei | Benass1954 | (= Prospaltella berlesei)
- Encarsia citrina | Aligey2016 Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia diaspidicola | Gordh1979 | (= Prospaltella diaspidicola )
- Encarsia fasciata | Aligey2016
- Encarsia perniciosi | Koszta1996 MyartsRu2000 PaloukNa1995 Rosen1987 StouthLu1991 BenassBi1960 Flande1960 RosenDe1978 Tower1913 Zahrad1972 | (= Prospaltella perniciosi ),
- Marietta carnesi | Gordh1979
- Marietta mexicana | MyartsRu2000
- Marietta pulchella | Gordh1979
- Pteroptrix bicolor | Zahrad1972
- Pteroptrix chinensis | RehmatAnKh2011
- Pteroptrix dimidiata | Balach1950b Novits1961 Zahrad1972
- Pteroptrix lauri | Aligey2016 Zahrad1972 | (= Hispaniella lauri )
- Braconidae
- Apanteles | GolanKoKm2023
- Cantharidae
- Cantharis rustica | Drea1990
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa | Drea1990
- Clavicipitaceae
- Beauveria bassiana | GolanKoKm2023
- Metarhizium anisopliae | GolanKoKm2023
- Coccinellidae
- Adalia bipunctata | Zahrad1972 | (= Coccinella bipunctata)
- Brumus quadripustulatus | Zahrad1972 | (= Chilocorus quadripustulatus)
- Chilocorus bijugus | RasheeBuGu2019 RawatSaPa1992 RawatThPa1988 | (= Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant)
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Balach1950b ErlerTu2001 Koszta1996 MoghadWa2021 Zahrad1972
- Chilocorus circumdatus | RosenDe1978
- Chilocorus infernalis | AlfredDAsPa2020 | (= Coccinella infernalis)
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Balach1950b RosenDe1978 Zahrad1972 | including ssp. inornatus (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Chilocorus similis | Nakaya1912 RosenDe1978
- Chilocorus stigma | Marlat1902a RosenDe1978 | (= Chilocorus bivulnerus
- Coccidophilus citricola | Parede2019
- Coccinella septempunctata | GolanKoKm2023
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Nephus quadrimaculatus | ErlerTu2001 Zahrad1972 | (= Exochomus quadrimaculatus)
- Oenopia sauzeti | GolanKoKm2023
- Pharoscymnus flexibilis | RawatThPa1988
- Platynaspis saundersi | GolanKoKm2023
- Rhyzobius lindi | RosenDe1978
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | RosenDe1978 Smirno1950a | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Rhyzobius ventralis | Pope1981
- Scymnus marginicollis | RosenDe1978
- Scymnus mediterraneus | BelgueBiBe2017 | (= Mimopullus mediterraneus)
- Sticholotis marginalis | GolanKoKm2023
- Cordycipitaceae
- Lecanicillium lecanii | GolanKoKm2023
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | RosenDe1978 RosenDe1978
- Cybocephalus fodori | ErlerTu2001 Koszta1996 | including ssp. minor
- Cybocephalus fodori minor | ErlerTu2001
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | LeeLeSe2024
- Cybocephalus politus | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Encyrtidae
- Acerophagus citrinus | Gordh1979
- Adelencyrtus inglisiae | AnneckIn1971
- Adelencyrtus intersectus | Gordh1979 Trjapi1989 Gordh1979 Trjapi1989 | (= Anabrolepis zetterstedtii),(= Anabrolepis zetterstedtii, = Epitetracnemus zetterstedtii)
- Ageniaspis | GolanKoKm2023 | (= Holcotorax)
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | Gordh1979
- Coccidencyrtus ensifer | Gordh1979
- Coccidencyrtus steinbergi | Trjapi1989
- Habrolepis diaspidi | RosenDe1978 | (= Habrolepis aspidioti)
- Habrolepis obscura | AnneckIn1971
- Metaphycus nadius | GuerriNo2000
- Teleterebratus perversus | GolanKoKm2023
- Thomsonisca pallipes | Trjapi1989
- Thomsonisca shutovae | RosenDe1978 | (= Euussuria shutovae)
- Trichomasthus quadraspidiotus | DangWa2002
- Zaomma lambinus | Gordh1979 Trjapi1989 | (= Apterencyrtus microphagus)
- Eulophidae
- Sympiesis | GolanKoKm2023
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | Andre1942 GersonOcHo1990 Koszta1996 Zahrad1972
- Miridae
- Deraeocoris ruber | Zahrad1972
- Mymaridae
- Erythmelus gracilis | Balach1950b | (= Anaphes gracilis)
- Polynema fulmeki | Zahrad1972
- Myriangiales
- Myriangium duriaei | EvansPr1990
- Nectriaceae
- Fusarium | EvansPr1990
- Fusarium aspidioti | Muraka1970
- Fusarium coccidicola | MoghadWa2021 | (= Fusarium juranum)
- Fusarium larvarum | HornokKo1984
- Microcera diploa | EvansPr1990 | (= Nectria diploa)
- Nectria aurantiicola | EvansPr1990
- Nectria coccophila | Muraka1970
- Nectria flammea | EvansPr1990
- Peziotrichum saccardinum | EvansPr1990
- Phlaeothripidae
- Leptothrips mali | PalmerMo1990
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora flavella | Woolle1990
- Signiphora pulcher | Gordh1979 Woolle1990 | (= Chartocerus pulcher)
- Signiphora townsendi | Gordh1979
- Thysanus ater | Woolle1990 Zahrad1972
- Tenebrionidae
- Tubeufiaceae
- Podonectria coccicola | EvansPr1990
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 83
- Afghanistan | CABI1986 Siddiq1966
- Albania | WatsonKo2022a
- Algeria | Borchs1966 CABI1986 SaighiDoBi2005
- Angola | Almeid1973b
- Argentina | Borchs1966 CABI1986
- Buenos Aires | CABI1986
- La Pampa | GranarCl2003
- Mendoza | GranarCl2003
- Santa Fe | GranarCl2003
- Tucuman | GranarCl2003
- Armenia | Babaia1987
- Australia
- New South Wales | CABI1986
- Queensland | Brimbl1962a CABI1986
- South Australia | CABI1986
- Tasmania | Borchs1966 BrookeHu1968 CABI1986
- Victoria | CABI1986
- Western Australia | CABI1986
- Austria | Borchs1966
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan SSR | Aligey2016 Borchs1966
- Azores | FrancoRuMa2011
- Bangladesh | WatsonKo2022a
- Bolivia | CABI1986
- Brazil | Borchs1966
- Espirito Santo | MartinWoCu2022
- Minas Gerais | CABI1986 Lepage1938
- Parana | CABI1986 Lepage1938
- Rio Grande do Sul | BertelBa1966 CABI1986 Lepage1938
- Rio de Janeiro | CABI1986
- Santa Catarina | CABI1986 Lepage1938
- Sao Paulo | CABI1986 Lepage1938
- Brunei | WatsonKo2022a
- Bulgaria | AndreeKu2004 Borchs1966 TrenchTrTo2010 Tsalev1968
- Canada | Borchs1966
- Canary Islands | CABI1986 GomezM1967O MatileOr2001 PerezGCa1987
- Chile | Borchs1966 Gonzal1981 Gonzal1989 Gonzal1989a GonzalCh1968
- Antofagasta | WatsonKo2022a
- Atacama | WatsonKo2022a
- Biobio | WatsonKo2022a
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- Coquimbo | WatsonKo2022a
- Los Lagos | WatsonKo2022a
- Maule | WatsonKo2022a
- O'Higgins | WatsonKo2022a
- Santiago | WatsonKo2022a
- Valparaiso | WatsonKo2022a
- China | Borchs1966
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | CABI1986
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | CABI1986
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | DaoBeWa2023
- Hebei (=Hopei) | CABI1986
- Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) | CABI1986
- Henan (=Honan) | CABI1986 Shen1993
- Hubei (=Hupei) | CABI1986
- Hunan | WatsonKo2022a
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | CABI1986
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | CABI1986
- Jilin (=Kirin) | CABI1986
- Liaoning | CABI1986
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | CABI1986
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | CABI1986
- Shandong (=Shantung) | CABI1986
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | CABI1986
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | WatsonKo2022a
- Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | CABI1986 LiangAiZh1999
- Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | CABI1986
- Croatia | Masten2007 MastenSi2009 | Borchs1966
- Cuba | CABI1986
- Czech Republic | Borchs1966 Zahrad1952 Zahrad1977
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | CABI1986 Ghesqu1932
- Ecuador | WatsonKo2022a
- Eritrea | WatsonKo2022a
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | WatsonKo2022a
- France | Borchs1966 Germai2011
- Georgia (Republic of) | Borchs1936 Borchs1966 YasnosTaCh2005
- Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1936
- Germany | Borchs1966 SchmutHo2016
- Greece | CABI1986 PaloukNa1995
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Borchs1966
- Hungary | Borchs1966 Kozar1999a KozarKo2002b
- India | Borchs1966
- Andhra Pradesh | CABI1986
- Assam | CABI1986
- Bihar | WatsonKo2022a
- Himachal Pradesh | CABI1986 Varshn2002
- Jammu & Kashmir | CABI1986
- Karnataka | CABI1986 UsmanPu1955
- Maharashtra | CABI1986
- NCT Delhi | CABI1986
- Odisha (=Orissa) | CABI1986
- Punjab | CABI1986 RahmanAn1941
- Sikkim | Varshn2002
- Tamil Nadu | CABI1986
- Uttar Pradesh | CABI1986
- Uttarakhand | WatsonKo2022a
- West Bengal | CABI1986
- Indonesia
- Java | IradatGaLa2018
- Iran | CABI1986 Moghad2004
- Iraq | Borchs1966 CABI1986
- Italy | Borchs1966 LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | WatsonKo2022a
- Japan | Borchs1966 Cocker1896h Cocker1897i Kawai1980 Kuwana1902 Kuwana1917a Kuwana1933 Sasaki1901
- Hokkaido | TakahaTa1956
- Honshu | CABI1986 TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | CABI1986 TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | CABI1986 TakahaTa1956
- Kazakhstan | CABI1986
- Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) | WatsonKo2022a
- Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006
- Madeira Islands | CABI1986
- Mexico | Borchs1966
- Ciudad de México | CABI1986
- Moldova | Borchs1966
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Montenegro | WatsonKo2022a
- Morocco | WatsonKo2022a
- Nepal | CABI1986
- Netherlands | WatsonKo2022a
- New Caledonia | MilleHeCa2016
- New Zealand | Borchs1966 EmmsMc1984
- North Korea | Borchs1966
- Pakistan | CABI1986 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979
- Paraguay | WatsonKo2022a
- Peru | CABI1986
- Poland | Borchs1966
- Portugal | Borchs1966 Seabra1941
- Republic of the Congo | WatsonKo2022a
- Romania | Borchs1966 FetykoKoDa2010 Savesc1982
- Russia
- Amur Oblast | CABI1986
- Dagestan AR | Borchs1966
- Kabardino-Balkarian AR | CABI1986
- Khabarovsk Kray | Borchs1966 CABI1986
- Krasnodar Kray | CABI1986
- Kuril Islands | CABI1986
- North Ossetia AR | CABI1986
- Primor'ye Kray | Borchs1966 CABI1986
- Sakhalin Oblast | Borchs1966
- Stavrapol Oblast | CABI1986
- Volgograd Oblast | Gavril2004
- Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy
- Saint Martin | WatsonKo2022a
- Sardinia | Pelliz2011
- Serbia | WatsonKo2022a
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- South Africa | Brain1918 BrainKe1917 CABI1986 Muntin1971
- South Korea | Borchs1966 CABI1986 KwonHaCh2005
- Spain | Balach1935b BlayGo1993 Borchs1966 GomezM1937 Martin1983
- Sweden | Gertss2001
- Switzerland | Borchs1966
- Taiwan | WongChCh1999
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BazaroSh1971 Borchs1966
- Thailand | WatsonKo2022a
- Tunisia | WatsonKo2022a
- Turkey | CABI1986 ErlerTu2001 Iren1970 KaydanUlEr2007 UygunSeEr1998
- Turkmenistan | Borchs1966
- Ukraine | Borchs1966
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Borchs1966
- United Kingdom
- England | Borchs1966
- United States
- Alabama | CABI1986 WaltmaRaWi2016
- Alaska | CABI1986
- Aleutian Islands | CABI1986
- Arizona | CABI1986
- Arkansas | CABI1986
- California | CABI1986
- Colorado | CABI1986
- Connecticut | CABI1986
- Delaware | CABI1986
- District of Columbia | CABI1986
- Florida | CABI1986 Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 CABI1986 TippinBe1970
- Idaho | CABI1986
- Illinois | CABI1986
- Indiana | CABI1986
- Iowa | CABI1986
- Kansas | CABI1986 Hunter1899
- Kentucky | CABI1986
- Louisiana | CABI1986
- Maryland | CABI1986
- Massachusetts | CABI1986
- Michigan | CABI1986
- Minnesota | CABI1986
- Mississippi | CABI1986 Herric1911
- Missouri | CABI1986 Hollin1923
- Montana | CABI1986
- Nebraska | CABI1986
- Nevada | CABI1986
- New Hampshire | CABI1986
- New Jersey | CABI1986
- New Mexico | CABI1986
- New York | CABI1986
- North Carolina | CABI1986
- Ohio | CABI1986
- Oklahoma | CABI1986
- Oregon | CABI1986 SchuhMo1948
- Pennsylvania | CABI1986
- Rhode Island | CABI1986
- South Carolina | CABI1986
- Tennessee | CABI1986
- Texas | CABI1986 Herric1911 McDani1970
- Utah | CABI1986
- Vermont | CABI1986
- Virginia | CABI1986
- Washington | CABI1986
- West Virginia | CABI1986
- Wisconsin | CABI1986
- Wyoming | WatsonKo2022a
- Uruguay | CABI1986
- Uzbekistan
- Fergana Oblast | CABI1986
- Venezuela | CABI1986
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990
- Zimbabwe | CABI1986 Muntin1971
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
- WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
- Hender2011: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Diaspidiotus adult females in New Zealand]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-36 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.243 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Koszta1996: pp.575 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.179-182 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- BlayGo1993: pp.528-529 ( Adult (F) ) [Spain]
- Terezn1986: pp.97-98 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.311 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Danzig1980b: pp.340 ( Adult (F) ) [Far East of USSR]
- Kawai1980: pp.215 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- KosztaKo1978: pp.167-169 ( Adult (F) ) [Hungary]
- BazaroSh1971: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Asia]
- McDani1970: pp.429 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
- BrookeHu1968: pp.91 ( Immature (F) ) [Australia]
- BrookeHu1968: pp.91 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
- McKenz1956: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Zahrad1952: pp.114-115 ( Adult (F) ) [Czech Republic]
- Balach1950b: pp.401 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Ferris1942: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Borchs1938: pp.143 ( Adult (F) ) [Far East of USSR]
- Borchs1935: pp.128 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]
- Kuwana1933: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Britto1923: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
- Hollin1923: pp.7-8 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
- Brain1918: pp.124 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Lawson1917: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.289-290 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
- Cocker1905b: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Colorado]
- Newell1899: pp.4-5 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Danzig (1993: 191) synonymised Aspidiotus albopunctatus Cockerell and Aspidiotus andromelas Cockerell with Q. perniciosus while Borchsenius (1966:368) regarded these as species incertae sedis. Cockerell (1897i) noted the great similarity of A. andromelas to Quadraspidiotus perniciosus.
- Structure: Scale of the female gray, circular, but slightly convex, exuviae subcentral; scale of the male gray, slightly elongate, exuvia toward one end (Ferris, 1938a). Young adult female pear-shaped, yellow; egg-laying females almost circular, yellow to orange. Adult male alate, body orange. Slide-mounted adult female body membranous, pyriform, 0.8–1.5 mm long; prepygidial marginal macroducts absent but several prepygidial abdominal segments with a few submarginal macroducts on either side. Perivulvar pores absent. Pygidium with median and 2nd lobes well developed, slightly convergent, each notched on outer margin; 3rd lobes usually represented by points, occasionally absent; 4th lobes absent.(Watson & Kondo, 2022a) Colour photograph given by Gonzalez (1986, 1989). Colour photograph by Gill (1997) and by Wong et al. (1999).
- Biology: Occurring ordinarily on the bark, although it may occur on the fruit of apples (Ferris, 1938a). Iren (1970) studied the symbiosis of this species with the fungi Septobasidium burtii and S. mariani on apple and pear trees in Turkey. Female sex pheromone has been identified (Gieselmann et al., 1979). This species has three to three and a half generations per year (Wearing 1989) and the females have high reproductive capacity, each able to produce up to 400 crawlers that disperse and settle on the bark, leaves and fruit of the trees. Magsig-Castillo et al. (2010) have demonstrated the occurrence of phoretic dispersal of crawlers of Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock). The crawlers use the tarsal and claw digitules of each leg to attach themselves to three different insect species Musca domestica L., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Linepithema humile (Mayr) and can effectively be moved phoretically by these insects.
- Economic Importance: The San Jose scale is a major pest of deciduous fruit trees in many regions of the world. Its origin is believed to be in the north of the Oriental region, north China, Far East Russia. It was first recorded in USA, California about 1870, from where it was originally described in 1881. It spread rapidly throughout the main fruit-growing regions of the United States, from west to east. It has since spread to Canada, Central and South America, Europe (from Spain to Caucasus), Japan, India, South Africa and Australia (Ebeling, 1959; Rosen & DeBach, 1978; Kozar, 1990). A pest of kiwifruit in Chile (Gonzalez, 1989a). The plant growth regulator heteroauxin was most effective in controlling Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, (Ivanova & Pavlyuchuk, 1988). San Jose scale has ranked third with regard to export rejections in official post-harvest inspections of apples in Chile for at least five consecutive seasons, representing 30% of fruit volume rejected in 2011. (Buzzetti, et al., 2016) High mortality (77%) was determined with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana at 15 × 105 conidia /ml. concentration followed by Lecanicillium lecanii at the same concentration (mortality 75%). However, Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato was significantly less effective (mortality 53–68%) among the three concentrations tested during field trial. The results presented in Buhroo, et al., (2016) demonstrate the suitability of entomopathogenic fungi for controlling San Jose scale.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Brain (1918), Ferris (1938a), ZahradnÃk (1952), Balachowsky (1950b, 1958b), McKenzie (1956), Brookes & Hudson (1968), Bazarov & Shmelev (1971), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Danzig (1993), Kosztarab (1996), Gill (1997) and by Zamudio & Claps (2005). Description and illustration of second instar by Brookes & Hudson (1968).
Illustrations
Citations
- Abbott1926: chemical control, 858-860
- AbbottCuMo1926: chemical control, 1-26
- AbdElKDaKo1988: biological control, chemical control,
- AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
- AblesRi1981: biological control, economic importance, 273
- Ackerm1923: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-18
- AhmadGh1966: biological control, life history, 101-106
- AhmadShKh2004: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 135-142
- Alden1925: chemical control, 253-257
- AlderdSpWe1984: chemical ecology, chemistry, 1643-1646
- Aldric1899: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4
- Aldric1996: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology, 201-204
- Aleksi1995: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 187-190
- AlfredDAsPa2020: economic importance, host, natural enemies, 988
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 11
- AltierNi1999: biological control, 975-991
- AlvareVa1998: biological control, 130-136
- Alwood1896: distribution, economic importance, host, 33-44
- AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
- AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
- AndersChGi1979: chemistry, life history, 919-927
- AndersGiCh1981: chemical ecology, chemistry, 695-706
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- Andre1942: biological control, 173-180
- AndreeKu2004: chemical control, distribution, host, 577-579
- AndreeKu2004: distribution, host,
- AndreeKu2004a: biological control, life history, 215-221
- Angeri1990: chemical control, life history, 409-411
- AngeriGaLo1986: distribution, economic importance, host, 493-497
- AngeriLo1985: chemical control, distribution, host, 31-35
- AngeriLo1986: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 767-774
- AnneckIn1970: biological control, distribution, host, 241-242,246
- AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 2,13,14
- Anthon1960: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1085-1087
- Antong1954: chemical control, 1-23
- AntropFaPa1990: chemical control, distribution, host, 65-67
- Apstei1915: taxonomy, 119
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 99,107-108
- Argyri1981: biological control, distribution, host, 125-129
- ArmourScan1991: distribution, economic importance, host, 31-33
- AsquitCrHo1980: control, ecology, economic importance, 249-317
- Babaia1987: distribution, economic importance, host, 136
- Bachma1974: chemical control, economic importance, 755-760
- BadeneZaBe2002: chemical ecology, chemistry, ecology, life history, 545-549
- BadeneZaBe2002a: chemical control, chemical ecology, distribution, host, 291-296
- Baerg1921: chemical control, 177
- BaggioGeMa1951: distribution, economic importance, host, 931-937
- Baicu1982: chemical control, 1
- BaioccGa1991: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 104-106
- Balach1926: economic importance, taxonomy, 5-6
- Balach1932j: economic importance, 171-176
- Balach1935b: distribution, economic importance, host, 258
- Balach1950b: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 424-433
- Balach1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214-216
- BaloniMi2016: ecology, 7-12
- BalykiYaDu2003: distribution, host, 31-32
- Banks1990: chemistry, physiology, 267-274
- Bardia1967: control, host, life history, taxonomy, 3-23
- Baroff1993: biological control, life history, 371-378
- Baroff1997: biological control, life history, 323-333
- BassinPeTi1975: biological control, distribution, host, 21-23,26-42
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 257
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 220-223
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- Beauch1964: chemical control, distribution, host, 45-49
- BeglyaSm1977: biological control, distribution, host, 283-328
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 124, 127, 128
- Belyav1938: chemical control, 202-221
- BenDov1990a: taxonomy, 85
- BenDov1990e: distribution, host, 656
- BenDov2001: distribution, economic importance, 141-142
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 407-428
- Benass1954: biological control, 528-530
- Benass1957: biological control, chemical control, 867-872
- Benass1958b: biological control, ecology, life history, 93-108
- Benass1958d: biological control, 179-181
- Benass1959b: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 867-872
- Benass1961a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1-165
- Benass1961b: distribution, ecology, host, 1-157
- Benass1969: biological control, 33-39
- Benass1969a: biological control, 33-39
- Benass1970: biological control, 45-50
- Benass1971: biological control, economic importance, 9-23
- BenassBi1960: biological control, economic importance, 165-191
- BenassBiMi1960a: biological control, distribution, host, 29-36
- BenassBiMi1962: biological control, 59-68
- BenassBiMi1964: biological control, distribution, host, 271-280
- BenassBiMi1964a: biological control, distribution, host, 457-472
- BenassBiMi1964b: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 27-37
- BenassBiMi1967: biological control, 1-5
- BenassBiMi1967a: biological control, 241-255
- BenassBiMi1971: biological control, distribution, host, 411-420
- BenassMaNe1968: biological control, distribution, host, 1-28
- BenassMi1958: biological control, distribution, host, 7-11
- Bentle1913: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-25
- BentleCoHa2000: control, distribution, host,
- BentleHeDu2001: control, distribution, host, 12-19
- BentleRiBr2000: biological control, chemical control, host,
- BentleRiDa2000: control, distribution, host,
- Beran1939: chemical control, 25-29
- Beran1940: chemical control, 77-79
- Beran1940a: chemical control, 33-35
- Beran1942: chemical control, 289-316
- Beran1943: chemical control, 1-31
- Beran1949: chemical control, 161-176
- Beran1962: chemical control, 135-136
- Beran1963: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 95-96
- Berger1921: biological control, distribution, host, 141-154
- Berger1921a: biological control, distribution, host, 333-334
- Berger1942a: biological control, distribution, host, 26-29
- BerlesLe1899: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 250,253,255-260
- Bertel1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history,
- BertelBa1966: distribution, host, 17-46
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 8
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 499
- BichinYa1985: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-96
- BichnaVa1985: chemical control, chemistry, distribution, host, 31
- BiezanFr1939: distribution, host, 1-18
- BiezanSe1940: distribution, host, 67-68
- Biliot1977: biological control, distribution, host, 341-347
- BiliotBeBi1960: biological control, distribution, host, 707-711
- Blahut1990: biological control, 1-98
- BloescSt1992: chemical ecology, distribution, host, life history, 305-310
- Bohm1951: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 66-76
- Bohm1955: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 245-267
- Bohm1963: biological control, distribution, host, 95
- Bohm1964: biological control, distribution, host, 147-148
- Bohm1965: biological control, distribution, 104
- Bohm1976: distribution, host, 41-42
- BoltabMaTa2024: host, importance, 4
- Bonfan1999: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 24-26
- Bonnem1936: description, taxonomy, 230-243
- Borchs1935: description, illustration, taxonomy, 127-128
- Borchs1935a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 5,9,33
- Borchs1936: distribution, host, 132
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 134
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55-56
- Borchs1938: distribution, host, 143
- Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9,27
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 249
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 227,229,231
- Borchs1960b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 217,218
- Borchs1966: catalog, 336-339,368
- BorgesViSa1986: distribution,
- BorianNi1995: chemical control, 43
- BoveyGe1946: control, distribution, host, 201-211
- Bower1987: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 55-58
- Bower1989: distribution, host, life history, 239-245
- BowerPeDo1993: chemical control, 57-62
- BoyceKaPe1939: chemical control, 432-450
- Boynto1901: taxonomy, 347,349
- Brain1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-126
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 183
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 14-18
- Bray1974: description, distribution, host, life history, 1-33
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
- Brimbl1961: distribution, host, 1-2
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 222-223
- Brimbl1962a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 418-422
- Britto1901: control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3-14
- Britto1901a: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-12
- Britto1909: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-4
- Britto1919: distribution, host, 255-261
- Britto1920a: distribution, host, 119-125
- Britto1920b: distribution, host, 140-143
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371,375
- Britto1923a: chemical control, 329-331
- Britto1924: distribution, host, 387-404
- Britto1924a: distribution, host,
- Britto1924b: distribution, host, 156-170
- Britto1926: distribution, host, 156
- Britto1928: distribution, host, 198
- Britto1929: distribution, host, 669
- Britto1930: distribution, host, 490
- Britto1931: distribution, host, 461
- Britto1932: distribution, host, 499
- Britto1937: distribution, host, 293
- Britto1938: distribution, host, 137
- BrittoWa1903: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-26
- BrittoWa1904: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-32
- BrittoZa1927a: distribution, host, 1
- BrittoZa1929a: distribution, host, 689
- BrittoZa1930: distribution, host, 502
- BrockFl1919: chemical control, 1-4
- BrookeHu1968: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 97-99
- BrookeHu1969: distribution, host, 228-233
- BrownPo1990: biological control, 527-533
- Brunet1943: chemical control, 221-233
- Buckle1987: ecology, life history, 53-85
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 198
- BuhrooChMa2000: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 117-123
- BuhrooRaKh2016: biological control, entomopathogenic fungi, 33-38
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Burke1930: biological control, distribution, host, 783-785
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 220,250
- Busvin1954: chemistry, physiology, 60-65
- BuzzetChFu2016: chemical control, resistance, 507-516
- CABI1986: distribution, host, 1-3
- Caesar1914: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-30
- CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 337
- CaprilVaPi2000: control, distribution, host,
- CaprilVaPi2002: control,
- CarbonBr1975: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-11
- Carl1996: biological control, chemical ecology, 67-74
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 209
- Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
- CevikOkSo1996: chemical control, 28-29,61-62
- Chambe1926: distribution, host, 55
- ChandeKa1994: chemical control, 222-223
- ChangDaYu1989: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 29-30
- Chanyu1976: natural enemies,
- Chapma1967: chemical control, 67
- ChapmaAvPe1944: chemical control, 305-307
- Charle1998: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 51N
- CharleAlWe1998: biological control, distribution, host, 93-98
- CharleHe2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 587-615
- CharleHiAl1995: biological control, distribution, host, 319-324
- CharleWa1981: chemical control, distribution, host, 252-253
- CheahIr1997: distribution, host,
- CherkaDu2000: chemical control, 26
- ChiappNe2004: chemical ecology, physiology, structure, 597-605
- Chiesa1939: control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-44
- Chiesa1948: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 310,316-318
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 690
- Chu1992: control, host, life history, 361-369
- ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 550,551
- Chumak1957: biological control, distribution, host, 533-547
- Chumak1961: biological control, distribution, host, 313-338
- Chumak1964: biological control, distribution, host, 535-552
- Chumak1969: biological control, ecology, life history, 247-254
- ChumakGo1963: biological control, 178-181
- ChumakMu1975: biological control, 174-184
- ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-30
- ClapsWoGo2001a: taxonomy, 26
- Clarke1906: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-8
- Clause1956: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Cocker1895b: taxonomy, 16
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 333-334
- Cocker1896h: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3-17,20,30
- Cocker1898bb: distribution, host, 95
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 396
- Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 202
- Collin1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 158-160
- CollyeVa1975: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 101-134
- Comper1961a: biological control, 17-71
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 304-305
- Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 56,65
- Conway1951: distribution, host, 159-164
- Cooley1898b: distribution, host, 61-63
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- CostaCBoMo1989: chemical control, 209-214
- CostaL1922a: distribution, host, 37-45
- CostaL1942: taxonomy, 279
- CostaL1949: biological control, distribution, host, 65-87
- Cottie1956: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 209-215
- Cox1942: biological control, chemical control, 698-701
- Craved2000: control, distribution, host, 177-197
- CravedMo1993: chemical ecology, control, 170-173
- CravedMo1995: chemical ecology, control, 115-121
- CravedMo2002: control, 39-43
- Craw1896: taxonomy, 33
- Creigh1942: control, distribution, host, 219-233
- Cressm1943: chemical control, 17-26
- CressmDa1936: chemical control, 865-878
- Croft1982: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 465-498
- CroftBo1983: chemical control, 219-270
- CroftHu1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 19-42
- DahlstHa1999: economic importance, 919-933
- DahmsSm1994: biological control, distribution, host, 245-255
- DangWa2002: biological control, distribution, host, 289-300
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 653
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 210-212
- Danzig1977b: taxonomy, 57
- Danzig1978: distribution, host, 20
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 342-343
- Danzig1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 725
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 191-193
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 47
- DanzigKo1991: distribution, 1-15
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 238-239
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
- DarvasFaKo1985: chemical control, 347-350
- DarvasSz1987: chemical control, distribution, host, 343-351
- DarvasVa1990: chemical control, 393-408
- DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, 1-47
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
- Davis1924: ecology, economic importance, life history, 192-195
- Davis1924a: chemical control, 285-289
- Davis1929: distribution, host, 2299
- Davis1935: distribution, host, 198
- Davis1936: distribution, host, 257
- Davis1937: distribution, host, 230
- DeBach1960: biological control, life history, 4-58
- DeBach1964: biological control,
- DeBach1964b: biological control, 673-713
- DeBach1971: biological control, 302
- DeBach1974: biological control,
- DeBachRo1976a: biological control, distribution, host, 541-545
- DeBachRo1991: biological control,
- DeSant1940: biological control, 29-44
- DeSant1941a: biological control, distribution, host, 21-24
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Decaux1899: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 158-184
- DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 37
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 126
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 145
- Delins1989: ecology, life history, 102-105
- DeluccRoSc1976: biological control, taxonomy, 81-91
- DengNa2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 37-40
- Dent1991: distribution, economic importance, host,
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 290-291
- DinabaBh1981: distribution, host, life history, 63-67
- Dissel1954: life history, structure, 109-155
- Doane1931: control, distribution, host,
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 11
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- DowninLo1977: chemical control, life history, 1249-1252
- Dozier1933: biological control, distribution, host, 85-100
- Drake1935: control, distribution, host, 83-91
- Drea1990: biological control, 41-49
- DreistClFl1994: control, economic importance, life history, taxonomy,
- DrgonHuBe1962: chemical control, 221-243
- DumasVa1950: chemical control, 235-245
- Dunkel1999: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 251-276
- Durr1951: chemical control, 200-201
- Duskov1953a: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 229-250
- Duzgun1969: distribution, economic importance, host,
- DzhuviKu2003: biological control, distribution, host, 55-61
- EMPPO1955: economic importance, 1-19
- EMPPO1962: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 7-27
- EMPPO1965: economic importance, 1-8
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Early1984: biological control, distribution, host, 271-308
- Edland1990: economic importance, 19-22
- Edmund1918: chemical control, 1-16
- EfromRoWo2019: distribution, host, 126
- Ehrhor1913: distribution, host, 101
- Ehrhor1925: distribution, host, 18-20
- ElkinsVaVa2000: control, distribution, host,
- ElkinsVaVa2002: control, 3455
- Emblet1902: biological control, 219-229
- EmmsMc1984: distribution, host, 81-82
- ErlerTu2001: biological control, distribution, host, 299-305
- EtzelLe1999: biological control, 125-197
- Evans1942: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156-159
- Evans1943: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy,
- Evans1975: taxonomy, xxvii
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- FDACSB1988: distribution, host, 5-6
- FariFa1935: chemical control, 339
- FaurotMi1965: chemistry, 93-97
- Fawcet1948: biological control, 627-664
- Felt1901: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 304-316
- Felt1924: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
- Felt1929: biological control, 43-48
- Fenton1939: distribution, host, 71-78
- FergusFl1991: biological control, distribution, host, 260-261
- Fernal1903b: 271-276
- Ferrar1976: control, ecology, host, life history, 391-400
- Ferrie1927: biological control, 55-67
- Ferris1920b: taxonomy, 52
- Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 51,66
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 259
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40,43,46
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:40
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, host, 299
- FinneyFi1964: biological control, 328-355
- Fisher1950: biological control, 305-309
- Flande1944b: biological control, economic importance, 105
- Flande1945c: biological control, 168-169
- Flande1947: biological control, host, 746-747
- Flande1950a: biological control, 719-720
- Flande1960: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 757-758
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- Flesch1960: biological control, 183-208
- Flint1920: chemical control, 339-343
- Flint1923: chemical control, 209-215
- FlintVa1981: biological control, 1
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- FoldiDe1998: distribution, host, taxonomy, 202
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- Folkin1978: biological control, 301
- Folkin1980: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 24-31
- Forbes1898: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-25
- Forbes1906: chemical control, 1-3
- Forbes1915: chemical control, distribution, host, 545-561
- Forbes1915a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 63-79
- FotidaRa1936: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 692-693
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 253
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 10-11,23
- Frank2021: ecology, natural enemies, 8
- FrankKr1898: taxonomy, 393
- FrankKr1900: taxonomy, 58
- FrantiJi2005: chemical ecology, 183-187
- Franz1958: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 461-465
- Freita1962: distribution, host, 21-32
- Freita1966: distribution, host, life history, 289-235
- Freita1975: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 235-285
- FreyFr1995: chemistry, distribution, host, taxonomy, 777-780
- FreyFr1995a: chemistry, structure, 100
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 316-317
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21
- Fuller1897c: distribution, host, 4
- Fulmek1938: distribution, economic importance, host, 249-250
- Fulmek1940: distribution, host, 177-182
- Fulmek1941: economic importance, 462-465
- FurnisCa1977: distribution, host, 111
- Gahan1925: biological control, distribution, host, 1-23
- Gambar1947: distribution, host, life history, 45-58
- Gambar1955: distribution, host, life history, 255-272
- Gambar1963a: biological control, distribution, host, 403-406
- Gambar1965: biological control, distribution, host, 373-376
- Gamzae2002: biological control, 27-28
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
- Garcia1931a: biological control, distribution, host, 659-666
- Gatina1973: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 121-192
- Gavalo1936: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 76-78
- Gavril2004: distribution, host, 528
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 237
- Geier1950: distribution, life history, 329-336
- Gendri1999: biological control, 1-6
- GentilSu1958: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 269-285
- GentneNo1933: chemical control, distribution, host, 7-55
- GeorghTa1976: chemical control, 759
- Gerasi1938: distribution, host, life history, 47-65
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
- Ghesqu1932: distribution, host, 58
- Giesel1990: chemistry, life history, 221-224
- Giesel1990a: chemistry, 225-232
- GieselRi1990: chemistry, ecology, life history, 349-352
- GieselRiJo1979: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 891-900
- Gill1990: control, economic importance, 331
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 245-246,249
- GilletLi1918: distribution, host, 3-52
- GilletLi1923: distribution, host, 12-18
- Giraul1911a: biological control, distribution, host, 175-189
- Glenn1915: control, distribution, host, life history, 87-106
- Glenn1931: ecology, life history, 167-180
- Glick1922: distribution, economic importance, host, 55-77
- Goidan1945: biological control, distribution, host, 20-24
- GolanKoKm2023: control,
- GomesCRe1947: distribution, host, taxonomy, 229
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 64-67
- GomezM1946: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 66-73
- GomezM1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21,24-31
- GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 162
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 131
- Gonzal1956a: chemical control, 9-13
- Gonzal1973: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 56-63
- Gonzal1975: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 135-145
- Gonzal1980: distribution, economic importance, host, 11-20
- Gonzal1981: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-64
- Gonzal1984: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 3-9
- Gonzal1986: distribution, economic importance, host, 18,23
- Gonzal1989: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 100-106
- Gonzal1989a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 35-43
- Gonzal2016: description of male, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life cycle, 39, 42, 102-104, 154-164
- GonzalCh1968: distribution, 110
- GonzalCu1994: distribution, economic importance, host, 9
- GonzalRo1967: biological control, distribution, 138
- GonzalVo2004: distribution, economic importance, host, 41-62
- Gordh1977: biological control, distribution, host, 125-148
- Gordh1979: biological control, 894-895,897,899-901,
- Goryun1964: biological control, 40-55
- Gould1901: chemical control, 153-166
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Greath1976: biological control, economic importance,
- Greath1989: biological control, 28-37
- Green1896a: taxonomy, 84
- Griffi1919: chemical control, 14-18
- Gruys1979: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 107-112
- GuerriNo2000: biological control, distribution, host, 157-159
- GulmahDe1978: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 205-238
- GulmahDe1978a: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 239-256
- Gupta2005: biological control, 427-432
- GuptaSi2002: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 187-192
- Gurney1915: distribution, economic importance, host, 303-312
- Habibi1980: chemical control, distribution, host, 127-134
- Hadzib1957a: distribution, 102
- HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
- Halber2000: distribution, host, 3-4
- Hamilt1936: distribution, host, 150-160
- HanksDe1998: ecology, life history, 239-262
- Hansen2001: control, 186-188
- HardieMi1999: chemistry,
- HartzePa1933: chemical control, 474-480
- HasemaSu1923: chemical control, 1-4
- Hayat1989: biological control, distribution, host, 1-3
- Haywar1939: control, distribution, host, 1
- Haywar1944: distribution, host, 1-32
- Headle1927: distribution, host, 112-113
- HeimpeRo1998: biological control, 160-168
- HeimpeRoMa1996: biological control, life history, 2410-2420
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 87
- Hempel1922: distribution, host, 133-144
- Hender2011: description, illustration, taxonomy, 8,11,24,30,86-87,89
- HendriBe2002: chemical control, 565-568
- HenrikCaAn1982: chemical ecology, chemistry, 27-60
- Herber1919a: distribution, host, 333-337
- Heriot1944: distribution, economic importance, host, 13-15
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10,20-21,54
- Herric1920: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Herric1925: description, distribution, host, life history,
- Hill1975: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Hill1989a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 177-182
- Hillma1895: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-9
- HippeMa1995: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 184
- HixPlDe1999: chemical control, 106-108
- HodgkiPa1914: biological control, 227-228
- HohnHoGr2003: ecology, host, 6-10
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- Holman2002: biological control, 41-54
- HornokKo1984: biological control, distribution, host, 9-11
- Houck1999: biological control, life history, 97-118
- Hough1932: chemical control, 613-617
- Hough1933: chemical control, 470-473
- Houser1908: distribution, host, 173-181
- Houser1920: chemical control, 49-51
- Houser1926: chemical control, 94-95
- Houska1926: chemical control, 94-95
- Howard1895e: biological control, 1-44
- Howard1897b: distribution, host, 81-82
- Howard1898a: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-31
- HowardMa1899: distribution, host, 36-39
- HowellGe1984: chemical control, distribution, host, 534-536
- HoytCa1971: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 395-421
- HoytLeBr1983: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 93-151
- HoytWeRi1983: control, distribution, host, life history, 371-375
- Hsu1935: distribution, host, 578-590
- Huba1957: biological control, distribution, host, 306-353
- Huba1958: biological control, 395-403
- Huba1960: taxonomy, 39-50
- Huba1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 415-422
- Huba1965: distribution, economic importance, host, 572-573
- Huffak1990: biological control, 205-220
- HuffakDo1965: biological control, 61-63
- HuffakGu1990a: biological control, economic importance, 473-492
- HuffakMeDe1971: biological control, 16-67
- HuffakSt1971: biological control, 333-350
- Hunger1944: distribution, economic importance, host, 52-55
- Hunter1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-11
- Hurt1933: chemical control, 1-16
- IPMW1987: biological control, economic importance, 1-96
- Ilina1938: life history, 133-146
- IngramNi1991: chemical control, distribution, host, 53-58
- InnerhReWe1985: chemical control, economic importance, 261-268
- Iperti1961: economic importance, 14-30
- IpertiBr1969: biological control, host, 149-157
- IradatGaLa2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- Iren1970: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-21
- IrenOk1972a: distribution, economic importance, host, 30-31
- Isayev1975: economic importance, 181-187
- Isely1924: chemical control, 1-4
- IshcheBiKo1988: chemical ecology, chemistry, 99-101
- IvanovPa1988: biological control, chemical control, 28-29
- JahnPo1999: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 201-202
- JalaliSi1995: biological control, chemical control, 617-620
- Jancke1955: taxonomy, 307
- Janece1941: distribution, economic importance, host, 145-163
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 124
- Janjua1959: distribution, 231-264
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 64
- Jarvis1907: chemical control, 5-12
- Jarvis1908CD: chemical control, 169-197
- Jarvis1908TD: taxonomy, 52
- Jarvis1927: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 513-517
- JenserSh1972: control, ecology, life history, 119-124
- JerminBr1994: chemical control, 5-6,115-119
- JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
- Johnso1898: description, life history, 82-83
- Johnso1899: chemistry, life history, 87-88
- Johnso1900: biological control, 73-75
- Jorgen1934: taxonomy, 279
- JorgenRiHo1981: control, distribution, host, life history, 149-159
- Joseph1984: economic importance, 1-32
- Kagy1936: chemical control, 393
- Kaneko2020: economic importance,
- Kapur1956: biological control, 257-274
- Katsoy1984: distribution, host, life history, 35-40
- KatsoyAr1985: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 3-11
- KattarHeOd1999: biological control, 640-644
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 216
- Kaweck1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-54
- KaydanKoAt2009: distribution, host, 46
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 95
- KazandTzSt1995: life history, 247-252
- KhajurSh1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 488-489
- Kim1983: economic importance, 261-319
- Kirich1938b: chemical control, economic importance, 222-257
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 246-247
- Kiritc1938a: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-272
- KlechkLe2003: chemical ecology, distribution, 31-33
- KleinK1977: biological control, distribution, host, 121-132
- KleinMa1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 29-33
- Klett1953: distribution, host, life history, 152-154
- Klett1963: biological control, economic importance, life history, 86-91
- KnightAl1974: life history, physiology, 73-86
- KnightChUn2001: ecology, economic importance, life history, 413-428
- Knowlt1932: distribution, economic importance, host, 79-83
- KnowltSm1936: distribution, economic importance, host, 263-267
- Kobakh1965: biological control, 323-330
- KocourBeSt1999: chemical ecology, chemistry, control, distribution, host, life history, 407-412
- KocourBeSt2000: chemical ecology, 407-409
- Koehle1964: control, distribution, host,
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 27
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 16
- KohlerNu2009: distribution, host, taxonomy, 113-124
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
- Konsta1976: distribution, economic importance, host, 49-50
- Konsta1988: control, distribution, economic importance, life history, 50-51
- KonstaGu1987: distribution, host, 162
- KonstaKuDe1985: chemical control, chemistry, physiology, 29-30
- KonstaMaKo1982: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 24-25
- KonstaMo1982: chemical control, economic importance, 63
- Korcha1937: ecology, life history, 148
- Korcha1987: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 58-59
- Koszta1987: economic importance, 219-220
- Koszta1990: economic importance, 307-311
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 583-584
- KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 167-169
- Kotins1909: distribution, host, 97
- Kozar1990: economic importance, life history, 335-340
- Kozar1990a: economic importance, life history, 341-347
- Kozar1990c: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 593-602
- Kozar1995b: taxonomy, 51
- Kozar1999: chemistry, control, life history, 125
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 141
- KozarHiMa1996: description, taxonomy, 433-437
- KozarHiMa1997: taxonomy, 321-327
- KozarJaKo1982: distribution, host, 333-338
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
- KozarKo1981a: distribution, host, 1981a
- KozarKo1996: biological control, ecology, life history, 499-506
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, host, 377
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 85, 100, 116, 136, 152, 173, 188
- KozarzKo1972: distribution, host, 42-46
- Krause1950: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1-36
- Krause1951: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 271-283
- KrnjajInPe1993: chemistry, life history, 63-71
- Kruger1899: distribution, economic importance, host, 3
- Krzysz1957: taxonomy, 223
- Kuhmin1970: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 45-96
- KumaraKoRa2024: biological control, natural enemies, 4
- Kuwana1901a: taxonomy, 13
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 67-68
- Kuwana1904: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-33
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 195
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 175
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 72
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 15-16
- KwonHa2003: distribution, host, 279-288
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
- Kypari1987: biological control, chemistry, 7-12
- Kypari1987a: chemistry, ecology, life history, 75-80
- Kypari1990: chemical control, chemistry, life history, 5-9
- Lagows1995a: distribution, economic importance, host, 2,8
- LagowsGo1998: distribution, economic importance, host, 21-23
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68, 71
- LancheDe1957: chemical control, distribution, host, 14-15
- LangfoCo1939: distribution, host, 3
- Laport1947: biological control, distribution, host, 209-212
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 229-230
- LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 286
- Leonar1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 175-176,189
- Leonar1900: distribution, host, taxonomy, 341
- Lepage1938: catalog, 396
- LetourAl1999: biological control, 319-354
- LiLoCa1997: biological control, distribution, host, 225-226
- LiangAiZh1997: control, distribution, host, life history, 152-153
- LiangAiZh1999: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 29-30
- Lindin1909e: taxonomy, 44
- Lindin1913a: distribution, host, 347
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 546,549
- Lindne1954: structure, taxonomy, 456-458
- Lintne1895: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 263-305
- Lintne1896: distribution, host, 54-61
- Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78
- Lochhe1900: control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-48
- LombarWe1986: chemical ecology, chemistry, 5555-5558
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoRuSi1989: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 3-11
- Lord1922: distribution, host, 1
- LoucifBo1977: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 253-261
- Lounsb1914: distribution, host, 1
- Lounsb1916: distribution, host, 83-103
- Lounsb1921: distribution, host, 35-38
- Lourei1992: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 5-24
- LowePa1901: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 171-188
- LuckVaGa1977: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 606-611
- Ludick1950: chemical control, distribution, host, 17-32
- Lugger1900: distribution, host, 208-245
- Lupo1954a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 56-63
- LurieFaKl1998: control, life history, 110-114
- Lyne1921: distribution, 146-148
- MaShWa1985: biological control, chemical control, distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 9-10
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 438
- Mackie1933: distribution, host, 457
- MadsenMo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 295
- MaeyerPeWi2002: chemical control, 65-72
- MagsigMoWa2010: dispersal, life history, physiology, 1172-1179
- Mague1982: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 975
- MagueRe1983: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 692-696
- MagueRe1983a: distribution, host, life history, 717-722
- Maksim1973: life history, structure, taxonomy, 81-84
- Maksim1973a: ecology, life history, 78-80
- Maksim1974: ecology, life history, 81-82
- Maksim1976: life history, 76-78
- Maksim1976a: distribution, host, life history, 54-57
- Maksim1978: life history, physiology, 58-61
- Maksim1991: chemistry, control, ecology, life history, 42
- Maksim1991a: chemistry, control, ecology, life history, 24
- Maleno1946: economic importance, life history, 3-8
- Malump2011a: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 48-49,54,56-57
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 49, 54
- ManiBa1997: biological control, chemical ecology, 392-394
- ManiHiSc1993: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 299-302
- ManiScBa1995: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 264-267
- Maranh1946: taxonomy, 164-179
- Marco1959: biological control, distribution, host, 25-30
- Marlat1897: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 217-236
- Marlat1902: biological control, economic importance, taxonomy, 65-78
- Marlat1902a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 155-174
- Marlat1906: biological control, chemical control, description, economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 1-89
- Marr1949: chemical control, 18-25
- Marsha1952: distribution, economic importance, host, 25-31
- Marsha1953: distribution, economic importance, host, 7-11
- Marsha1958: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 249-254
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 4
- Maskel1895b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43-44
- Maskel1896: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14-16
- Maskel1896b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 386
- Maskew1914: distribution, host, 193-194
- MasoodBhKo1989: biological control, chemical control, 50-52
- MasoodBhSo1995: biological control, chemical control, 154-156
- MasoodBhSo1996: biological control, distribution, host, 77-78
- MasoodSoBh1996: biological control, host, 119-121
- MasoodTrBh1989: biological control, distribution, host, 39-43
- MasoodTrBh1989a: biological control, distribution, host, 71-73
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MastenSi2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 238-247
- Mathys1953: ecology, economic importance, life history, 981-984
- Mathys1959: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 53-56
- Mathys1966: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 53-64
- MathysGu1961: biological control, economic importance, 53-56
- MathysGu1962: biological control, distribution, host, 59-61
- MathysGu1963: biological control, 96-101
- MathysGu1965: biological control, distribution, host, 193-220
- MathysGu1967: biological control, distribution, 223-224
- MathysGu1967a: biological control, distribution, host, 212-222
- MathysGuSt1965: taxonomy, 65-67
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 190
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 358
- Matis2004: chemical control, 177
- Matvie1983: chemical control, distribution, host, 25
- May1899a: illustration, taxonomy, 152
- Mazzon2001: distribution, host, life history, 201-206
- MazzonCr2002: distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 201-205,373-383
- McClaiRoSt1990: distribution, ecology, host, 916-925
- McClaiRoSt1990a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1396-1402
- McClaiRoWo1990: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 926-931
- McClur1990c: ecology, host, 289-291
- McClur1990d: host, 301-303
- McClur1990e: ecology, life history, 309-314
- McClur1990f: life history, 315-318
- McClur1990h: ecology, life history, 331-337
- McDani1970: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 433-435
- McKenz1938: taxonomy, 4
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 26,81-83
- Meerwa1900: description, taxonomy, 1-15
- Meland1914: chemical control, physiology, 167-173
- Meland1915: chemical control, 475-481
- Meland1915a: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-7
- Meland1922: chemical control, 21-22
- Meland1922a: chemical control, 24-26
- Meland1923: chemical control, physiology, 1-52
- Meland1926: chemical control, physiology, 7,40
- Melis1943: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-170
- Melis1949: distribution, host, 17-25
- Melis1951: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-91
- Merkel1938: distribution, host, 88-99
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25-27
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 206-207
- MessenBiVa1976: biological control, 543-565
- MessenWiWh1976: biological control, 209
- Metcal1982: chemical control, 217-277
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- MeyerRa1973: chemical control, 1354
- Mikhal2004: distribution, 12-15
- Milair1958: distribution, host, 15-18
- Milair1969: biological control, distribution, host, 77-85
- MilairAu1979: biological control, distribution, host, 321-355
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 138
- Miller1999: chemical control, 14
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 305
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 171-175
- MillerDe2018: history, 7
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 303-326
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 17
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 26
- MoghadAbFa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, natural enemies, 281-284
- MoghadWa2021: description, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 65-66, 241
- Moglan2004: biological control, distribution, host, 111-115
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
- MoiseeIsVe1989: chemical ecology, chemistry, 366-368
- Monte1930: distribution, host, 3-36
- MordkoCh1993: chemical control, 30
- Moreir1899: control, distribution, host, 89-90
- Moreir1929: economic importance, 85-89
- Morgan1967: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 650-659
- MorganAn1968: distribution, economic importance, host, 499-503
- MorganAn1969: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 983-989
- MorganAr1971: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 1-12
- Moritz1903: distribution, economic importance, host, 138-147
- MuelleEi1954: description, taxonomy, 151-153
- Muntin1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 141-142
- Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 77-78
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- MyartsRuCo2016: economic importance, natural enemies, 81-89
- NAC2000: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-31
- NRC1969: biological control, chemical control, ecology, economic importance, taxonomy,
- NSWDAE1963: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy,
- NagaraHu1967: biological control, 249-256
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 78-79
- Nakaya1912: biological control, distribution, host, 932-936
- NavrozZaPa1999: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 695-698
- Neiswa1966: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1-54
- Nekras1938: chemical control, 481
- Nepveu1943: economic importance, life history, 461-462
- NepveuVa1946: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 415-418
- NepveuVa1948: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-41
- Neuffe1962: biological control, distribution, host, 97-101
- Neuffe1964: biological control, 1-11
- Neuffe1964a: biological control, distribution, host, 131-136
- Neuffe1966: biological control, 383-393
- Neuffe1967: biological control, 235-239
- Neuffe1968: biological control, distribution, host, 97-101
- Neuffe1969: biological control, 49-55
- Neuffe1969a: ecology, life history, 63-68
- Neuffe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 503-514
- Neuffe1987: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 100-108
- Neuffe1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 89-96
- NewcomYo1929: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 821-822
- NewcomYo1931: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-12
- Newell1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16-17
- NewellRo1908: distribution, host, 150-155
- Nicola1979: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 143-148
- Nikite2004: economic importance, 12
- NormanAl1982: chemistry, 33-40
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 17, S3, S6
- Novits1961: biological control, 193-194
- Nur1990a: chromosomes, structure, taxonomy, 182,183
- OEMPP1968: distribution, host, 1
- OKaneCo1930: chemical control, 1-15
- ONeillHa1952: control, distribution, host, 170
- ObreteSt1992: chemical control, 118-123
- OdinokKuZa1989: chemical ecology, chemistry, 364-366
- OdyMaHu1969: structure, 38-45
- OlkowsOlKa1978: biological control, 311-347
- Orlins1989a: biological control, 54
- Outin1950: distribution, host, 10-16
- OuvrarKoGu2013: economic importance, illustration, 3
- Paik1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 31
- Painte1951: control, economic importance,
- PalmerMo1990: biological control, 67-76
- Palouk1987: chemical control, 179-183
- PaloukNa1995: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 285-286
- ParrotHoSi1906: chemical control, 261-270
- PasquaBo2005: distribution, host, 9-15
- PasquaCi2000: chemical control, 93-95
- PasquaCi2002: chemical control, 97-106
- Pedigo1999: life history, structure,
- Pegazz1948: distribution, host, life history, 177-188
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,66,71
- Penman1984: biological control, distribution, host, 33-50
- PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 129
- PernicSaJo1971: distribution, economic importance, host, 27
- PerronEdEn2014: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, 380
- Petch1921a: biological control, 89-167
- Petrov2017: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 53-59
- Pfeiff1985: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 351-353,1421-1424
- Philip1965: distribution, economic importance, host, 218-219
- PickelBeHa2002: control, 3454
- PickelBeRi2000: control, distribution, host,
- PickelOlZa2000: control, distribution, host,
- PickelOlZa2005: control, 3389
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
- PlessDeSa1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 94-97
- PokrovUnDe1960: chemical control, 27
- PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
- Polesn1996: host, 377-379
- PollinBa1998: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 79-80
- Pope1981: biological control, 19-31
- Popova1962: biological control, distribution, host, 147-175
- Popova1964: biological control, 61-64
- Popova1971: biological control, 42-43
- Popova1979: biological control, 538-547
- Poutie1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 23-26
- Powell1986: biological control, distribution, host, 319-340
- PrakhSt2003: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-41
- PreeMeMa1985: chemical control, distribution, host, 19-23
- Prinsl1983: biological control, distribution, 27
- Prints1965: control, host, 49-52
- Prints1973: economic importance, 110-115
- Priore1964: distribution, host, 131-178
- Priore1964a: chemical control, distribution, host, 179-204
- Priore1965: distribution, host, 101-145
- PruthiBa1960: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-113
- PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
- PruthiRa1951: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-48
- Pulsel1927: biological control, 300-327
- QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7
- Quaint1909: chemical control, 1-33
- QuaintSc1912: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-48
- Quayle1911e: biological control, 510-515
- Quayle1938: chemical control, physiology, 183-210
- Quedna1964b: biological control, 86-116
- RLER1935: distribution, host, 60-62
- RabbDeKe1984: chemical control, ecology, 697
- RafalsNi1988: chemical control, distribution, host, 40-42
- RahmanAn1941: distribution, host, 816,822-823
- RahmanKa1940: life history, 272
- Rao1943VPa: distribution, economic importance, host, 245-246
- RaoCh1950: taxonomy, 8,27
- RaoGhSa1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- RasheeBuGu2019: natural enemies,
- RawatPa1992: biological control, distribution, host, 7-10
- RawatSa1993: biological control, 109-110
- RawatSaPa1992: biological control, life history, 97-100
- RawatThPa1988: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1250-1251
- RawatThPa1988a: biological control, 182-187
- Reh1900: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 237-257
- Reh1900a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 259-271
- Reh1900c: structure, taxonomy, 502-504
- Reh1926: distribution, host, 308-328
- RehmanGhKa1961: biological control, 165-177
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, 274
- ReissiWeOn1985: chemical control, distribution, host, 238-248
- Rekk1938: economic importance, 66-93
- Ribaga1902: biological control, distribution, 299
- RicaldNaLo2015: distribution, host, 2127
- Rice1974: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 561-562
- RiceAtDe1997: chemical ecology, chemistry, control, life history, 151-161
- RiceDiJo1974: chemical control, distribution, host, 3
- RiceFlJo1982: ecology, life history, 13-14
- RiceHo1980: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 190-194
- RiceJo1977: distribution, host, life history, 1403-1404
- RiceJo1982: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 876-880
- Richar1960AM: distribution, host, 693-698
- RobbCoBe2001: control, distribution, host, taxonomy,
- RobbCoBe2004: control, 3392
- RockMc1990: distribution, host, life history, 615-621
- RodrigToPo2001: distribution, host, life history, 195-199
- Rolfs1897: biological control, distribution, host, 519-536
- Ronna1928: distribution, host, 1
- Rose1990a: biological control, host, 263-287
- Rose1990b: biological control, 438
- Rose1990d: biological control, economic importance, host, 357-365
- Rosen1986: biological control, taxonomy, 121-129
- Rosen1987: biological control, taxonomy, 191
- Rosen1990: biological control, 413-415
- Rosen1990a: biological control, 502-503
- RosenDe1973: biological control, taxonomy, 215-222
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 123-128
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 387-390,400-402,
- RosenhHe1994: biological control, life history, 41-78
- Ross1925: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy,
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Rota1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 77-84
- Rota1955: structure, taxonomy, 231-252
- Rubtso1947a: biological control, distribution, 61-83
- Rubtso1952a: biological control, 96-106
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- Russo1951: biological control, distribution, 86-97
- Russo1958: biological control, distribution, 141-147
- Russo1987: distribution, host, life history, 203-208
- RzaevaYa1985: biological control, 55-58
- SahaiJo1965: biological control, distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 37-43
- SaighiDoBi2005: distribution, host, 429-433
- Sailer1983: distribution, economic importance, 15-38
- Salaza1989: distribution, host,
- SalazaSo1990: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 135-137
- Sampai1898: distribution, host, 73-80
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57,65
- Sander1908: chemical control, economic importance, 1-12
- Sankar1988: biological control, 151-158
- Sasaki1901: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 165-172
- Savesc1953: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 3-46
- Savesc1982: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 308-321
- SchaubBlHi1999: distribution, host, life history, 253-257
- SchaubMaBl1995: chemical ecology, distribution, host, 631-636
- Schaus1998: biological control, life history, 53-56
- Schett1960: economic importance, life history, structure, 277-322
- SchildSc1928: biological control,
- Schlab1955a: biological control, 53-55
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 148
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 77,80
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 60. 92
- SchmutKlLu1957: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 485-490
- SchneiClWe2020: key, 70
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- SchuhMo1948: control, distribution, host,
- Schuhm1954: chemical control, distribution, host, 284-303
- Schves1953: biological control, distribution, host, 7-8
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- Seghat1980: distribution, host, life history, 149-154
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 108
- SengonUyKa1998: biological control, distribution, host, 128-131
- SharmaRaPa1990: biological control, 11-14
- ShawBrWa2000: chemical control, distribution, host, 13-17
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 60
- ShenefBe1955: distribution, host,
- Sherma1915: chemical control, 5-26
- ShetaJe1970: control, life history, 76-81
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 166
- ShiLiLi1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 161-167
- Shidra1990: chemical control, economic importance, 403-408
- Siddiq1966: distribution, economic importance, host, 4-5
- Siddiq1981: distribution, economic importance, host, 172-180
- SiegleBa1924: biological control, distribution, 497-499
- SimmonFrSi1976: biological control, 17
- Singh1963: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 6-8
- Singh1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 213
- Sirrin1901: chemical control, 345-372
- Skaife1979: distribution, host,
- SkaifeLeBa1981: distribution, taxonomy, 1-5
- SkibaPa1989: control, economic importance, 48-51
- Skorki1938: economic importance, 147-186
- Smetni1991: chemistry, 92-129
- SmetniKo1983: biological control, chemistry, 882
- SmetniKoKo1982: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 39
- SmetniKoMa1987: chemical control, chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 209-212
- SmetniMaKo1983: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology, 38
- Smirno1938: economic importance, 187-201
- Smirno1950a: biological control, 190-194
- Smit1964: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Smith1898: distribution, host, 32-39
- SmithEsFa1933: economic importance, 1
- SnappAl1923: distribution, host, life history, 393-394
- Snitko1938: economic importance, life history, 94-131
- Staffo1915: structure, taxonomy, 72
- Stanca2017: economic importance, host, illustration, 381
- Stanev1963: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 5-27
- StanevDe1989: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 85-91
- Starne1897: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7
- StoetzDa1974: life history, taxonomy, 138-140
- StoliaOkCh1977: biological control, 54-55
- StorchPrBo2004: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 19-20
- StouthLu1991: biological control, 150-157
- StreibFrKa1994: chemical control, 23-30
- SudhaRRa1960: biological control, 120-123
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 326
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 2, 4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 19, 20
- SuhSo2017: host, list of species, 3
- Sulliv1930: distribution, host, 51-59
- Swider1980: anatomy, structure, 331-339
- SwinglSn1931: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-48
- SymonsCoBa1911: chemical control, 221-234
- SymonsWe1907: chemical control, 139-152
- Tadic1960: biological control, distribution, 43-44
- Tadic1961: biological control, distribution, host, 130-132
- Tadic1965: biological control, 376-377
- Tadic1967: biological control, distribution, host, 147-154
- Takagi1956b: taxonomy, 87
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-13
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 15
- TanquaHa1920: chemical control, 3-7
- TanyurYa2006: distribution, host, 57-61
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 115
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 42, 50
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 104-109
- Thakur1999: distribution, host, 866-872
- ThakurPaRa1993: biological control, 99-101
- ThakurRaPa1988: biological control, chemical control, 72-73
- ThakurRaPa1989: biological control, distribution, host, 143-146
- Thiem1947: diagnosis, economic importance,
- Thiem1947a: biological control, economic importance, 1-4
- Thiem1948: distribution, economic importance, host, 17-27
- Thiem1951: economic importance, life history, 88
- Thiem1953: distribution, host, 91-122
- ThiemGe1934: taxonomy, 541
- ThiemGe1934a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-158,208-238
- Thorpe1930WH: taxonomy, 177
- Timber1924: biological control, distribution, host,
- Timlin1964a: distribution, host, 531-535
- Timofe1938: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 5-46
- TippinBe1970: distribution, host, 11
- TorabiVaHo2010: distribution, host, 153-162
- Torres1922: distribution, host, 72
- Toumey1895: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 32-47
- Tower1913: biological control, 125-126
- Tower1914: biological control, life history, 422-432
- TrandaTrGa2004: biological control, 253-261
- TranfaVi1987a: economic importance, 215-221
- Treher1914: distribution, host, 67-71
- Treher1916a: distribution, economic importance, host, 66
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 114-123
- Trimbl1929: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-21
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 290-297,312
- TrouveVe1942: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-12
- Trujil1942: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Tubeuf1898: distribution, host, 36-38
- Tuncyu1970: biological control, distribution, host, 30-52
- Tuncyu1976: biological control, distribution, host, 32-45
- Ugolin1979: biological control, distribution, host, 597-605
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentDo2019: description, host, 486
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
- Unterb1964: chemical control, 26-27
- Unterb1964a: chemical control, 34-41
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 48
- UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
- Vacant1985: biological control, distribution, host, 741-747
- Vacant1985a: biological control, distribution, host, 749-758
- Vacant1985a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 749-758
- Valent1963: biological control, 6-13
- Valent1967: biological control, 1100
- VanDer1962: distribution, host, 328-331
- Vargas1987: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 44-48
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 38
- Varshn2005: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 161-162
- Vasseu1949: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 47-51
- VasseuBe1953: biological control, distribution, 283-290
- VasseuBi1949: chemical control, 280-282
- VasseuBi1953: chemical control, distribution, host, 76-83
- VasseuBi1953a: chemical control, economic importance, 45-58
- VasseuSc1957: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 5-66
- VasseuScBi1952: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 339-350
- VasseuScBi1957: chemical control, distribution, host, 101-110
- Vayssi1932a: biological control, economic importance, 629-648
- VermaDi2005: distribution, host, 423-426
- VernalSiGa1985: distribution, economic importance, host, 193-206
- Viel1946: chemical control, 401-413
- Viggia1984: biological control, 257-276
- Viggia1987: biological control, distribution, host, 121-123
- Viggia1990a: biological control, 127-128
- Vogel1960: taxonomy, 265-267
- Vysoko2004: distribution, host, 12-14
- Wahl1932: distribution, economic importance, 171-172
- Wahl1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 693-698
- Waldne1988: chemical control, 186-188
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Waterw1981: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 269-296
- Watson1918: distribution, host,
- Watson1926: distribution, host,
- Watson2001: list, 177
- WatsonBe1937: control, distribution, host,
- WatsonKo2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 462-465
- Watzl1934: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 64-66
- Watzl1938: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 92-100
- Wearin1976: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-2
- WearinCh1978: chemical control, 229-235
- WearinDe2014: ecology, economic importance, life history, 45-60
- WearinDe2014a: chemical control, ecology, host, life history, 61-74
- WearinDe2014b: control,
- WearinTh1978: chemical control, 221-228
- Webste1899: chemistry, life history, 4
- Webste1900: distribution, host, 55-60
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 223, 229
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 57
- Wilson1921: distribution, host, 20-34
- WolffEfDa2018: distribution, host, key,
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 35,79
- WoodwaEvEa1970: distribution,
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- Worthl1932: chemical control, 22-26
- Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 107-111
- XuLi2005: biological control, 96-99
- XuZeLv2021: entomopathogenic fungi, 1
- YamamoOg1989: chemistry, 123-148
- YangLiXu2008: distribution, host, key, 276-278, 281
- Yanovs2001: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 13-14
- YanovsLa2000: chemical control, 25
- Yarysh2002: chemical ecology, economic importance, 24-27
- Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 119-121
- YasarAyDe2003: distribution, host, 3-12
- Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
- YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 295-302
- Yother1940: chemical control, physiology, 890-892
- Zahrad1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114,128-133
- Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
- Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 436-438
- Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 121
- Zahrad1990: description, distribution, host, 643
- Zahrad1990a: description, distribution, host, 652
- ZalomVaBe2001: control, distribution, host,
- ZalomWeOl2004: chemical control, 299-305
- ZamudiCl2005: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 269-270
- Zhang1983: biological control, distribution, life history, 86-88
- Zweige1951: distribution, economic importance, host, 137-141
- vanEmd1990: biological control, 63-80
