Valid Names Results
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock, 1881) (Diaspididae: Hemiberlesia)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus camelliae; Signoret 1869c: 117. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 309).
- Aspidiotus rapax Comstock 1881a: 307. Type data: USA: California and Florida, locality not indicated, on trunk, limbs, leaves and fruit of various trees and shrubs.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Aspidiotus acuminatus Targioni Tozzetti 1881: 151. Type data: ITALY: on Robinia sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Leonar1920, 91). Notes: Type material lost (Giuseppina Pellizzari, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov). Illustr.
- Diaspis santali Maskell 1884: 122. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Napier, on Santalum cunninghamii. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Myers1922, 201).
- Aspidiotus evonymi Targioni Tozzetti 1888: 420. Type data: ITALY: Florence and Rome, on Euonymus sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Notes: Type material lost (Giuseppina Pellizzari, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
- Aspidiotus flavescens Green 1890: 21. Type data: SRI LANKA: locality not indicated, on tea plant.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Illustr.
- Diaspis circulata Green 1896: 4. Type data: SRI LANKA: on young and older twigs of tea plants, on Chinchoana sp. and on Osbeckia sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1896, 339).
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) rapax Comstock, 1881; Cockerell 1897i: 30. change of combination
- Aspidiotus tricolor Cockerell, 1897; Townsend 1897: 185. change of combination
- Hemiberlesia camelliae (Signoret, 1869); Leonardi 1897b: 124. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) tricolor Cockerell 1897u: 266. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Salina Cruz, host plant not indicated; collected by Townsend, May 29; No. 7193.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 49).
- Aspidiotus napax Comstock, 1881; Newstead 1897a: 94. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) rapax evonymi Targioni Tozzetti, 1888; Cockerell 1899a: 396. change of combination and rank
- Aspidiotus lucumae Cockerell 1899n: 22. Type data: MEXICO: Esperanza, crowded on the bark of Mammea Sapota tree.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus euonymi Targioni Tozzetti, 1888; Cockerell 1899j: 274. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) camelliae Signoret, 1869; Hempel 1900a: 501. change of combination
- Hemiberlesia tricolor (Cockerell, 1897); Leonardi 1900: 339. change of combination
- Hemiberlesia acuminatus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1881); Cockerell 1905b: 205. change of combination
- Hemiberlesia argentina Leonardi 1911: 237. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Ophryosporus andinus.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus argentina (Leonardi, 1911); Sasscer 1912: 92. change of combination
- Hendaspidiotus tricolor (Cockerell, 1897); MacGillivray 1921: 439. change of combination
- Diaspis sentali Maskell, 1884; MacGillivray 1921: 304. misspelling of species epithet
- Hemiberlesiana camelliae (Signoret, 1869); Thiem & Gerneck 1934a: 232. change of combination
- Hemiberlesea camelliae; Balachowsky 1935b: 257. misspelling of genus name
- Hemiberlesea rapax; Balachowsky 1935b: 3. misspelling of genus name
- Aspidiotus santali (Maskell, 1884); Lindinger 1937: 180. change of combination
- Hemiberlesea camelliae; Gómez-Menor Ortega 1937: 111. misspelling of genus name
- Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock, 1881); Ferris 1938a: 244. change of combination
- Diaspidiotus camelliae; Bodenheimer 1949: 65. misidentification
- Hemiberlesia repax (Comstock, 1881); Tippins & Beshear 1972: 287. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus argintina (Leonardi, 1911); Chou 1985: 301. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus lacumae Cockerell, 1899; Chou 1985: 300. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Misspelling of Aspidiotus lucumae Cockerell.
- Hemiberlsia rapax; Williams, D.J. 2017a: 218. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- cochonilha-concha CarvalAg1997
- escama rapax Gonzal1989
- escama voraz CoronaRuMo1997
- greedy scale Borchs1966 Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953
- greedy scale insect Comsto1881a
- mnogoyadnaya shitovka Borchs1936
- rapacious scale Brimbl1961
- apple scale AbdRabEv2021
- tsubaki-maru-kaigaramushi WatsonKo2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 86 | Genera: 210
- Achariaceae
- Melicytus | Maskel1890
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia | Hender2011
- Actinidia arguta | Hender2011
- Actinidia arisanensis | Takagi1969a
- Actinidia chinensis | GonzalCu1994 LoveFe1977
- Actinidia deliciosa | Guncan2015
- Anacardiaceae
- Malosma laurina | Ferris1921 | (= Rhus laurina)
- Mangifera indica | AmunCl2015
- Schinus molle | DeLott1967a
- Apocynaceae
- Adenium obesum | TiagoRoTs2017
- Nerium oleander | Brimbl1968
- Plumeria | Brimbl1968 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Vinca major | GomezM1962
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Kawai1977 Takagi1969a Takaha1940
- Araliaceae
- Fatsia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Hedera helix | Balach1932d
- Neopanax laetus | Hender2011 | (= Pseudopanax laetus)
- Pseudopanax ferox | Hender2011
- Raukaua anomalus | Hender2011
- Schefflera | Suh2016
- Schefflera digitata | Hender2011
- Araucariaceae
- Agathis | JansenAl2023
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix cunninghamiana | Brimbl1968
- Chamaerops humilis | BicheArMe2022
- Cocos | Suh2016
- Howea forsteriana | Hender2011
- Livistona australis | BicheArMe2022 | (= Corypha australis)
- Phoenix dactylifera | ElShafAbAl2017
- Phoenix roebelenii | Hender2011
- Argophyllaceae
- Corokia cotoneaster | Hender2011
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | Leonar1920
- Cordyline | Hender2011
- Asphodelaceae
- Haworthia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Haworthia fasciata | BatsanKaKi2017
- Phormium tenax | Hender2011
- Asteliaceae
- Astelia | Hender2011
- Asteraceae
- Baccharis | Lepage1938
- Brachyglottis repanda | Hender2011
- Dittrichia viscosa | Balach1932d Balach1933e | (= Inula viscosa)
- Glebionis segetum | Balach1932d | (= Chrysanthemum segetum)
- Olearia albida | Hender2011
- Olearia rani | Hender2011
- Olearia solandri | Hender2011
- Ophryosporus | ClapsWoGo2001 Leonar1911
- Ozothamnus leptophyllus | Hender2011
- Pachystegia insignis | Hender2011
- Atherospermataceae
- Laurelia novae-zelandiae | Hender2011
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | Leonar1920
- Betulaceae
- Corylus | Lepage1938
- Bignoniaceae
- Tecoma | Balach1932d MerrilCh1923
- Bryaceae
- Brachymenium | Martin1983
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Hender2011
- Cactaceae
- Cactus | Hender2011
- Mammillaria | Hender2011
- Opuntia tomentosa | Balach1932d
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera caprifolium | Martin1983
- Lonicera japonica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Caricaceae
- Carica | Borchs1934
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina | Leonar1920
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1937 Borchs1934 Brain1918 Maskel1890 MerrilCh1923
- Euonymus grandiflorus | Ferris1953
- Euonymus japonicus | Bachma1953 Bodenh1952 Borchs1934 Korone1934 Martin1983 Wilson1917
- Gymnosporia senegalensis | GomezM1958c | (= Gymnosporia europaea)
- Maytenus bilocularis | Brimbl1968 | (= Celastrus bilocularis)
- Cistaceae
- Cistus heterophyllus | Balach1927 Balach1932d
- Cistus monspeliensis | Balach1932d
- Coccinellidae
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Corynocarpaceae
- Corynocarpus laevigatus | Hender2011
- Crassulaceae
- Sedum | MerrilCh1923
- Sedum rubrotinctum | Hender2011
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita | Hender2011
- Sechium edule | Brimbl1968
- Cunoniaceae
- Weinmannia sylvicola | Hender2011
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | TomkinWiTh2000
- Diospyros pentamera | Brimbl1968
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | Green1929 Leonar1920 MerrilCh1923
- Elaeagnus angustifolia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Elaeagnus multiflora | Martin1983 | (= Elaeagnus edulis)
- Elaeagnus pungens | Borchs1934
- Elaeagnus reflexa | Balach1932d
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Aristotelia serrata | Hender2011
- Elaeocarpus hookerianus | Hender2011
- Encyrtidae
- Metaphycus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus xalapensis | Ferris1921 | (= Arbutus peninsularis)
- Calluna vulgaris | BugajNJuKa2021
- Philippia | Borchs1966 Mamet1959a
- Rhododendron | BugajNJuKa2021
- Vaccinium corymbosum | Hender2011
- Vaccinium virgatum | Hender2011
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia | Leonar1920 NormarOkMo2019 | (= Colliguaya)
- Mallotus japonicus | Borchs1934
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | Green1896e Green1937 Lepage1938 Maskel1890 MerrilCh1923
- Acacia dealbata | Balach1932d
- Acacia floribunda | JansenAl2023
- Acacia heterophylla | Mamet1957
- Acacia koa | Zimmer1948
- Acacia linifolia | Brimbl1968
- Acacia longifolia | Frogga1914
- Acacia mearnsii | BugajNJuKa2021
- Acacia melanoxylon | Brain1918
- Acacia oshanesii | Hender2011
- Acacia paradoxa | BugajNJuKa2021
- Acacia pubescens | Balach1956 | (= Acacia mollissima)
- Acacia ulicifolia | Frogga1914 | (= Acacia juniperina)
- Acacia verticillata | Hender2011
- Albizia julibrissin | BatsanKaKi2017 Borchs1934 | (= Acacia julibrissin)
- Bauhinia purpurea | DeLott1967a
- Carmichaelia australis | Hender2011
- Ceratonia siliqua | Borchs1934 InserrCa1987
- Cercis | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923
- Cercis siliquastrum | Kuwana1927 Martin1983
- Colophospermum mopane | Almeid1973b
- Cytisus prolifer | GomezM1962
- Dolichos | Balach1932d
- Fabaceae | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Genista | MerrilCh1923
- Indigofera | Green1907
- Paraserianthes lophantha | Hender2011
- Parkinsonia | Balach1932d
- Pithecellobium dulce | Ferris1921
- Pterolobium stellatum | DeLott1967a | (= Pterolobium exosum)
- Pueraria montana | DeLott1967a | var. lobata (= Pueraria thunbergiana)
- Robinia | Moghad2013a
- Sophora tetraptera | Hender2011
- Ulex europaeus | Hender2011
- Virgilia | Hender2011
- Fagaceae
- Castanopsis | Merril1953
- Quercus nigra | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | BugajNJuKa2021
- Griseliniaceae
- Griselinia lucida | Hender2011
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes nigrum | Hender2011
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum | Brimbl1968
- Hypericum canariense | GomezM1962
- Hypericum reflexum | GomezM1962
- Juglandaceae
- Carya illinoinensis | Dekle1965c Hender2011
- Juglans regia | Lepage1938
- Lamiaceae
- Sideritis leucantha | Martin1983
- Vitex | Maskel1890
- Vitex lucens | Hender2011
- Lauraceae
- Beilschmiedia tawa | Hender2011
- Beilschmiedia tawaroa | Hender2011
- Cinnamomum camphora | Brimbl1968
- Laurus nobilis | Balach1927 Balach1932d Balach1935b Borchs1934 Martin1983
- Persea americana | Brimbl1968
- Umbellularia californica | Comsto1883
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia grandiflora | BesheaTiHo1973 Wilson1917
- Michelia | Ramakr1919a
- Malvaceae
- Asterotrichion discolor | Hender2011
- Brachychiton discolor | Brimbl1968
- Hoheria | Green1929
- Hoheria angustifolia | Hender2011
- Hoheria populnea | Hender2011
- Hoheria sexstylosa | Hender2011
- Lavatera | MerrilCh1923
- Plagianthus divaricatus | Hender2011
- Melastomataceae
- Osbeckia | Green1896e
- Meliaceae
- Cedrela | Brimbl1968
- Dysoxylum spectabile | Hender2011
- Melia azedarach | Balach1932d Wilson1917
- Moraceae
- Broussonetia papyrifera | BatsanKaKi2017
- Castilloa elastica | Green1911
- Ficus | Lepage1938 Moghad2004
- Ficus carica | Balach1932d Borchs1934 Brimbl1968
- Ficus macrophylla | Brimbl1968
- Maclura | Martin1983
- Morus | Ferris1953
- Morus alba | Balach1932d
- Streblus heterophyllus | Hender2011
- Streblus smithii | Hender2011
- Musaceae
- Musa acuminata | Brimbl1968
- Myrtaceae
- Callistemon | Leonar1920
- Eucalyptus | Lepage1938 Martin1983
- Gossia bidwillii | Brimbl1968 | (= Austromyrtus bidwillii)
- Kunzea ericoides | Hender2011
- Leptospermum | Hender2011
- Leptospermum scoparium | Hender2011
- Lophomyrtus obcordata | Hender2011
- Lophostemon confertus | Brimbl1968 | (= Tristania conferta)
- Melaleuca leucadendra | Balach1932d | (= Myrtus alba)
- Metrosideros | Zimmer1948
- Metrosideros collina | Hender2011
- Metrosideros fulgens | Hender2011
- Myrtus | Balach1927 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1937 Leonar1920
- Myrtus communis | Bachma1953 GomezM1958c GomezM1962 Martin1983
- Psidium guajava | Balach1932d Borchs1966 Brimbl1968 DanzigKo1990 Mamet1954 | (= Psidium pomiferum)
- Syzygium ingens | Brimbl1968 | (= Eugenia brachyandra)
- Syzygium maire | Hender2011
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea glabra | Balach1932d
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | Borchs1934
- Fraxinus angustifolia | Balach1932d | (= Fraxinus oxyphylla)
- Ligustrum | Martin1983
- Ligustrum ovalifolium | Hender2011
- Nestegis lanceolata | Hender2011
- Nestegis montana | Hender2011
- Olea europaea | Comsto1883 Korone1934 Lepage1938 Moghad2004
- Osmanthus | Ferris1953 Tang1984
- Osmanthus fragrans | BatsanKaKi2017
- Onagraceae
- Fuchsia | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923
- Fuchsia excorticata | Hender2011
- Orchidaceae
- Cymbidium | Suh2016
- Dendrobium bigibbum | Brimbl1968
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | JansenAl2023
- Phytolaccaceae
- Phytolacca dioica | Balach1932d
- Piperaceae
- Macropiper excelsum | Hender2011
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | Hender2011
- Pittosporum tenuifolium | Hender2011
- Plantaginaceae
- Hebe | Hender2011
- Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora | Martin1983
- Veronica | Martin1983
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | Balach1932d
- Poaceae
- Cortaderia selloana | BatsanKaKi2017
- Phyllostachys bambusoides | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1972
- Podocarpaceae
- Halocarpus bidwillii | Hender2011
- Prumnopitys taxifolia | Hender2011
- Primulaceae
- Myrsine australis | Hender2011
- Theophrasta | BicheArMe2022
- Proteaceae
- Banksia integrifolia | Hender2011
- Grevillea | Ramakr1919a
- Hakea salicifolia | Schonf2015
- Hakea sericea | Lindin1909b | (= Hakea acicularis)
- Knightia excelsa | Hender2011
- Leucadendron | Leonar1920
- Stenocarpus sinuatus | Brimbl1968
- Restionaceae
- Empodisma minus | Hender2011
- Rhamnaceae
- Ceanothus | Ferris1920b
- Ceanothus papillosus | Hender2011
- Discaria articulata | NormarOkMo2019
- Pomaderris apetala | Hender2011
- Pomaderris phylicifolia | Hender2011
- Rhamnus crocea | Lepage1938
- Ziziphus | Bodenh1937 Borchs1934
- Ziziphus spina-christi | Bodenh1924
- Ripogonaceae
- Ripogonum scandens | Hender2011
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles sinensis | Lepage1938 | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Cydonia oblonga | Lepage1938
- Eriobotrya japonica | Brimbl1968
- Heteromeles arbutifolia | Ferris1921
- Malus domestica | Hender2011
- Malus sylvestris | Brimbl1968
- Prunus | Borchs1966
- Prunus domestica | Lepage1938
- Pyrus | Borchs1966 Lepage1938
- Pyrus communis | Brimbl1968 Martin1983
- Rousseaceae
- Carpodetus | Maskel1890
- Carpodetus serratus | Hender2011
- Rubiaceae
- Cinchona | Green1896e Green1937
- Coprosma | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923
- Coprosma grandifolia | Hender2011
- Coprosma propinqua | Hender2011
- Coprosma rhamnoides | Hender2011
- Coprosma robusta | Hender2011
- Coprosma rotundifolia | Hender2011
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | CarvalAg1997 Leonar1920 Lepage1938 YasnosTaCh2005 Zimmer1948
- Citrus limon | Hender2011
- Citrus trifoliata | Hender2011 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Coleonema pulchellum | Hender2011
- Leionema nudum | Hender2011
- Nematolepis squamea | Hender2011
- Ruta angustifolia | Balach1930 Balach1932d Balach1933e
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Borchs1934
- Populus alba | Balach1932d
- Populus nigra | Balach1932d
- Salix | Hender2011
- Salix babylonica | Balach1932d Brimbl1968
- Salix discolor | Hender2011
- Santalaceae
- Korthalsella lindsayi | Hender2011
- Korthalsella salicornioides | HenderSuRo2010
- Mida salicifolia | Hender2011
- Santalum | Maskel1890
- Sapindaceae
- Alectryon excelsus | Hender2011
- Dodonaea viscosa | Hender2011
- Sapotaceae
- Argania | Borchs1934
- Planchonella australis | Brimbl1968
- Pouteria | Hender2011
- Sideroxylon | Balach1932d
- Scrophulariaceae
- Myoporum | Green1923b MerrilCh1923
- Myoporum laetum | Martin1983
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | Hall1929
- Solanaceae
- Solanum aviculare | Hender2011
- Solanum dulcamara | DeLott1967a | (= Solanum macrocarpum)
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | MerrilCh1923
- Strelitzia alba | Balach1932d | (= Strelitzia augusta)
- Theaceae
- Camellia | MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b
- Camellia japonica | Borchs1934
- Camellia sinensis | Borchs1966 Lepage1938 Mamet1954a | (= Camellia thea (= Thea sinensis)
- Camellia tsaii | Hender2011
- Urticaceae
- Urtica ferox | Hender2011
- Verbenaceae
- Citharexylum | Balach1927 Balach1932d
- Vitaceae
- Cissus | MerrilCh1923
- Vitis | Borchs1934 Lepage1938
- Vitis vinifera | Balach1932d Brimbl1968
- Winteraceae
- Pseudowintera colorata | Hender2011
- Zygogynum pauciflorum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Drimys pauciflora)
Foes:
Families: 10 | Genera: 24
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Aphytis aonidiae | MyartsRuCo2016
- Aphytis chilensis | MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Zimmer1948
- Aphytis diaspidis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis pinnaspidis | LazaroGoRo2023
- Aphytis proclia | Gordh1979
- Coccobius averini | LazaroGoRo2023
- Coccobius juliae | LazaroGoRo2023
- Coccophagus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Encarsia aurantii | PolaszAbHu1999
- Encarsia bicolor | Zimmer1948 | (= Prospaltella bicolor)
- Encarsia citrina | AnneckIn1971 LazaroGoLo2012 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia gaonae | LazaroGoRo2023
- Encarsia lounsburyi | LazaroGoRo2023
- Marietta | LazaroGoRo2023
- Marietta mexicana | LazaroGoRo2023
- Pteroptrix albifemur | Zimmer1948 | (= Pseudopteroptrix imitatrix)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Pharoscymnus setulosus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius chrysomeloides | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017
- Encyrtidae
- Coccidencyrtus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Comperiella bifasciata | Trjapi1989 Zimmer1948
- Gahaniella | LazaroGoRo2023
- Habrolepis | LazaroGoRo2023
- Neococcidencyrtus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Plagiomerus diaspidis | LazaroGoRo2021
- Pseudectroma | LazaroGoRo2023
- Eulophidae
- Tetrastichus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Eupelmidae
- Eupelmus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonOcHo1990
- Hypocreales
- Cosmospora aurantiicola | MauchlHaHi2011
- Myriangiales
- Myriangium duriaei | EvansPr1990
- Pteromalidae
- Scutellista | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | AbdRabMo2006A
- Signiphora dozieri | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora falcata | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora fax | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora flava | Gordh1979
- Signiphora flavella | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Woolle1990
- Signiphora merceti | GomezM1946 Balach1948b | (= Thysanus merceti)
- Signiphora perpauca | Woolle1990
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Rhizobiaceae
- Candidatus Walczuchella monophlebidarum | GruwelVoPa2005
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 93
- Algeria | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a SaighiDoBi2005
- Angola | Almeid1973b
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | GranarCl2003
- Catamarca | GranarCl2003
- Chubut | NormarOkMo2019
- Cordoba | WatsonKo2022a
- Corrientes | GranarCl2003
- Entre Rios | GranarCl2003
- Jujuy | WatsonKo2022a
- Mendoza | ClapsWoGo2001
- Rio Negro | GranarCl2003
- Salta | GranarCl2003 Leonar1911
- Tucuman | GranarCl2003
- Armenia | ColonFMe1998
- Australia
- New South Wales | Frogga1914
- Queensland | Brimbl1968
- South Australia | WatsonKo2022a
- Tasmania | WatsonKo2022a
- Victoria | WatsonKo2022a
- Azores | ColonFMe1998
- Barbados | WatsonKo2022a
- Bermuda | WatsonKo2022a
- Bolivia | Nakaha1982
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Beards1966 Kawai1987 Nakaha1982 | WatsonKo2022a
- Brazil
- Amazonas | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Bahia | WatsonKo2022a
- Goias | TiagoRoTs2017
- Minas Gerais | Lepage1938 WolffCo1993
- Paraiba | WolffCo1993
- Paraiba | WatsonKo2022a
- Rio Grande do Sul | Lepage1938
- Rio Grande do Sul | WatsonKo2022a
- Rio de Janeiro | Hempel1900a Lepage1938
- Sao Paulo | Green1930b Lepage1938
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1968
- Canary Islands | GomezM1962 GomezM1967O MatileOr2001
- Chile | Gonzal1989 Gonzal1989a GonzalCh1968 GonzalCu1994
- Aisen | WatsonKo2022a
- Antofagasta | WatsonKo2022a
- Atacama | WatsonKo2022a
- Biobio | WatsonKo2022a
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- La Araucania | WatsonKo2022a
- Los Lagos | WatsonKo2022a
- Maule | WatsonKo2022a
- O'Higgins | WatsonKo2022a
- Santiago | WatsonKo2022a
- Tarapaca | WatsonKo2022a
- Valparaiso | WatsonKo2022a
- China | Kuwana1927 Tang1984
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | WatsonKo2022a
- Fujian (=Fukien) | WatsonKo2022a
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | WatsonKo2022a
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | WatsonKo2022a
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | WatsonKo2022a
- Yunnan | Ferris1953
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | WatsonKo2022a
- Christmas Island | WatsonKo2022a
- Colombia | Nakaha1982
- Corsica | WatsonKo2022a
- Costa Rica | Nakaha1982
- Croatia | Masten2007 | Bachma1953
- Cuba | Nakaha1982
- Cyprus | WatsonKo2022a
- Czech Republic | Zahrad1953 Zahrad1990b
- Ecuador | Nakaha1982
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Ezzat1958
- Eritrea | WatsonKo2022a | WatsonKo2022a
- France | Balach1930 Balach1932d Balach1933e FoldiGe2018
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | DoaneHa1909
- Tahiti | WatsonKo2022a
- Georgia (Republic of) | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Hadzib1983 YasnosTaCh2005
- Abkhaz ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936
- Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936
- Germany | Schonf2015
- Greece | Korone1934
- Guatemala | Nakaha1982
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Newste1917
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Nakaha1982 Zimmer1948
- Honduras | WatsonKo2022a
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013
- India | GreenMa1907
- Arunchal Pradesh | WatsonKo2022a
- Assam | Varshn2002
- Karnataka | WatsonKo2022a
- Maharashtra | WatsonKo2022a
- Meghalaya | WatsonKo2022a
- NCT Delhi | WatsonKo2022a
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Varshn2002
- Odisha (=Orissa) | WatsonKo2022a
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn2002
- West Bengal | Varshn2002
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Iran | Kaussa1955 Moghad2004
- Iraq | WatsonKo2022a
- Israel | Nakaha1982
- Italy | Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | InserrCa1987
- Jamaica | WatsonKo2022a
- Japan | Kawai1977 Kuwana1917a Kuwana1933 Nakaha1982
- Honshu | WatsonKo2022a
- Kyushu | WatsonKo2022a
- Okinawa | WatsonKo2022a
- Juan Fernandez Islands | WatsonKo2022a
- Kazakhstan | WatsonKo2022a
- Kenya | DeLott1967a Newste1917b
- Kiribati | WatsonKo2022a
- Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006
- Luxembourg | Gertso2016 GertssSc2020
- Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1959a
- Madeira Islands | CarvalAg1997 Green1923b
- Malawi | Nakaha1982
- Malaysia | WatsonKo2022a
- Malta | Borg1919 HaberMi2007 MifsudMaRu2014
- Mauritius | Borchs1966 Mamet1954a
- Mexico | Cocker1899n MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979
- Baja California Norte | Ferris1921
- Mexico State | LazaroGoRo2021
- Michoacan | Cocker1897u
- Oaxaca | Cocker1897u Ferris1942
- Puebla | LazaroGoRo2023
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Morocco | Balach1932d
- Nepal | Takagi1975
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1988
- New Zealand | Green1929 Lindin1909b LoveFe1977 Maskel1890
- Three Kings Islands | Hender2011
- Three Kings Islands | WatsonKo2022a
- North Korea | Suh2016
- Pakistan | WatsonKo2022a
- Papua New Guinea | WatsonKo2022a
- Peru | Nakaha1982
- Philippines | VelasqRi1969
- Poland | Dziedz1989
- Portugal | Fernan1992 Seabra1941
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976 Nakaha1982
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957
- Romania | DanzigPe1998
- Russia | WatsonKo2022a
- Sardinia | Pelliz2011
- Seychelles | Green1907
- South Africa | Balach1956 Brain1918 BrainKe1917
- Spain | Balach1935b BlayGo1993 GomezM1937 Martin1983
- Sri Lanka | Green1896e Green1911 GreenMa1907 Nakaha1982 Ramakr1921a
- Subantarctic islands
- Tristan da Cunha | HodgsoWi2008 Reyne1954
- Suriname | JansenAl2023
- Syria | Hariri1971 Nakaha1982
- Taiwan | Takagi1969a Takaha1940
- Tanzania | Balach1956
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | WatsonKo2022a
- Tunisia | Balach1932d
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 KaydanUlEr2007
- United Kingdom
- England | WatsonKo2022a
- Wales | WatsonKo2022a
- United States
- Alabama | Nakaha1982
- California | Comsto1881a McKenz1956 RosenDe1979
- Connecticut | WatsonKo2022a
- Delaware | WatsonKo2022a
- District of Columbia | Nakaha1982
- Florida | BesheaTiHo1973 Comsto1881a Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970
- Idaho | Nakaha1982
- Illinois | Nakaha1982
- Indiana | Nakaha1982
- Louisiana | Nakaha1982
- Maine | WatsonKo2022a
- Maryland | Nakaha1982
- Michigan | WatsonKo2022a
- Mississippi | Herric1911
- Missouri | Hollin1923
- New Jersey | Nakaha1982
- New Mexico | WatsonKo2022a
- New York | Nakaha1982
- North Carolina | WatsonKo2022a
- Ohio | Nakaha1982
- Oregon | Nakaha1982 SchuhMo1948
- Pennsylvania | Nakaha1982
- Rhode Island | WatsonKo2022a
- South Carolina | Nakaha1982
- South Carolina | WatsonKo2022a
- Tennessee | WatsonKo2022a
- Texas | Herric1911 McDani1969
- Vermont | WatsonKo2022a
- Virginia | Nakaha1982
- Washington | Nakaha1982
- West Virginia | WatsonKo2022a
- Wisconsin | WatsonKo2022a
- Uruguay | Nakaha1982
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990
- Zambia | WatsonKo2022a
- Zimbabwe | Nakaha1982
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.131 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in Iran]
- Moghad2021: pp.378 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in Iran]
- SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
- LiuFe2018: pp.584 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in China]
- WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
- NormarMoKr2014: pp.46-47 ( Adult (F) ) [Modifications to Ferris's 1942 key to the species of North American Hemiberlesia to include both South American and North American species]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-36 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.155 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Koszta1996: pp.509 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.169 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- Zahrad1990b: pp.104 ( Adult (F) ) [Czech Republic]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.130 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- Terezn1986: pp.113 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.300 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- McDani1969: pp.107 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
- Beards1966: pp.520 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia ]
- Ezzat1958: pp.241 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- Balach1956: pp.106 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Balach1953k: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Lupo1953a: pp.75-76 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Balach1948b: pp.299 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Zimmer1948: pp.358 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Ferris1942: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Archan1937: pp.98-100 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Asia]
- GomezM1937: pp.110 ( Adult (F) ) [Spain]
- Kuwana1933: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.48 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95-97, 107 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Balach1928a: pp.132 ( Adult (F) ) [North Africa]
- Hollin1923: pp.7-8 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
- Leonar1920: pp.90 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Lawson1917: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
- Robins1917: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.289-290 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
- Cocker1905: pp.45-46 ( Adult (F) ) [Mexico]
- Cocker1905b: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Colorado]
- Newste1901b: pp.81 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
- Newell1899: pp.4-5, 25 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Green1896e: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Sri Lanka]
- Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Genbank accession number: KF887379 Signoret (1869b: 117) misidentified a record taken from cultivated Camellia in greenhouses at Luxembourg Garden and Boulogne forest, Paris, as Aspidiotus camelliae Boisduval, 1867. Aspidiotus camelliae Boisduval, 1867 was regarded a Lepidosaphedine species. In 1922, Myers synonymized Diaspis santali with Aspidiotus rapax. Although other taxonomists have continued to consider it a separate species, Rosa Henderson (2011) determined that the synonymy was valid. She states that: "The first record in New Zealand was 1879 as Aspidiotus camelliae (Maskell 1879). It was already feeding on native plants by 1884 when Maskell described it as a new ‘native’ species, Diaspis santali, from on Nestegis cunninghamii (as Santalum cunninghamii). A year later it was reported as a pest of pear, plum, and other fruit trees (Maskell 1885).
- Structure: Puparium of female yellowish-grey, sometimes greenish, oval, very convex, pellicles black, very inconspicuous, placed at one end of the puparium. Adult female orange red, peg-top shaped (Maskell, 1884). Female scale highly convex, the exuviae near one side and the scale thus having a strongly tipped-over appearance, colour gray; scale of the male not known (Ferris, 1938a). Male scale cover similar in colour to that of female but smaller, elongate oval with yellow subterminal exuviae. (Watson & Kondo, 2022a). Colour photograph by Gonzalez (1989), Gill (1997),Carvalho & Aguiar (1997) and Watson & Kondo (2022a).
- Biology: Occurring either on bark or leaves (Ferris, 1938a). Hemiberlesia rapax is a polyphagous pest, was observed affecting the stem, leaves, and fruit.(Moghaddam 2004).
- Economic Importance: The greedy scale is a pest of several crops in tropical and subtropical regions, such as kiwifruit (Love & Ferguson, 1977; Gonzalez, 1989a), citrus (Rose, 1990; Carvalho & Aguiar, 1997), olive (Argyriou, 1990), mango (Chua & Wood, 1990) and tea plant (Nagarkatti & Sankaran, 1990).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Brain (1918), Kuwana (1933), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1948b), Zimmerman (1948), McKenzie (1956), Gomez-Menor Guerrero (1962), Takagi (1969a), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Williams & Watson (1988), Dziedzicka (1989), Zahradník (1990b), Danzig (1993), Kosztarab (1996), Gill (1997), Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998) and by Zamudio & Claps (2005).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, 35
- AbdRabMo2006A: distribution, host, 363-367
- AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 10
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
- AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 5
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 29
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 99,108
- Argyri1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 579-583
- Azeved1923A: distribution, host, 86-90
- Azeved1929a: distribution, host, 126-128
- Bachma1952: distribution, host, 177
- BaetaN1947: distribution, host, 128
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 177
- Balach1928a: taxonomy, 32
- Balach1928d: biological control, 285,305
- Balach1930: distribution, host, 312
- Balach1932d: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, VII, XLVII
- Balach1933e: distribution, host, 3
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 257
- Balach1948b: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 299-302
- Balach1953k: taxonomy, 114
- Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 116-118
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258-259
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 522
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 105
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 122, 127
- BenDov1990e: distribution, host, 656
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 31, 44
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 557-569
- BenDovSoBo2012: 67
- BerryMoHi1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 182-186
- BertelBa1966: distribution, host, 17-46
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 7
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 502
- BlankGiDo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 293-297
- BlankGiDo1999: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-12
- BlankGiKe2000: ecology, host, life history, 934-942
- BlankGiMc2000: ecology, host, life history, 1752-1759
- BlankGiOl1994: distribution, host, life history, 304-309
- BlankGiOl1995: distribution, host, life history, 1569-1575
- BlankGiOl1995a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1634-1640
- BlankGiSt2000: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 205-210
- BlankGiUp1996: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 239-248
- BlankHoGi1995: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 13-23
- BlankLoGi1992: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 174-179
- BlankOl1989: chemical control, 191-194
- BlankOl1989a: chemical control, 187-190
- BlankOl1990: chemical control, distribution, host, 240-242
- BlankOl1990a: chemical control, 243-246
- BlankOlBe1987: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 127-130
- BlankOlGi1992: distribution, economic importance, host, 397-405
- BlankOlGi1993: economic importance, 139-145
- BlankOlLo1990: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 81-87
- BlankOlLo1993: chemical control, distribution, host, 71-74
- BlankOlTo1994: chemical control, 195-202
- BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 478-483
- Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 246
- Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 217
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-67
- Bodenh1952: distribution, host, 339
- Bondar1914: distribution, economic importance, host, 1064-1106
- Bondar1915: distribution, economic importance, host, 44-47
- Borang1996: distribution, host, 474-479
- Borchs1934: distribution, host, 30
- Borchs1935a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 35
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 122-123
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 61-62
- Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8,13
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 239
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 219,223
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 173,309-311,368
- Borg1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26-27
- BorgesViSa1986: distribution,
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Brain1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 128-129
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 183
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 3
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 221
- Brimbl1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-55
- Britto1923b: distribution, host,
- BrownPaHa2018: chemical control,
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Burke1930: biological control, distribution, host, 783-785
- CABI1987a: distribution, host, 1-3
- CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, phylogeny, 531, 532, 533
- CamposSa1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 9
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 210
- CarvalAg1997: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 276-279
- Charle1998: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 51N
- CharleHe2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 587-615
- CharleHiAl1995: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 319-324
- CheahIr1997: distribution, host,
- Chiesa1948: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chiesa1948a: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 300-302
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 684
- ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22
- ClapsWoGo2001: distribution, host, 253
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-20
- Cocker1896b: distribution, taxonomy, 334,335,339
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 4,9,25,30
- Cocker1897u: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 266
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 396
- Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 274
- Cocker1899n: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22-23
- Cocker1905: taxonomy, 46
- Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 202
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62-63
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 307-308
- Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 56,67,74
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- Crouze1971: biological control, 200
- Crouze1973: biological control, distribution, host, 15-39
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
- DahmsSm1994: biological control, distribution, host, 245-255
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 652
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 213
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 172-174
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 48
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 274-275
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
- DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, 1-47
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeBach1964: biological control,
- DeBach1969: biological control, 801-815
- DeBach1974: biological control,
- DeBachRo1991: biological control,
- DeSant1941a: biological control, distribution, host, 21-24
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 42
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 73
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 94
- DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 289,291-293
- DilleyDaGl2020: distribution, ecology,
- DoaneHa1909: distribution, host, 298
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 11
- Dougla1912: taxonomy, 213
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- DreistClFl1994:
- Dziedz1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-107
- DziedzKa1990: distribution, host, 39-43
- Early1984: biological control, distribution, host, 271-308
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- Ebelin1975: distribution, economic importance, host,
- EbelinPe1953: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-35
- EdwardCaPo2008: molecular biology, molecular data, 1944-1949
- Efimof1937: distribution, host,
- Ehrhor1925a: distribution, host, 20-21
- EhrhorFuSw1913: distribution, 295-300
- ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- Evans1942: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156-159
- Evans1943: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy,
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- Ezzat1958: distribution, 241
- FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 6-8
- Fergus1974: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 20-26
- FergusFl1991: biological control, distribution, host, 260-261
- FergusSt1978: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 135-139
- FergusSt1978a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 140-146
- FergusWa1979: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 220-224
- Fernal1903b: description, host, taxonomy, 232,258,267,276-280
- Ferris1920b: distribution, host, 54
- Ferris1921: distribution, host, 126,128
- Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 50,51,77
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 190,244
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40-43,47,49
- Ferris1942: distribution, host, taxonomy, 445:4-5,10; 446:35
- Ferris1953: distribution, host, 66
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 4-24
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- Foldi2002: distribution, host, 246
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 12,24
- FrankKr1900: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 133-134
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Fullaw1932: taxonomy, 97,107
- Fuller1897c: distribution, host, 4
- Fuller1907: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1031-1055
- Gavalo1931: distribution, host, 8
- Gavalo1936: distribution, host, 79
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
- Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
- GermaiMa2005: distribution, host, 34
- GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
- GertssSc2020: distribution, 135
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 10
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 157,162,164
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 110-114
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 62
- GomezM1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50-53
- GomezM1957: distribution, host, 48
- GomezM1958c: distribution, host, 406
- GomezM1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176-179
- GomezM1965: distribution, host, 90
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 132
- GomezM1968: distribution, host, 542
- Gonzal1989: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 96,99
- Gonzal1989a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 35-43
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle, taxonomy, 29, 107, 132, 168-170
- GonzalCu1994: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 5-20
- Gordh1979: biological control, 893,894,896,907,911
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- GreaveDaDo1994: distribution, host, life history, 7-16
- GreaveToWi1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 79-83
- Green1890: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 19-22
- Green1896: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 4
- Green1896e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40,60-61
- Green1900c: distribution, host, 2
- Green1907: distribution, host, 202
- Green1911: distribution, host, 28
- Green1923b: distribution, host, 89
- Green1929: distribution, host, 377
- Green1930b: distribution, host, 214
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 333
- GreenMa1907: distribution, taxonomy, 343
- GruwelVoPa2005: endosymbionts, taxonomy, 79-114
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 174, 175
- GugliuMaMa2019: host, list, 4, 6
- Guncan2015: distribution, host,
- HaberMi2007: distribution, host, 149
- Hadzib1983: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 230-232
- Hall1929: distribution, host, 352
- Hariri1971: distribution, 48
- HaseyOlVa1999: control, distribution, host,
- HaseyOlVa2002: control, 3449
- Haywar1939: control, distribution, host, 1
- Haywar1944: distribution, host, 1-32
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 501
- Hempel1904: taxonomy, 319
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 24,32,99,101,102,105
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 12,39,73
- Hewitt1943: distribution, host, 266-274
- Hill1989a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 177-182
- HillMaCh2007: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
- Howard1895e: biological control, 1-44
- InserrCa1987: distribution, host, 93
- Iperti1961: economic importance, 14-30
- Ishii1923: biological control, distribution, host, 69
- JamiesDoCa2002: distribution, host, 354-360
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26,34
- JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
- Johnst1915: biological control, distribution, host, 1-33
- KakotiDeRo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 15
- Kawai1977: distribution, economic importance, host, 160
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 222-223
- Kawai1987: distribution, host, 78
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 95
- KeallHaMc2020: distribution, host,
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 253
- KirkCo1909: distribution, economic importance, 276,285
- KnowltSm1936: distribution, host, 263-267
- Koehle1964: control, distribution, host,
- Komosi1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218-220
- KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 6
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 14
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 513-515
- Kotins1907: distribution, host, 304-308
- Kotins1909: distribution, host, 97
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 195
- Kuwana1909a: distribution, host, 160
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 174-175
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 71
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 238-239
- LazaroGoLo2012: biological control, distribution, 8
- LazaroGoRo2021: distribution, host, natural enemies,
- LazaroGoRo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 247, 259-260
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 287
- Leonar1897b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 119,124-126
- Leonar1900: distribution, host, taxonomy, 339
- Leonar1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 277-278
- Leonar1911a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43-44
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 90-93
- Lepage1938: catalog, 407
- Lepesm1947: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 210-211
- Lindin1909a: taxonomy, 324
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 148
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 38
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 70,78,92,198,
- Lindin1924: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 129,147
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 180
- Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 148
- Lindin1949: taxonomy, 210
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 546
- LiuFe2018: distribution, key, 584
- Lloren1990: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 103-105
- LoBl1989: distribution, host, 1-4
- Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78
- LoganMaRo2017: host, natural enemies, 469–479
- LoganTh2002: biological control, ecology, life history, 361-367
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
- Lounsb1906: distribution, host, 80-91
- Lounsb1921: distribution, host, 35-38
- LoveFe1977: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 95-103
- Lugger1900: distribution, host, 208-245
- Lupo1953a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75-81
- MaberHoTo1986: chemical control, 143-147
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 387,435,436,439
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 18
- Mamet1954a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 263
- Mamet1957: distribution, host, 369,375
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 388
- Marlat1899b: taxonomy, 209,211
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 63
- Maskel1884: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 122
- Maskel1885a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 21,23
- Maskel1887a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41
- Maskel1890: distribution, host, 135
- Maskel1891: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
- Maskel1895b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 65
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 190
- Matta1979: biological control, distribution, host, 231-242
- MauchlHaHi2011: biological control, economic importance, 46
- MauchlHi2005: distribution, host, life history, 294-298
- MauchlHiSt2012: biological control, economic importance, host, 29-33
- Maxwel1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- McDani1969: host, illustration, taxonomy, 111-113
- McKennRe1999: chemical control, 365-370
- McKennStSt1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 779-784
- McKenz1935: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-48
- McKenz1951: taxonomy, 82
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73-76
- Merkel1938: distribution, host, 88-99
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 208-209
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 510
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 140
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 231-233
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 303-326
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 15
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 34
- Moghad2021: key, 378
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10, 131, 245
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 152
- Monte1930: distribution, host, 3-36
- Morale1988: taxonomy, 77-82
- Morgan1887: taxonomy, 68,79-82
- Morgan1888b: description, taxonomy, 118-120
- Morgan1889a: taxonomy, 351
- Morgan1893: taxonomy, 40-41
- MorseGrCl2005: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 79-94
- MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 74
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, host, natural enemies, 82-89
- Myers1922: taxonomy, 201
- NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 43
- Newell1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29-30
- Newste1897a: distribution, host, 94
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 81,91-94
- Newste1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 371
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 131
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarMoKr2014: taxonomy, 47
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 23, S4, S6
- Nur1990b: life history, taxonomy, 196
- Osborn1898: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 7-8
- Otero1935: distribution, host, 1-26
- Pace1939: distribution, host, 664-665
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,71
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 169
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
- PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
- Priore1964: distribution, host, 131-178
- Priore1965: distribution, host, 101-145
- PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
- Quayle1911d: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 443-512
- Quedna1964b: biological control, 86-116
- RagusaRu1989: distribution, host, 71-74
- Ramakr1919: distribution, host, 623
- Ramakr1919a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-19
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 356
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 23
- RaoCh1950: taxonomy, 10,27
- Reyne1954c: distribution, host, 3-4
- Richar1960AM: distribution, host, 693-698
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 32-33
- RochaFePe2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 149
- RongGr1998: biological control, 43-63
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 349-354,405-409
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- RugmanMoSt2009: economic importance, molecular data, taxonomy, 1948-1953
- Ruhl1913: distribution, host, 79-80
- SaighiDoBi2005: distribution, host, 429-433
- Salaza1989: distribution, host,
- SalazaSo1990: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 135-137
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 56,67
- Sassce1912: distribution, host, taxonomy, 92
- Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 137
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 148
- Schmut1959: taxonomy, 45
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 477
- SchneiClWe2020: key, 70
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- SchuhMo1948: control, distribution, host,
- Scott1984a: distribution, host, 11-31
- Seabra1930a: distribution, host, 143-148
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
- SibbetVaFe2000: control, distribution, host,
- Signor1869c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 117
- Silves1902: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 122
- Singh1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 213
- Starne1897: taxonomy, 24
- Steine1987: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-7
- StevenBlTo1991: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 84
- StevenMcBl1997: chemical control, 288-292
- StevenRe1999: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 345-354
- StevenToBl1994: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 135-142
- StevenVaGo1997: distribution, host, 773-777
- Sudoi1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 119-123
- Sugimo1994: distribution, host, 115-121
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 327
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 104-105
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 77-78,101
- Takagi1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
- Takagi2011: distribution, taxonomy, 49
- Takaha1940: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-28
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-13
- Tang1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-46
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 91
- Targio1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 151
- Targio1888: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 420-421
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-116
- ThiemGe1934a: taxonomy, 132,230,232
- ThomsoToWi1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 1-5
- TiagoRoTs2017: host, illustration, natural enemies, 379-384
- Timber1924: biological control, distribution, host,
- TippinBe1970: distribution, host, 10
- TippinBe1972: distribution, host, 287
- Tomkin1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 151-155
- Tomkin1992a: chemical control, distribution, host, 517-522
- TomkinAlWi1996: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 785-789
- TomkinFoTh1994: chemical control, distribution, host, 337-340
- TomkinGrWi1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 146-150
- TomkinThWi1992: distribution, host, life history, 58-63
- TomkinThWi1995: biological control, chemical control, 139-142
- TomkinWiTh2000: distribution, host, 211-215
- Townse1897: distribution, host, 185
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- Trimbl1929: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-21
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 296
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
- Valent1963: biological control, 6-13
- Valent1967: biological control, 1100
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 31
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 195-208
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- WatsonKo2022a: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 487-488
- WhitinHoCo1998: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 211-215
- Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 236
- Willia2013: distribution, 190
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 218, 219, 234
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-136
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
- Wise1977: distribution, 110
- WolffCo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 42-44
- WolffEfDa2018: distribution, economic importance, host, key,
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 38
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 91-93
- YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 295-302
- Zagain1956: distribution, 85-90
- Zahrad1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 127-130
- Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
- Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-108
- ZamudiCl2005: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 264
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 165
- Zimmer1948: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 361,363
