Valid Names Results
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867) (Pseudococcidae: Pseudococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Pediculus coffeae Linnaeus 1767. unavailable name that is placed Notes: When citing Leder. 1762, to. 9 under Coccus adonidum, Linnaeus (1767) added the name Pediculus coffeae as though Ledermüler had proposed the name. Ledermüler only discussed a species under the name Koffee-baumlaus and never named the species as Pediculus coffeae. Because Linnaeus associated the name Pediculus coffeae with the reference to Ledermüler's illustration, the name Pediculus coffeae was made valid, although unintentionally, and at the same time became a synonym of Coccus adonimum. The specific name coffeae Linnaeus, as published in the binomen Pediculus coffeae, was suppressed under the plenary powers and placed on the Official Index of Rejected Names in Zoology (Name Number 1118) by Melville (1983).
- Coccus avenidum (Linnaeus, 1767); Thiery de Menonville 1787: 344. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Misspelling of Coccus adonidum (see Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 10).
- Coccus adonidum Auctorum 1790. questionable identification (discovered by DeLott1965, 226). Notes: (Auctorum non Linnaeus, 1767) This name has been used incorrectly by most authors until its status was clarified by De Lotto (1965)
- Pseudococcus adonidum; Westwood 1840: 118. misidentification (discovered by DeLott1965, 226).
- Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 75. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Botanical Gardens, on Cycas revoluta. Neotype, female, by subsequent designation (Miller1981a,82-83). Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; accepted valid name
- Coccus laurinus Boisduval 1867: 353. Type data: FRANCE: Central France on Laurus nobilis and Marsseile on fig. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912b, 364). Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Synonymy, as a synonym of Pseudococcus adonidum.
- Boisduvalia lauri (Boisduval, 1867); Signoret 1875c: 338. change of combination
- Dactylopius hoyae Signoret 1875c: 317. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, in greenhouse, on Hoya carnosa. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 248). Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1995).
- Dactylopius pteridis Signoret 1875c: 321. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg garden, in greenhouses, on Pteris argirea. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903, 105).
- Dactylopius adonidum; Signoret 1875c: 306. misidentification (discovered by DeLott1965, 226).
- Dactylopius longifilis Comstock 1881a: 344. Type data: U.S.A., on a variety of plants in greenhouses. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1896b, 325). Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Oudablis lauri (Boisduval, 1867); Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
- Dactylopius longispinous Targioni Tozzetti, 1867; Osborn 1898: 225. misspelling of species epithet
- Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Cockerell 1902p: 252. change of combination
- Pseudococcus hoyae (Signoret, 1875); Fernald 1903: 103. change of combination
- Pseudococcus laurinus (Boisduval, 1867); Fernald 1903b: 104. change of combination
- Pseudococcus adonidum; (Auctorum, 1790); Savescu 1982: 260. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of Pseudococcus adonidum Geoffroy, 1762.
- Pseudococcus longispinus; (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Williams & Watson 1988a: 190. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni" as author.
- Pseudoccocus longispinus; Gertsson 2016: 153. misspelling of genus name
- Psuedococcus longispinus; Zettler, et al. 2017. misspelling of genus name
- Planococcus longispinus; Rizzo et al. 2024: 44. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- Chanchito blanco de Cola larga RipaLaLu2008a
- Cochinilla algodonosa de los invernáculos RipaLaLu2008a
- Cochinilla harinosa de los invernáculos RipaLaLu2008a
- cotonet longispino Lloren1990
- kimhit aruqat zanav BenDov1994
- long tailed mealybug Essig1915a Koszta1996 McKenz1967
- cochenille des serres WatsonKo2022
- nagao- kona-kaigaramushi WatsonKoLa2022
- kaunokilpikirva WatsonKoLa2022
- Langdornige schmierlaus WatsonKoLa2022
- langfrynset ull-lus WatsonKoLa2022
- langfrynste uldlus WatsonKo2022
- piojo harinoso del aguacate WatsonKoLa2022
- البق الدقيقى ذو الذيل الطويل AbdRab2012
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 105 | Genera: 233
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | MifsudMaRu2014
- Viburnum tinus | YerlikBaKa2023 | (= Viburnum lucidum)
- Aizoaceae
- Mesembryanthemum cordifolium | YerlikBaKa2023 | (= Aptenia cordifolia)
- Alismataceae
- Alisma | JansenAl2023
- Amaryllidaceae
- Amaryllis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Clivia miniata | PachecKaBa2020
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Mangifera indica | BenDov1994 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaGr1992
- Schinus terebinthifolia | MifsudMaRu2014
- Annonaceae
- Annona cherimola | Gonzal2011
- Annona muricata | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Artabotrys hexapetalus | JansenAl2023
- Cananga odorata | BenDov1994 Matile1978
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa macrocarpa | BenDov2012 | (= Carissa grandiflora)
- Dregea sinensis | JansenAl2023
- Hoya carnosa | BenDov1994 Signor1875c Willia2004a
- Nerium oleander | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Tsalev1968 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Plumeria rubra | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Rauvolfia serpentina | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex crenata | JansenAl2023
- Araceae
- Aglaonema | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 ViorenSaMa2025
- Alocasia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 WilliaGr1992
- Alocasia macrorrhizos | GranarGo2018
- Anthurium | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Anthurium crystallinum | ViorenSaMa2025
- Caladium | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Caladium bicolor | MilleHeCa2016
- Colocasia antiquorum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Colocasia esculenta | Willia2004a
- Colocasia gigantea | GranarGo2018
- Dieffenbachia | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Epipremnum aureum | PachecKaBa2020
- Monstera deliciosa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Philodendron | BenDov1994 Marott1987a WilliaGr1992
- Syngonium | ViorenSaMa2025
- Syngonium podophyllum | MirabaGaCa2018
- Xanthosoma | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Araliaceae
- Hedera helix | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Schefflera arboricola | BenDov1994
- Araucariaceae
- Araucaria | JansenAl2023
- Arecaceae
- Areca catechu | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Arecaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Chamaedorea elatior | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985
- Chamaedorea elegans | Hadzib1983
- Chamaedorea oblongata | BugajNJuKa2021
- Chamaerops humilis | YerlikBaKa2023
- Cocos nucifera | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 WilliaGr1992
- Dictyosperma album | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Dypsis lutescens | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Howea | BenDov1994
- Hyophorbe lagenicaulis | VidyaBh2017
- Metroxylon | Hadzib1983
- Metroxylon sagu | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Phoenix canariensis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Prestoea | BenDov1994 Mamet1951 | (= Oreodoxa)
- Rhapis | BenDov1994
- Rhapis excelsa | Stalaz2021
- Salacca zalacca | LitCa1994
- Saribus rotundifolius | JansenAl2023
- Trachycarpus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Washingtonia robusta | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985 | (= Washingtonia sonorae)
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | Stalaz2021
- Asparagus officinalis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Aspidistra | Stalaz2021
- Beaucarnea | JansenAl2023
- Cordyline fruticosa | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a | (= Cordyline terminalis)
- Dracaena | BenDov1994 BenDov2012 Martin1985 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Dracaena braunii | JansenAl2023 | (=Dracaena sanderiana)
- Dracaena fragrans | JansenAl2023
- Dracaena reflexa | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Dracaena surculosa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Dracaena godseffiana)
- Ruscus aculeatus | BenDov2012
- Yucca | KozarFr1995
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe arborescens | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Phormium | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Phormium tenax | BenDov1994 BenDov2012 Willia1962
- Aspleniaceae
- Asplenium | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985
- Asteraceae
- Achillea millefolium | BenDov1994
- Chondrilla juncea | YerlikBaKa2023
- Cineraria | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Kleinia neriifolia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Osteospermum ecklonis | YerlikBaKa2023
- Senecio | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Bignoniaceae
- Campsis radicans | YerlikBaKa2023
- Jacaranda | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Jacaranda mimosifolia | GranarGo2018
- Bromeliaceae
- Ananas | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Ananas comosus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Tillandsia usneoides | JansenAl2023
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Moghad2013 | ssp. hyaraca (= Buxus hyaraca)
- Cactaceae
- Austrocylindropuntia subulata | YerlikBaKa2023
- Echinopsis | BatsanKaKi2017 | (= Trichocereus)
- Epiphyllum | BenDov1994 Leonar1920 Marott1987a
- Opuntia | BenDov1994 Essig1915a MazzeoSuRu2008
- Opuntia microdasys | BugajNJuKa2021
- Cannaceae
- Canna | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina | BenDov1994
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Moghad2013a
- Euonymus japonicus | YerlikBaKa2023
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia mangostana | Willia2004a
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | BenDov1994 LitCa1994
- Commelinaceae
- Tradescantia spathacea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Tradescantia virginiana | BenDov1994
- Costaceae
- Costus | Willia2004a
- Crassulaceae
- Crassula arborescens | BugajNJuKa2021
- Crassula muscosa | BugajNJuKa2021
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita moschata | BenDov2012
- Cunoniaceae
- Ceratopetalum gummiferum | BenDov1994
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Marott1987a Tsalev1968
- Cycas revoluta | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962 Marott1987a
- Cycas riuminiana | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Cyperus albostriatus | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Leonar1920
- Cyperus haspan | JansenAl2023
- Cyperus papyrus | JansenAl2023
- Dennstaedtiaceae
- Hypolepis tenuifolia | BenDov1994
- Dilleniaceae
- Hibbertia scandens | BenDov1994
- Dryopteridaceae
- Nephrodium | BenDov1994
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Gonzal2011
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Elaeocarpus reticulatus | BenDov1994
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Codiaeum variegatum | WatsonMuSh2014
- Croton | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Leonar1920 Marott1987a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Macaranga | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Manihot esculenta | BenDov1994 Willia1970DJ MurthyChRa2025
- Ricinus communis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Marott1987a Tsalev1968
- Acacia cyclops | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 | (= Acacia majorera)
- Acacia linifolia | BenDov1994
- Acacia simplex | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Bauhinia | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Cytisus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Dolichos | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Erythrina | BenDov1994
- Erythrina fusca | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968 | (= Erythrina insignis)
- Flemingia macrophylla | Willia2004a | (= Flemingia congesta)
- Lotus berthelotii | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Medicago sativa | BenDov1994
- Mimosa | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Phaseolus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Robinia pseudoacacia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Sophora microphylla | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Sophora toromiro | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Vachellia | BugajNJuKa2021
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Geraniaceae
- Pelargonium | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Pelargonium zonale | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Gesneriaceae
- Streptocarpus | BenDov1994
- Hernandiaceae
- Hernandia nymphaeifolia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Hernandia peltata)
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hymenophyllaceae
- Hymenophyllum | GomezM1946 Martin1985
- Juglandaceae
- Juglandaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Juglans regia | Gonzal2011
- Lamiaceae
- Clerodendrum | BenDov1994 Gertso2016 WilliaGr1992
- Coleus | Essig1915a WilliaGr1992
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | MifsudMaRu2014
- Litsea laurifolia | BenDov1994 Matile1978
- Persea americana | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Rhoea discolor)
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Tsalev1968
- Malpighiaceae
- Malpighia glabra | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Malvaceae
- Anoda | PachecKaBa2020
- Brachychiton acerifolius | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Hibiscus tiliaceus | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Sterculia | BenDov1994
- Theobroma cacao | BenDov1994 Campbe1983 DeLott1964 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a KoffiBaDe2025
- Marantaceae
- Calathea zebrina | PachecKaBa2020 | (= Goeppertia zebrina)
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a LagowsGoHo2022 | (= Artocarpus communis),(= Artocarpus incisus)
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | GranarGo2018
- Artocarpus integer | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Artocarpus integrifolius)
- Ficus | BenDov2013
- Ficus amplissima | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 | (= Ficus indica)
- Ficus benghalensis | BenDov2012
- Ficus benjamina | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 | (= Ficus nitida)
- Ficus carica | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Cox1987
- Ficus elastica | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Ficus lutea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | including Ficus lutea (nekbudu)
- Ficus microcarpa | MifsudMaRu2014 | (= Ficus microcarpa nitida, Ficus hillii)
- Ficus nekbuda | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Ficus septica | BenDov1994 Willia1960a
- Ficus thonningii | JansenAl2023
- Morus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Musaceae
- Musa acuminata | YerlikBaKa2023
- Musa paradisiaca | BenDov1994 Marott1987a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myrtaceae
- Choricarpia leptopetala | BenDov1994
- Eucalyptus tereticornis | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Lophostemon confertus | BenDov1994 | (= Tristania conferta)
- Melaleuca viminalis | BenDov1994
- Myrtus communis | BenDov2012
- Pimenta dioica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Psidium | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 KondoRaVe2008
- Syzygium aromaticum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Matile1978 | (= Eugenia caryophyllata)
- Nephrolepidaceae
- Nephrolepis | BenDov1994
- Nephrolepis cordifolia | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Nephrolepis exaltata | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Mamet1949
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea spectabilis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | BenDov1994
- Jasminum azoricum | GranarGo2018
- Jasminum fluminense | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Jasminum grandiflorum | AbbesHaWa2023
- Jasminum officinale | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962 GomezM1937 Martin1985 Willia2004a
- Olea europaea | BenDov1994 Gonzal2011 LongoRu1988
- Onagraceae
- Fuchsia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Marott1987a
- Orchidaceae
- Calanthe | JansenAl2023
- Caularthron | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Diacrium)
- Dendrobium | BenDov1994
- Oncidium | JansenAl2023
- Orchis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Paphiopedilum | Willia2004a
- Phalaenopsis | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a
- Phalaenopsis amabilis | ViorenSaMa2025
- Sobralia macrantha | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Vanda | Willia2004a
- Oxalidaceae
- Averrhoa carambola | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Willia2004a
- Pandanus amaryllifolius | Willia2004a
- Pandanus utilis | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 WilliaGr1992
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Cox1987
- Phyllanthaceae
- Glochidion | BenDov1994
- Phytolaccaceae
- Petiveria alliacea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Pinaceae
- Cedrus atlantica | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Picea | BenDov1994
- Pinus | Willia2004a
- Pinus brutia | BenDov2012 | var. eldarica (= Pinus eldarica)
- Pinus halepensis | BenDov1994
- Pinus kesiya | Willia2004a | var.Plangbianensis (= Pinus insularis)
- Pinus radiata | BenDov1994
- Piperaceae
- Piper nigrum | Willia2004a MardinSaMi2025
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | BenDov1994 Goux1931a Martin1985 PellizPoSe2011
- Pittosporum napaulense | Willia2004a | (= Pittosporum floribundum)
- Pittosporum pentandrum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Pittosporum tobira | MifsudMaRu2014
- Pittosporum undulatum | BenDov2012
- Plantaginaceae
- Bacopa | JansenAl2023
- Hebe | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Veronica speciosa | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | BenDov1994
- Platanus occidentalis | PachecKaBa2020
- Platanus orientalis | Gonzal2011
- Plumbaginaceae
- Limonium | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus | JansenAl2023
- Polygonaceae
- Rumex | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Ruprechtia ramiflora | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Polypodiaceae
- Drynaria | BenDov1994
- Platycerium bifurcatum | BenDov1994
- Primulaceae
- Cyclamen | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Primula obconica | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Proteaceae
- Banksia | BenDov1994
- Macadamia ternifolia | BenDov1994 Willia1973
- Pteridaceae
- Acrostichum aureum | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Adiantum | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Adiantum incisum | ViorenSaMa2025
- Pteris | BenDov1994 Signor1875c
- Pteridophyte
- Pteridophyte | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Rhamnaceae
- Sageretia | JansenAl2023
- Rhizophoraceae
- Bruguiera sexangula | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Bruguiera eripetala)
- Rosaceae
- Cydonia oblonga | BenDov1994
- Fragaria vesca | BenDov1994
- Malus pumila | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Prunus domestica | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Pyracantha | JansenAl2023
- Pyrus | Willia2004a
- Pyrus communis | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Willia2004a
- Rosa | JansenAl2023
- Rubus | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Sorbus americana | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 | (= Pyrus americana)
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Coffea arabica | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Coffea canephora | Willia2004a
- Galium odoratum | JansenAl2023
- Gardenia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Gardenia thunbergia | Stalaz2021
- Pavetta triflora | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Ixora triflora)
- Rutaceae
- Choisya ternata | BenDov1994
- Citrus | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1994 Granar1991a Marott1987a
- Citrus latipes | Willia2004a
- Citrus limon | BenDov2012
- Citrus maxima | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a | (= Citrus grandis)
- Citrus paradisi | BenDov1994 Cox1987 GranarGo2018 WilliaGr1992
- Citrus reticulata | Gonzal2011
- Citrus sinensis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Salicaceae
- Flacourtia indica | BenDov1994 Essig1915a | (= Flacourtia sepiaria)
- Santalaceae
- Santalum austrocaledonicum | MilleHeCa2016
- Sapindaceae
- Nephelium lappaceum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a
- Pometia | Willia2004a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Manilkara achras)
- Sarraceniaceae
- Sarracenia | JansenAl2023
- Scrophulariaceae
- Myoporum laetum | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985
- Myoporum tenuifolium | BenDov2012 | (= Myoporum acuminatum)
- Solanaceae
- Brugmansia | YerlikBaKa2023
- Capsicum annuum | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Nicotiana clevelandii | RoscigCa1985
- Nicotiana maritima | BenDov1994
- Solanum | BenDov1994
- Solanum lycopersicum | YerlikBaKa2023
- Solanum melongena | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Solanum tuberosum | BenDov1994
- Stangeriaceae
- Stangeria eriopus | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Essig1915a | (= Stangeria paradoxa), (= Stangeria schizodon)
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia reginae | BenDov1994 Essig1915a | (= Strelitzia gigantea)
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Stalaz2021
- Thelypteridaceae
- Christella dentata | BenDov1994 | (= Dryopteris mollis)
- Thymelaeaceae
- Daphne odora | BenDov1994
- Urticaceae
- Cecropia peltata | MartinBlSu2005
- Urtica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Vitaceae
- Cissus alata | BenDov1994 Marott1987a | (= Cissus rhombifolia)
- Cissus antarctica | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Parthenocissus quinquefolia | YerlikBaKa2023
- Parthenocissus tricuspidata | BenDov1994
- Vitis | BugajNJuKa2021
- Vitis vinifera | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Marott1987a WilliaGr1992
- Zamiaceae
- Dioon edule | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Encephalartos gratus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Macrozamia fawcettii | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Zamia | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Zingiberaceae
- Alpinia purpurata | Malump2014a
- Alpinia zerumbet | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Catimbium speciosum)
- Hedychium coccineum | Malump2012b
Foes:
Families: 8 | Genera: 17
- Amaryllidaceae
- Allium sativum | ModaffGiUr2025 | essential oil
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus gurneyi | Blumbe1997 ShawChWa2017
- Cecidomyiidae
- Diadiplosis koebelei | WatsonKoLa2022
- Coccinellidae
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | WatsonKoLa2022
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | WatsonKoLa2022
- Scymnus coccivora | VidyaBh2017
- Coniopterygidae
- Cryptoscenea australiensis | WatsonKoLa2022
- Encyrtidae
- Acerophagus angelicus | Goolsb1994 WatsonKoLa2022 | (=Pseudaphycus angelicus)
- Acerophagus flavidulus | DaaneCoTr2008 | (= Pseudaphycus flavidulus)
- Aenasius arizonensis | KhudhaKaWa2024
- Anagyrus fusciventris | BlumbeVa2001 Goolsb1994 Moore1988 SouzaHoAl2023 Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus mirzai | ViorenSaMa2025
- Anagyrus pseudococci | AbdRab2001d
- Gyranusoidea advena | ShawChWa2017
- Gyranusoidea indica | AbdRab2001d
- Leptomastidea abnormis | AbdRab2001d
- Leptomastidea bifasciata | Trjapi1989 | (= Leptomastidea rubra)
- Leptomastix dactylopii | Blumbe1997 BlumbeVa2001
- Leptomastix epona | BlumbeVa2001
- Parectromoides varipes | WatsonKoLa2022
- Tetracnemoidea brevicornis | WatsonKoLa2022
- Tetracnemoidea peregrina | Moore1988 Trjapi1989 | (= Arhopoideus peregrinus)
- Tetracnemoidea sydneyensis | Flande1953a Goolsb1994 Moore1988 Trjapi1989 | (= Anarhopus sydneyensis)
- Hemerobiidae
- Sympherobius fallax | MiddleDeDi2024
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus subaeneus | AbdRab2001d RosenArWo1992
Associates:
Families: 8 | Genera: 15
- Betaflexiviridae
- GVA virus | NGuessWaBr2014
- GVB Virus | HerrbaAlPr2017
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya | GarberKuLa2021
- Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022
- Caulimoviridae
- BSV | PalmaJBlGu2019
- Banana Streak Virus | PooranAnTh2024
- Cacao swollen shoot virus | NGuessWaBr2014 GyamweDoAk2023 KoffiBaDe2025
- GRLDaV | JaguniDePr2022
- Closteroviridae
- GLRaV-3 | BahderPoAl2013 PetersCh1997
- GLRaV-4 | HerrbaAlPr2017
- GLRaV-9 | TsaiRoGo2010
- Clostridiaceae
- Clostridium | HarishAr2022
- Formicidae
- Camponotus foreli | PlataGoBe2024
- Camponotus sylvaticus | PlataGoBe2024
- Cataglyphis ibericus | PlataGoBe2024
- Crematogaster obscurior | PlataGoBe2024
- Formica gerardi | PlataGoBe2024
- Formica rufibarbis | PlataGoBe2024
- Lasius grandis | PlataGoBe2024
- Pheidole pallidula | PlataGoBe2024
- Plagiolepis pygmaea | PlataGoBe2024
- Plagiolepis schmitzii | PlataGoBe2024
- Tapinoma nigerrimum | PlataGoBe2024
- Pectobacteriaceae
- Sodalis glossinidius | NamadaUtRa2025
- Staphylococcaceae
- Staphylococcus cohnii | HarishAr2022
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 140
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996
- Algeria | Balach1927 BenDov1994
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | BenDov1994 Cocker1895q WilliaGr1992
- Barbuda | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | GranarCl2003
- Catamarca | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Entre Rios | GranarCl2003
- Jujuy | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Mendoza | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- San Juan | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Tucuman | BenDov1994 Granar1979 WilliaGr1992
- Armenia | BenDov1994 TerGri1954 TerGri1966a
- Australia
- Australian Capital Territory | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- New South Wales | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Queensland | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- South Australia | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Tasmania | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Victoria | BenDov1994 DownieGu2004 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Western Australia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Austria | Malump2011a
- Azerbaijan | WatsonKoLa2022
- Azores | BenDov1994 CABI1984b CarvalFrAg1996 LopesFiMa2008
- Bahamas | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Balearic Islands | WatsonKoLa2022
- Barbados | WatsonKoLa2022
- Belgium | WatsonKoLa2022
- Bermuda | BenDov1994 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991 WilliaGr1992
- Brazil
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2007
- Minas Gerais | WatsonKoLa2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Rio de Janeiro | WatsonKoLa2022
- Santa Catarina | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Sao Paulo | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | BenDov1994 Mamet1954a
- Brunei | Willia2004a
- Bulgaria | BenDov1994 KozarTzVi1979 TrenchTrTo2010 Tsalev1968
- Burkina Faso | JansenAl2023
- Cameroon | Vayssi1913
- Canada
- Nova Scotia | CABI1984b
- Ontario | PaieroMaHa2003
- Canary Islands | BenDov1994 BenDov2013 CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001 PerezGCa1987
- Cape Verde | VanHarCoWi1990
- Chile | BenDov1994 Gonzal1989 RipaLaLu2008a WilliaGr1992
- Biobio | CorreaLoMa2015
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- Maule | CorreaLoMa2015
- Metropolitana | CorreaLoMa2015
- O'Higgins | CorreaLoMa2015
- China | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Tang1992 TangHaTa1992
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
- Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016
- Colombia | BenDov1994 Figuer1952 Kondo2001 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaGr1992
- Comoros | BenDov1994 Mamet1960 Matile1978
- Cook Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Corsica | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Foldi2003
- Costa Rica | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | ObodjiNGNG2015
- Crete | Argyri1983 BenDov1994 CABI1984b PellizPoSe2011
- Croatia | WatsonKoLa2022
- Cuba | BenDov1994 MartinBlSu2005 WilliaGr1992
- Czech Republic | BenDov1994 Zahrad1990
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | WatsonKoLa2022
- Denmark | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975
- Dominica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Dominican Republic | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Easter Island (=Rapa Nui) | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Egypt | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962 Hall1922
- Estonia | Stalaz2021
- Federated States of Micronesia | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Fiji | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Finland | WatsonKoLa2022
- France | BenDov1994 Foldi2000 Foldi2001 Goux1931 MatileGePi2004 Signor1875b
- French Polynesia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Galapagos Islands | LincanHoCa2010
- Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 Yasnos2001
- Germany | WatsonKoLa2022
- Ghana | BenDov1994 Campbe1983 WihBi2012
- Greece | BenDov1994 MilonaKo2008
- Grenada | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Guadeloupe | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Guatemala | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hawaiian Islands | Zimmer1948
- Honduras | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hungary | BenDov1994 Kozar1980
- India | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Varshn1992
- Assam | WatsonKoLa2022
- Karnataka | Willia2004a
- Kerala | Willia2004a
- Meghalaya | Willia2004a
- Tamil Nadu | Willia2004a
- West Bengal | WatsonKoLa2022
- Indonesia | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Irian Jaya | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Java | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Willia2004a
- Lombok | Willia2004a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | WatsonMuSh2014 Willia2004a
- Sumatra | Green1930c ZarkanNaDj2022
- Iran | BenDov1994 CABI1984b KozarFoZa1996
- Israel | Avidov1961 BenDov1994 Bodenh1935
- Italy | BenDov1994 Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995 Marott1987a
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 RussoMa1997
- Jamaica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Japan | BenDov1994 Kawai1980
- Honshu | WatsonKoLa2022
- Kyushu | WatsonKoLa2022
- Jordan | BenDov2006a
- Kenya | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Kiribati | WatsonKoLa2022
- Latvia | BenDov1994 Rasina1955 Stalaz2021
- Lebanon | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Lithuania | WatsonKoLa2022
- Luxembourg | Gertso2016
- Madagascar | WatsonKoLa2022
- Madeira Islands | Balach1939 BenDov1994 CarvalFrAg1996
- Malawi | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Malaysia | Willia2004a
- Sabah | Willia2004a
- Malta | BenDov1994 CABI1984b MifsudMaRu2014
- Martinique | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Mauritius | WatsonKoLa2022
- Mexico | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Morocco | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Rungs1970
- Netherlands | WatsonKoLa2022
- New Caledonia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- New Zealand | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Ward1966
- Nigeria | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Norfolk Island | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Palau | NeumanODGu2016
- Panama | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Papua New Guinea | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Peru | BenDov1994 Salaza1972 WilliaGr1992
- Philippines | Willia2004a
- Mindanao | LitCa1994
- Poland | BenDov1994 Koteja1974b
- Portugal | BenDov1994 CABI1984b CarvalFrAg1996 Fernan1992 KozarFr1995
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Martor1976 WilliaGr1992
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1952
- Rodriques Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 Mamet1956b
- Romania | Knecht1930 Savesc1982
- Russia
- St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | BenDov1994 Willia1973
- Saint Helena | WatsonKoLa2022
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Nevis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Kitts | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Martin | MatileEt2006
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | WatsonKoLa2022
- San Marino | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Sao Tome | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Seabra1921
- Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995 PellizFo1996
- Seychelles | WatsonKoLa2022
- Singapore | Willia2004a
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Solomon Islands | BenDov1994 Willia1960 WilliaWa1988a
- South Africa | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- South Korea | KwonDaPa2003a KwonLeHa2002
- Spain | Balach1935b BenDov1994 GomezM1946 Martin1985
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1994 Green1896 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
- Suriname | WatsonKoLa2022
- Sweden | WatsonKoLa2022
- Taiwan | BenDov1994 Takaha1929a
- Tanzania | BenDov1994 CABI1984b DeLott1964
- Thailand | Willia2004a
- Togo | WatsonKoLa2022
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Tromelin Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1952
- Tunisia | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Turkey | BenDov1994 Bodenh1953a KaydanKiKo2005
- Turkmenistan | WatsonKoLa2022
- Ukraine | BenDov1994 Terezn1975
- United Kingdom
- England | BenDov1994 MalumpBa2012 Willia1962
- United States
- Alabama | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- California | BenDov1994 Essig1915a McKenz1967
- Connecticut | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Florida | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Illinois | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Indiana | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Iowa | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Osborn1898
- Kansas | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Maryland | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Massachusetts | BenDov1994 King1899
- Michigan | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Missouri | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- New Jersey | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- New York | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- North Carolina | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Pennsylvania | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Tennessee | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Texas | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Washington | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Wisconsin | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Uruguay | BenDov1994 CABI1984b GranarScTe1997 WilliaGr1992
- Uzbekistan | WatsonKoLa2022
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Venezuela | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Vietnam | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Willia2004a
- Yugoslavia | Masten2007 | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Zambia | WatsonKoLa2022
- Zanzibar | WilliaMa2005a
- Zimbabwe | BenDov1994 Hall1937
Keys
- ViorenSaMa2025: pp.1023 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybug species found on ornamental plants in West Java, Indonesia]
- ZarkanWaKa2024: pp.596 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus in Southeast and southern Asia]
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- EvansAb2023: pp.8-13 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococccidae of Egypt]
- MoghadWa2022: pp.115 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species in Iran]
- JoshiSuRe2021: pp.118-119 ( Adult (F) ) [Field characters of mealybugs in cassava]
- JoshiSuRe2021: pp.119-120 ( Adult (F) ) [Microscopic characters of mealybugs in cassava]
- Hodgso2020: pp.32-34 ( Adult (M) ) [higher groups of Pseudococcidae]
- PachecKaBa2020: pp.504-505 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae in Uruguay]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs intercepted in S. Korea]
- GranarGo2018: pp.10-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Central & South American Pseudococcus]
- VonEllWa2016: pp.74-77 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species present in the New World]
- DanzigGa2015: pp.289 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species found in Europe]
- Moghad2013: pp.71 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- GranarDu2012: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus affecting forage crops]
- WangWu2010: pp.245 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]
- WilliaMa2009a: pp.97-101 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]
- Willia2004a: pp.668-669 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- MarottPa1997: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]
- Koszta1996: pp.182 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North USA]
- LitCa1994: pp.256 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- Tang1992: pp.236 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- WilliaGr1992: pp.426-428 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
- WilliaWa1988a: pp.173 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region]
- Cox1987: pp.76 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
- Willia1985: pp.280 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
- TerGri1973: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
- McKenz1967: pp.288 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- Beards1966: pp.436 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- McKenz1964: pp.255 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1962: pp.655 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Willia1962: pp.39 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
- Beards1960: pp.211 ( Adult (M) ) [Hawaii]
- McKenz1960: pp.725 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1953a: pp.418 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1950b: pp.173 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Borchs1949: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaarctic region]
- Zimmer1948: pp.176 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Lawson1917: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
Remarks
- Systematics: GenBank accesssion (South Africa, AY426038.1) (Spain, JF714161.1) (Japan, AB512118.1) (Philippines, KP402196.1) (USA, AY179439.1)
Until the 1960s' most of the publications relating to this species have been under either Dactylopius adonidum (L.) or Pseudococcus adonidum (L.). De Lotto (1965) critically studied the nomenclature and proved that Coccus adonidum Linnaeus, 1767, was not a scale insect, and resurrected Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1867 as the senior synonym of the long tailed mealybug. For a detailed discussion see De Lotto (1965) and Williams (2007b).
- Structure: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967), Cox (1979), de Villiers et al. (1987), Johnson & Lyon (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Foldi (2003a) and by Matile-Ferrero et al.(2004). Rotundo (1975), Tremblay et al., 1977 and Rotundo and Tremblay (1980) evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species using male and female morphology, chromosome numbers, endosymbionts, serological studies and immuno-electrophoresis. Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=8. Molyneux et al. (1990) gave a chemical analysis of the honeydew. Munson et al. (1992) and Baumann et al. (1993) studied the relationship of endosymbionts of this mealybug, of D. neobrevipes, of Ps. maritimus and of aphids, and concluded that those of the mealybug are related and phylogenetically are distinct from those of aphids. Adult female elongate ovate; slightly rounded in lateral view; at first dull pinkish orange; older examples greyish orange. Legs and antenna yellowish. Dorsum thinly covered with white mealy secretion, almost completely hiding the colour of the insect. Margin with a complete fringe of white tassels (seventeen on each side), which are shorter in front, and increase in length towards the posterior extremity, the terminal four being exceptionally long, approximately two times as long as the length of the body of the insect. lateral filaments about half as wide as body. (Joshi, et al., 2021)
- Biology: Various aspects of behaviour and biology under laboratory conditions in the Netherlands wre studied by Bayer (1929). Pataki (1975) presented observations on the moulting process. Life cycle in New Zealand described by Cox (1979). Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Smith et al. (1997) indicated that on citrus in Australia - Queensland and Northern Territory - it develops 4-6 genertaions per year, while 3-4 generations in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Mean longevity of adult males is 58.8 ± 2.2 h. The estimated duration of the sexually active phase of the adult male within life span varied between mealybug species. Among the seven tested species, Ps. longispinus displayed the shortest period (34.4 h) and N. viridis the longest one (46.6 h). There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which was indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)
- Economic Importance: Widely distributed in the nature, on a large range of plants, over most territories of the tropical and subtropical regions, and in greenhouses in temperate zones. Has been reported as a citrus pest in California, Florida (Clausen, 1915; Bartlett, 1978e) Israel (Rivnay, 1968; Avidov & Harpaz, 1969; Ben-Dov, 1988b) and South Africa. Reported as a pest of apple and pear in New Zealand (Ward, 1966). A frequent pest of ornamentals outdoors and in greenhouses (Bartlett, 1978; Johnson & Lyon, 1988; Zahradnik, 1990). Reported as a pest of avocado in Chile (Ripa, et al. 2008). During the 1970s' it became a severe pest of avocado in Israel, as a result of the lethal effect of drift of synthetic insecticides from neighbouring cotton fields, on natural enemies of the mealybug. Swirsky et al. (1980) studied and discussed this case of re-establishment of efficient biological control of this potential pest in avocado plantations in Israel. Rosciglione & Castellano (1985) showed that this mealybug transmitted Grapevine Virus A (GVA) from grapevine to Nicotiana clevelandii. Tanne et al., (1989b) ascertained that it transmitted Leafroll Virus from infected grapevine to virus-free grapevines. Pseudococcus longispinus can transmit the Kpeve and Mampong strains of Cacao swollen shoot virus, but do not transmit the New Juaben strain. (Gyamera, et al., 2023)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit & Calilung (1994) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male given by Beardsley (1960) and Giliomee (1961). Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and female last-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2001d: biological control, distribution, 1368
- AbdRab2012: list, 613
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 43
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- AcevedRoLo2024: biological control, 2
- AhmedApKa2023: virus transmission, 741
- AlmeidDaBe2013: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 3
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 356
- AltierNi1999: biological control, 975-991
- Arai1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 263-266
- Argyri1983: distribution, host, 365
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- Avidov1961: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 150-151
- AvidovHa1969: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 190-191
- BahderPoAl2013: virus transmission, 1293
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 187
- Balach1932b: ecology, 517-522
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 10
- Balach1939: distribution, host, 258
- BalciuBuPu1995: biological control, 247-267
- BarrasJeWa1994: ecology, life history, 1205-1208
- Bartle1969: biological control, 875-878
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 164-166
- BartleLl1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 90-93
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 265
- BaumanMuLa1993: structure, 21-24
- Beards1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 201-210
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 437-438
- BeltraSoMa2012: molecular data, phylogenetics, 137-171
- BenDov1988a: distribution, economic importance, host, 1075-1081
- BenDov1994: catalog, 397-400
- BenDov2006a: distribution, host, 206
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 37, 44
- BenDov2013: distribution, host, 73
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- Berles1893: taxonomy, 74
- Betrem1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-36
- Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
- BlumbeFrSu2002: biological control, life history, structure, 385-395
- BlumbeVa2001: biological control, life history, 191-199
- Boas1906: taxonomy, 65
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 250
- Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 219
- Bodenh1951a: distribution, host, 471-472
- Boisdu1867: taxonomy, 353
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 160, 161
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 97-99
- Bordag1914: distribution,
- BouhelDeDe1932: control, distribution, host, 1-60
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 181
- Brick1909a: dispersal, list, 6
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 228
- BruntKe1971: disease transmission, economic importance, host, 591-602
- BuangAmAd2025: molecular biology, 10
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 310
- CABI1984b: distribution,
- CaballPaKa2021: distribution, 10
- CaldweLe2024: biology, control, diagnosis, host, illustration, 4
- Campbe1972: biological control, distribution, host, 43
- CampbeLaHu2014: phylogeny, 532
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, 58-60
- CarrilHoAl2024: control, distribution, economic importance, life cycle, natural enemies, 549, 558
- CarvalFrAg1996: distribution, economic importance, host, 614
- CebeciAr2006: distribution, host, 142
- Cendan1937: biological control, 337-338
- CharleFrVa2009: virus transmission,
- CharleWaBe2008: disease transmission, distribution, 293
- ChenCh2003: biological control, distribution, host, 239-244
- ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, morphology, phylogeny, 358,359,362
- ChongOe2006a: biological control,
- Clause1915: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 35-41
- Clause1958: biological control, economic importance, 291-310
- Clause1958a: biological control, distribution, host, 443-447
- Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, 103
- Cocker1893n: distribution, host, taxonomy, 266
- Cocker1894aa: taxonomy, 23
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 325
- Cocker1897: distribution, host, 201
- Cocker1902p: taxonomy, 252
- Comper1939: biological control, 57-73
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 341-342, 344
- CongdoMo1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 481-487
- Conway1951: distribution, host, 159-164
- Cook1915: control,
- CoplanPeHe1992: biological control, distribution, host, 44-47
- CorreaAgGe2011: distribution, host, 46
- CorreaGeMa2012: distribution, economic importance, 1-7
- CorreaLoMa2015: distribution, genetic structure, host, molecular biology,
- Cottie1938: chemical control, distribution, host, 332-333
- Cox1979: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-2
- Cox1987: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 79-80, 199
- CoyierRo1986: economic importance, host, 1-3
- CulikMaVe2007: distribution, host, 1-5
- CurkovCa2005: chemical control, 609-615
- DaaneCoTr2008: biological control, distribution, 43-57
- DaaneCoTr2008a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 167-171
- DaaneMaGu2003: biological control, 389-398
- DahlstHa1999: biological control, 919-933
- DanzigGa2015: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, taxonomy, 294-297
- DarvasVi1983: chemical control, 455-463
- DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
- DeBachFl1947: control, distribution, host, 9,27
- DeBachFl1947b: biological control, distribution, host, 1-3
- DeBachHu1971: biological control, 113-140
- DeLott1965: taxonomy, 226-229
- DeVillDu1984: biological control, chemical control, 17-20
- DemardBaDi2025: behavior, histology, host, 2, 5, 12-13
- DiazNiPiMe2023: biology, diagnosis, economic control, host, illustration, life cycle, male, morphology, 8, 27-29
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 119
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- Dozier1926a: biological control, 97
- DreistClFl1994: control, description, economic importance, life history, taxonomy,
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 512
- DuncanMa2024: economic importance, host, 275
- EPPO2024a: control,
- EcobicBiAl2004: chemical control, 137-142
- ErensoBlGo2023: phylogeny, 4
- Essig1909a: taxonomy, 36
- Essig1911b: natural enemies, 390
- Essig1915a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 130, 131
- EvansAb2023: distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 6, 7, 9, 24, 69
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 89
- EzzatRa1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 142-145
- FDACS2010: DNA, distribution, host, 3
- FajardGrTo2024: vector, virus,
- Fernal1903b: taxonomy, 104
- Fernan1992: distribution, host, 62
- Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 174-176
- Figuer1952: distribution, host, 205
- FlaherWi1999: biological control, 853-869
- Flande1932: distribution, host, 1240-1241
- Flande1940d: biological control, distribution, host, 146,154-155
- Flande1940e: biological control, distribution, host, 3-5
- Flande1953a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 266-269
- Flande1959b: biological control, 125-142
- Fletch1951: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-24
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 79
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- Foldi2003: distribution, host, 149
- Foldi2003a: taxonomy, 5
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 13
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 254
- FrancoMa2001: distribution, host, 191-196
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 21,25
- FrancoSiCa2000: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-142
- FrancoSuBo2004: biological control, 507-522
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Furnes1977: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 319-332
- GarberKuLa2021: symbiont,
- GatehoSuFo2012: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, endosymbiont,
- GavaraVaNa2024: control, 8
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 225
- GeigerDaBe2001: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 19-27
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 25
- Gertso2016: distribution, 153
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 137
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 13-14
- Giliom1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 267-273, 293
- GillanCo2001: life history, structure, 279-285
- GollifJaDa1977: disease transmission, distribution, host, 171-177
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 343-345
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 95
- Gonzal1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 115
- Gonzal1991: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 3-7
- Gonzal2003a: distribution, economic importance, host, 89-98
- Gonzal2008a: distribution, economic importance, host, 5-17
- Gonzal2011: illustration, 28
- Gonzal2011: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 104-111
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration, male, taxonomy, 231, 233, 237, 283-288
- GonzalVo2004: distribution, economic importance, host, 41-62
- Goolsb1994: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-168
- Goux1931: distribution, host, 4
- Granar1979: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 135, 138-143
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- GranarDu2012: key, 35
- GranarGo2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, taxonomy, 4-14, 32-34
- GranarScTe1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 97, 99
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1930c: distribution, host, 280
- Greig1944: control, distribution, host,
- GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
- GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 378
- Gullan2000: description, taxonomy, 160-166
- GullanDoKn1987: distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
- GyamweDoAk2023: virus transmission, 12
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 61-62
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11-12
- Hall1937: distribution, host, 127
- Hamlen1975a: chemical control, 223-226
- Hanson1963: distribution, host,
- HardyGu2008: nomenclature, taxonomy, 24-26
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HarishAr2022: endosymbionts, 244
- HegdeChYa2024: distribution, host, 472
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 83
- HerrbaAlPr2017: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 485
- Hodgso2020: key, 33
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 2-22
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 144
- Hollin1923: description, taxonomy, 53
- HollinAr2005: mechanical control, 289-298
- HommayAlBe2025: GVA virus, 7
- HommayBeHe2022a: virus transmission,
- HosseiHa2011: molecular data, 46
- HutapeRaTh2021: control,
- James1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73-84
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 127
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 30,35
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 67
- JaszaiDa1983: chemical control, 198-202
- JeongKyKi2018: distribution, life history,
- JoshiSuRe2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key,
- Karsch1883: diagnosis, host, list of species, 2
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 100-101
- KaydanKiKo2005: distribution, host, 91
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 102
- KhalafZhAd2023: virus transmission,
- KhudhaKaWa2024: natural enemies, 4
- KimKiKw2025: chemical control, host, nymph,
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 263
- KlattNe2002: biological control, 2039-2044
- KoffiBaDe2025: DNA, ant association, distribution, host, natural enemies, virus transmission, 11
- KohliGuNa2021: genetic structure, symbionts,
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoLoQu2010: biological control, 7-13
- KondoRaVe2008: distribution, host, 43
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 25
- KooJeKi2017: distribution, 440
- KooKiLe2017: diagnosis, distribution, molecular data, morphology, 185-193
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 182-184
- Koteja1974b: distribution, taxonomy, 74
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 67
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 64
- KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 130
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 12
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 185
- Kuwana1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- KwonDaPa2003a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 410
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
- KwonLeHa2002: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 151-153
- LaflinGuPa2004: distribution, host, 475-477
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 70
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 12
- LambdiJo2001: structure, 113-117
- Lashin1956: distribution, 27-28
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 178-180
- Leach1940: disease transmission, life history, 1-3
- LedieuHeDe1989: economic importance, 405
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 399-404
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 6
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 450
- Lindin1939: distribution, host, 37
- LiottaMiRa1977: economic importance, host, 29-67
- LitCa1994: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 259, 265
- LiuNiLu2022: phylogenetics,
- Lloyd1958: biological control, 450-468
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 120
- LopesFiMa2008: distribution, host, 153-154
- LopezMBeRe2014: endosymbionts,
- LuckShKe1999: biological control, 225-242
- MalausFeWa2011: distribution, molecular data, phylogeny, 142-155
- MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, 71
- Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 55-57
- Malump2012b: distribution, host, 211,213
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 82
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, 30-31,41
- MalumpHa2012: distribution, host, 195
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 55-56,57
- MalumpSa2014: distribution, 23
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, 15-16
- Mamet1952: distribution, host, 170
- Mamet1954a: distribution, host, 265
- ManohaDaJe2018: biological control, host,
- Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 226-233
- MardinSaMi2025: distribution, host, 201
- Marott1987a: distribution, host, 111
- Martin1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 96-97
- MartinBlSu2005: distribution, host, 125-127
- MartinWoO1999: chemical control, distribution, host, 22-24
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 19-270
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 53
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 183
- MatileGePi2004: distribution, host, 35-37
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 196
- MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
- McConnSh1986: chemical control, 263-265
- McKenz1967: description, host, illustration, taxonomy, 303-305
- McMurt1992: biological control, distribution, host, 247-252
- MdelleAdZo2019: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, phenology,
- MendelPrJa2012: biological control, ecology, 395-394
- MendelPrZa2008: life history, physiology, 231
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 15
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Meurge2011: distribution, 82
- MiddleDeDi2024: behavior, natural enemies, 10
- MifsudFsMa2012: distribution, host, 16
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 516
- Millar2002: illustration, 217
- MillarMoMc2009: chemical ecology, chemistry, 2683-2685
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, host, 151
- Miller1935: control, life history, 1-2
- MilonaKo2008: distribution, host, 35-38
- MirabaGaCa2018: distribution, host, 194
- Mo2003: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-3
- ModaffGiUr2025: biological control, 344
- Moghad2013: distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 74-76, 100
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 72
- MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 11, 115, 117-118, 148
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 156
- Mohara1990: structure, 48
- MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 102-103
- Moir2020: climate change, economic importance, 1
- MolyneCaDr1990: distribution, host, 1899-1909
- Monast1962: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 109-115
- MongueMaGr2024: genetic structure, 4
- Moore1988: biological control, 212
- Moore2001: economic importance, host, 232-266
- MoranBaDo1994: molecular data, phylogeny, 79-83
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
- MunsonBaMo1992: distribution, host, 26-30
- MurthyChRa2024a: DNA, 341
- MurthyChRa2025: distribution, host, 19
- MurthyGi1976: chemical control, 3
- Myers1922: 198
- NGuessYaNg2019: distribution, host, 3, 4
- Nair1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 72-82
- NamadaUtRa2025: control, distribution, economic importance, endosymbiont, host, life cycle, vector,
- NavarrBeAc2025: DNA, diagnosis, male, molecular biology, nymph,
- NeumanFoHo2010: biological control, 107-113
- NeumanODGu2016: host, 159-166
- Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- ObodjiNGNG2015: virus, virus transmission,
- ObokWeAl2018: virus transmission,
- OliveiSaOl2023: DNA, phylogeny, 6
- Osborn1898: distribution, taxonomy, 225
- OzodbeKhKo2024: molecular biology, phylogenetics, 3
- PachecKaBa2020: key, phylogeny, 504, 506
- PachecKaMa2017: distribution, host, illustration, 3
- PaieroMaHa2003: distribution, host, 115-129
- PalmaJBl2015: SEM,
- PalmaJBl2016: distribution, host, phylogeny, 127-128, 131
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution, host, virus transmission,
- PalmaJBlSa2018: DNA, economic importance, genebank, illustration, morphology, phylogenetics, phylogeny,
- Paoli1927a: distribution, host, 382-387
- ParsaKoWi2012: taxonomy, 9
- Pataki1975: life history, 141-151
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 60
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 313
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 64,72
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 120
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 293,296
- PerezG2008: distribution, 217
- Perkin1982: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 5
- Petty1987: chemical control, 255-258
- PicartMa2000: distribution, host, 14-20
- PieterMuVu2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 23-28
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 28
- PizarrAlMu2021: distribution,
- PlataGoBe2023: biological control, natural enemies,
- PlataGoBe2023c: biology, climate change, distribution, host, phenology,
- PlataGoBe2024: ant association, biological control, honeydew,
- PooranAnTh2024: virus transmission, 526
- PoornaSiMu2025: control, distribution, host, importance, 6, 15
- Poutie1922: biological control, 3-28
- PowellHo1979: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- RadhakMaPr2003: distribution, host, 53-54
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 343
- Ramakr1941: distribution, host, 107-113
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 68
- Reboul1976: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 5, 6
- RipaLaLu2008a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 180-191
- RisWaRu2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 39-43
- Rivnay1968: biological control, 64-65
- RizzoMoCa2024: DNA, 44
- RoscigCa1985: economic importance,
- RosenArWo1992: biological control, life history, 241-253
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Rotund1975a: structure, 3-9
- RotundTr1980: structure, 431-435
- Rungs1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 91-94
- RussoMa1997: distribution, 51
- SaccagKrPi2008: chemistry, molecular data, taxonomy, 27-33
- Salaza1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 280-281
- SandanChRa2005: biological control, 311-314
- Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 260-261
- Seabra1921: distribution, host, 96
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 102
- SenapaBaCh2025: chemistry, reproductive system,
- SeshadBaAl2020: control,
- ShawChWa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 1-6
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 842, 860
- Signor1875c: taxonomy, 306, 321, 338
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 80-82
- SodanoOuSc2023: ant association, morphology, 5
- SongWaTa2024: phylogeny, 5, 8-9
- SosanAjUd2020: host, 80
- SouzaHoAl2023: distribution, host, natural enemies, 3
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 475
- Stehr1974: biological control, 124-136
- Stimme1987: distribution, host, 25-26
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- SwirskIzWy1980: biological control, distribution, host, 415-426
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 69-71
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 473
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
- TacoliBeCa2018: chemical control,
- TacoliBeCa2018: chemical control,
- Takaha1929a: distribution, host, 429
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 247-248
- Tang2001: distribution, 3
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 5
- TanneBeRa1989a: economic importance, 63-64
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 25-26
- Targio1866: taxonomy, 122
- Targio1867: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 47
- TerGri1954: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 61, 62
- TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 373
- TerGri1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40-44
- Terezn1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 232-233
- ThegusAlSh2024: distribution, host, life cycle, 4
- Timber1919: biological control, 197-231
- TirunaSa2024: distribution, natural enemies, record,
- TremblTrRo1977: structure, 113-135
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 66, 67
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 114-123
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 55, 56, 130, 145, 15
- TsaiRoGo2010: vector, virus transmission,
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 206
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S126
- UlubasKaKi2007: molecular data, 232-238
- UneliuElTw2011: molecular data, 170
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 47
- VacasNaGa2024: chemistry, control, reproduction,
- Valent1963: biological control, 6-13
- Valent1967: biological control, 1100
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 133
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 60
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 429
- VeaFiJa2025: genetics, genome, male, reproduction, 5-6, 8
- VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- VidyaBh2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 214
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 47-55
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 48
- ViorenSaMa2025: distribution, host, illustration, key, morphology, natural enemies, survey, 1023
- VonEll2025: distribution, 33
- VonEllWa2016: distribution, host, key, morphology, structure, 74-82
- WakgarGi2004a: distribution, host, 1-5
- WakgarGi2004b: biological control, distribution, host, 7-11
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- WaltonPr2004: biological control, distribution, host, 23-25
- WangZhTi2018: genebank,
- Ward1966: distribution, host, 453
- WardOnBo2024: phylogenetics, 4
- WardOnVa2023: distribution, genetics, host,
- WaterwWrMi2011: biology, reproduction,
- Watson2021: distribution, 527
- WatsonBe1932: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-42
- WatsonKoLa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 199-202
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- Westwo1840: taxonomy, 118
- WihBi2012: distribution, 44
- Willia1960: distribution, host, 426
- Willia1962: distribution, host, 39-40
- Willia1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 317, 318
- Willia1986c: host, 54
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 695-699
- Willia2007b: taxonomy, 439
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 248
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 7,10,29,30
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 162, 165, 166
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 92
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 450-452
- WilliaMa2005a: distribution, host, 147
- WilliaMa2009a: taxonomy, 97-101
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 84, 85, 86
- WilliaPa2012: taxonomy, 228
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 190-192, 194
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 32
- WynneHoCo2025: distribution, list of species, 19
- WysokiIzSw1976: distribution, economic importance, host, 81-90
- Xie1998: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78-79
- Yasnos2001: biological control, distribution, host, 435-440
- YerlikBaKa2023: distribution, host, illustration, list, 13, 14
- Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 37-40
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 186
- ZarkanErAp2023: distribution, host, 169
- ZarkanWaKa2024: diagnosis, distribution, key, 591, 596
- ZettleAdFr2017: host, 33
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176, 178-181
- ZouChMi2013: biological control, chemistry, economic importance, 128-131
- ZouMi2009: chemical ecology, chemistry, structure, 7207-7209
- vanden1995: distribution, host, 1-4
- vanden2001c: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 196-208
