Ben-Dov, Y. 1990a 1.1.4.2 Taxonomic characters.. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A]. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 384 pp.

Notes: Topics covered in this section are general habit, scale cover, chromosomes, body shape, body segmentation, ducts, perivulvar pores, perispiracular pores, antennae, anal opening, vulva, setae, reticulated and areolated patterns, marginal appendages of the pgidium, intersegmental lines, derm pockets, bosses, gland tubercles and exceptional morphological characters. Species mentioned include Antakaspis terminaliae, Aonidia, Aonidiella aurantii, Africonidia, Aspidiotus nerii, A. paranerii, Chimania, Chrysomphalus, Circulaspis bibursa, Diaspis echinocacti, Fiorinia, Froggattiella, Hemiberlesia, Kuwanaspis, Melanaspis, Odonaspis schizostachyi, Parlatoria ziziphi, Praecocaspis diversa, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis and Quadraspiditus perniciosus.