Letourneau, D.K., & Altieri, M.A. 1999 Environmental management to enhance biological control in agroecosystems.. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. Academic Press San Diego et al. 1046 pp.

Notes: The authors discuss various aspects of environmental management to enhance biological control. They note that trends in agriculture toward decreasing environmental heterogeneity, increasing use of chemicals and machinery, and decreasing genetic diversity in the crops have increased problems for effective action by natural enemies. They note, too, the increasing need for integrated pest management (IPM) programs in view of the "cumulative restrictions on various pesticides and of public concerns about their use." Effects of reduced tillage and vegetational diversification have received much attention, while other approaches have been minimal, except for the "novel advances in the use of food sprays and kairomones to enhance natural enemy action". Quadraspidiotus perniciosus is among the species discussed.