Valid Names Results
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867) (Pseudococcidae: Pseudococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Pediculus coffeae Linnaeus 1767. unavailable name that is placed Notes: When citing Leder. 1762, to. 9 under Coccus adonidum, Linnaeus (1767) added the name Pediculus coffeae as though Ledermüler had proposed the name. Ledermüler only discussed a species under the nameKoffee-baumlaus and never named the species as Pediculus coffeae. Because Linnaeus associated the name Pediculus coffeae with the reference to Ledermüler's illustration, the name Pediculus coffeae was made valid, although unintentionally, and at the same time became a synonym of Coccus adonimum. The specific name coffeae Linnaeus, as published in the binomen Pediculus coffeae, was suppressed under the plenary powers and placed on the Official Index of Rejected Names in Zoology (Name Number 1118) by Melville (1983).
- Coccus avenidum Thiery de Menonville 1787: 344. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Misspelling of Coccus adonidum (see Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 10).
- Pseudococcus adonidum Westwood 1840: 118. misidentification (discovered by DeLott1965, 226).
- Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 75. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Botanical Gardens, on Cycas revoluta. Neotype, female, by subsequent designation (Miller1981,82-83). Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy . accepted valid name
- Coccus laurinus Boisduval 1867: 353. Type data: FRANCE: Central France on Laurus nobilis and Marsseile on fig. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912b, 364). Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Synonymy, as a synonym of Pseudococcus adonidum.
- Boisduvalia lauri Signoret 1875c: 338. change of combination
- Dactylopius hoyae Signoret 1875c: 317. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, in greenhouse, on Hoya carnosa. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 248). Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1995).
- Dactylopius pteridis Signoret 1875c: 321. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg garden, in greenhouses, on Pteris argirea. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria . junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903, 105).
- Dactylopius adonidum Signoret 1875c: 306. misidentification (discovered by DeLott1965, 226).
- Dactylopius longifilis Comstock 1881a: 344. Type data: U.S.A., on a variety of plants in greenhouses. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1896b, 325). Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Oudablis lauri Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
- Dactylopius longispinous Osborn 1898: 225. misspelling of species epithet
- Pseudococcus longispinus Cockerell 1902p: 252. change of combination
- Pseudococcus hoyae Fernald 1903: 103. change of combination
- Pseudococcus laurinus Fernald 1903b: 104. change of combination
- Pseudococcus adonidum (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Savescu 1982: 260. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of Pseudococcus adonidum Geoffroy, 1762.
- Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Williams & Watson 1988a: 190. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni" as author.
- Pseudoccocus longispinus Gertsson 2016: 153. misspelling of genus name
- Psuedococcus longispinus Zettler, et al. 2017. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- Chanchito blanco de Cola larga RipaLaLu2008a
- Cochinilla algodonosa de los invernáculos RipaLaLu2008a
- Cochinilla harinosa de los invernáculos RipaLaLu2008a
- cotonet longispino Lloren1990
- kimhit aruqat zanav BenDov1994
- long tailed mealybug Essig1915a Koszta1996 McKenz1967
- long-tailed mealybug McKenz1967
- longtailed mealybug McKenz1967
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 84 | Genera: 167
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | MifsudMaRu2014
- Amaryllidaceae
- Amaryllis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Mangifera indica | BenDov1994 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaGr1992
- Schinus terebinthifolia | MifsudMaRu2014
- Annonaceae
- Annona cherimola | Gonzal2011
- Annona muricata | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Cananga odorata | BenDov1994 Matile1978
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa macrocarpa | BenDov2012
- Hoya carnosa | BenDov1994 Signor1875c Willia2004a
- Nerium oleander | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Tsalev1968 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Plumeria rubra | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Rauvolfia serpentina | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Araceae
- Aglaonema | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Alocasia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 WilliaGr1992
- Alocasia macrorrhizos | GranarGo2018
- Anthurium | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Caladium | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Colocasia antiquorum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Colocasia esculenta | Willia2004a
- Colocasia gigantea | GranarGo2018
- Dieffenbachia | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Monstera deliciosa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Philodendron | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Syngonium podophyllum | MirabaGaCa2018
- Xanthosoma | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Araliaceae
- Hedera helix | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Arecaceae
- Areca catechu | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Arecaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Chamaedorea elatior | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985
- Chamaedorea elegans | Hadzib1983
- Cocos nucifera | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 WilliaGr1992
- Dictyosperma | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Dypsis lutescens | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Hyophorbe lagenicaulis | VidyaBh2017
- Metroxylon | Hadzib1983
- Metroxylon sagu | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Phoenix canariensis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Salacca zalacca | LitCa1994
- Trachycarpus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Washingtonia robusta | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus officinalis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Cordyline fruticosa | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Dracaena | BenDov1994 Martin1985 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Dracaena | BenDov2012
- Dracaena reflexa | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Dracaena surculosa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Dracaena godseffiana)
- Ruscus aculeatus | BenDov2012
- Yucca | KozarFr1995
- Aspleniaceae
- Asplenium | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985
- Asteraceae
- Cineraria | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Kleinia neriifolia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Senecio | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Bignoniaceae
- Jacaranda | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Jacaranda mimosifolia | GranarGo2018
- Bromeliaceae
- Ananas | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Ananas comosus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Moghad2013
- Cactaceae
- Echinopsis | BatsanKaKi2017 | (= Trichocereus)
- Epiphyllum | BenDov1994 Leonar1920 Marott1987a
- Opuntia | BenDov1994 Essig1915a MazzeoSuRu2008
- Cannaceae
- Canna | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Cecidomyiidae
- Diadiplosis multifila | Malump2014a
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Moghad2013a
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia mangostana | Willia2004a
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | BenDov1994 LitCa1994
- Commelinaceae
- Tradescantia spathacea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Costaceae
- Costus | Willia2004a
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita moschata | BenDov2012
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Marott1987a Tsalev1968
- Cycas revoluta | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962 Marott1987a
- Cycas riuminiana | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Cyperus albostriatus | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Leonar1920
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Gonzal2011
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Codiaeum variegatum | WatsonMuSh2014
- Croton | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Leonar1920 Marott1987a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Macaranga | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Manihot esculenta | BenDov1994 Willia1970DJ
- Ricinus communis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Acacia | BenDov1994 Marott1987a Tsalev1968
- Acacia cyclops | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Acacia simplex | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Bauhinia | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Cytisus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Dolichos | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Erythrina | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968
- Flemingia macrophylla | Willia2004a
- Lotus berthelotii | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Mimosa | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Phaseolus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Robinia pseudoacacia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Sophora microphylla | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Sophora toromiro | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Geraniaceae
- Pelargonium | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Pelargonium zonale | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Hernandiaceae
- Hernandia nymphaeifolia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hymenophyllaceae
- Hymenophyllum | GomezM1946 Martin1985
- Juglandaceae
- Juglandaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Juglans regia | Gonzal2011
- Lamiaceae
- Clerodendrum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Clerodendrum | Gertso2016
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | MifsudMaRu2014
- Litsea laurifolia | BenDov1994 Matile1978
- Persea americana | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Tsalev1968
- Malpighiaceae
- Malpighia glabra | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Malvaceae
- Brachychiton acerifolius | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Talipariti tiliaceum | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Theobroma cacao | BenDov1994 Campbe1983 DeLott1964 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Artocarpus altilis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Artocarpus altilis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a | (= Artocarpus communis)
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | GranarGo2018
- Ficus | BenDov2013
- Ficus amplissima | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Ficus benghalensis | BenDov2012
- Ficus benjamina | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Ficus carica | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Cox1987
- Ficus elastica | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Ficus lutea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | including Ficus lutea (nekbudu)
- Ficus microcarpa | MifsudMaRu2014 | (= Ficus microcarpa nitida)
- Ficus septica | BenDov1994 Willia1960a
- Morus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Musaceae
- Musa paradisiaca | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Musa paradisiaca | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Myrtaceae
- Eucalyptus tereticornis | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Myrtus communis | BenDov2012
- Pimenta dioica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Psidium | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 KondoRaVe2008
- Syzygium aromaticum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Matile1978
- Nephrolepidaceae
- Nephrolepis cordifolia | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Nephrolepis exaltata | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Mamet1949
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea spectabilis | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum azoricum | GranarGo2018
- Jasminum fluminense | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Jasminum officinale | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962 GomezM1937 Martin1985 Willia2004a
- Olea | Gonzal2011
- Olea europaea | BenDov1994 LongoRu1988
- Onagraceae
- Fuchsia | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Marott1987a
- Orchidaceae
- Orchis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Paphiopedilum | Willia2004a
- Phalaenopsis | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a
- Sobralia macrantha | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Vanda | Willia2004a
- Oxalidaceae
- Averrhoa carambola | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Willia2004a
- Pandanus amaryllifolius | Willia2004a
- Pandanus utilis | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 WilliaGr1992
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 Cox1987
- Phytolaccaceae
- Petiveria alliacea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Pinaceae
- Cedrus atlantica | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Pinus | Willia2004a
- Pinus brutia | BenDov2012
- Pinus kesiya | Willia2004a
- Piperaceae
- Piper nigrum | Willia2004a
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | BenDov1994 Goux1931a Martin1985 PellizPoSe2011
- Pittosporum pentandrum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Pittosporum tobira | MifsudMaRu2014
- Pittosporum undulatum | BenDov2012
- Pittosporum viridiflorum | Willia2004a
- Plantaginaceae
- Veronica speciosa | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | Gonzal2011
- Plumbaginaceae
- Limonium | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Polygonaceae
- Rumex | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Ruprechtia ramiflora | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Primulaceae
- Cyclamen | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Primula obconica | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Proteaceae
- Macadamia ternifolia | BenDov1994 Willia1973
- Pteridaceae
- Acrostichum aureum | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Adiantum | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Pteris arborea | BenDov1994 Signor1875c
- Rhizophoraceae
- Bruguiera | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Rosaceae
- Malus pumila | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Prunus domestica | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Pyrus | Willia2004a
- Pyrus communis | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Willia2004a
- Rubus | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Sorbus americana | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Coffea arabica | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Coffea canephora | Willia2004a
- Gardenia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Pavetta triflora | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1994 Cox1987 WilliaGr1992
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1994 Granar1991a Marott1987a
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus latipes | Willia2004a
- Citrus limon | BenDov2012
- Citrus maxima | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus maxima | Willia2004a
- Citrus paradisi | GranarGo2018
- Citrus reticulata | Gonzal2011
- Salicaceae
- Flacourtia indica | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Sapindaceae
- Nephelium lappaceum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a
- Pometia | Willia2004a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Scrophulariaceae
- Myoporum laetum | BenDov1994 GomezM1937 Martin1985
- Myoporum tenuifolium | BenDov2012
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum annuum | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Solanum melongena | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Stangeriaceae
- Stangeria eriopus | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Essig1915a
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia reginae | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Urticaceae
- Cecropia peltata | MartinBlSu2005
- Urtica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Vitaceae
- Cissus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Cissus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Vitis vinifera | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Marott1987a WilliaGr1992
- Xanthorrhoeaceae
- Aloe arborescens | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Phormium | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Phormium tenax | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- Phormium tenax | BenDov2012
- Zamiaceae
- Encephalartos gratus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Macrozamia | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
- Zamia | BenDov1994 Essig1915a
- Zingiberaceae
- Alpinia purpurata | Malump2014a
- Alpinia zerumbet | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Hedychium coccineum | Malump2012b
Foes:
Families: 4 | Genera: 9
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus gurneyi | Blumbe1997 ShawChWa2017
- Coccinellidae
- Scymnus coccivora | VidyaBh2017
- Encyrtidae
- Anagyrus fusciventris | BlumbeVa2001 Goolsb1994 Moore1988 Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus pseudococci | AbdRab2001d
- Gyranusoidea advena | ShawChWa2017
- Gyranusoidea indica | AbdRab2001d
- Leptomastidea abnormis | AbdRab2001d
- Leptomastidea rubra | Trjapi1989
- Leptomastix dactylopii | Blumbe1997 BlumbeVa2001
- Leptomastix epona | BlumbeVa2001
- Pseudaphycus | DaaneCoTr2008
- Pseudaphycus angelicus | Goolsb1994
- Tetracnemoidea peregrina | Moore1988 Trjapi1989
- Tetracnemoidea sydneyensis | Flande1953a Goolsb1994 Moore1988 Trjapi1989
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus | AbdRab2001d RosenArWo1992
Associates:
Families: 3 | Genera: 4
- Betaflexiviridae
- GVA virus | NGuessWaBr2014
- GVB Virus | HerrbaAlPr2017
- Caulimoviridae
- BSV | PalmaJBlGu2019
- Cacao swollen shoot virus | NGuessWaBr2014
- Closterovirus
- GLRaV-3 | BahderPoAl2013
- GLRaV-4 | HerrbaAlPr2017
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 115
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996
- Algeria | Balach1927 BenDov1994
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | BenDov1994 Cocker1895q WilliaGr1992
- Barbuda | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | GranarCl2003
- Catamarca | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Entre Rios | GranarCl2003
- Jujuy | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Mendoza | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- San Juan | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Tucuman | BenDov1994 Granar1979 WilliaGr1992
- Armenia | BenDov1994 TerGri1954 TerGri1966a
- Australia
- Australian Capital Territory | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- New South Wales | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Queensland | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- South Australia | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Tasmania | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Victoria | BenDov1994 DownieGu2004 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Western Australia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Austria | Malump2011a
- Azores | BenDov1994 CABI1984b CarvalFrAg1996 LopesFiMa2008
- Bahamas | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Bermuda | BenDov1994 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991 WilliaGr1992
- Brazil
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2007
- Rio Grande do Sul | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Santa Catarina | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Sao Paulo | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | BenDov1994 Mamet1954a
- Brunei | Willia2004a
- Bulgaria | BenDov1994 KozarTzVi1979 TrenchTrTo2010 Tsalev1968
- Cameroon | Vayssi1913
- Canary Islands | BenDov1994 BenDov2013 CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001 PerezGCa1987
- Cape Verde | VanHarCoWi1990
- Chile | BenDov1994 Gonzal1989 RipaLaLu2008a WilliaGr1992
- China | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Tang1992 TangHaTa1992
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
- Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016
- Colombia | BenDov1994 Figuer1952 Kondo2001 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaGr1992
- Comoros | BenDov1994 Mamet1960 Matile1978
- Cook Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Corsica | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Foldi2003
- Costa Rica | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | ObodjiNGNG2015
- Crete | Argyri1983 BenDov1994 CABI1984b PellizPoSe2011
- Cuba | BenDov1994 MartinBlSu2005 WilliaGr1992
- Czech Republic | BenDov1994 Zahrad1990
- Denmark | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975
- Dominica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Dominican Republic | BenDov1994 CABI1984b WilliaGr1992
- Easter Island | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Egypt | BenDov1994 EzzatRa1962 Hall1922
- Federated States of Micronesia | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Fiji | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- France | BenDov1994 Foldi2000 Foldi2001 Goux1931 MatileGePi2004 Signor1875b
- French Polynesia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Galapagos Islands | LincanHoCa2010
- Georgia (Republic of)
- Georgia (USSR) | BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 Yasnos2001
- Ghana | BenDov1994 Campbe1983 WihBi2012
- Greece | BenDov1994 MilonaKo2008
- Grenada | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Guadeloupe | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Guatemala | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Guyana | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hawaiian Islands | Zimmer1948
- Honduras | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hungary | BenDov1994 Kozar1980
- India | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Varshn1992
- Karnataka | Willia2004a
- Kerala | Willia2004a
- Meghalaya | Willia2004a
- Tamil Nadu | Willia2004a
- Indonesia | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Irian Jaya | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Java | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Willia2004a
- Lombok | Willia2004a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | Willia2004a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | WatsonMuSh2014
- Sumatra | Green1930c
- Iran | BenDov1994 CABI1984b KozarFoZa1996
- Israel | Avidov1961 BenDov1994 Bodenh1935
- Italy | BenDov1994 Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995 Marott1987a
- Jamaica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Japan | BenDov1994 Kawai1980
- Jordan | BenDov2006a
- Kenya | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Latvia | BenDov1994 Rasina1955
- Lebanon | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Luxembourg | Gertso2016
- Madeira Islands | Balach1939 BenDov1994 CarvalFrAg1996
- Malawi | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Malaysia | Willia2004a
- Sabah | Willia2004a
- Malta | BenDov1994 CABI1984b MifsudMaRu2014
- Martinique | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Mexico | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Morocco | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Rungs1970
- New Caledonia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- New Zealand | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Ward1966
- Nigeria | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Norfolk Island | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Palau | NeumanODGu2016
- Panama | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Papua New Guinea | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Peru | BenDov1994 Salaza1972 WilliaGr1992
- Philippines | Willia2004a
- Mindanao | LitCa1994
- Poland | BenDov1994 Koteja1974b
- Portugal | BenDov1994 CABI1984b CarvalFrAg1996 Fernan1992 KozarFr1995
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Martor1976 WilliaGr1992
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1952
- Rodriques Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 Mamet1956b
- Russia
- St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | BenDov1994 Willia1973
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Nevis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Kitts | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Martin | MatileEt2006
- San Marino | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Sao Tome | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Seabra1921
- Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995 PellizFo1996
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 RussoMa1997
- Singapore | Willia2004a
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Solomon Islands | BenDov1994 Willia1960 WilliaWa1988a
- South Africa | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- South Korea | KwonDaPa2003a KwonLeHa2002
- Spain | Balach1935b BenDov1994 GomezM1946 Martin1985
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1994 Green1896 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
- Taiwan | BenDov1994 Takaha1929a
- Tanzania | BenDov1994 CABI1984b DeLott1964
- Thailand | Willia2004a
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Tromelin Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1952
- Tunisia | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Turkey | BenDov1994 Bodenh1953a KaydanKiKo2005
- Ukraine | BenDov1994 Terezn1975
- United Kingdom
- England | BenDov1994 MalumpBa2012 Willia1962
- United States
- Alabama | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- California | BenDov1994 Essig1915a McKenz1967
- Connecticut | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Florida | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Illinois | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Indiana | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Iowa | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Osborn1898
- Kansas | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Maryland | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Massachusetts | BenDov1994 King1899
- Michigan | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Missouri | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- New Jersey | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- New York | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- North Carolina | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Pennsylvania | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Tennessee | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Texas | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Washington | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Wisconsin | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Uruguay | BenDov1994 CABI1984b GranarScTe1997 WilliaGr1992
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Venezuela | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Vietnam | BenDov1994 CABI1984b Willia2004a
- Yugoslavia | Masten2007 | BenDov1994 CABI1984b
- Zanzibar | WilliaMa2005a
- Zimbabwe | BenDov1994 Hall1937
Keys
- GranarGo2018: pp.10-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Central & South American Pseudococcus]
- VonEllWa2016: pp.74-77 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species present in the New World]
- Moghad2013: pp.71 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- GranarDu2012: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus affecting forage crops]
- WangWu2010: pp.245 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]
- WilliaMa2009a: pp.97-101 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]
- Willia2004a: pp.668-669 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- MarottPa1997: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]
- Koszta1996: pp.182 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North USA]
- LitCa1994: pp.256 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- Tang1992: pp.236 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- WilliaGr1992: pp.426-428 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
- WilliaWa1988a: pp.173 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region]
- Cox1987: pp.76 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
- Willia1985: pp.280 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
- TerGri1973: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
- McKenz1967: pp.288 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- Beards1966: pp.436 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- McKenz1964: pp.255 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1962: pp.655 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Willia1962: pp.39 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
- Beards1960: pp.211 ( Adult (M) ) [Hawaii]
- McKenz1960: pp.725 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1953a: pp.418 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1950b: pp.173 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Borchs1949: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaarctic region]
- Zimmer1948: pp.176 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Lawson1917: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
Remarks
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit & Calilung (1994) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and female last-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).
- Economic Importance: Widely distributed in the nature, on a large range of plants, over most territories of the tropical and subtropical regions, and in greenhouses in temperate zones. Has been reported as a citrus pest in California, Florida (Clausen, 1915; Bartlett, 1978e) Israel (Rivnay, 1968; Avidov & Harpaz, 1969; Ben-Dov, 1988b) and South Africa. Reported as a pest of apple and pear in New Zealand (Ward, 1966). A frequent pest of ornamentals outdoors and in greenhouses (Bartlett, 1978; Johnson & Lyon, 1988; Zahradnik, 1990). Reported as a pest of avocado in Chile (Ripa, et al. 2008). During the 1970s' it became a severe pest of avocado in Israel, as a result of the lethal effect of drift of synthetic insecticides from neighbouring cotton fields, on natural enemies of the mealybug. Swirsky et al. (1980) studied and discussed this case of re-establishment of efficient biological control of this potential pest in avocado plantations in Israel. Rosciglione & Castellano (1985) showed that this mealybug transmitted Grapevine Virus A (GVA) from grapevine to Nicotiana clevelandii. Tanne et al., (1989b) ascertained that it transmitted Leafroll Virus from infected grapevine to virus-free grapevines.
- Biology: Various aspects of behaviour and biology under laboratory conditions in the Netherlands wre studied by Bayer (1929). Pataki (1975) presented observations on the moulting process. Life cycle in New Zealand described by Cox (1979). Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Smith et al. (1997) indicated that on citrus in Australia - Queensland and Northern Territory - it develops 4-6 genertaions per year, while 3-4 generations in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Mean longevity of adult males is 58.8 ± 2.2 h. The estimated duration of the sexually active phase of the adult male within life span varied between mealybug species. Among the seven tested species, Ps. longispinus displayed the shortest period (34.4 h) and N. viridis the longest one (46.6 h). There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which was indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)
- Systematics: Until the 1960s' most of the publications relating to this species have been under either Dactylopius adonidum (L.) or Pseudococcus adonidum (L.). De Lotto (1965) critically studied the nomenclature and proved that Coccus adonidum Linnaeus, 1767, was not a scale insect, and resurrected Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1867 as the senior synonym of the long tailed mealybug. For a detailed discussion see De Lotto (1965) and Williams (2007b).
- Structure: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967), Cox (1979), de Villiers et al. (1987), Johnson & Lyon (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Foldi (2003a) and by Matile-Ferrero et al.(2004). Rotundo (1975), Tremblay et al., 1977 and Rotundo and Tremblay (1980) evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species using male and female morphology, chromosome numbers, endosymbionts, serological studies and immuno-electrophoresis. Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=8. Molyneux et al. (1990) gave a chemical analysis of the honeydew. Munson et al. (1992) and Baumann et al. (1993) studied the relationship of endosymbionts of this mealybug, of D. neobrevipes, of Ps. maritimus and of aphids, and concluded that those of the mealybug are related and phylogenetically are distinct from those of aphids.
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2001d: biological control, distribution, 1368
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- AltierNi1999: biological control, 975-991
- Arai1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 263-266
- Argyri1983: distribution, host, 365
- Avidov1961: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 150-151
- AvidovHa1969: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 190-191
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 187
- Balach1932b: ecology, 517-522
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 10
- Balach1939: distribution, host, 258
- BalciuBuPu1995: biological control, 247-267
- BarrasJeWa1994: ecology, life history, 1205-1208
- Bartle1969: biological control, 875-878
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 164-166
- BartleLl1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 90-93
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 265
- BaumanMuLa1993: structure, 21-24
- Beards1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 201-210
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 437-438
- BeltraSoMa2012: molecular data, phylogenetics, 137-171
- BenDov1988a: distribution, economic importance, host, 1075-1081
- BenDov1994: 397-400
- BenDov2006a: distribution, host, 206
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 37, 44
- BenDov2013: distribution, host, 73
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- Berles1893: taxonomy, 74
- Betrem1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-36
- Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
- BlumbeFrSu2002: biological control, life history, structure, 385-395
- BlumbeVa2001: biological control, life history, 191-199
- Boas1906: taxonomy, 65
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 250
- Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 219
- Bodenh1951a: distribution, host, 471-472
- Boisdu1867: taxonomy, 353
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 160, 161
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 97-99
- Bordag1914: distribution,
- BouhelDeDe1932: control, distribution, host, 1-60
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 181
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 228
- BruntKe1971: disease transmission, economic importance, host, 591-602
- CABI1984b: distribution,
- Campbe1972: biological control, distribution, host, 43
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, 58-60
- CarvalFrAg1996: distribution, economic importance, host, 614
- CebeciAr2006: distribution, host, 142
- Cendan1937: biological control, 337-338
- CharleWaBe2008: disease transmission, distribution, 293
- ChenCh2003: biological control, distribution, host, 239-244
- ChongOe2006a: biological control,
- Clause1915: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 35-41
- Clause1958: biological control, economic importance, 291-310
- Clause1958a: biological control, distribution, host, 443-447
- Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, 103
- Cocker1893n: distribution, host, taxonomy, 266
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 325
- Cocker1897: distribution, host, 201
- Cocker1902p: taxonomy, 252
- Comper1939: biological control, 57-73
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 341-342, 344
- CongdoMo1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 481-487
- Conway1951: distribution, host, 159-164
- CoplanPeHe1992: biological control, distribution, host, 44-47
- CorreaAgGe2011: distribution, host, 46
- CorreaGeMa2012: distribution, economic importance, 1-7
- Cottie1938: chemical control, distribution, host, 332-333
- Cox1979: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-2
- Cox1987: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 79-80, 199
- CoyierRo1986: economic importance, host, 1-3
- CulikMaVe2007: distribution, host, 1-5
- CurkovCa2005: chemical control, 609-615
- DaaneCoTr2008: biological control, distribution, 43-57
- DaaneCoTr2008a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 167-171
- DaaneMaGu2003: biological control, 389-398
- DahlstHa1999: biological control, 919-933
- DarvasVi1983: chemical control, 455-463
- DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
- DeBachFl1947: control, distribution, host, 9,27
- DeBachFl1947b: biological control, distribution, host, 1-3
- DeBachHu1971: biological control, 113-140
- DeLott1965: taxonomy, 226-229
- DeVillDu1984: biological control, chemical control, 17-20
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- Dozier1926a: biological control, 97
- DreistClFl1994: control, description, economic importance, life history, taxonomy,
- EcobicBiAl2004: chemical control, 137-142
- Essig1909a: taxonomy, 36
- Essig1915a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 130, 131
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 89
- EzzatRa1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 142-145
- Fernal1903b: taxonomy, 104
- Fernan1992: distribution, host, 62
- Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 174-176
- Figuer1952: distribution, host, 205
- FlaherWi1999: biological control, 853-869
- Flande1932: distribution, host, 1240-1241
- Flande1940d: biological control, distribution, host, 146,154-155
- Flande1940e: biological control, distribution, host, 3-5
- Flande1953a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 266-269
- Flande1959b: biological control, 125-142
- Fletch1951: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-24
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 79
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- Foldi2003: distribution, host, 149
- Foldi2003a: taxonomy, 5
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 13
- FrancoMa2001: distribution, host, 191-196
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 21,25
- FrancoSiCa2000: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-142
- FrancoSuBo2004: biological control, 507-522
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Furnes1977: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 319-332
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 225
- GeigerDaBe2001: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 19-27
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 25
- Gertso2016: distribution, 153
- Giliom1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 267-273, 293
- GillanCo2001: life history, structure, 279-285
- GollifJaDa1977: disease transmission, distribution, host, 171-177
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 343-345
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 95
- Gonzal1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 115
- Gonzal1991: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 3-7
- Gonzal2003a: distribution, economic importance, host, 89-98
- Gonzal2008a: distribution, economic importance, host, 5-17
- Gonzal2011: illustration, 28
- Gonzal2011: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 104-111
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration, male, taxonomy, 231, 233, 237, 283-288
- GonzalVo2004: distribution, economic importance, host, 41-62
- Goolsb1994: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-168
- Goux1931: distribution, host, 4
- Granar1979: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 135, 138-143
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- GranarDu2012: key, 35
- GranarGo2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, taxonomy, 4-14, 32-34
- GranarScTe1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 97, 99
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1930c: distribution, host, 280
- Greig1944: control, distribution, host,
- GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
- GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 378
- Gullan2000: description, taxonomy, 160-166
- GullanDoKn1987: distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 61-62
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11-12
- Hall1937: distribution, host, 127
- Hamlen1975a: chemical control, 223-226
- Hanson1963: distribution, host,
- HardyGu2008: nomenclature, taxonomy, 24-26
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HerrbaAlPr2017: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 485
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 2-22
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 144
- Hollin1923: description, taxonomy, 53
- HollinAr2005: mechanical control, 289-298
- HosseiHa2011: molecular data, 46
- James1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73-84
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 127
- JaszaiDa1983: chemical control, 198-202
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 100-101
- KaydanKiKo2005: distribution, host, 91
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 102
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 263
- KlattNe2002: biological control, 2039-2044
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoLoQu2010: biological control, 7-13
- KondoRaVe2008: distribution, host, 43
- KooJeKi2017: distribution, 440
- KooKiLe2017: diagnosis, distribution, molecular data, morphology, 185-193
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 182-184
- Koteja1974b: distribution, taxonomy, 74
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 67
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 64
- KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 130
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 12
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 185
- Kuwana1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- KwonDaPa2003a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 410
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
- KwonLeHa2002: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 151-153
- LaflinGuPa2004: distribution, host, 475-477
- LambdiJo2001: structure, 113-117
- Lashin1956: distribution, 27-28
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 178-180
- Leach1940: disease transmission, life history, 1-3
- LedieuHeDe1989: economic importance, 405
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 399-404
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 6
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 450
- Lindin1939: distribution, host, 37
- LiottaMiRa1977: economic importance, host, 29-67
- LitCa1994: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 259, 265
- Lloyd1958: biological control, 450-468
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 120
- LopesFiMa2008: distribution, host, 153-154
- LuckShKe1999: biological control, 225-242
- MalausFeWa2011: distribution, molecular data, phylogeny, 142-155
- MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, 71
- Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 55-57
- Malump2012b: distribution, host, 211,213
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 82
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, 30-31,41
- MalumpHa2012: distribution, host, 195
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 55-56,57
- MalumpSa2014: distribution, 23
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, 15-16
- Mamet1952: distribution, host, 170
- Mamet1954a: distribution, host, 265
- ManohaDaJe2018: biological control, host,
- Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 226-233
- Marott1987a: distribution, host, 111
- Martin1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 96-97
- MartinBlSu2005: distribution, host, 125-127
- MartinWoO1999: chemical control, distribution, host, 22-24
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 19-270
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 53
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 183
- MatileGePi2004: distribution, host, 35-37
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 196
- MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
- McConnSh1986: chemical control, 263-265
- McKenz1967: description, host, illustration, taxonomy, 303-305
- McMurt1992: biological control, distribution, host, 247-252
- MendelPrJa2012: biological control, ecology, 395-394
- MendelPrZa2008: life history, physiology, 231
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 15
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Meurge2011: distribution, 82
- MifsudFsMa2012: distribution, host, 16
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 516
- Millar2002: illustration, 217
- MillarMoMc2009: chemical ecology, chemistry, 2683-2685
- Miller1935: control, life history, 1-2
- MilonaKo2008: distribution, host, 35-38
- MirabaGaCa2018: distribution, host, 194
- Mo2003: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-3
- Moghad2013: distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 74-76, 100
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 72
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 156
- Mohara1990: structure, 48
- MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 102-103
- MolyneCaDr1990: distribution, host, 1899-1909
- Monast1962: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 109-115
- Moore1988: biological control, 212
- Moore2001: economic importance, host, 232-266
- MoranBaDo1994: molecular data, phylogeny, 79-83
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
- MunsonBaMo1992: distribution, host, 26-30
- MurthyGi1976: chemical control, 3
- Myers1922: 198
- Nair1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 72-82
- NeumanFoHo2010: biological control, 107-113
- NeumanODGu2016: host, 159-166
- Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- ObodjiNGNG2015: virus, virus transmission,
- Osborn1898: distribution, taxonomy, 225
- PachecKaMa2017: distribution, host, illustration, 3
- PaieroMaHa2003: distribution, host, 115-129
- PalmaJBl2015: SEM,
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution, host, virus transmission,
- Paoli1927a: distribution, host, 382-387
- ParsaKoWi2012: taxonomy, 9
- Pataki1975: life history, 141-151
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 60
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 313
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 64,72
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 120
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 293,296
- PerezG2008: distribution, 217
- Perkin1982: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 5
- Petty1987: chemical control, 255-258
- PicartMa2000: distribution, host, 14-20
- PieterMuVu2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 23-28
- Poutie1922: biological control, 3-28
- PowellHo1979: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- RadhakMaPr2003: distribution, host, 53-54
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 343
- Ramakr1941: distribution, host, 107-113
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 68
- Reboul1976: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 5, 6
- RipaLaLu2008a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 180-191
- RisWaRu2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 39-43
- Rivnay1968: biological control, 64-65
- RoscigCa1985: economic importance,
- RosenArWo1992: biological control, life history, 241-253
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Rotund1975a: structure, 3-9
- RotundTr1980: structure, 431-435
- Rungs1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 91-94
- RussoMa1997: distribution, 51
- SaccagKrPi2008: chemistry, molecular data, taxonomy, 27-33
- Salaza1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 280-281
- SandanChRa2005: biological control, 311-314
- Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 260-261
- Seabra1921: distribution, host, 96
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 102
- ShawChWa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 1-6
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 842, 860
- Signor1875c: taxonomy, 306, 321, 338
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 80-82
- Stehr1974: biological control, 124-136
- Stimme1987: distribution, host, 25-26
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- SwirskIzWy1980: biological control, distribution, host, 415-426
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 69-71
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 473
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
- TacoliBeCa2018: chemical control,
- TacoliBeCa2018: chemical control,
- Takaha1929a: distribution, host, 429
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 247-248
- Tang2001: distribution, 3
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 5
- TanneBeRa1989a: economic importance, 63-64
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 25-26
- Targio1866: taxonomy, 122
- Targio1867: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
- TerGri1954: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 61, 62
- TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 373
- TerGri1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40-44
- Terezn1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 232-233
- Timber1919: biological control, 197-231
- TremblTrRo1977: structure, 113-135
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 114-123
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 55, 56, 130, 145, 15
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 206
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlubasKaKi2007: molecular data, 232-238
- UneliuElTw2011: molecular data, 170
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 47
- Valent1963: biological control, 6-13
- Valent1967: biological control, 1100
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 133
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 60
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 429
- VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- VidyaBh2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 214
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 47-55
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 48
- VonEllWa2016: distribution, host, key, morphology, structure, 74-82
- WakgarGi2004a: distribution, host, 1-5
- WakgarGi2004b: biological control, distribution, host, 7-11
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- WaltonPr2004: biological control, distribution, host, 23-25
- WangZhTi2018: genebank,
- Ward1966: distribution, host, 453
- WatsonBe1932: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-42
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- Westwo1840: taxonomy, 118
- WihBi2012: distribution, 44
- Willia1960: distribution, host, 426
- Willia1962: distribution, host, 39-40
- Willia1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 317, 318
- Willia1986c: host, 54
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 695-699
- Willia2007b: taxonomy, 439
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 248
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 7,10,29,30
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 162, 165, 166
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 92
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 450-452
- WilliaMa2005a: distribution, host, 147
- WilliaMa2009a: taxonomy, 97-101
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 84, 85, 86
- WilliaPa2012: taxonomy, 228
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 190-192, 194
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 32
- WysokiIzSw1976: distribution, economic importance, host, 81-90
- Xie1998: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78-79
- Yasnos2001: biological control, distribution, host, 435-440
- Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 37-40
- ZettleAdFr2017: host, 33
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176, 178-181
- ZouChMi2013: biological control, chemistry, economic importance, 128-131
- ZouMi2009: chemical ecology, chemistry, structure, 7207-7209
- vanden1995: distribution, host, 1-4
- vanden2001c: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 196-208
