Valid Names Results

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833 (Diaspididae: Aspidiotus)

Nomenclatural History

Diaspis obliquum Costa 1829: 2. Type data: ITALY:. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa2001Sa, 191). Notes: This species was proven to be a nomen oblitum by Ben-Dov & Marotta (2001a, 2001b). Type material lost; Giuseppina Pellizzari, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov, 1999).
Aspidiotus nerii Bouche 1833: 52. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, in greenhouse, on Nerium, Arbutus, Magnolia and Acacia.. Syntypes, both sexes, Type depository: Eberswalde: Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Germany; accepted valid name Illustr.
Aspidiotus genistae Westwood 1840: 118. nomen nudum (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261).
Chermes aloes Boisduval 1867: 327. Type data: FRANCE: apparently Paris, in greenhouse, on Aloe umbellata.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Type material probably lost; Daniele Matile-Ferrero, 1998, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Illustr.
Chermes cycadicola Boisduval 1867: 345. Type data: FRANCE: apparently Paris, on Cycas revoluta.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Type material probably lost; Daniele Matile-Ferrero, 1998; personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Illustr.
Chermes ericae Boisduval 1867: 330. Type data: FRANCE: Vincennes and Montreuil, on Erica.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Type material probably lost; Daniele Matile-Ferrero, 1998; personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Diaspis bouchei Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 13. nomen nudum (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261).
Chermes nerii (Bouche, 1833); Boisduval 1868: 281. change of combination
Aspidiotus affinis Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 736. Type data: ITALY: on leaves of Rusci aculeati [=Ruscus aculeatus].. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Type material probably lost; Giuseppina Pellizzari, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Aspidiotus caldesii Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 736. Type data: ITALY: on leaves of Daphne collinae.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 262). Notes: Type material probably lost; Giuseppina Pellizzari, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Aspidiotus denticulatus Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 736. Type data: ITALY: on leaves of Rubia peregrinae.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Type material probably lost; Giuseppina Pellizzari, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Aspidiotus villosus Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 736. Type data: ITALY: on leaves of Olea europaea.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Type material probably lost; Giuseppina Pellizzari, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Aspidiotus bouchei Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 736. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain; replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Replacement name for Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833
Aspidiotus aloes (Boisduval, 1867); Signoret 1869: 843. change of combination
Aspidiotus cycadicola (Boisduval, 1867); Signoret 1869b: 119. change of combination
Aspidiotus ericae (Boisduval, 1867); Signoret 1869b: 121. change of combination
Aspidiotus budleiae Signoret 1869b: 115. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Garden, on Budleia salicina.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Illustr.
Aspidiotus capparis Signoret 1869b: 129. Type data: FRANCE: probably Dijon, on caprier [=Capparis sp.].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Signor1877, 663). Notes: Authorship incorrectly credited to "Vallot, 1829". Illustr.
Aspidiotus ceratoniae Signoret 1869b: 118. Type data: FRANCE: Nice, on carob [=Ceratonia siliqua].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Illustr.
Aspidiotus epidendri Signoret 1869c: 145. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg garden, on Epidendrum sp.. Syntypes, both sexes, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 263). Notes: Authorship incorrectly credited to Bouche. Illustr.
Aspidiotus genistae Signoret 1869c: 122. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes, on "genets" [=Genista sp.]. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Species incorrectly credited to Westwood. Illustr.
Aspidiotus gnidii Signoret 1869b: 122. Type data: FRANCE: Le Midi [=South-East France], on Daphne gnidium.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261).
Aspidiotus ilicis Signoret 1869b: 123. Type data: FRANCE: Le Midi [=South-East France], on Quercus ilicis.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Illustr.
Aspidiotus limonii Signoret 1869b: 125. Type data: FRANCE: Provence, on "citron" [=Citrus limon].. Syntypes, both sexes, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261).
Aspidiotus myricinae Signoret 1869b: 125. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Garden, in greenhouse, on Myricinia retusa [= probably Myristica retusa].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 125). Illustr.
Aspidiotus ulicis Signoret 1869b: 132. Type data: FRANCE: Le Midi [=South East France], on "genet epineux" [=Ulex sp.].. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Signor1877, 675).
Aspidiotus vriesciae Signoret 1869b: 134. Type data: FRANCE: apparently Paris, in greenhouse, on Vriescia [= Vriesea] splendens imported from Cayenne.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 262).
Aspidiotus palmarum; Signoret 1869c: 131. misidentification (discovered by Danzig1993, 145).
Aspidiotus budleiae Signoret 1869: 845. nomen nudum
Aspidiotus limonii Signoret 1869: 860. nomen nudum
Aspidiotus vrieseiae Signoret 1869: 876. nomen nudum
Aspidiotus hederae Signoret 1869c: 122. unavailable name that is placed
Coccus limonii Murray 1871: 342. Type data: Italy: Sicily, on lemon fruit imported to England.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1935, 127). Illustr.
Aspidiotus lentisci Signoret 1877: 601. Type data: FRANCE: Le Midi [=South-East France], on "lentisque" [=Pistacia lentiscus]; also from ALGERIA, on same host; collected by Bigot.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 262).
Aspidiotus ? osmanthi Signoret 1877: 621. Type data: FRANCE: Locality not indicated, on Olea fragrans [=Osmanthus fragrans].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 264). Notes: Authorship incorrectly credited to "Vallot, 1829".
Aspidiotus atherospermae Maskell 1879: 198. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Atherosperma novae-zealandiae.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 264).
Aspidiotus dysoxyli Maskell 1879: 198. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Dysoxylum sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Hender2001a,89). Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Hender2001a, 89). Illustr.
Aspidiotus budlaei Signoret, 1869; Maskell 1879: 198. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus budleiae Signoret, 1869b.
Aspidiotus oleae Colvée 1880: 39. Type data: SPAIN: on olive.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 261). Notes: Depository of type material unknown. The original description by Colvée (1880) included material of both Diaspis oleae (=Parlatoria oleae (Colvée)) and Aspidiotus oleae (=Aspidiotus nerii (Bouché)). Illustr.
Coccus (Aspidiotus) palmarum Taschenberg 1880. junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1932, 201). Notes: palmarum Taschenberg, 1880, Coccus (Aspidiotus) Lindinger (1932: 201) regarded the species as identical to Aspidiotus hederae [=Aspidiotus nerii Bouché] (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 35).
Aspidiotus corynocarpi Colvee 1881: 39. Type data: SPAIN: on Corynocarpus sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 264). Notes: Depository unknown.
Aspidiotus oleastri Colvee 1882: 12. Type data: SPAIN: Cambrils, on olive, Olea europaea.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 264). Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Aspidiotus hederae; Comstock 1883: 77. misidentification (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5).
Aspidiotus myrsinae Signoret, 1869; Comstock 1883: 79. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus myrcinae Signoret.
Aspidiotus offinis Targioni Tozzetti, 1868; Comstock 1883: 72. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus affinis Targioni Tozzetti, 1868
Aspidiotus sophorae Maskell 1884: 121. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Sophora tetraptera.. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 48). Illustr.
Aspidiotus carpodeti Maskell 1885a: 21. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Carpodetus serratus and Vitex littoralis.. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 264). Illustr.
Aspidiotus budlaeiae Signoret, 1869; Maskell 1887a: 40. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus budleiae Signoret, 1869b.
Aspidiotus nerii limonii Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1896b: 334. change of combination and rank
Aspidiotus myrsinae Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1896b: 334. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus myrcinae Signoret.
Aspidiotus epidendri; Cockerell 1896b: 334. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bouche" as author.
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) affinis Targioni Tozzetti, 1868; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) aloes (Boisduval, 1867); Cockerell 1897i: 29. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) buddleiae Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 29. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) caldesii Targioni Tozzetti, 1868; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) carpodeti Maskell, 1885; Cockerell 1897i: 25. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) ceratoniae Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) cycadicola (Boisduval, 1867); Cockerell 1897i: 29. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) denticulatus Targioni Tozzetti, 1868; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) epidendri Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 29. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) ericae (Boisduval, 1867); Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) genistae Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) gnidii Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) ilicis Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) lentisci Signoret, 1877; Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) nerii Bouche, 1833; Cockerell 1897i: 30. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) nerii limonii Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 30. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) villosus Targioni Tozzetti, 1868; Cockerell 1897i: 19. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) vriesciae Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 30. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) hederae; Cockerell 1897i: 18. misidentification (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5).
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) myrsinae Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 30. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus myrcinae Signoret.
Aspidiotus osmanthi; Cockerell 1897i: 30. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Vallot" as author.
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) hederae Signoret, 1869; Leonardi 1898a: 76. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus)) nerii; Leonardi 1898c: 71. incorrect synonymy (discovered by MorrisMo1966, 17). Notes: Incorrect synonymy of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833 with Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829); see Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 17.
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) hederae; Leonardi 1898c: 71. misidentification (discovered by MorrisMo1966, 17). Notes: Cited as Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829).
Aspidiotus hederae nerii Bouche, 1833; Hunter 1899: 11. change in status (level)
Aspidiotus hederae carpodeti Maskell, 1885; Cockerell & Parrott 1899: 276. change of combination and rank
Aspidiotus nerii; Cockerell 1899a: 395. incorrect synonymy (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5). Notes: Incorrect synonymy of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833 with Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829).
Aspidiotus vagabundus Cockerell 1899n: 20. Type data: MEXICO: Mexico City, on bark of ash.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 49). Illustr.
Aspidiotus hederae; Cockerell 1899a: 395. misidentification (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5).
Aspidiotus corinocarpi Colvee, 1881; Cockerell 1899a: 395. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of "Aspidiotus corynocarpi".
Aspidiotus myrsinae Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1899a: 395. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of "Aspidiotus myrciniae" Signoret.
Aspidiotus capparis; Cockerell 1899a: 395. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Vallot" as author.
Aspidiotus epidendri; Cockerell 1899a: 395. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bouche" as author.
Aspidiotus hederae limonii Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1900: 350. change of combination
Aspidiotus hederae; Newstead 1901b: 120. misidentification (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5).
Aspidiotus epidendri; Newstead 1901: 120. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bouche" as author.
Aspidiotus nerii; Fernald 1903b: 269. incorrect synonymy (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5). Notes: Incorrect synonymy of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833, with Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829).
Aspidiotus epidendri; Fernald 1903b: 261. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bouche" as author.
Aspidiotus osmanthi; Fernald 1903b: 268. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Vallot" as author.
Aspidiotus transparens rectangulatus Lindinger 1913: 97. Type data: KENYA: Mombassa, on Sansevieria sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 47).
Aspidiotus confusus Froggatt 1914: 136. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, at Narara, on Eucalyptus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 265).
Aspidiotus transvaalensis Leonardi 1914: 198. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Nerium oleander.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 49). Illustr.
Aspidiotus tasmaniae Green 1915d: 50. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Launceston, on Ribes sp. and Ampelopsis sp.; Victoria, on Eucalyptus sp., Acacia sp., and Cytisus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 48). Illustr.
Aspidiotus confusus; Froggatt 1915: 13. subsequent use Notes: Described in this 1915 publication again as "n. sp.".
Aspidiotus hederae; Dietz & Morrison 1916a: 296. misidentification (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5).
Aspidiotus hederae; Leonardi 1920: 31. misidentification Notes: Cited as Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829).
Aspidiotus guidii Signoret, 1869; Leonardi 1920: 31. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus gnidii Signoret, 1869b.
Aspidiotus myrsinae Signoret, 1869; Leonardi 1920: 31. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus myrcinae Signoret.
Aspidiotus viresciae Signoret, 1869; Leonardi 1920: 31. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Mis-spelling of Aspidiotus vriesciae Signoret, 1869b.
Aspidiotus epidendri; Leonardi 1920: 31. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bouche" as author.
Octaspidiotus atherospermae (Maskell, 1879); MacGillivray 1921: 395. change of combination
Aspidiotus hederae; MacGillivray 1921: 400. misidentification (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5). Notes: Cited as Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829).
Aspidiotus hederae urenae Hall 1923: 19. Type data: EGYPT: Giza, garden of the Horticultural Section of the Ministry of Agriculture, on Urena lobata.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 49). Illustr.
Aspidiotus hederae unipectinata Carimini 1930: 121. Type data: ITALY: Livorno, in several gardens of Castiglioncello, on Acacia dealbata.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 49). Notes: Depository of type series unknown. Illustr.
Aspidiotus nederae Signoret, 1869; Archangelskaya 1930: 85. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus (Dynaspidiotus) hederae Signoret, 1869; Thiem & Gerneck 1934: 131. change of combination
Chermes hederae (Signoret, 1869); Ferris 1937c: 62. change of combination
Aspidiotus hederae; Ferris 1938a: 192. incorrect synonymy (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5). Notes: Incorrect synonymy of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833, with Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829).
Aspidiotus hederae; Ferris 1938a: 192. misidentification (discovered by BenDovMa1999, 5).
Aspidiotus hederale Signoret, 1869; Tscorbadjiew 1939: 89. misspelling of species epithet
Chermes genistae (Signoret, 1869); Ferris 1941e: 43. change of combination
Chermes osmanthi (Signoret, 1877); Ferris 1941e: 46. change of combination
Aspidiotus rectangulatus Lindinger, 1913; Ferris 1941e: 47. change of combination and rank
Aspidiotus unipectinatus Carimini, 1930; Ferris 1941e: 49. change of combination and rank
Aspidiotus urenae Hall, 1923; Ferris 1941e: 49. change of combination and rank
Aspidiotus osmanthi; Ferris 1941e: 46. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Vallot" as author.
Aspidiotus fonsecai Giannotti 1942: 214. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on undetermined host; collected by J.P. da Fonseca, December 1930.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; junior synonym (discovered by Muntin1971a, 313). Illustr.
Octaspidiotus athospermae (Maskell, 1879); Balachowsky 1948b: 272. change of combination
Octaspidiotus anthospermae (Maskell, 1879); Balachowsky 1948b: 272. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus hederae hederae Signoret, 1869; Schmutterer 1952: 566. change of combination
Aspidiotus hederae unisexualis Schmutterer 1952: 566. Type data: GERMANY: in greenhouse, on Phoenix canariensis, Chamaerops humilis, Asparagus sprengeri, Aloe sp. and Nerium oleander.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 265).
Aspidiotus hederae; Balachowsky 1956: 70. misidentification (discovered by MorrisMo1966, 17). Notes: Cited as Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot, 1829).
Aspidiotus heredae Signoret, 1869; Balachowsky 1956: 70. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus nerii Borchsenius 1966: 261. revived status (position)
Aspidiotus nerii Morrison & Morrison 1966: 17. revived status (position)
Aspidiotus nerii; Gerson & Zor 1973: 516. subsequent use Notes: Author incorrectly cited as "Vallot, 1829".
Aspidiotus paranerii Gerson in Gerson & Hazan 1979: 281. Type data: ISRAEL: Rehovot, laboratory culture on potato [Solanum tuberosum] tubers; laboratory culture initiated from population collected on Pittosporum undulatum in Rehovot.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 145).
Aspidiotus atherospirmae Maskell, 1879; Chou 1985: 264. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus nereii Bouche, 1833; Foldi 1990c: 199. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus anthospermae Maskell, 1879; Tao 1999: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus atherospinmae Maskell, 1879; Tao 1999: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus budlaei Signoret, 1869; Tao 1999: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus budlei Signoret, 1869; Tao 1999: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus transvalensis Leonardi, 1914; Tao 1999: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus vagobundus Cockerell, 1899; Tao 1999: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus nerri Bouche, 1833; Moghaddam 2004: 11. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidotus nerii; Efrom, et al. 2019: 126. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

escama blanca de la hiedra Gonzal1989
escama hiedra CoronaRuMo1997
ivy scale Dekle1965c McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
lemon peel scale MillerDa2005
Oleander scale Borchs1966 Merril1953 MillerDa2005
oleander scale Borchs1966
pinta-branca CarvalAg1997
piojo blanco Lloren1990
plushevaya shitovka Borchs1936
cocciniglia bianca del limone Watson2022a
cochenille du lierre Watson2022a
escama blanca de la hiedra Watson2022a
gul palmeskjöldlus Watson2022a
knimat hakisos Watson2022a
олеандровая щитовка Watson2022a
shiro-maru-kaigaramushi Watson2022a
sarmasik kabuklu biti Watson2022a

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 120 | Genera: 358

Achariaceae

Melicytus ramiflorus | Hender2011

Acoraceae

Acorus gramineus | Martin1983

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia chinensis | Gonzal1986 Gonzal1989a GonzalCu1994
Actinidia deliciosa | Hender2011

Adoxaceae

Sambucus nigra | ErlerTu2001
Viburnum tinus | Martin1983

Aizoaceae

Carpobrotus acinaciformis | Balach1932d | (= Mesembryanthemum acinaciformis)
Carpobrotus edulis | Balach1932d | (= Mesembryanthemum edule)

Alseuosmiaceae

Alseuosmia macrophylla | Hender2011

Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus | BenDov2012
Halosarcia indica | BicheArMe2022 | (= Arthrocnemum indicum)

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica | GroveDe2017
Pistacia atlantica | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924 | (= Pistacia mutica)
Pistacia lentiscus | Balach1932d Balach1935b Martin1983 Signor1877
Pistacia terebinthus | SzitaFeBe2017
Pleiogynium timorense | Brimbl1968 | (= Pleiogynium cerasiferum)
Rhodosphaera rhodanthema | Brimbl1968
Schinus | Hall1923
Schinus terebinthifolia | Balach1932d

Annonaceae

Annona squamosa | DeLott1967a
Uvaria | Brimbl1968

Apiaceae

Foeniculum vulgare | Martin1983

Apocynaceae

Acokanthera schimperi | DeLott1967a
Carissa spinarum | Brimbl1968 | (= Carissa ovata)
Catharanthus roseus | Martin1983 | (= Vinca rosea)
Ceropegia variegata | Martin1983 | (= Stapelia variegata)
Nerium | Bachma1953 Balach1956 Bodenh1928 Bodenh1937
Nerium oleander | Balach1932d Bodenh1926 Bodenh1944b Bodenh1952 Borchs1934 ErlerTu2001 GomezM1962 Leonar1914 Moghad2013 Muntin1969 UygunSeEr1998
Parsonia | Hender2011
Plumeria | MilleHeCa2016
Plumeria alba | Cohic1958
Plumeria rubra | Brimbl1968
Vinca | Bodenh1952 DietzMo1916
Vinca major | Bodenh1952 GomezM1962 Martin1983 Merril1953

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex aquifolium | McKenz1956

Araliaceae

Aralia | Brain1918
Fatsia japonica | Hender2011 Martin1983 | (= Aralia sieboldi)
Hedera | Borchs1936 Martin1983 Signor1869b
Hedera canariensis | MoghadWa2021
Hedera helix | Balach1932d Bodenh1952 DietzMo1916 Foldi2000 Hadzib1983 Martin1983 McKenz1956 UygunSeEr1998
Hedera pastuchovii | Hadzib1983
Hedra canariensis | Moghad2013
Meryta | Green1929
Meryta sinclairii | Hender2011
Neopanax arboreus | Hender2011 | (= Pseudopanax arboreus)
Neopanax laetus | Hender2011 | (= Pseudopanax laetus)
Pseudopanax ferox | Hender2011
Schefflera digitata | Hender2011

Arecaceae

Areca | Wilson1917
Arecaceae | BesheaTiHo1973 DietzMo1916 Green1896 Green1929
Chamaerops humilis | Balach1927 Balach1932d Martin1983 Newste1897a
Cocos nucifera | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
Elaeis | Howard2001
Hedyscepe canterburyana | Hender2011
Howea forsteriana | BugajNJuKa2021
Howeia belmoreana | Martin1983 StoetzDa1974a | (= Kentia balmoreana)
Howeia forsteriana | Balach1932d
Livistona chinensis | Balach1932d | (= Livistona sinensis)
Phoenix | McKenz1956
Phoenix canariensis | Balach1927 Balach1932d Balach1937c Bodenh1924 Bodenh1928 Bodenh1952 Wilson1917
Phoenix dactylifera | Bodenh1924 ElShafAbAl2017 Martin1983
Phoenix reclinata | Balach1927 Balach1932d
Ptychosperma | Hender2011 | (= Seaforthea)
Rhapis excelsa | Balach1932d
Rhopalostylis baueri | PicartMa2000 Schonf2015
Rhopalostylis sapida | Hender2011
Syagrus comosa | Wilson1917 | (= Cocos plumosa)
Syagrus romanzoffiana | Balach1932d | (= Cocos romanzoffiana)
Trachycarpus fortunei | Balach1932d Borchs1934 GomezM1962 NormarOkMo2019 | (= Chamaerops excelsa, Trachycarpus excelsa)
Washingtonia | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1944b
Washingtonia filifera | Balach1932d | (= Pritchardia filifera)
Washingtonia robusta | Martin1983 | (= Washingtonia sonorae)

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia | Balach1932d Hall1923
Aristolochia baetica | GomezM1946 Martin1983
Aristolochia elegans | BesheaTiHo1973
Aristolochia sempervirens | SzitaFeBe2017

Asparagaceae

Agave | Bodenh1924 Hadzib1983 Martin1983 McKenz1956
Agave americana | Balach1927 Balach1932d GomezM1962 Martin1983
Agave palmeri | MerrilCh1923
Asparagus | Balach1935b Bodenh1952 Green1930b Hadzib1983 Martin1983 Savesc1982
Asparagus acutifolius | SzitaFeBe2017
Asparagus aethiopicus | Balach1932d Green1923b McDani1968 Merril1953 | (= Asparagus sprengeri)
Asparagus albus | Balach1932d
Asparagus aphyllus | Balach1932d
Asparagus densiflorus | BugajNJuKa2021
Asparagus horridus | Martin1983 | (= Asparagus stipularis)
Asparagus officinalis | Moghad2013
Asparagus racemosus | Brimbl1968
Asparagus setaceus | Balach1932d Bodenh1944b Martin1983 | (= Asparagus plumosus)
Asparagus virgatus | BenDov2012
Aspidistra | Laing1929
Aspidistra elatior | Martin1983
Chlorophytum capense | Brimbl1968
Cordyline australis | Hender2011
Cordyline banksii | Hender2011
Dracaena | Brain1918
Furcraea foetida | Balach1932d GomezM1962 | (= Furcraea gigantea)
Lomandra | NormarOkMo2019
Ophiopogon japonicus | Hender2011
Ruscus | Bodenh1952 Martin1983
Ruscus aculeatus | Bodenh1926 Martin1983 MerrilCh1923 Targio1868
Sansevieria | Ferris1941e Lindin1913
Yucca | Bodenh1952 Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Brain1918 McDani1968
Yucca gloriosa | Borchs1934 Martin1983

Asphodelaceae

Aloe arborescens | BugajNJuKa2021
Aloe maculata | MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b | (= Aloe umbellata)
Asphodelus | Balach1932d
Haworthia retusa | Martin1983
Haworthia tessellata | GomezM1946 Martin1983
Phormium tenax | BenDov2012 Hender2011

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum | TachikVa1969 | (= Asplenium lucidum)
Asplenium nidus | WilliaWa1988

Asteliaceae

Astelia grandis | Hender2011

Asteraceae

Brachyglottis repanda | Hender2011
Carduus | Balach1932d
Chrysanthemum | BenDov2012
Dittrichia viscosa | Balach1932d Balach1933e Foldi2000 | (= Inula viscosa)
Gazania | BenDov2012
Glebionis coronaria | Hall1923 | (= Chrysanthemum coronarium)
Olearia furfuracea | Hender2011
Senecio | Martin1983

Atherospermataceae

Laurelia novae-zelandiae | Hender2011

Berberidaceae

Berberis glaucocarpa | Hender2011
Nandina domestica | Brimbl1968

Betulaceae

Alnus rhombifolia | Ferris1920b

Bignoniaceae

Bignonia | Balach1932d
Campsis radicans | UlgentErYa2022
Tecoma | Balach1932d

Brassicaceae

Iberis carnosa | Martin1983 | (= Iberis pruitis)
Iberis sempervirens | Martin1983

Bromeliaceae

Ananas comosus | Cohic1958
Billbergia | Hadzib1983
Vriesea splendens | MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b

Buxaceae

Buxus | Signor1869b
Buxus sempervirens | Balach1932d

Cactaceae

Epiphyllum | GomezM1962 | (= Phyllocactus)
Opuntia | Suh2016
Rhipsalis | GomezM1962

Calophyllaceae

Mammea africana | Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 | (= Ochrocarpos africanus)

Cannabaceae

Celtis australis | Balach1932d

Cannaceae

Canna | Bodenh1924
Canna indica | UlgentErYa2022

Capparaceae

Capparis | BenDov2012
Capparis lucida | Brimbl1968
Capparis nobilis | Brimbl1968
Capparis spinosa | Bodenh1928 GomezM1948 Martin1983

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera | Bodenh1952 GomezM1946 Martin1983
Lonicera caprifolium | Lepage1938
Lonicera implexa | Balach1932d
Lonicera japonica | Brimbl1968

Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus | Balach1932d
Dianthus caryophyllus | Martin1983 | (= Dianthus cariofilus)
Silene glaucifolia | Martin1983 | (= Petrocoptis lagascae)

Casuarinaceae

Casuarina glauca | Brimbl1968

Celastraceae

Celastrus | Brimbl1968
Euonymus japonicus | Bachma1953 Balach1927 Balach1932d
Gymnosporia senegalensis | Martin1983 | (= Gymnosporia baetica)
Siphonodon australis | Brimbl1968

Cistaceae

Cistus | Martin1983
Cistus heterophyllus | Balach1932d
Cistus ladanifer | BenDovSa2015 BenDovSa2015
Cistus salviifolius | Balach1927 Balach1932d
Halimium lasianthum | Martin1983
Helianthemum | Martin1983

Convolvulaceae

Calystegia sepium | Martin1983
Convolvulus | PellizPoSe2011
Ipomoea purpurea | Balach1932d | (= Ipomoea mexicana)

Corynocarpaceae

Corynocarpus laevigatus | Martin1983

Crassulaceae

Crassula | Martin1983 | (= Rochea)
Echeveria | Suh2016
Sedum | Martin1983

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbita | Hender2011

Cupressaceae

Callitris | Brain1918
Callitris columellaris | Brimbl1968 | (= Callitris glauca)
Cupressus sempervirens | Brain1918
Juniperus phoenicea | BenDovSa2015
Sequoia sempervirens | Ferris1920b
Thuja | Brain1918

Cycadaceae

Cycas | Hadzib1983 McKenz1956 Merril1953
Cycas media | Brimbl1968
Cycas revoluta | Balach1932d Boisdu1867 Borchs1934 Dekle1965c DietzMo1916 Martin1983 Signor1869b

Cyperaceae

Cyperus | Bodenh1924 Borchs1934
Cyperus alternifolius | Balach1932d Martin1983 BenDov2012 | ssp. flabelliformis

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea | Brimbl1968
Dioscorea communis | Balach1932d | (= Tamus communis)

Ebenaceae

Diospyros kaki | Borchs1934 Brimbl1968 TomkinWiTh2000 WilliaWa1988
Diospyros lotus | Borchs1934
Diospyros vera | Zimmer1948 | (= Diospyros ferrea)
Royena lucida | Martin1983

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus | BachmaGe1950 Borchs1934 Brain1918
Elaeagnus angustifolia | BenDov2012
Elaeagnus pungens | Merril1953
Elaeagnus reflexa | Balach1932d
Elaeagnus umbellata | Balach1932d

Elaeocarpaceae

Aristotelia serrata | Hender2011

Ephedraceae

Ephedra | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952

Ericaceae

Arbutus | Brain1918
Arbutus menziesii | Ferris1920b
Arbutus unedo | Balach1932d Balach1933e Foldi2000 Martin1983
Arctostaphylos | Ferris1920b McKenz1956
Erica | Boisdu1867 MerrilCh1923
Erica arborea | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952
Erica lusitanica | Hender2011
Erica multiflora | MifsudMaRu2014
Erica verticillata | UygunSeEr1998
Ericaceae | BesheaTiHo1973
Rhododendron ponticum | Hadzib1983
Vaccinium | BesheaTiHo1973

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites moluccanus | DeLott1967a
Baloghia inophylla | Brimbl1968 | (= Baloghia lucida)
Codiaeum variegatum | Brimbl1968
Croton tiglium | Brimbl1968
Euphorbia | Balach1932d GomezM1954 GomezM1956b Green1896e Green1923b
Euphorbia aphylla | Martin1983
Euphorbia characias | Balach1933e Foldi2000 GomezM1946 Martin1983 | ssp.wulfenii
Euphorbia pithyusa | Balach1930 Foldi2000
Euphorbia pulcherrima | Hall1923 | (= Poinsettia)
Euphorbia terracina | Balach1932d
Jatropha multifida | Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
Mallotus claoxyloides | Brimbl1968
Mercurialis annua | BenDov2012
Ricinus communis | Balach1927 Balach1932d Bodenh1924
Vernicia fordii | Hadzib1983 | (= Aleurites fordii)

Fabaceae

Acacia | BachmaGe1950 Bodenh1937 Green1915d Martin1983 McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 SengonUyKa1998
Acacia abyssinica | Martin1983
Acacia aulacocarpa | Brimbl1968
Acacia concurrens | Brimbl1968 | (= Acacia cunninghamii)
Acacia cultriformis | UlgentDo2019
Acacia dealbata | Balach1932d Borchs1934 Carimi1930
Acacia decurrens | Hall1922
Acacia dodonaeifolia | Martin1983
Acacia floribunda | Balach1932d Martin1983
Acacia harpophylla | Brimbl1968
Acacia longifolia | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952
Acacia melanoxylon | Borchs1934
Acacia mollissima | DeLott1967a
Acacia myrtifolia | Laing1929
Acacia nematophylla | Martin1983
Acacia pravissima | Borchs1934
Acacia retinodes | BicheArMe2022
Acacia saligna | Balach1927 Balach1932d KaracaSeCo2001 Matile1984c UygunSeEr1998 | (= A.cyanophilla)
Adenocarpus foliolosus | GomezM1962 | ssp. gomerae
Albizia lebbeck | BicheArMe2022
Albizia neumanniana | Martin1983
Amorpha nana | Martin1983
Anthyllis cytisoides | Martin1983
Bauhinia | Brain1918
Caesalpinia bonduc | DeLott1967a
Cajanus cajan | DeLott1967a Hadzib1983 | (= Cajanus indica)
Calicotome spinosa | Balach1927 Balach1932d Bodenh1952 Newste1897a
Calicotome villosa | Bodenh1926 Martin1983
Centrosema brasilianum | Martin1983
Ceratonia siliqua | Bachma1953 Balach1932d Bodenh1926 Bodenh1952 Martin1983 McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b
Cercis | PellizPoSe2011
Cercis siliquastrum | Balach1932d ErlerTu2001 GomezM1946
Coronilla juncea | Martin1983
Coronilla valentina | GomezM1946 Martin1983 | (= Coronilla glauca)
Cytisus | Balach1932d Green1915d
Cytisus proliferus | GomezM1962 Hender2011 | ssp. palmensis,(= Chamaecytisus palmensis)
Cytisus scoparius | Green1923b | (= Sarothamnus scoparius)
Dalbergia | Green1896
Genista | Balach1931a Balach1932d MerrilCh1923
Genista linifolia | Balach1932d
Gleditsia | Bodenh1952 Borchs1934
Gleditsia triacanthos | BicheArMe2022
Mimosa | Martin1983
Platylobium | Frogga1914
Robinia pseudoacacia | Balach1932d Borchs1934 Martin1983 Newste1897a
Senna didymobotrya | DeLott1967a | (= Cassia didymobotrya)
Sophora tetraptera | Maskel1884
Spartium junceum | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a
Stauracanthus boivinii | BenDovSa2015
Styphnolobium japonicum | BicheArMe2022 | (= Sophora japonica)
Tipuana tipu | Balach1932d | (= Tipuana speciosa)
Ulex | GomezM1946 Signor1869b
Ulex europaeus | Martin1983 | (= Ulex baeticus)
Ulex genistoides | Balach1932d | (= Ulex spectabilis)
Ulex parviflorus | Martin1983
Xylia xylocarpa | Martin1983 | (= Acacia xilocarpa)

Fagaceae

Quercus | Borchs1934 McKenz1956
Quercus coccifera | Balach1932d
Quercus ilex | Balach1932d MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b
Quercus suber | Balach1927 Balach1932d

Garryaceae

Aucuba | Brain1918 Green1928 McKenz1956 Merril1953
Aucuba japonica | Bachma1953 BesheaTiHo1973 Bodenh1952 Martin1983 RosenDe1979
Garrya elliptica | TachikVa1969
Garrya laurifolia | Balach1932d | (= Garrya macrophyla)

Gelsemiaceae

Gelsemium sempervirens | GomezM1962

Griseliniaceae

Griselinia lucida | Hender2011

Grossulariaceae

Ribes | Green1915d
Ribes nigrum | Hender2008
Ribes rubrum | Hender2011

Haemodoraceae

Anigozanthos | BenDov2012

Hypericaceae

Hypericum | McKenz1956
Hypericum richeri | Martin1983

Iridaceae

Gladiolus | Brimbl1968
Iris germanica | Balach1932d Martin1983
Iris unguicularis | PellizPoSe2011 | (= Iris craetensis)

Juglandaceae

Carya | Borchs1934

Lamiaceae

Rosmarinus officinalis | Balach1932d Martin1983
Salvia | Bodenh1949 Hall1922
Sideritis subatlantica | Balach1932d
Stachys circinata | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a
Teucrium flavum | MifsudMaRu2014
Teucrium polium | GomezM1958c
Teucrium scorodonia | Martin1983
Vitex lucens | Hender2011 Maskel1885a MerrilCh1923 | (= Vitex littoralis)

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum camphora | Brimbl1968
Endiandra pubens | Brimbl1968
Laurus | McKenz1956
Laurus nobilis | Balach1932d GomezM1962 Martin1983
Lindera | Martin1983
Mezilaurus | Bodenh1952 | (= Silvia)
Persea | Wilson1917
Persea americana | Brimbl1968 GersonZo1973 McKenz1956
Umbellularia californica | Ferris1920b

Loganiaceae

Geniostoma rupestre | Hender2011

Loranthaceae

Amyema bifurcata | Brimbl1968 | (= Amyema ferruginiflora)
Amyema congener | Brimbl1968
Amyema pendula | Brimbl1968
Loranthus | Green1896
Muellerina bidwillii | Brimbl1968 | (= Phrygilanthus bidwillii)

Lythraceae

Punica granatum | Balach1932d Hall1923

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia | Hall1922
Magnolia figo | GomezM1962 | (= Magnolia fuscata)
Magnolia grandiflora | Balach1932d Martin1983

Malpighiaceae

Stigmaphyllon ciliatum | Zimmer1948

Malvaceae

Asterotrichion discolor | Hender2011
Brachychiton populneus | BicheArMe2022
Hoheria | TachikVa1969
Hoheria sexstylosa | Hender2011
Malope malacoides | Balach1932d | ssp. stipulacea
Malva arborea | BicheArMe2022 | (= Lavatera arborea)
Malva multiflora | PellizPoSe2011 | (= Lavatera cretica)
Malva sylvestris | PellizPoSe2011
Plagianthus divaricatus | Hender2011
Urena lobata | Hall1923

Meliaceae

Cedrela fissilis | Lepage1938
Dysoxylum | Brimbl1968 Comsto1916a Hender2001a
Dysoxylum spectabile | Hender2011
Melia | Brain1918 MerrilCh1923
Melia azedarach | Balach1932d Bodenh1924 Hall1922 Hall1928 Martin1983 UygunSeEr1998
Owenia venosa | Brimbl1968
Toona ciliata | Brimbl1968 | (= Cedrela toona)

Monimiaceae

Hedycarya arborea | TachikVa1969
Wilkiea hugeliana | Brimbl1968

Moraceae

Ficus benjamina | Hender2011
Ficus carica | Balach1932d
Maclura pomifera | BicheArMe2022 | (= Morus pomifera)
Morus | Hall1922
Morus alba | Balach1932d Bodenh1952
Morus nigra | Martin1983
Streblus heterophyllus | Hender2011
Streblus smithii | Hender2011

Musaceae

Musa | GomezM1962
Musa paradisiaca | Cohic1958 | (= Musa sapientum)

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus | Frogga1914 Green1915d
Lophostemon confertus | Brimbl1968 | (= Tristania conferta)
Lophostemon suaveolens | Brimbl1968 | (= Lophostemon suaveolens)
Melaleuca viridiflora | Brimbl1968
Myrtus communis | Martin1983
Psidium guajava | Brimbl1968
Syzygium smithii | Frogga1914 | (= Eugenia smithii)

Oleaceae

Fraxinus | Balach1932d Borchs1934 Borchs1936
Fraxinus angustifolia | Balach1932d | ssp. oxycarpa
Fraxinus berlandieriana | Balach1932d
Jasminum | Bodenh1952 Hall1922
Jasminum mesnyi | Merril1953 | (= Jasminum primulinum)
Jasminum officinale | Martin1983
Ligustrum | GomezM1946 Martin1983 McKenz1956
Ligustrum japonicum | CaliskUl2017 Martin1983 | (= Ligustrum coriaceum)
Ligustrum sinense | Balach1932d
Nestegis | Hender2011
Olea | Bodenh1937
Olea europaea | Almeid1973b Bodenh1927b Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 Lepage1938 Martin1983 McKenz1956 Targio1868
Osmanthus | Brain1918
Osmanthus fortunei | Hender2011
Osmanthus fragrans | Wilson1917 | (var. aurantiacus = Olea fragrans)
Osmanthus heterophyllus | Balach1932d | (= Osmanthus aquifolium)
Phillyrea latifolia | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a | (= Phyllirea media)
Picconia excelsa | GomezM1962
Syringa | Bodenh1952 Borchs1934
Syringa vulgaris | Borchs1934 Martin1983

Orchidaceae

Cymbidium | McKenz1956
Dendrobium | Hender2011
Geodorum densiflorum | Martin1983
Mapinguari longipetiolatus | MoghadWa2021 | (= Maxillaria longipetiolata)
Maxillaria longipetala | Moghad2013
Vanilla planifolia | Stalaz2021

Paeoniaceae

Paeonia officinalis | GomezM1946 Martin1983

Pandanaceae

Pandanus | Cohic1958 DietzMo1916

Passifloraceae

Passiflora | Balach1932d
Passiflora caerulea | Balach1932d
Passiflora manicata | Green1923b | (= Tacsonia manicata)

Paulowniaceae

Paulownia | Balach1932d

Pennantiaceae

Pennantia cunninghamii | Brimbl1968

Peraceae

Clutia pulchella | GomezM1946 Martin1983

Phyllanthaceae

Flueggea tinctoria | Martin1983 | (= Colmeiroa buxifolia)

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca dioica | Balach1932d

Pinaceae

Cedrus | DostbiUl2016
Cedrus libani | UlgentDo2019
Picea | Martin1983
Picea abies | UlgentDo2019
Pinus halepensis | Balach1932d

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum | Fernan1992
Pittosporum eugenioides | Hender2011
Pittosporum tobira | Martin1983
Pittosporum undulatum | GersonHa1979 Martin1983

Plantaginaceae

Antirrhinum | Bodenh1924
Antirrhinum majus | Balach1927 Balach1932d Martin1983 Newste1897a
Digitalis obscura | Martin1983
Hebe | Hender2011
Penstemon | Brain1918
Veronica | Brain1918

Platanaceae

Platanus | Martin1983
Platanus orientalis | Balach1932d Borchs1934

Podocarpaceae

Halocarpus kirkii | Hender2011
Podocarpus elatus | Brimbl1968

Polygonaceae

Coccoloba | Wilson1917
Homalocladium platycladum | Martin1983 | (= Muehlenbeckia platyclados)

Primulaceae

Aegiceras corniculatum | Brimbl1968
Cyclamen | Stalaz2021
Myrsine africana | Martin1983 MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b | var. retusa

Proteaceae

Grevillea | GomezM1946 Martin1983
Grevillea alpina | Hender2011
Grevillea banksii | BenDov2012
Grevillea preissei | Balach1932d
Grevillea robusta | Balach1932d Brimbl1968 Newste1914
Hakea | Brain1918
Knightia excelsa | Hender2011
Leucadendron | BenDov2012
Leucospermum | Suh2016
Macadamia | BenDov2012
Macadamia integrifolia | Brimbl1968
Persoonia cornifolia | Brimbl1968
Protea | BenDov2012
Stenocarpus sinuatus | Brimbl1968

Psilotaceae

Tmesipteris tannensis | WilliaWa1988

Ranunculaceae

Clematis cirrhosa | Balach1932d
Clematis flammula | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a

Rhamnaceae

Ceanothus | Ferris1920b McKenz1956
Colletia spinosissima | Balach1932d | (= Colletia spinosa)
Pomaderris apetala | Hender2011
Rhamnus alaternus | Balach1932d
Rhamnus californica | McKenz1956
Ziziphus lotus | Martin1983

Ripogonaceae

Ripogonum scandens | Hender2011

Rosaceae

Crataegus azarolus | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a
Crataegus marshallii | BicheArMe2022 | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
Cydonia oblonga | Balach1932d
Malus sylvestris | Brimbl1968
Prunus avium | Brimbl1968
Prunus cerasifera | Brain1918 | var. pissardii
Prunus japonica | Balach1932d
Prunus laurocerasus | Hender2011
Prunus spinosa | BicheArMe2022
Pyrus | Martin1983 | (= Pyrophorum)
Pyrus communis | Brimbl1968
Rosa | Lepage1938
Rubus caesius | UygunSeEr1998
Spiraea | Brain1918

Rousseaceae

Carpodetus serratus | Maskel1885a MerrilCh1923

Rubiaceae

Atractocarpus fitzalanii | Brimbl1968 | (= Randia fitzalani)
Coprosma | Brain1918
Coprosma foetidissima | Hender2011
Coprosma grandifolia | Hender2011
Coprosma macrocarpa | Hender2011
Coprosma robusta | Hender2011 Hender2011
Coprosma spathulata | Hender2011
Cyclophyllum coprosmoides | Brimbl1968 | (= Canthium coprosmoides
Galium | Balach1935b Martin1983
Gardenia | Lepage1938
Ixora collina | MilleHeCa2016
Plocama calabrica | Bachma1953 | (= Putoria calabrica)
Randia | Brimbl1968
Rubia peregrina | MerrilCh1923 Targio1868

Rutaceae

Citrus | Balach1932d CarvalAg1997 Howard1908 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988 MerrilCh1923 YasnosTaCh2005
Citrus aurantium | Balach1932d Bodenh1926
Citrus australasica | Brimbl1968 | (= Microcitrus australasica)
Citrus japonica | BicheArMe2022
Citrus limon | Balach1932d Bodenh1926 Brimbl1968 Hadzib1983 Signor1869b | (= Citrus limetta)
Citrus medica | BicheArMe2022
Citrus sinensis | Brimbl1968
Citrus trifoliata | BicheArMe2022 | (= Citrus triptera)
Cneorum | Martin1983
Coleonema pulchellum | Hender2011
Euodia | Brimbl1968
Flindersia australis | Brimbl1968
Flindersia bennettii | Brimbl1968 | (= Flindersia bennettiana)
Flindersia xanthoxyla | Brimbl1968
Geijera salicifolia | Brimbl1968
Melicope simplex | Hender2011
Philotheca queenslandica | Brimbl1968 | (= Eriostemon myoporoides ssp.queenslandicus)
Platydesma | Zimmer1948
Ruta angustifolia | Balach1932d Balach1933e Foldi2000
Ruta graveolens | Balach1927 Balach1932d Green1923b Martin1983
Sarcomelicope simplicifolia | Brimbl1968 | (= Acronychia baueri)
Zanthoxylum americanum | Balach1932d

Salicaceae

Casearia multinervosa | Brimbl1968
Populus alba | Balach1932d
Populus nigra | Balach1932d

Santalaceae

Dendrophthora clavata | HenderSuRo2010 | (= Korthalsella clavata)
Korthalsella lindsayi | HenderSuRo2010
Korthalsella salicornioides | HenderSuRo2010
Osyris alba | Balach1927 Balach1932d Bodenh1952 Newste1897a
Osyris lanceolata | BenDovSa2015
Santalum haleakalae | Zimmer1948
Santalum lanceolatum | Brimbl1968

Sapindaceae

Aesculus hippocastanum | Bachma1953 Zahrad1972
Alectryon coriaceus | Brimbl1968
Alectryon excelsus | Hender2011
Alectryon oleifolius | Frogga1914 Laing1929 | (= Heterodendrum oleaefolium)
Atalaya hemiglauca | Brimbl1968
Diploglottis cunninghamii | Brimbl1968 | (= Diploglottis australis
Dodonaea triquetra | Brimbl1968
Dodonaea viscosa | GomezM1946 Martin1983 Matile1984c
Guioa semiglauca | Brimbl1968
Harpullia pendula | Brimbl1968

Sapotaceae

Argania spinosa | Balach1932d Rungs1952
Planchonella costata | Hender2011 | (= Pouteria costata)
Sideroxylon mirmulans | LagowsGoHo2022 | (= Sideroxylon marmulana)
Sideroxylon tenax | Martin1983 | (= Bumelia tenax)

Saxifragaceae

Bergenia crassifolia | McKenz1956
Saxifraga | Hadzib1983

Scrophulariaceae

Buddleja | McKenz1956
Buddleja asiatica | Signor1869b | (= Buddleja salicina)
Buddleja madagascariensis | Balach1932d
Eremophila deserti | Brimbl1968 | (= Myoporum deserti)
Eremophila mitchellii | Brimbl1968 Frogga1914
Myoporum | Balach1932d
Myoporum laetum | Hender2011
Myoporum tenuifolium | Muntin1969 | (= Myoporum acuminatum, Myoporum pictum)

Simmondsiaceae

Simmondsia chinensis | BenDov2012

Smilacaceae

Smilax | McDani1968
Smilax aspera | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a
Smilax australis | Brimbl1968

Solanaceae

Brugmansia arborea | Martin1983 | (= Datura arborea)
Brugmansia candida | Martin1983
Datura metel | Hall1922 | (= Datura alba)
Nicotiana glauca | Bodenh1924 Martin1983
Solanum coagulans | Bodenh1924
Solanum jasminoides | Balach1932d
Solanum laxum | Balach1932d
Solanum linnaeanum | Balach1932d Martin1983 | (= Solanum sodomaeum)
Solanum lycopersicum | BenDov2012 Hall1923 | (= Lycopersiscon esculentum)
Solanum macrocarpum | DeLott1967a
Solanum tuberosum | GersonHa1979
Withania frutescens | Martin1983

Stangeriaceae

Bowenia serrulata | Brimbl1968

Strelitziaceae

Strelitzia alba | Balach1932d | (= Strelitzia augusta)
Strelitzia reginae | Balach1932d Martin1983 | (= Strelitzia ovata)

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix | Moghad2013

Taxaceae

Taxus | Martin1983 McKenz1956
Taxus baccata | Hender2011

Theaceae

Camellia | McKenz1956
Camellia japonica | MerrilCh1923
Camellia sinensis | Green1896 | (= Thea)

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne | GomezM1954 Martin1983
Daphne gnidium | Balach1932d Balach1933e Foldi2000 Martin1983 MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b
Daphne sericea | Targio1868 | (= Daphne collina)
Thymelaea hirsuta | Balach1927 Balach1932d Bodenh1924 Martin1983
Thymelaea lythroides | Balach1932d

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | Balach1932d
Zelkova sicula | MazzeoNuRu2016

Urticaceae

Urtica ferox | Hender2011

Verbenaceae

Lantana camara | Brimbl1968

Vitaceae

Ampelopsis | Green1915d
Cayratia acris | Brimbl1968
Vitis | Green1923b McKenz1956
Vitis vinifera | Balach1932d Bodenh1924 Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 Cohic1958 Ferris1941e Leonar1918 Leonar1920

Zamiaceae

Macrozamia | Frogga1914
Macrozamia moorei | Brimbl1968
Zamia integrifolia | Dekle1965c | (= Zamia floridana)

Foes:

Families: 9 | Genera: 24

Aphelinidae

Ablerus capensis | AnneckIn1970
Aphytis | BelgueBiBe2017
Aphytis aonidiae | RosenDe1979
Aphytis capillatus | RosenDe1979
Aphytis chilensis | Hadzib1983 MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979 Balach1948b Zahrad1972
Aphytis chrysomphali | RosenDe1979
Aphytis coheni | RosenDe1979
Aphytis comperei | MyartsRuCo2016
Aphytis diaspidis | Balach1948b RosenDe1979 Balach1948b
Aphytis fisheri | RosenDe1979
Aphytis hispanicus | RosenDe1979
Aphytis holoxanthus | AnneckIn1971 RosenDe1979
Aphytis lingnanensis | Inserr1970a RosenDe1979
Aphytis maculicornis | Balach1948b MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979
Aphytis melinus | Inserr1970a KaracaSeCo2001 RosenDe1979 SengonUyKa1998
Aphytis mytilaspidis | RosenDe1979
Aphytis notialis | RosenDe1979
Aphytis opuntiae | BelgueBiBe2017
Aphytis proclia | RosenDe1979
Coccophagus scutellaris | Balach1948b
Encarsia aurantii | PolaszAbHu1999 Gordh1979
Encarsia citrina | Balach1948b Hadzib1983 Liotta1974a Zahrad1972 AbdRab2001a SengonUyKa1998 Aligey2016
Encarsia inquirenda | BelgueBiBe2017
Encarsia lounsburyi | AbdRab2001a

Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnea | Drea1990

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | Balach1948b Inserr1970a KaracaSeCo2001 Zahrad1972
Chilocorus circumdatus | Housto1991
Coccidophilus | AguileMeVa1984 SantosGr2005
Coccinella undecimpunctata | Housto1991 | (= Chilocorus undecimpunctata)
Exochomus | ErlerTu2001 Inserr1970a
Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
Nephus | ErlerTu2001
Nephus quadrimaculatus | Balach1948b | (= Exochomus quadrimaculatus)
Pharoscymnus | Balach1948b
Pharoscymnus setulosus | BelgueBiBe2017
Rhyzobius chrysomeloides | BelgueBiBe2017
Rhyzobius lophanthae | ErlerTu2001 KaracaSeCo2001 BelgueBiBe2017
Scymnus mediterraneus | BelgueBiBe2017 | (= Mimopullus mediterraneus)

Encyrtidae

Adelencyrtus inglisiae | Prinsl1983
Aphycus hederaceus | Balach1948b Zahrad1972
Habrolepis rouxi | BlumbeDe1979
Metaphycus eurhinus | Prinsl1983
Metaphycus flavus | Zahrad1972
Metaphycus nigripectus | Prinsl1983
Metaphycus punctipes | Balach1948b
Zelaphycus aspidioti | TachikVa1969

Hemisarcoptidae

Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonOcHo1990

Nectriaceae

Microcera coccophila | DaoBeRo2016
Microcera larvarum | DaoBeRo2016

Phlaeothripidae

Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | Beshea1975 PalmerMo1990
Karnyothrips flavipes | PalmerMo1990 PriesnHo1940

Septobasidiaceae

Septobasidium | MilleHeCa2016

Signiphoridae

Signiphora | AmouroCrCo2019
Signiphora aspidioti | Woolle1990
Signiphora flavella | AmouroCrCo2019
Signiphora merceti | Woolle1990
Signiphora mexicana | Gordh1979
Signiphora perpauca | Woolle1990
Signiphora thoreauini | Gordh1979

Associates:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Rhizobiaceae

Candidatus Walczuchella monophlebidarum | GruwelVoPa2005

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 106

Algeria | Balach1932d Newste1897a SaighiDoBi2005 Signor1877

Angola | Almeid1973b

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua | Watson2022a

Argentina | ClapsTe2001

Buenos Aires | RosenDe1979
Catamarca | GranarCl2003
Cordoba | GranarCl2003
La Rioja | GranarCl2003
Mendoza | GranarCl2003
San Juan | GranarCl2003
Santa Fe | GranarCl2003
Tucuman | GranarCl2003

Armenia | Watson2022a

Australia | Frogga1914

New South Wales | Watson2022a
Northern Territory | Watson2022a
Queensland | Brimbl1968
Tasmania | Green1915d
Victoria | Green1915d Laing1929

Austria | Malump2011a

Azerbaijan | Aligey2016

Azores | FrancoRuMa2011

Balearic Islands | Watson2022a

Belgium | Malump2016

Bermuda | Watson2022a

Bolivia | Watson2022a

Brazil

Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
Minas Gerais | Lepage1938 WolffCo1993
Rio Grande do Sul | Lepage1938 WolffCo1993
Rio de Janeiro | WolffCo1993
Sao Paulo | ClapsWoGo2001 Gianno1942 Green1930b Muntin1971a WolffCo1993

Bulgaria | TrenchTrTo2010 Tsalev1968

Canada | Watson2022a

Canary Islands | GomezM1962 GomezM1967O MatileOr2001

Cape Verde | VanHarCoWi1990

Chile | Gonzal1986 Gonzal1989 Gonzal1989a GonzalCh1968 RosenDe1979 VargasRiRo2008

Antofagasta | Watson2022a
Atacama | Watson2022a
Biobio | Watson2022a
Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
Los Lagos | Watson2022a
Maule | Watson2022a
O'Higgins | Watson2022a
Santiago | Watson2022a
Valparaiso | Watson2022a

China | Suh2016

Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | DaoBeWa2023
Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993
Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Watson2022a
Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Watson2022a
Shaanxi (=Shensi) | Watson2022a
Shandong (=Shantung) | Watson2022a
Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023

Colombia | Balach1959a Kondo2001

Corsica | Balach1931a Balach1932d

Costa Rica | Watson2022a

Crete | Ayouta1940 PellizPoSe2011

Croatia | Masten2007 | Bachma1953 RosenDe1979

Cuba | Houser1918

Cyprus | SismanUl2010

Czech Republic | Zahrad1977 Zahrad1990b

Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1956

Dominican Republic | Watson2022a

Easter Island | Watson2022a

Ecuador | Watson2022a

Egypt | Ezzat1958 Hall1922 Hall1923

Eritrea | DeLott1967a DeLottNa1955

Estonia | Stalaz2021

Ethiopia | Watson2022a

France | Balach1930 Balach1932d Balach1933e Boisdu1867 Foldi2000 Signor1869b

Georgia (Republic of) | Borchs1936 Hadzib1983 YasnosTaCh2005

Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Hadzib1983

Germany | Bouche1844 Lindin1909b

Gibraltar | Watson2022a

Greece | ArgyriStMo1976 Bodenh1928 Korone1934 RosenDe1979

Grenada | Watson2022a

Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006

Guatemala | Watson2022a

Haiti | PerezG2008

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | Zimmer1948

Hungary | KozarKoFe2013

India

Assam | Watson2022a

Indonesia | Suh2016

Iran | Bodenh1944b Kaussa1955 Moghad2004

Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

Israel | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1927b Bodenh1937 GersonHa1979 GersonZo1973 RosenDe1979

Italy | Carimi1930 Ferris1941e Leonar1920 Targio1868 Viggia1970a

Sicily | LiottaBiLo1985 LiottaBuMo1985 Longo1985a LongoRu1986 Nucifo1984

Jamaica | Watson2022a

Japan | Kawai1980 Kuwana1917a Kuwana1933

Honshu | Watson2022a

Jordan | BenDov2006a

Kenya | DeLott1967a Ferris1941e Lindin1913

Latvia | Stalaz2021

Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006 Bodenh1926

Libya | Watson2022a

Lord Howe Island | WilliaWa1988

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Madagascar | Watson2022a

Madeira Islands | Balach1938a CarvalAg1997 Green1923b

Malawi | Newste1914

Malaysia | Suh2016

Malta | Borg1919 HaberMi2007 MifsudMaRu2014

Mexico | MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979

Mongolia | DanzigKo1990

Morocco | Balach1927 Balach1932d Rungs1970 Vayssi1920

Mozambique | Watson2022a

Namibia (=South West Africa) | Muntin1969

New Britain | Watson2022a

New Caledonia | Laing1933 WilliaWa1988

New Zealand | Green1929 Hender2011 Maskel1884 Maskel1885a

Nigeria | Watson2022a

Norfolk Island | WilliaWa1988

Panama | Watson2022a

Papua New Guinea | Watson2022a

Peru | Watson2022a

Philippines | Suh2016

Poland | Dziedz1989

Portugal | Fernan1992 Seabra1930 Seabra1941

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976

Romania | Savesc1982 Teodor2018

Russia

Caucasus | Borchs1934
Krasnodar Kray | Watson2022a

Sardinia | Pelliz2011

Saudi Arabia | Beccar1971 Matile1984c

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

Solomon Islands | Watson2022a

South Africa | Balach1956 Brain1918 BrainKe1917 Leonar1914

South Korea | Paik1972

Spain | Balach1935b BlayGo1993 GomezM1946 GomezM1956b GomezM1958c Martin1983

Sri Lanka | Green1896

Switzerland | Watson2022a

Syria | Hariri1971

Tanzania | Balach1956 Newste1911a

Tunisia | MansouMkGr2011

Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 ErlerTu2001 KaracaSeCo2001 KaydanUlEr2007 UygunSeEr1998

Uganda | Balach1956 Newste1911

Ukraine

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Watson2022a

United Kingdom

Channel Islands | Green1925b
England | Green1916 Green1928 Newste1901b
Scilly Isles | Watson2022a
Scotland | Watson2022a
Wales | Watson2022a

United States

Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973
California | Comsto1881a McKenz1956
Florida | Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970
Indiana | DietzMo1916
Kansas | Hunter1899
Maryland | StoetzDa1974a
Mississippi | Herric1911
Missouri | Hollin1923
Texas | McDani1968

Uruguay | Watson2022a

Vietnam | DanzigKo1990

Zimbabwe | Balach1956 Hall1928

Keys

SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
MoghadWa2021: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotus in Iran]
MoghadNe2020: pp.385 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotus in Iran]
Moghad2020: pp.385 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotus in Iran]
Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-7 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
ClapsTe2001: pp.392 ( Adult (F) ) [South America]
Gill1997: pp.64 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
Koszta1996: pp.427 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
Danzig1993: pp.140-141 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
WilliaWa1988: pp.51 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
Chou1985: pp.262-263 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
GersonZo1973: pp.516 ( Adult (F) ) [Israel]
Beards1970: pp.508 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
Ezzat1958: pp.241 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
Balach1956: pp.51 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
McKenz1956: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
Mamet1954: pp.52 ( Adult (F) ) [Madagascar]
Balach1948b: pp.275 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
Lupo1948: pp.138 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Zimmer1948: pp.355 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
Ferris1946: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Ferris1942: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Ferris1941e: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Archan1937: pp.99 ( Adult (F) ) [Middle Asia]
Borchs1935: pp.127-128 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]
Kuwana1933: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Fullaw1932: pp.95-97, 107 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
Archan1929: pp.190 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic Region]
Britto1923: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
Hollin1923: pp.7-8 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
Leonar1920: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Brain1918: pp.117 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
Lawson1917: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
DietzMo1916a: pp.289-290 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
Cocker1905: pp.45-46 ( Adult (F) ) [Mexico]
Cocker1905b: pp.201 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Colorado]
Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]

Remarks

Systematics: https://zoobank.org/1FD001AE-AC4E-442D-822E-F467942C0F5F GenBank Accession number: KY218918 (Dao, et al., 2020)
Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833 is senior synonym of oleander scale. Taxonomic interpretation of this species has gradually evolved through studies of Signoret (1869b), Comstock (1883), Newstead (1901) and Dietz & Morrison (1916). Currently, its taxonomy is widely recognized and established in accordance with taxonomic facies elucidated by Ferris (1938), Balachowsky (1956) and Borchsenius (1966), see detailed discussion in Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1999). Diaspis obliquum was described by O.G. Costa from Italy, in his Fauna del Regno di Napoli, famiglia de' coccinigliferi, o de'gallinsetti. For more than a century, publication date of Costa's book accepted as 1835 and therefore synonymy of Diaspis obliquum with Aspidiotus nerii was nomenclaturally acceptable. In 1983, The ICZN ruled (ICZN, 1983) date of publication of Costa's book was 1829. Consequently, Diaspis obliquum Costa, 1829, predated Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833. Ben-Dov & Marotta (2001), in order to stabilize senior synonym status of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833, regarded Diaspis obliquum Costa, 1829 as a nomen oblitum and placed it as a junior synonym of Aspidiotus nerii. Signoret (1869b, p. 122, and Plate IV, Figs. c,e,f) redescribed a species which he named Aspidiotus hederae and incorrectly credited the authorship to Vallot. Signoret illustrated (Plate IV, Fig. c) a tubular duct which is more than 5 times as long as wide, and therefore Aspidiotus hederae Signoret, 1869b, is clearly different from Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, see discussion in Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1999). Synonym Aspidiotus epidendri first described by Signoret (1869c: 121) who erroneously credited it to Bouche (1844: 293). However, Bouche did not describe this species and therefore, the author is Signoret. Signoret's error was perpetuated by Newstead (1901: 120), Fernald (1903b: 261) and Leonardi (1920: 31). Borchsenius (1966: 261) regarded Aspidiotus ligusticus Leonardi, 1918, as a distinct species. Aspidiotus urenae Hall, 1923 was regarded as a valid species, but Borchsenius (1966: 265) placed it as a synonym of Aspidiotus nerii. Danzig (1993: 143) regarded Aspidiotus urenae a synonym of Aspidiotus nerii. Aspidiotus nerii was reported to have uniparental as well as biparental populations (Brown, 1965). The hypothesis that there exists an A. nerii species complex, comprising multiple species, was first proposed on the basis of molecular evidence in Andersen et al. (2010) They recognized three species within Australian samples of A. nerii. One of these corresponds to the cosmopolitan pest species and the other two are found only in Australia. The two putative Australian species have overlapping ranges and both are found on multiple hosts. Cryptic diversity within what seem to be single cosmopolitan armored scale insect species is a potential serious problem for plant quarantine. Normark, et al. 2022 provides a table of the diagnostic characters useful for distinguishing A. nerii from other species in the complex.
Structure: Scale of the female white or pale gray, circular, flat, exuviae subcentral. Male scale similar in color, slightly oval, exuvia subcentral (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph of the scale cover and general appearance see Carvalho & Aguiar (1997). Colour photograph given by Gonzalez (1986, 1989) and by Gill (1997). Morphologically, the A. nerii complex differs from other species of Aspidiotus and genera of Aspidiotini by having short dorsal macroducts on the pygidium, only 2–4 times as long as wide. The complex includes four Australian species and the New Caledonian species Aspidiotus cochereaui Matile-Ferrero and Balachowsky, 1973, (Normark, et al., 2022)
Biology: Occurring on bark or leaves (Ferris, 1938a). Comstock (1883: 63) reported on rearing this species in the USA, from specimens taken on lemons imported from the Mediterranean. The sex pheromone emitted by the female oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii (Homoptera, Diaspididae), has been isolated and characterized as (1R, 2S)-cis-2isopropenyl-1-(4'-methyl-4'-penten-1'-yl)cyclobutaneethanol acetate by using advanced MS and NMR spectroscopic methods, as well as a variety of microderivatization sequences. The structure has been confirmed by stereo- and enetioselective synthesis of the four possible stereoisomers. The absolute configuration has been determined by comparison of the activity of the cis (1S,2R) and (1R,2S) enantiomers with that exhibited by the natural material in greenhouse bioassays and field tests. The structure of this sesquitrpenoid pheromone is new in the Coccoidea and in the pheromone field in general. Magsig-Castillo et al. (2010) have demonstrated the occurrence of phoretic dispersal of crawlers of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche. The crawlers use the tarsal and claw digitules of each leg to attach themselves to three different insect species Musca domestica L., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Linepithema humile (Mayr) and can effectively be moved phoretically by these insects.
Economic Importance: The oleander scale ranks among the most highly polyphagous scale insects (see Host Plants) and widely distributed in almost all zoogeographical regions (CABI, 1970, and see Distribution). Unisexual and bisexual populations of this species have been reported (e.g. Schmutterer, 1952; DeBach & Fisher (1956). Has been recorded as a pest of citrus in several Mediterranean countries (Bodenheimer, 1951), a serious pest of olive in the Mediterranean basin (Argyriou, 1990), damaging kiwifruit in Chile (Gonzalez, 1989a). A pest of avocado in Israel (Gerson & Zor (1973) and Chile (Vargas et al. (2008). A troublesome pest of many ornamental plants (e.g. Gill, 1997).
General Remarks: DeBach & Fisher (1956) studied unisexual and bisexual populations, which have both been identified as Aspidiotus hederae and concluded that these "races" were biologically distinct. Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1915d) [as A. tasmaniae], Leonardi (1918), Dietz & Morrison (1916) [as A. hederae (Vallot)], Kuwana (1933), Ferris (1938a, 1941e) [as A. hederae (Vallot)], Balachowsky (1948b, 1956) [as A. hederae (Vallot)], Zimmerman (1948), McKenzie (1956), Gomez-Menor Guerrero (1962), Bazarov & Shmelev (1971), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Williams & Watson (1988), Dziedzicka (1989), Danzig (1993), Kosztarab (1996), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998). Description and illustration of female nymph, male nymph, male pupa and prepupa by Stoetzel & Davidson (1974a). A new illustration of the adult female is included in Normark, et al., 2022.

Illustrations

Citations

AbdElKDaKo1988: biological control, chemical control, 270-275
AbdElKKo1988a: host, life history, 55-60
AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 175,176
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 32
AbdelR1995: economic importance, life history, 1553-1564
AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
AguileDiGr1981: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 175-178
AguileMeVa1984: biological control, life history, 47-54
Alam1957: biological control, 421-466
Alexan1990: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 339-342
AlexanBe1979: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 49-56
AlexanBe1981: biological control, distribution, host, 13-25
AlexanBe1982: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 843-850
AlexanNe1979: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 171-184
AlexanNe1980: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 61-71
AlexanNeMi1977: distribution, economic importance, host, 412-417
Alfier1929: distribution, host, 7-9
Allous2019: biological control, natural enemies,
Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 9
AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
AndersGrMo2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 844-854
AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
AnneckIn1970: biological control, distribution, host, 240
AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 28,29
Archan1929: taxonomy, 190
Archan1930: distribution, host, 85
Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-107
Argyri1969: biological control, 817-822
Argyri1970: biological control, distribution, host, 57-65
Argyri1976: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 209-218
Argyri1979a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 517-520
Argyri1981: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 65-72
Argyri1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 579-583
Argyri1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 579-583
ArgyriKo1980: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 633-638
ArgyriMo1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 623-627
ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 25
ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
Autran1907: 165
Ayouta1940: distribution, host, 2-4
Bachma1953: distribution, host, 177
Badr2014: distribution, host, 51
BaetaN1947: distribution, host, 128
Baker1976: biological control, life history, 1-25
Balach1927: distribution, host, 176-177
Balach1928d: biological control, 284,289,293,295
Balach1930: distribution, host, 312
Balach1931a: distribution, host, 97
Balach1932d: distribution, host, taxonomy, I-III; XLV
Balach1933e: distribution, host, 3
Balach1935b: distribution, host, 256
Balach1937c: distribution, host, 2
Balach1938a: distribution, host, 148
Balach1948b: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 272,280-285
Balach1951: taxonomy, 697-698
Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69-70
Balach1959a: distribution, host, 362
BaldanGaVi1999: biological control, 209-215
Banti1893: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12
BartleDe1952: biological control, 16-17
Bartra1977: distribution, host, life history, 43-48
BasheeAsAl2014: natural enemies,
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 257
BayindOz2018: ecology, life history, 13-22
BazaroSh1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 109-111
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 187-188
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 105
BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
Beccar1971: distribution, host, 193
Bedfor1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 129-133
Beffa1937: distribution, economic importance, host, 63-70
BeglyaSm1977: biological control, distribution, host, 283-328
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127,128
BellowVa1999: biological control, ecology, 199-223
BenDov1990a: taxonomy, 85
BenDov1990c: taxonomy, 111
BenDov2006a: distribution, host, 206
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 28, 44
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 200-225
BenDovMa1999: taxonomy, 5-8
BenDovMa2001Sa: taxonomy, 191-192
BenDovMa2001Sb: taxonomy, 426-427
BenDovSa2015: distribution, host, 314
Benass1958d: biological control, 179-181
Benass1965a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 112-125
BentleBa1931: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-61
Berles1895c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 229-232
Berles1911: biological control, 436-461
BerlesLe1898: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 97
BerlesLe1899: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 262-264
BerlinSePo1999: distribution, host, life history, 1113-1119
Berro1927: distribution, host, 55-59
Berry1991: taxonomy, 323-341
BerryMoHi1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 182-186
Beshea1975: biological control, distribution, host, 223-224
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 5
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 497
BiezanFr1939: distribution, host, 1-18
BiezanSe1940: distribution, host, 67-68
BindraVa1972: distribution, economic importance, host, 14-24
Blanch1922: distribution, host, 387-398
BlankGiDo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 293-297
BlankGiDo1999: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-12
BlankOl1990a: chemical control, 243-246
BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 432-444
BlumbeDe1979: biological control, life history, 299-306
BlumbeSw1974: biological control, 437-443
BlumbeSw1974a: biological control, 3-11
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 25-30
Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 42
Bodenh1927b: distribution, host, 79
Bodenh1928: distribution, host, 191
Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 246
Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 216
Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 93
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52-55
Bodenh1951: structure, 133
Bodenh1951a: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 199-201
Bodenh1952: distribution, host, 337-338
Bohm1976: distribution, host, 41-42
Boisdu1867: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 330,339,345
Boisdu1868: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281
Borchs1934: distribution, host, 27
Borchs1935a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3,27
Borchs1936: distribution, host, 130
Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-125
Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 236
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214,219
Borchs1965: taxonomy, 212
Borchs1966: catalog, 261-266,269
Borg1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24-27
Borg1922: distribution, host,
BorianNi1995: chemical control, 43
Bouche1833: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
Bouche1834: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12-14
Bouche1844: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 293
BouhelDeDe1932: control, distribution, host, 1-60
Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
BoyerDu1999: chemical ecology, chemistry, 29-33
BoyerDu1999a: chemical ecology, chemistry, 1201-1211
Brain1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 118-119
BrainKe1917: distribution, 183
BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 3
Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 220
Brimbl1968: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43-47
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371,373-374
Buchne1953: structure, taxonomy, 217-218
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 298
BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
Burmei1835: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 219,234
Buxton1920: distribution, host, 287-303
CABI1970: distribution, host, 1-2
CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 337
Caltag1985: biological control, taxonomy, 189-200
CampbeLaHu2014: phylogeny, 532, 533
CampoMaNu2018: distribution, host, 26
CanaleVa1999: biological control,
Carimi1930: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 121-123
Carnes1907: distribution, host, 206
CarvalAg1997: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 258-261
CastanBaPr2019: chemistry,
Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 4
Chambe1925EL: control, distribution, host, 149-165
Charle1998: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 51N
CharleHe2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 587-615
CharleHiAl1995: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 319-324
CheahIr1997: distribution, host,
Chiesa1938a: distribution, host, 1-21
Chiesa1948: distribution, economic importance, host,
Chiesa1948a: distribution, economic importance, host,
Chou1947a: chemical control, 33
Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 263-267
Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 659
ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
Cirio1979: biological control, distribution, host, 297-303
CividaGu1996: biological control, life history, 257-266
Claps1993: taxonomy, 6,9
ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17-18
ClapsTe2001: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 392,394
ClapsWoGo2001: distribution, host, 241
ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12-13
Claus1864: life history, structure, 42-54
Cocker1893j: distribution, host, taxonomy, 255
Cocker1893k: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 548
Cocker1896b: distribution, taxonomy, 333-335
Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18,19,25,29,30
Cocker1898m: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 395
Cocker1899n: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20-21
Cocker1900k: taxonomy, 350
Cocker1905: taxonomy, 46
Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 201
CockerPa1899: distribution, host, taxonomy, 276
Cohen1969: biological control, economic importance, 769-772
ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 46-47
Colvee1880: taxonomy, 39
Colvee1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16,39
Colvee1882: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12-14
Compto1924: chemical control, 222-225
Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 301-303
Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 63,72-79,83,89
Comsto1916a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 537
CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
CostaL1949: biological control, distribution, host, 65-87
Costan1938: distribution, host, 25-44
Costan1956a: distribution, economic importance, host, 74-79
Cotte1912: distribution, host, 81
Coutin1997: distribution, host, 1-4
Crouze1971: biological control, 200
Crouze1973: biological control, distribution, host, 15-39
CuiHa1987: distribution, host, life history, 332-335
CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
Curtis1843d: distribution, host, taxonomy, 588
DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
DahmsSm1994: biological control, distribution, host, 245-255
Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 651
Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 208
Danzig1977: taxonomy, 101
Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 144-147
Danzig1995: life history, structure, taxonomy, 19-24
DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 46
DanzigPe1998: catalog, 190-193
DaoBeWa2020: phylogeny,
DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
DarvasFaKo1985: chemical control, 347-350
DarvasVi1983: chemical control, 455-463
DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, 1-47
DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
DeBach1958: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 187-194
DeBach1958b: distribution, ecology, host, 187-194
DeBach1964: biological control,
DeBach1964d: biological control, 5-18
DeBach1969: biological control, 801-815
DeBach1971: biological control, 293-307
DeBach1974: biological control,
DeBachAr1967: biological control, distribution, host, 325-342
DeBachFi1956: life history, taxonomy, 235-239
DeBachRo1976a: biological control, distribution, host, 541-545
DeBachRo1991: biological control,
DeBachRoRo1978: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 102-112
DeBachWh1960: biological control, life history, 4-58
DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 113
DeLottNa1955: distribution, host, 53-60
DeSant1941a: biological control, distribution, host, 21-24
DeSant1979: biological control,
DeStef1910: distribution, host, 189-196
DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 33,34,36,42
Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 42
DelGue1906: distribution, host, 257-263
DietzMo1916: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 296-297
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 296-297
Doane1931: control, distribution, host,
Dougla1912: taxonomy, 203
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
Dowson1935: distribution, host, 225
Drea1990: biological control, 51-59
DreistClFl1994: control, economic importance, life history, taxonomy,
Dunkel1999: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 251-276
DymockHo1996: distribution, host, 249-257
Dziedz1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 98-99
EHG1897: distribution, host, 67-85
Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
Ebelin1975: distribution, economic importance, host,
EbelinPe1953: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-35
EdwardCaPo2008: molecular biology, molecular data, 1944-1949
EfromRoWo2019: distribution, host,
Ehrhor1913: distribution, host, 101
EinhorGuDu1998: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology, 9867-9871
ElMinsElHa1974: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 223-232
ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
ElekciKa2021: distribution, host, 8
ElirazRo1978: biological control, 96-101
ElirazRo1978: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 77-95
ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1071
ErichsSaHa1991: biological control, 493-498
ErlerTu2001: biological control, distribution, host, 299-305
EtzelLe1999: biological control, 125-197
Evans1943: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy,
EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
Ezzat1958: distribution, 241
EzzatAf1966: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 374-377
EzzatNa1987: distribution, 86
FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 69,71
Fawcet1948: biological control, 627
Fawcet1948: biological control, 627-664
Felt1901: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 333-334
Fernal1903b: 253,254,258,260-268,
Ferrie1927: biological control, 55-67
Ferris1920b: distribution, host, 51
Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 50,62
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 192
Ferris1941e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40-49,54-57
Ferris1942: distribution, host, taxonomy, 445:5;446:30
Ferris1946: taxonomy, 43
Figuer1946: distribution, host, 209
Figuer1952: distribution, host, 208
FinneyFi1964: biological control, 328-355
FisherDe1976: biological control, 43-50
Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 4-24
Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
Flesch1960: biological control, 183-208
Foldi1990: structure, 43-54
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 82
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
Foldi2002: distribution, host, 246
Foldi2003: distribution, host, 151
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
FoldiSo1989: distribution, host, 411
FoxWil1939: distribution, economic importance, host, 2296
FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 253
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 8,23
Frank2020: ecology, 5, 6
Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 133,136,314,315
Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10,13,18,22
FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
Fullaw1932: taxonomy, 97,107
Fuller1897c: distribution, host, 3
Fuller1897c: distribution, host, 4
Fuller1907: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1031-1055
Gabrit1923: life history, physiology, structure, 295-332
Gahan1925: biological control, distribution, host, 1-23
Gaprin1954: biological control, 587-597
Gaprin1956: distribution, host, 103-137
Garcia1916: host, 776-788
Garcia1922: biological control, distribution, host, 196-200
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
Gavalo1931: distribution, host, 7
Gavalo1936: distribution, host, 78-79
Gavril2018: reproduction, 235
Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
GermaiMa2005: distribution, host, 32
GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
Gerson1990: life history, structure, taxonomy, 130-132
GersonHa1979: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281-283
GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
GersonZo1973: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 513-533
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 134
Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 7
Ghauri1962: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 65,211
Gianno1942: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214-216
GibsonRo1922: distribution, host, 1
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65,67,68
GomesCRe1947: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 66
Gomez1936: distribution, host, 42-43
GomezC1950: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-18
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 47-53
GomezM1946: distribution, host, 61
GomezM1948: distribution, host, 74
GomezM1954: distribution, host, 119
GomezM1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8-12
GomezM1956b: distribution, host, 482
GomezM1957: distribution, host, 39-40
GomezM1958c: distribution, host, 406
GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 158
GomezM1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 158-162
GomezM1965: distribution, host, 88
GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 131
GomezM1968: distribution, host, 541
Gonzal1986: distribution, economic importance, host, 23
Gonzal1989: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 94
Gonzal1989a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 35-43
Gonzal2016: description of male, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 14, 30, 42, 132, 140-145, 167
GonzalCh1968: distribution, 110
GonzalCu1994: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 5-20
GonzalRo1967: biological control, distribution, 138
GonzalVo2004: distribution, host, 41-62
Gordh1979: biological control, 893-896,900,907,911,
Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
Greath1976: biological control, economic importance,
GreaveToWi1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 79-83
Green1896: distribution, host, 4
Green1915d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50
Green1916: distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
Green1923b: distribution, host, 89
Green1925b: distribution, host, 518
Green1928: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8
Green1929: distribution, host, 377
Green1930b: distribution, host, 214
GreenMa1907: distribution, taxonomy, 344
GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 378
GruwelMoNo2007: endosymbionts, taxonomy, 267-280
GruwelVoPa2005: endosymbionts, taxonomy, 79-114
GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173-176
GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, economic importance, host, list, 3, 4
GutierPi2007: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 70-83
HaberMi2007: distribution, host, 148-149
Hadzib1957a: distribution, host, 102
Hadzib1983: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 218-219
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26-27
Hall1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 19,43
Hall1924a: distribution, economic importance, host, 11
Hall1928: distribution, host, 274
HallFo1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-55
HardieMi1999: chemistry, life history,
HareMo1997: biological control, distribution, host, 207-214
Hariri1971: distribution, 48
HaseyOlVa1999: control, distribution, host,
HaseyOlVa2002: control, 3449
HattinSa1992: biological control, life history, 327-334
HattinSa1993: biological control, life history, 13-20
Haywar1939: control, distribution, host, 1
Haywar1944: distribution, host, 1-32
HeimpeRo1995: biological control, host, life history, 153-167
Hellen1921: distribution, host, 120-128
Hender2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 89-90
Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 10-14,24,28,222-224
HenderSuRo2010: distribution, host, 14-15
Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10,16-17,50
Herric1925: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
Hill1989a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 177-182
Hodgso2020: key, 147
Hofer1903: distribution, host, taxonomy, 479
Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7,12,68
Holzap1932: distribution, host, 325
HondaLu1995: biological control, life history, 441-450
Hosny1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14-15
HouckOc1996: biological control, ecology, life history, 667-682
Houser1918: distribution, host, 166-167
Housto1991: biological control, distribution, host, 341-342
Howard1898b: biological control, 133-139
Howard1907: biological control, distribution, host, 69-88
Howard1908: distribution, host, 265-277
HowellTi1990: description, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 30
HoyHe1985: biological control,
HoyHe1985: biological control,
Hsu1935: distribution, host, 578-590
Huffak1990: biological control, 205-220
Hunter1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11-12
Inserr1966: biological control, 176-186
Inserr1970a: biological control, distribution, host, 39-45
Iperti1961: economic importance, 14-30
IspartYa2020: distribution, host, 56
IzraylGe1993: biological control, distribution, host, 861-875
IzraylGe1993a: biological control, distribution, host, 877-888
IzraylGe1995: biological control, distribution, host, 439-446
IzraylGe1995b: biological control, distribution, host, 235-240
IzraylGeHa1996: biological control, ecology, life history, 390-395
IzraylHaGe1995: biological control, ecology, life history, 138-145
JamiesDoCa2002: distribution, host, 354-360
Jancke1955: taxonomy, 304
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 123
Jannon1940: distribution, host, 241-253
JaszaiDa1983: chemical control, 198-202
JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
John1930: distribution, host, 3-7
Jorgen1934: distribution, host, taxonomy, 279
Jourdh1979: biological control, 75-79
KaracaSeCo1998: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 23
KaracaSeCo2001: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 407-412
KaracaUy1993: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 217-224
KaspiMaDo2019: biological control, chemical control,
Katsoy1992: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 15
Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 227
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 94
KaymakYa2017: SEM, distribution, host, taxonomy, 43-44
KeallHaMc2020: distribution, host,
King1899d: taxonomy, 255
King1899h: distribution, host, 350
KingLe1984: biological control, 1
KingMo1984: biological control, 206-222
Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 245
Koebel1893: biological control, distribution, host, 1-39
Koehle1964: control, distribution, host,
Komosi1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212-214
Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
Konsta1976: distribution, economic importance, host, 49-50
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3-6
Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 429-431
Koteja1990b: anatomy, life history, structure, 233-242
Koteja1990c: life history, 243-254
Kozar1990a: economic importance, life history, 341-347
KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 91-96
KozarKi1979: distribution, host, 246-250
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
Krassi1893: life history, 69-76
KreiteAuGe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
Ksiazk1980: anatomy, structure, 149-157
Ksiazk1984: anatomy, structure, 1-6
Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 174
Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10-11
Lagows1995: biological control, 5-10
LagowsFi1995: distribution, host, 375-378
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
Laing1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 23
Laing1933: distribution, host, 676
Laport1948: biological control, distribution, host, 35-37
Larew1990: ecology, life history, structure, 293-300
Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 217,223-224
LazaroGoRo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 248, 250-252
LenterDe1981: biological control, life history, 504-532
Leonar1897: taxonomy, 285
Leonar1898c: description, illustration, taxonomy, 71-77
Leonar1914: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 198-199
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 31-35
Lepage1938: catalog, 395
Lepesm1947: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 185-189
Lidget1902: distribution, host, 43-45
Lindbl1938: distribution, host, 1
Lindin1909a: taxonomy, 324
Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 150-151
Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 50,55,58,63,68,
Lindin1913a: distribution, host, 346
Lindin1913b: taxonomy, 97
Lindin1924: taxonomy, 174
Lindin1931: taxonomy, 114
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 128
Lindin1939: distribution, host, 37
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 545,546
Lintne1895: distribution, host, 263-305
Liotta1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 33
Liotta1974: biological control, distribution, host, 175-186
Liotta1974a: biological control, chemical control, 187-194
Liotta1974b: biological control, 83-88
Liotta1980: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 695-699
LiottaBiLo1985: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 591-598
LiottaBuMo1985: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 833-840
LiottaMa1974: chemical control, 207-213
LiottaMiRa1977: economic importance, host, 29-67
Lloren1990: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 51-60
LoBl1989: distribution, host, 1-4
LoPintLoPe2002: biological control, chemical ecology, life history, 1-6
LoganMaRo2017: economic importance, host, natural enemies,
LoganTh2002: biological control, ecology, life history, 361-367
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 125
LongoMaRu1995a: distribution, host, 126-129
Lounsb1898: distribution, host, 35-58
Lounsb1906: distribution, host, 80-91
Lounsb1914: distribution, host, 1
Lozzia1985: distribution, host, 122-124
LuckUy1986: biological control, chemistry, life history, 129-136
Lugger1900: distribution, host, 208-245
Lupo1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 139-145
Lyne1921: distribution, 146-148
MacGil1921: description, taxonomy, 395,398,400,402
MagsigMoWa2010: ecology, life history, physiology, 1172-1179
MalleaMaGa1972: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 101-108
MalleaMaGa1974: distribution, host, life history, 145-147
Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 56-58
Malump2016: distribution, host, 245-251
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 57,58
Mamet1954: taxonomy, 52
MansouMkGr2011: distribution, economic importance, 315-322
Mark1877: anatomy, structure, 31-81
Marlat1903: control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 25
Martel1913: chemical control, 1-28
Martin1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 120-123
Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 61
MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 3
Martor1976: distribution, host, 63
Maskel1879: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 197-199
Maskel1882: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 217
Maskel1884: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 121
Maskel1885a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21
Maskel1887: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
Maskel1887a: taxonomy, 40,44
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 221
MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 169
MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 189
MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 356
Matta1979: biological control, distribution, host, 231-242
MayneGh1934: distribution, host, 3-38
MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
McClur1990a: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 165-168
McClur1990c: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 289-291
McClur1990d: host, 301-303
McClur1990f: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 315-318
McClur1990g: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 319-330
McDani1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218-219
McKenz1935: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-48
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24,47-49
Melis1930: distribution, 81
Melis1949: distribution, host, 17-25
Merkel1938: distribution, host, 88-99
Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 201-202
MessenVa1971: biological control, 68-92
MessenWiWh1976: biological control, 209
MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
Metsch1866: life history, structure, 389-500
Meurge2011: distribution, 80
Michel1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 38-40
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 507
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, host, natural enemies, 137
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 300
MillerDa1998: taxonomy, 197
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-81
MillerDe2018: history, 7
Moghad2004: host, taxonomy, 11
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 17
Moghad2020: distribution, key, 384, 385
MoghadNe2020: key, 385
MoghadWa2021: description, diagnosis, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 7, 42, 49-50, 240
MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
MonastZa1960: distribution, host, 169-236
Monte1930: distribution, host, 3-36
Morgan1888b: description, taxonomy, 118-120
Morgan1889a: taxonomy, 350
MorrisKi1977: biological control, host, 183-217
MorrisMo1966: taxonomy, 17
MorseGrCl2005: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 79-94
MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
MouradMeFa2001: distribution, host, 571-580
MoussaChHa2021: distribution, host, 167
MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 208
Muntin1969: distribution, host, 121
Muntin1971a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 313
Murray1871: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 342
MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, host, natural enemies, 82-89
Myers1925: description, taxonomy, 164-167
NSWDAE1963: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy,
NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-542
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 14
Nel1933: taxonomy, 418
NeuensMiAl1977: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 418-427
Newste1897a: distribution, host, 93-94
Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 120-124
Newste1911: distribution, 85
Newste1911a: distribution, host, 168
Nonell1932: distribution, host, 183-190
Nonell1935: distribution, host, 281-287
NormarNoGu2022: illustration, key, taxonomy,
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 13, S1, S6
NourElRi1970: distribution, host, 123-127
Nur1990b: life history, taxonomy, 191-197
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 37
OrdoghTa1983: chemical control, 417-419
Paglia1929: distribution, economic importance, host, 274-307
Paglia1929: distribution, host, 274
Paik1972: distribution, host, 1-4
PalmerMo1990: biological control, 67-76
Paoli1915: distribution, host, 259
Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
Peleka1974: biological control, distribution, host, 14-20
Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,71
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,297
Penzig1887: distribution, host, 3
PeralL1968: biological control, 22-29
PeralL1968: biological control, host, 22-29
PerezG2008: distribution, 214
PeriCoSa2002: chemical ecology, chemistry, physiology, 1-5
PeriLoRa2004: chemical ecology, 317-321
PetschBoGu2000: chemistry, 1691-1695
PetschPaBo1999: chemistry, 3299-3309
PicartMa2000: distribution, host, 44-46
PietriBiCo1969: chemical control, 909-915
PietriBiCo1969: chemical control, 909-915
PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
Pizzam1977: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-96
PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
Porcel1995: structure, 25-45
Poutie1928: biological control, 267-270
PriesnHo1940: biological control, 58-70
Prinsl1983: biological control, distribution, 26
Priore1964: distribution, host, 131-178
Priore1965: distribution, host, 101-145
Proven2002: taxonomy, 512
ProvenMoWe2005: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 629-635
Pulsel1927: biological control, 300-327
QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 7
Quayle1911d: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 443-512
Quedna1964b: biological control, 86-116
QuesadSa2017: chemical control, 618-624
QuesadWiSa2018: chemical control, 267-275
Quilis1935: ecology, life history, 621-633
QuirogArAr1991: distribution, host, 469-472
RSEA1915: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1
RagusaRu1989: distribution, host, 71-74
RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8152
Reh1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 466
RobbCoBe2001: control, distribution, host, taxonomy,
RochaSiMi2006: life history, 363-368
RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 467
Rose1990b: biological control, 437
Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
Rose1990d: biological control, economic importance, host, 357-365
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 262-268,349-354,
RosenhRo1991: biological control, life history, 873-893
RosenhRo1992: biological control, life history, 263-272
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
RothscEuRe1973: biological control, chemistry, 89-90
RouhanVaMa2018a: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 3,6-7
Rubtso1949: biological control, 74-75
Rubtso1952a: biological control, 96-106
RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
Ruhl1913: distribution, host, 79-80
Rungs1952: distribution, host, 71
Rungs1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 92
Russo1956: distribution, host, 181-190
Russo1959: chemical control, economic importance, 8-9
Ruther1915a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
Saakya1954: distribution, economic importance, host,
Saba1978: chemical control, 443-446
SaighiDoBi2005: distribution, host, 429-433
SalamaHa1974a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 138-139
Salaza1989: distribution, host,
SalazaSo1990: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 135-137
SamwayMa1983: biological control, 4-6
Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 55,62
SandsVa2003: biological control, host, 41-53
SantosGr2005: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 6-9
Sassce1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33
Savesc1982: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 303-304
ScheurRu1974: chemical control, 218-222
Schind1922: distribution, economic importance, host, 138-139
SchlinDo1964: biological control, taxonomy, 247-280
Schmid1883: anatomy, life history, structure, 169-200
Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 567
Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 134,135
Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 148
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 49
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 476
SchneiClWe2020: key, 67
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
Schrad1929a: life history, taxonomy, 232-236
SchuhMo1948: control, distribution, host,
SchuhMo1948: distribution, host, 41
Scott1984a: distribution, host, 11-31
Seabra1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134-135
Seabra1930a: distribution, host, 143-148
Seabra1941: distribution, 8
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 107
SengonUyKa1998: biological control, distribution, host, 128-131
SerranAlBa2023: SEM, structure,
Shalab1961: distribution, host, 23
Shen1993: distribution, host, 58
ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
Shoema1980: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 26-49
ShoemaHuKe1978: biological control, 16-17
SibbetVaFe2000: control, distribution, host,
Siddiq1981: distribution, economic importance, host, 172-180
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 842-846,851-862,872,
Signor1869b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-129,132-134
Signor1877: catalog, taxonomy, 601,621-622,663
SilvaBuCh2004: biological control, life history, 667-672
SilvaMiBu2004: biological control, 1321-1325
Silves1902: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 98
Silves1921: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-11
SimsekKaKa2016: life history, natural enemies, 219-223
Smirno1950a: biological control, 190-194
Smirno1952: biological control, distribution, host, 63-69
SmithFrPa1996: biological control,
SmithSmSm1998: biological control, chemical control, 136-139
SouissPa1999: distribution, host, life history, 87-92
Staffo1915: structure, taxonomy, 72
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 473
Statha2000: biological control, life history, 203-211
Statha2000a: biological control, life history, 439-451
Statha2001b: biological control, life history, 113-116
StathaEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 125-133
StathaKoBo2005: biological control, 147-155
StavraArYa1979: biological control, distribution, host, 574-577
Steine1987: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
Steini1938: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 160-163
Steinw1948: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-111
StevenMcBl1997: chemical control, 288-292
StevenRe1999: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 345-354
StevenVaGo1997: distribution, host, 773-777
StoetzDa1974: life history, taxonomy, 138-140
StoetzDa1974a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 494-495
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 323, 324-325
SumaRuFr2014: control,
Swirsk1976b: distribution, economic importance, host, 555-559
Swirsk1989: biological control, 11-44
SwirskAr1971: distribution, host, 12-15
SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 102-103
SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
SzklarBi1995: anatomy, structure, 23-29
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
TachikVa1969: biological control, distribution, host, 535-540
Talhou1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 133-141
Talhou1969: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 106-107
Talhou1973: control, natural enemies, 457
Talhou1975: economic importance, 25
Talhou2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 90-91
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 73-74
Targio1867: taxonomy, 13
Targio1868: taxonomy, 736
Targio1881: taxonomy, 150
Targio1884: taxonomy, 389-390
Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 41, 50
Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89-90
ThiemGe1934a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-158,208-238
Timber1924: biological control, distribution, host,
Tomkin1992: chemical control, 151-155
TomkinAlTh1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 791-795
TomkinGrWi1992: chemical control, 146-150
TomkinGrWi1996: chemical control, 12-16
TomkinThWi1992: distribution, host, life history, 58-63
TomkinWiTh2000: distribution, economic importance, host, 211-215
TranfaVi1987a: economic importance, 215-221
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 114-123
Trimbl1929: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-21
Trujil1942: distribution, economic importance, host,
Tschor1939: distribution, host, 89
Tullgr1906: taxonomy, 83
TumminPeRa2006: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 251-254
Tuncyu1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 30-52
Tuncyu1976: biological control, distribution, host, 32-45
UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
UlgentCaKa2004: distribution, host, 100
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 483
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
UygunEl1998: biological control, host, life history, 153-162
UygunKaUl1995: biological control, distribution, host, 171-183
UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
Vacant1985a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 749-758
VacantGe1987: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 385-401
Valent1963: biological control, 6-13
Valent1967: biological control, 1100
VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 136
VandenTe1964: biological control, ecology, 459-488
VargasRiRo2008: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 171-172
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 23-24
Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
Vayssi1920: distribution, host, 257
Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 50
Viggia1978: biological control, distribution, host, 30-38
Viggia1981: biological control, 37-43
Viggia1984: biological control, 257-276
Viggia1987: biological control, distribution, host, 121-123
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2021: distribution, 523
Watson2022a: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 445-447
WeidneWa1968: taxonomy, 173
Wester1920: distribution, host,
Westwo1840: description, host, taxonomy, 118
WhitinHoCo1998: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 211-215
Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 579
Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 579, 580
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 221, 224, 233
WilliaBe2007: taxonomy, 27-28
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 25,29,33,35
WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 164
WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 64-66
Wilson1917: distribution, host, 43-44
WilsonGo1962: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-61
Wolff1911: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
Wolff2014: distribution, host, 3
WolffCo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33-36
WolffEfDa2018: distribution, host, 2-3
WolffEfDa2018: distribution, economic importance, host, key,
WoodruBeSk1998: distribution,
WoodwaEvEa1970: distribution,
Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
WuGrGw2008: Cardinium, life history, 232-233
Wysoki1977: distribution, host, 187-188
Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53-57
Yasnos1987: economic importance, 228-234
Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 295-302
Zagain1956: distribution, 85-90
Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
Zahrad1972: biological control, distribution, host, 432
Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 119
Zahrad1990: description, distribution, host, 640-641
Zahrad1990a: description, distribution, host, 649
Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 80-83
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 162
ZchoriBePo2005: Cardinium, endosymbionts, 211-221
Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 355-356
vanden1995: distribution, host, 1-4