Valid Names Results

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) (Coccidae: Parasaissetia)

Nomenclatural History

Lecanium nigrum Nietner 1861: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: on coffee.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Lecanium depressum Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 29. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Royal Botanic Gardens, on Ficus sp. and other plants.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Maskel1894a, 166). Notes: Type material probably lost: G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Lecanium depressum simulans Douglas 1887a: 28. Type data: ENGLAND: on Ficus elastica and camellias.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Maskel1894a, 166). Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams & Watson, 1990).
Lecanium begoniae Douglas 1892b: 209. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Begonia.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Maskel1894a, 166). Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams & Watson, 1990).
Lecanium nigrum begoniae Douglas, 1892; Cockerell 1896b: 332. change in status (level)
Lecanium nigrum depressum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867; Cockerell 1896b: 332. change in status (level)
Lecanium caudatum Green 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Passiflora and coffee. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by TaoWoCh1983, 76).
Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum begoniae; Cockerell & Parrott 1899: 163. subsequent use
Saissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861); Cockerell 1901e: 32. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; change of combination
Coccus nigrum (Nietner, 1861); Kirkaldy 1902: 106. change of combination
Saissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861); King 1902a: 296. change of combination
Saissetia depressa (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Fernald 1903b: 201. change of combination
Coccus caudatus (Green, 1896); Fernald 1903b: 168. change of combination Notes: Homonym of Coccus caudatus Walker, 1852
Lecanium (Saissetia) pseudonigrum Kuwana 1909a: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara Islands (=Bonin Islands),on 'Shirotsugi'.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Takaha1955b, 70).
Lecanium (Saissetia) sideroxylium Kuwana 1909a: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara Islands (=Bonin Islands), on Sideroxylon ferrugineum.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Takaha1955b, 70).
Saissetia pseudonigrum (Kuwana, 1909); Sasscer 1911: 67. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; change of combination
Saissetia sideroxylium (Kuwana, 1909); Sasscer 1911: 67. change of combination
Saissetia cuneiformis Leonardi 1913a: 33. Type data: ERITREA: on Rhus aztechesan.. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1956a, 240).
Coccus signatus (Douglas, 1887); Gowdey 1917: 188. change of combination
Lecanium (Saissetia) signatum Newstead 1917: 363. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on guava.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1990,135). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1957a, 175).
Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum nitidum Newstead 1920: 191. Type data: UGANDA: Lake Victoria, Bukeke and Sesse Islands, on 'Luzibarziba' [=Alchornea cordifolia].. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1990,135). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1957a, 175).
Saissetia perseae Brain 1920a: 11. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Persea gratissima.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1957a, 175).
Saissetia (Lecanium) nigra (Nietner, 1861); Hall 1922: 22. change of combination
Lecanium (Saissetia) crassum Green 1930c: 287. Type data: SUMATRA, on Broussonetia papyrifera; INDIA and WEST BENGAL on Psidium guajava and INDIA (Calcutta) on Ficus religiosa.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1963, 100).
Saissetia nigrum depressum; Ramakrishna Ayyar 1930: 45. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.
Coccus asiaticus Lindinger 1932f: 201. replacement name Notes: Replacement name for Coccus caudatus (Green, 1896); synonymy by Tao et al., 1988: 76
Lecanium nigrum depressum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867; Balachowsky 1939a: 257. change of combination
Saissetia nigra depressa (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Balachowsky 1939: 257. change of combination and rank Notes: Incorrect citation of "Douglas" as author
Coccus niger (Nietner, 1861); Silvestri 1939: 728. misspelling of species epithet
Saissetia cuniformis Leonardi, 1913; Compere 1939d: 20. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; misspelling of species epithet
Saisettia nigra; Esaki 1940a: 277. misspelling of genus name
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861); Takahashi 1955d: 26. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; change of combination
Saissetia crassum (Green, 1930); Ali 1971: 44. change of combination
Coccus caudaus (Green, 1896); Tao 1978: 80. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

escama negra lisa QuezadCoDi1972
lapa-da-anoineira CarvalAg1997
lapa-preta CarvalAg1997
nigra scale BenDov1993 Gill1988 HamonWi1984 SmithBeBr1997
Queresa negra del chirimoyo Nunez2008
nigra soft scale AbdRabEv2021
Black Scale KondoLi2022
escama blanda negra KondoLi2022
hibiscus scale KondoLi2022
kuro-kata-kaigaramushi KondoLi2022
pomegranate scale KondoLi2022
Schwarze Napfschildlaus KondoLi2022
zwarte dopluis KondoLi2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 100 | Genera: 294

Acanthaceae

Andrographis paniculata | RaniSr2005
Dicliptera chinensis | Varshn1992 | (= Dicliptera roxburghiana)
Eranthemum | Ali1971 BenDov1978a HodgsoHi1990 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Graptophyllum | Hodgso1994a
Graptophyllum pictum | BenDov1978a
Hygrophila auriculata | Ali1971 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989 | (= Hygrophila spinosa)
Hygrophila erecta | Ali1968a
Justicia | Ali1968a Ali1971 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989 BenDov1993
Justicia adhatoda | BenDov1978a | (= Adhatoda vasica)
Odontonema | WilliaWa1990
Pseuderanthemum | WilliaWa1990
Ruttya ovata | DeLott1967b

Achariaceae

Caloncoba brevipes | CouturMaRi1985

Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus | WilliaWa1990
Chenopodium | HodgsoHi1990
Chenopodium murale | Varshn1992
Dysphania ambrosioides | Varshn1992 | (= Chenopodium ambrosioides)

Amaryllidaceae

Agapanthus | Nakaha1983

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentale | BenDov1978a
Mangifera indica | BenDov1978a EzzatHu1969 GermaiVaMa2010 KinjoNaHi1996 Nakaha1983
Rhus | Hodgso1969a WilliaWa1990 Hall1935 Leonar1913a WilliaWa1990
Rhus tumulicola | Hodgso1969a | (= Rhus culminum)
Schinus | Nakaha1981a
Schinus molle | BenDov1978a DeLott1956a EzzatHu1969 Hall1923
Schinus terebinthifolia | BenDov1978a
Searsia glutinosa | DeLott1956a | ssp abyssinica (= Rhus abyssinica)
Spondias dulcis | WilliaWa1990

Annonaceae

Annona | Ali1971 Green1904d Green1937 Hall1935 Hodgso1994a HodgsoHi1990
Annona cherimola | BenDov1978a BenDov1993 GomezM1958b Green1923b
Annona crassiflora | CarnerPe1986 | (= Annona macrocarpa)
Annona diversifolia | PadillMaNa2016
Annona montana | LinEdKo2017
Annona muricata | BenDov1978a Nakaha1983 Newste1913
Annona reticulata | EtiennMa1993 Mamet1943a Mamet1956 WilliaWi1988
Annona senegalensis | DeLott1956a Hall1935 | (= Annona chrysophylla),
Artabotrys hexapetalus | CarnerPe1986 | (= Artabotrys odoratissimus)
Piptostigma fasciculatum | CouturMaRi1985 | (= Brieya fasciculata)
Rollinia occidentalis | Granar1999
Xylopia quintasii | CouturMaRi1985

Apiaceae

Foeniculum | BenDov1978a

Apocynaceae

Acokanthera | Newste1917b
Adenium obesum | BenDov1978a TiagoRoTs2017
Carissa | DeLott1967b
Carissa bispinosa | DeLott1967b | var acuminata
Carissa spinarum | Hodgso1994a DeLott1956a | (= Arduina edulis) (= Carissa edulis),
Hancornia speciosa | SilvaPeRo2021
Nerium | HodgsoHi1990
Nerium indicum | TangLi1988
Nerium oleander | Bodenh1935 WilliaWa1990
Plumeria obtusa | LinEdKo2017
Plumeria rubra | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 WilliaWa1990 VieiraCaPi1983 | (= Plumeria acutifolia),,(= Plumeria tricolor)
Rauvolfia caffra | Hall1935 Hall1935
Stephanotis | HodgsoHi1990
Tabernaemontana divaricata | Varshn1992 | (= Tabernaemontana recurva)

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex | HodgsoHe2000
Ilex mitis | Hodgso1969a

Araceae

Anthurium | Nakaha1981a
Anthurium digitatum | BenDov1978a
Colocasia esculenta | WilliaWa1990
Dieffenbachia | BenDov1978a
Monstera | Nakaha1981a
Monstera deliciosa | LinEdKo2017
Philodendron | Matile1978 Nakaha1981a
Syngonium | HodgsoHi1990
Zantedeschia aethiopica | VieiraCaPi1983

Araliaceae

Cussonia arborea | Hall1935
Cussonia paniculata | DeLott1967b
Cussonia spicata | BenDov1978a Hodgso1967
Hedera helix | BenDov1978a
Heptapleurum actinophyllum | Nakaha1981a | (= Brassaia actinophylla) (= Schefflera actinophylla)
Schefflera | WilliaWa1990
Schefflera elegantissima | HamonWi1984 PadillMaNa2016 | (= Aralia elegantissima) (= Plerandra elegantissima)
Tetrapanax papyrifer | LinEdKo2017

Arecaceae

Areca catechu | Ali1971 Nakaha1981a
Brahea armata | VieiraCaPi1983 | (= Erythea armata)
Cocos nucifera | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Elaeis guineensis | WilliaWa1990

Asparagaceae

Agave | Green1904d Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 Nakaha1981a
Agave americana | Green1904d
Agave sisalana | BenDov1978a Hodgso1994a
Asparagus | Ali1968a Ali1971 Green1896 Green1904d Green1929 WilliaWa1990
Asparagus falcatus | Green1904d
Cordyline fruticosa | Nakaha1981a | (= Cordyline terminalis)
Dracaena | Nakaha1981a
Furcraea foetida | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988 LagowsGoHo2022 | (= Furcraea gigantea)
Lachenalia | BenDov1978a | (= Polyanthes)

Asphodelaceae

Aloe | Nakaha1981a
Aloe vera | BenDov1978a
Bulbine frutescens | MazzeoNuLo2020

Asteraceae

Artemisia | TaoWoCh1983
Artemisia capillaris | Ali1968a Ali1971
Baccharis | HodgsoHi1990
Bidens | Hall1935 HodgsoHi1990
Bidens pilosa | Hall1935 WilliaWa1990
Chrysanthemum | Nakaha1981a
Elephantopus scaber | WilliaWa1990
Helianthus annuus | WilliaWa1990
Parthenium | HodgsoHi1990
Pluchea odorata | BenDov1978a
Senecio madagascariensis | MazzeoNuLo2020
Solidago | WilliaWa1990
Solidago canadensis | AndoUtOh2010
Sonchus arvensis | Varshn1992
Vernonia amygdalina | DeLott1956a Hodgso1994a

Begoniaceae

Begonia | Ali1968a Ali1971 BenDov1978a Green1896 Hodgso1994a Nakaha1981a Green1904d

Betulaceae

Alnus formosana | LinEdKo2017

Bignoniaceae

Jacaranda | Matile1976
Jacaranda mimosifolia | Green1907
Tabebuia chrysantha | LinEdKo2017
Tecoma | Hodgso1969a

Boraginaceae

Cordia | Nakaha1983 WilliaBu1987
Cordia africana | DeLott1956a | (= Cordia abyssinica)
Cordia dichotoma | LinEdKo2017
Cordia myxa | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
Cordia subcordata | WilliaWa1990
Ehretia cymosa | DeLott1956a | var silvatica (= Ehretia silvatica)
Ehretia macrophylla | LinEdKo2017
Ehretia resinosa | LinEdKo2017

Brassicaceae

Lepidium didymum | Varshn1992 | (= Coronopus didymus)

Bromeliaceae

Ananas comosus | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Bromelia | BenDov1978a
Neoregelia spectabilis | CarnerPe1986

Burseraceae

Garuga floribunda | WilliaWa1990 | (= Garuga pacifica)

Cactaceae

Cactaceae | BenDov1978a

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum inophyllum | Ali1971 BenDov1978a
Mammea americana | Nakaha1983

Canellaceae

Warburgia salutaris | CrouchCr2001

Cannabaceae

Cannabis sativa | Varshn1992

Cannaceae

Canna | Green1904d Hodgso1969a Mamet1943a Nakaha1981a
Canna indica | Ali1968a Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 BenDov1978a | (= Canna speciosa)

Capparaceae

Capparis | Ali1968a Ramakr1930
Capparis sepiaria | Ali1971 Green1908a ShafeeYoKh1989

Caricaceae

Carica papaya | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a

Celastraceae

Euonymus | BenDov1978a Ferris1920b HodgsoHi1990
Gymnosporia arbutifolia | DeLott1956a
Gymnosporia senegalensis | BenDov1978a DeLott1967b Hodgso1994a | (= Maytenus senegalensis)
Maytenus cymosa | DeLott1967b
Maytenus octogona | LincanHoCa2010

Clusiaceae

Clusia grandiflora | BenDov1978a
Clusia rosea | Nakaha1981a

Combretaceae

Combretum | Hall1935
Terminalia brassii | WilliaWa1990
Terminalia catappa | Ali1971 Matile1984c TaoWoCh1983

Compositae

Solidago altissima | AndoUtOh2010

Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea carnea | Varshn1992
Merremia kentrocaulos | Nakaha1981a
Merremia tuberosa | Nakaha1981a | (= Ipomoea tuberosa)

Crassulaceae

Bryophyllum | HodgsoHi1990 Nakaha1981a
Bryophyllum daigremontianum | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Kalanchoe daigremontiana | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Kalanchoe pinnata | Nakaha1981a DeLott1967b Nakaha1981a
Sedum | HodgsoHi1990

Cucurbitaceae

Citrullus | DeLott1967b
Cucumis sativus | Varshn1992
Cucurbita moschata | BenDov1978a
Cucurbita pepo | WilliaWa1990
Luffa | Ali1968a Ali1971 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Sechium edule | VieiraCaPi1983

Cyperaceae

Cyperus rotundus | Nakaha1981a

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea | MilleHeCa2016

Ebenaceae

Euclea racemosa | DeLott1956a | ssp schimperi (= Euclea kellau)

Euphorbiaceae

Alchornea cordifolia | Newste1920
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius | BenDov1978a | (= Jatropha aconitifolia)
Codiaeum | HodgsoHi1990 Mamet1943a Nakaha1981a
Codiaeum variegatum | Ali1971 Nakaha1981a
Croton | DeLott1956a Ali1968a Ali1971 Almeid1973b DeLott1968a Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 Green1896 ShafeeYoKh1989
Croton macrostachyus | DeLott1956a
Croton tiglium | BenDov1978a Green1937
Discoglypremna caloneura | CouturMaRi1985
Erythrococca | DeLott1956a
Euphorbia | BenDov1978a Hodgso1994a HodgsoHi1990 Mamet1943a | (= Poinsettia)
Euphorbia fulgens | BenDov1978a
Euphorbia pulcherrima | Hodgso1967 Nakaha1981a | (= Poinsettia pulcherima),
Euphorbia tuckeyana | LagowsGoHo2022
Hevea | Ali1971 Green1937 Ramakr1930
Hevea brasiliensis | Ali1968a Ali1971 BenDov1978a Green1904a Hodgso1994a Mamet1943a ShafeeYoKh1989
Jatropha curcas | BenDov1978a
Macaranga tanarius | LinEdKo2017
Manihot | Ali1971 Green1937
Manihot esculenta | Ali1968a BenDov1978a Green1904d Nakaha1981a Nakaha1983 WilliaBu1987 | (= Manihot utilissima)
Mareya micrantha | CouturMaRi1985 | (= Mareya spicata)
Ricinus communis | BenDov1978a Mamet1943a Mamet1978
Sapium sebiferum | Ali1968a Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Triadica sebifera | Ali1968a Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Vernicia fordii | WilliaWa1990 | (= Aleurites fordii)

Fabaceae

Acacia | KfirRo1980
Cassia grandis | Nakaha1981a
Crotalaria | WilliaWa1990
Delonix regia | BenDov1978a
Erythrina corallodendron | TaoWoCh1983
Erythrina variegata | Ali1968a Ali1971 Morris1920 | (= Erythrina indica)
Parkinsonia aculeata | Mamet1951

Geraniaceae

Geranium | BenDov1978a HodgsoHi1990
Pelargonium | HodgsoHi1990

Goodeniaceae

Scaevola | WilliaMa2009b Nakaha1981a
Scaevola sericea | WilliaWa1990 BenDov1978a
Scaevola taccada | BenDov1978a WilliaMa2009b | (= Scaevola koenigii)

Heliconiaceae

Heliconia | Nakaha1981a
Heliconia metallica | Lizery1942c Newste1903

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea | HodgsoHi1990

Hypericaceae

Harungana | CouturMaRi1985

Iridaceae

Dietes bicolor | Nakaha1981a | (= Moraea bicolor)
Gladiolus illyricus | BenDov1978a Mamet1943a
Iris germanica | HodgsoHe2000

Lamiaceae

Clerodendrum | WilliaWa1990
Coleus | Nakaha1981a
Coleus scutellarioides | BenDov1978a | (= Coleus blumei)
Ocimum basilicum | Mamet1943a
Premna taitensis | Ferris1935 WilliaWa1990
Rosmarinus officinalis | KondoMoDi2018

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum montanum | MestreHoHa2015
Cinnamomum verum | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1990 | (= Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
Ocotea usambarensis | BenDov1978a
Persea americana | BenDov1978a DeLott1967b Nakaha1983 Brain1920a DeLott1967b | (= Persea gratissima)

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia | WilliaWa1990

Loganiaceae

Geniostoma | WilliaWa1990
Strychnos lucens | BenDov1978a Hodgso1967

Loranthaceae

Loranthus | DeLott1956a
Plicosepalus acaciae | BenDov2012 | (= Loranthus acaciae)
Tapinanthus quequensis | BenDov1978a Hodgso1969a | (= Loranthus quequensis)

Lythraceae

Lawsonia | Ali1968a Ali1971 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Lawsonia inermis | Newste1917b Matile1984c | (= Lawsonia alba),
Punica granatum | TsagkaBePa2016

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia | Bodenh1924

Malpighiaceae

Malpighia coccigera | BenDov1978a

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus esculentus | Ali1968a Ali1971 Nakaha1981a Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989 | (= Hibiscus esculentus)
Abutilon | Green1904d Hodgso1994a BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Abutilon indicum | Varshn1992
Ceiba pentandra | Ali1968a Ali1971 WilliaWa1990 | (= Eriodendron anfractuosum)
Corchorus | Varshn1992
Durio | Suh2023
Gossypium | Ali1968a Ali1971 Green1908a Newste1914 Newste1917b Ramakr1919a Hall1935 Nakaha1981a Nakaha1983 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Gossypium arboreum | TaoWoCh1983
Gossypium barbadense | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
Gossypium herbaceum | Ali1971
Gossypium hirsutum | WilliaWa1990
Gossypium tomentosum | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Grewia | DeLott1956a
Hibiscus | Ferris1935 Hodgso1969a Hodgso1994a HodgsoHi1990 Mamet1943a Nakaha1981a Nakaha1983 Balach1957c Cocker1894c Cocker1896k Green1907 WilliaBu1987 Marott1987 Willia2010
Hibiscus mutabilis | DeLott1968a Matile1978 | (= Hibiscus sinensis)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Ali1968a Ali1971 DeLott1968a Hodgso1994a Mamet1943a Nakaha1983 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 Granar1999 Green1937 ShafeeYoKh1989
Hibiscus sabdariffa | WilliaWa1990
Hibiscus syriacus | WilliaWa1990
Hibiscus tiliaceus | WilliaWa1990
Kokia drynarioides | Nakaha1981a
Lavatera maritima | GertssSc2020
Malvaviscus arboreus | BenDov1978a
Microcos paniculata | Varshn1992
Ochroma | WilliaWa1990
Sida | HodgsoHi1990
Sida acuta | BenDov1978a Mamet1943a
Sida rhombifolia | Hodgso1967 WilliaWa1990
Theobroma cacao | BenDov1978a
Thespesia | HodgsoHi1990 Ramakr1930
Thespesia populnea | Ali1968a Ali1971 BenDov1978a Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Trichospermum pleiostigma | LinEdKo2017

Meliaceae

Guarea guidonia | MestreHoHa2015
Melia | HodgsoHi1990
Melia azedarach | Schmut1998 BenDov1978a DeLott1967b | (= Azadirachta indica),
Pseudocedrela kotschyi | LinEdKo2017
Toona ciliata | Hall1935 | (= Cedrela toona)

Melianthaceae

Bersama | Hall1935

Monimiaceae

Tambourissa | Mamet1954 Matile1978

Moraceae

Artocarpus | Nakaha1981a
Artocarpus heterophyllus | WilliaWa1990
Broussonetia papyrifera | Ali1971 Green1930c
Castilla elastica | BenDov1978a
Ficus | Mamet1950 Mamet1951 Kuwana1931b Brain1920a DeLott1957a Ferris1921 Hodgso1967 Mamet1943a Mamet1954 Newste1911 Ali1968a Ali1971 DeLott1967b HodgsoHi1990 Nakaha1981a Nakaha1983 Green1904d Green1917a Hall1924a Marott1987
Ficus ampelas | LinEdKo2017 | (= Ficus irisana)
Ficus benghalensis | Varshn1992
Ficus benjamina | BenDov1978a | (= Ficus nitida)
Ficus carica | Ali1971 BenDov1978a Bodenh1924 EzzatHu1969 Hall1923 Matile1984c
Ficus elastica | Ali1971 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Ficus erecta | Kuwana1931b
Ficus ingens | Hodgso1969a
Ficus lacor | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Ficus lutea | BenDov1978a DeLott1956a WilliaMa2009b | (= Ficus nautarum) (= Ficus nekbudu),
Ficus membranacea | MestreHaEv2011
Ficus microcarpa | TaoWoCh1983
Ficus palmata | DeLott1956a
Ficus reflexa | Mamet1950 Mamet1951 | (= Ficus melleri)
Ficus religiosa | Green1930c ShafeeYoKh1989
Ficus retusa | Ali1971
Ficus sarmentosa | CarnerPe1986 | var impressa (= Ficus wrightii)
Ficus scabra | WilliaWa1990
Ficus sur | DeLott1956a BenDov1978a Hall1935 | (= Ficus capensis) (= Ficus mallotocarpa)
Ficus sycomorus | BenDov1978a Bodenh1924 EzzatHu1969 Hall1923 AbdRab2017 AbouEl1998
Ficus thonningii | DeLott1956a | (= Ficus dekdekena)
Ficus tinctoria | Ali1971 WilliaWa1990 | including ssp gibbosa (= Ficus gibbosa),
Ficus vasculosa | TaoWoCh1983
Ficus vasta | DeLott1956a
Maclura africana | Hodgso1969a
Morus | Ali1971 BenDov1978a
Morus alba | Ali1968a Ali1971 BenDov1978a
Morus indica | Ali1968a Ali1971 ShafeeYoKh1989 Varshn1992
Streblus asper | Ali1968a Ali1971 ShafeeYoKh1989

Musaceae

Musa | Ali1971 BenDov1968 Green1923b Hodgso1994a HodgsoHi1990 Nakaha1981a Ramakr1930
Musa acuminata | LinEdKo2017 | (= Musa sapientum)
Musa paradisiaca | Nakaha1981a Ali1971 WilliaWa1990

Myristicaceae

Myristica fragrans | Ali1968a

Myrtaceae

Acca sellowiana | HodgsoHe2000 WilliaWa1990 | (= Feijoa sellowiana)
Eucalyptus deglupta | BenDov1978a
Melaleuca | LinEdKo2017
Melaleuca ericifolia | LinEdKo2017
Melastoma candidum | LinEdKo2017
Metrosideros | Nakaha1981a
Myrciaria dubia | WolffKoPe2016
Psidium | VieiraCaPi1983 HodgsoHi1990 Kirkal1902 Marott1987
Psidium cattleyanum | Willia1985a | (= Psidium littorale)
Psidium guajava | Ali1968a Ali1971 BenDov1978a DeLott1957a DeLott1967b Newste1917 Green1930c KfirRo1980 Nakaha1981a Nakaha1983 ShafeeYoKh1989 DanzigKo1990
Syzygium australe | LinEdKo2017
Syzygium cordatum | DeLott1967b Hodgso1967
Syzygium guineense | Hodgso1969a
Syzygium myrtifolium | MazzeoNuLo2020
Syzygium samarangense | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 | (= Eugenia javanica)
Xanthostemon chrysanthus | LinEdKo2017

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillea | Nakaha1981a

Ochnaceae

Ochna | Hall1935

Oleaceae

Jasminum | Varshn1992
Ligustrum | Varshn1992
Olea europaea | ElsebaAh2017

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum | Mamet1954
Cymbidium | VieiraCaPi1983
Platanthera | BenDov1978a | (= Piperia)
Vanda | Nakaha1981a

Pandanaceae

Pandanus | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995

Passifloraceae

Adenia glauca | DeLott1967b
Passiflora | DeLott1967b HodgsoHi1990
Passiflora edulis | DeLott1967b WilliaWa1990 WysokiBeSw1993
Passiflora quadrangularis | BenDov1978a Hall1922

Phyllanthaceae

Antidesma venosum | DeLott1967b
Bischofia javanica | Ali1968a Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Bridelia | BenDov1978a Hodgso1969a
Bridelia micrantha | Hodgso1967
Glochidion | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Phyllanthus | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 Mamet1954
Uapaca kirkiana | Hall1935

Piperaceae

Piper | Hall1924a
Piper betle | Nakaha1981a
Piper methysticum | WilliaWa1990

Pittosporaceae

Hymenosporum flavum | LinEdKo2017
Pittosporum | Hall1922
Pittosporum arborescens | WilliaWa1990
Pittosporum eugenioides | LinEdKo2017
Pittosporum tobira | PadillMaNa2016
Pittosporum undulatum | BenDov1978a

Poaceae

Bambusa | Kirkal1902 Marott1987
Cynodon dactylon | Varshn1992
Eleusine indica | Varshn1992
Panicum | WilliaWa1990
Panicum maximum | BenDov1978a

Polemoniaceae

Cobaea | Ali1968a Ali1971 Green1896
Cobaea scandens | CarnerPe1986

Polygalaceae

Polygala | LinEdKo2017

Polygonaceae

Coccoloba | HodgsoHi1990
Emex spinosa | Nakaha1981a
Homalocladium platycladum | HamonWi1984
Muehlenbeckia | HodgsoHi1990

Primulaceae

Ardisia quinquegona | Ali1968a Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Myrsine | BenDov1978a

Proteaceae

Buckinghamia celsissima | LinEdKo2017
Hakea | Marott1987

Pteridaceae

Adiantum | HodgsoHi1990

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus spina-christi | Hall1923

Rosaceae

Crataegus mexicana | Mamet1959a
Malus domestica | DeLott1956a | (= Pyrus malus)
Malus sylvestris | DeLott1956a
Prunus armeniaca | HodgsoHe2000
Prunus dulcis | LagowsGoHo2022
Prunus serotina | Mamet1954 | ssp capuli (= Prunus capuli)
Pyrus | Ali1971
Rosa | Hall1935
Rubus | Nakaha1981a

Rubiaceae

Canthium | Green1904d
Canthium coromandelicum | Green1904d Green1904d | (= Canthium parviflorum),(= Canthium parviflorum)
Cinchona | Green1937
Cinchona officinalis | Green1904d
Cinchona pubescens | Green1904d | (= Cinchona succirubra)
Coffea | Ali1968a Ali1971 Green1896 Green1937 Newste1917b ShafeeYoKh1989
Coffea arabica | Ali1968a CarnerPe1986 Green1904d Hodgso1967
Coffea canephora | WilliaWa1990
Coffea liberica | Green1904d
Gardenia jasminoides | TangLi1988
Guettarda speciosa | WilliaWa1990
Ixora | Nakaha1981a
Ixora coccinea | BenDov1978a
Ixora macrothyrsa | WilliaWa1990
Morinda | Ali1968a Ali1971 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Morinda citrifolia | BenDov1978a
Psydrax obovata | DeLott1967b | (= Canthium obovatum)
Psydrax odorata | Nakaha1981a | (= Canthium odoratum)
Uncaria africana | CouturMaRi1985

Rutaceae

Casimiroa edulis | DeLott1956a
Citrus | Ali1968a Ali1971 CarvalAg1997 HodgsoHi1990 QuezadCoDi1972 ShafeeYoKh1989
Citrus aurantiifolia | WilliaWa1990
Citrus aurantium | Hall1935
Citrus limon | DeLott1956a
Citrus microcarpa | PadillMaNa2016
Citrus reticulata | WilliaWa1990
Evodia hortensis | WilliaWa1990
Melicope | Nakaha1981a | (= Pelea)
Rutaceae | DanzigKo1990
Zanthoxylum | HodgsoHi1990
Zanthoxylum gilletii | CouturMaRi1985 | (= Fagara macrophylla)

Salicaceae

Dovyalis caffra | DeLott1956a | (= Aberia caffra)
Salix warburgii | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983

Salvadoraceae

Salvadora oleoides | Varshn1992

Santalaceae

Santalum album | Ali1968a
Santalum paniculatum | Nakaha1981a

Sapindaceae

Cupaniopsis anacardioides | LinEdKo2017
Dodonaea triquetra | LinEdKo2017
Harpullia pendula | LinEdKo2017
Litchi chinensis | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988 WysokiBeSw1993
Sapindus saponaria | Ferris1935

Sapotaceae

Chrysophyllum | Green1917a
Chrysophyllum cainito | Ali1968a Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Manilkara zapota | Hodgso1994a
Mimusops elengi | Varshn1992
Planchonella obovata | Sassce1911 | (= Sideroxylon ferrugineum)
Pouteria | Green1917a | (= Malacantha)
Sideroxylon oxyacanthum | DeLott1956a

Smilacaceae

Smilax | Nakaha1981a

Solanaceae

Capsicum | Nakaha1983
Capsicum frutescens | WilliaWa1990
Cestrum | Nakaha1981a
Salpichroa origanifolia | Ali1968a Ali1971 CockerRo1915a
Solanum | HodgsoHi1990
Solanum jasminoides | DeLott1956a
Solanum melongena | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Solanum nigrum | BenDov1978a
Solanum wendlandii | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
Withania | Ali1968a Ali1971 CockerRo1915a

Strelitziaceae

Ravenala madagascariensis | LinEdKo2017
Strelitzia | Nakaha1981a
Strelitzia nicolai | VieiraCaPi1983
Strelitzia reginae | Nakaha1981a

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix | BenDov1978a

Theaceae

Camellia | BenDov1978a | (= Thea)
Camellia sinensis | Ali1968a Ali1971 ShafeeYoKh1989 | (= Thea sinensis)

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne | HodgsoHe2000

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | DeLott1956a
Zelkova | HodgsoHi1990
Zelkova serrata | LinEdKo2017

Urticaceae

Pilea cadierei | HamonWi1984

Verbenaceae

Duranta erecta | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988 | (= Duranta plumieri)

Vitaceae

Cissus | DeLott1967b
Vitis vinifera | BenDov1978a DeLott1956a Granar1999 Hall1923 Hall1924a

Zamiaceae

Macrozamia communis | LinEdKo2017

Zingiberaceae

Alpinia nutans | Kuwana1931b
Alpinia purpurata | BenDov1978a Nakaha1981a
Hedychium flavum | WilliaWa1990
Zingiber | Nakaha1981a
Zingiber officinale | BenDov1978a

Foes:

Families: 8 | Genera: 26

Aphelinidae

Coccobius indefinitus | KondoLi2022
Coccobius lucaris | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus capensis | KondoPe2022a
Coccophagus ceroplastae | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus cooperatus | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus cowperi | TsagkaBePa2016
Coccophagus hawaiiensis | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus longifasciatus | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus lycimnia | Bolu2012
Coccophagus minor | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus ochraceus | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus pulvinariae | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus quaestor | MyartsRuCo2016
Coccophagus rusti | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus scutellaris | KondoLi2022
Coccophagus varius | AnneckMy1979a
Marietta leopardina | KondoLi2022
Marietta mexicana | KondoLi2022
Marietta pulchella | KondoLi2022

Cecidomyiidae

Pectinodiplosis erratica | GagneEt2009

Coccinellidae

Azya luteipes | MontilRa2016
Chilocorus bipustulatus | TsagkaBePa2016
Harmonia | KondoLi2022 | (= Leis)

Cordycipitaceae

Lecanicillium lecanii | MilleHeCa2016

Encyrtidae

Aloencyrtus hardii | KondoLi2022
Aloencyrtus johani | KondoLi2022
Aloencyrtus obscuratus | LePell1968
Aloencyrtus saissetiae | Comper1939
Anicetus abyssinicus | KondoLi2022
Anicetus ceylonensis | KondoLi2022
Cheiloneurus cyanonotus | KondoLi2022
Cheiloneurus saissetiae | KondoLi2022
Diversinervus elegans | KondoLi2022 RakimoHoMa2015
Encyrtus aurantii | BlumbeGo1992 | (= Encyrtus lecaniorum)
Encyrtus infelix | Blumbe1997 BlumbeGo1992
Gahaniella saissetiae | MyartsRuCo2016a
Leptomastix nigra | KondoLi2022
Metaphycus africanus | KondoLi2022
Metaphycus helvolus | Flande1953a
Metaphycus lichtensiae | KondoLi2022
Metaphycus luteolus | Blumbe1997
Metaphycus parasaissetiae | KondoLi2022
Metaphycus pulvinariae | KondoLi2022
Metaphycus stanleyi | GuerriNo2000
Metaphycus tuxpan | KondoLi2022
Microterys bizanensis | Comper1939d
Microterys kotinskyi | KondoLi2022
Microterys nicholsoni | Comper1939d
Microterys nietneri | BasheeAsRa2014
Plagiomerus cyaneus | KondoLi2022
Psyllaephagus bicolor | KondoLi2022
Tremblaya minor | KondoLi2022
Tremblaya oleae | KondoLi2022
Trichomasthus nikolskayae | KondoLi2022
Trichomasthus portoricensis | KondoLi2022
Tyndarichus coccidiphagus | KondoLi2022

Eupelmidae

Eupelmus catoxanthae | KondoLi2022
Lecaniobius capitatus | KondoLi2022
Lecaniobius cockerellii | KondoLi2022
Lecaniobius utilis | KondoLi2022

Moraceae

Ficus virens | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 | (= Ficus wightiana)

Pteromalidae

Scutellista caerulea | BadaryAb2011 LePell1968 PriesnHo1940 | (= Scutellista cyanea)

Associates:

Families: 6 | Genera: 9

Anaplasmataceae

Wolbachia | SanaeiAlYe2022

Closteroviridae

GLRaV-3 | HerrbaAlPr2017

Enterobacteriaceae

Enterobacter | RosenbSaSa2012

Flavobacteriaceae

Flavobacteriaceae | RosenbSaSa2012

Formicidae

Camponotus | SharmaSu2011
Crematogaster | SharmaSu2011
Nylanderia jaegerskioeldi | MazzeoNuLo2020
Oecophylla longinoda | VayssiGrSi2020
Oecophylla smaragdina | SharmaSu2011

Ophiocordycipitaceae

Ophiocordyceps | DengYuWa2021

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 150

Agalega Islands | Mamet1943a Mamet1978

American Samoa | DoaneFe1916

Swains' Island | CABI1997b

Angola | Almeid1973b DeLott1968a

Antigua and Barbuda

Barbuda | CABI1997b

Argentina

Tucuman | GranarCl2003

Ascension Island | WilliaMe2007

Australia | Frogga1915 Kirkal1902 Mamet1943a

Australian Capital Territory | KondoLi2022
New South Wales | Frogga1915
Northern Territory | Green1916e
Queensland | SmithBeBr1997
South Australia | RakimoBeWh2013
Victoria | RakimoBeWh2013
Western Australia | RakimoBeWh2013

Austria | KondoLi2022

Azores | CABI1997b LopesFiMa2008

Bangladesh | Varshn1992

Barbados | KondoLi2022

Belgium | CABI1997b

Benin | GermaiVaMa2010

Bermuda | HodgsoHi1991

Bhutan | KondoLi2022

Bolivia | KondoLi2022

Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Kawai1987 Mamet1943a

Brazil | Frogga1915 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 Mamet1943a

Goias | TiagoRoTs2017
Minas Gerais | KondoLi2022
Rio Grande do Sul | CABI1997b
Sao Paulo | CABI1997b

British Virgin Islands | KondoLi2022

Brunei | Hodgso1994a

Burkina Faso | CABI1997b

Burma (=Myanmar) | Ali1968a Ali1971

Cameroon | CABI1997b

Canada | CABI1997b

Canary Islands | BenDov2013 GomezM1967O PerezGCa1987

Cape Verde | Fernan1975 VanHarCoWi1990

Chad | Hodgso1994a

Chile | AmouroCrGe2017

Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020

China

Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | CABI1997b
Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
Yunnan | KondoLi2022

Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016

Cocos (=Keeling) Islands | KondoLi2022

Colombia | Kondo2001 Kondo2008a

Comoros | CABI1997b

Cook Islands | CABI1997b

Costa Rica | CABI1997b

Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | CABI1997b

Cuba | MestreHaBa2001 MestreHaEv2011

Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | KondoLi2022

Denmark | CABI1997b

Dominican Republic | CABI1997b

Ecuador | CABI1997b

Egypt | EzzatHu1969 Hall1922 Hall1923 Hall1924a Mamet1943a

El Salvador | QuezadCoDi1972

Eritrea | DeLott1956a DeLott1957a Hodgso1994a

Ethiopia | DeLott1959

Federated States of Micronesia

Caroline Islands | Mamet1943a

Fiji | CABI1997b

France | Balach1939 GermaiBe2003 Mamet1943a

French Guiana | KondoLi2022

French Polynesia

Society Islands | DoaneHa1909 Ferris1935
Tahiti | CABI1997b

Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010

Germany | KondoLi2022

Ghana | CABI1997b

Greece | TsagkaBePa2016

Grenada | KondoLi2022

Guadeloupe | Balach1957c MatileEt2006

Guam | CABI1997b

Guatemala | CABI1997b Willia2010

Guiana | Remill1988

Guinea | Fernan1987a

Guyana (=British Guiana) | Mamet1943a Newste1914

Haiti | PerezG2008

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | Frogga1915 Kirkal1902 Kirkal1904 Mamet1943a

Honduras | CABI1997b

India | Ali1968a Ali1971 Green1908a Hodgso1994a Mamet1943a Newste1917b Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930

Assam | Ali1971
Bihar | Ali1968a Ali1971
Gujarat | KondoLi2022
Haryana | KondoLi2022
Himachal Pradesh | KondoLi2022
Jammu & Kashmir | Varshn1992
Karnataka | Varshn1992
Kerala | KondoLi2022
Maharashtra | KondoLi2022
Punjab | KondoLi2022
Tamil Nadu | Ali1971
Tripura | KondoLi2022
Uttar Pradesh | Varshn1992
West Bengal | Ali1971 Green1908a

Indonesia | CABI1997b

Irian Jaya | Gavril2013
Java | CABI1997b
Sulawesi (=Celebes) | KondoLi2022
Sumatra | Ali1968a Ali1971

Israel | BenDov1993 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1935 KfirRo1980

Italy | LongoMaPe1995 Mamet1943a Marott1987 Pelliz2010

Sicily | MazzeoNuLo2020

Jamaica | Cocker1896a

Japan | Mamet1943a Sassce1911

Johnston Island | CABI1997b

Kenya | DeLott1956a Newste1917b Schmut1998

Kiribati | CABI1997b

Gilbert Islands | CABI1997b
Phoenix Islands | BenDov1993

Laos | Hodgso1994a

Latvia | Stalaz2021

Line Islands

Palmyra Island | CABI1997b

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Madagascar | Mamet1950 Mamet1951 Mamet1954 Mamet1959a Mamet1962

Madeira Islands | CarvalAg1997 CarvalFrAg1996 Green1923b

Malaysia | Ali1971

Sabah | CABI1997b
Sarawak | CABI1997b

Maldives | WatsonOoGi1995 | NeumanODGu2016

Mali | MuniapWaVa2012

Marcus Island | Mamet1943a

Marshall Islands | KondoLi2022

Martinique | Balach1957c MatileEt2006

Mauritius | Mamet1943a

Mexico | CABI1997b

Baja California Norte | Ferris1921
Chihuahua | CABI1997b
Chihuahua | PadillMaNa2016
Ciudad de México | PadillMaNa2016
Colima | CABI1997b
Guanajuato | CABI1997b
Guerrero | CABI1997b
Jalisco | CABI1997b
Michoacan | CABI1997b
Morelos | CABI1997b
Nayarit | CABI1997b ChamLuRo2019
Nuevo Leon | CABI1997b
Oaxaca | CABI1997b
Puebla | CABI1997b
Queretaro | CABI1997b
Sinaloa | CABI1997b
Sonora | CABI1997b

Mozambique | DeLott1968a Hodgso1969a

Namibia (=South West Africa) | CABI1997b

Nauru | CABI1997b

Nepal | KondoLi2022

Netherlands | Jansen1995

New Caledonia | CABI1997b

New Zealand | Frogga1915 Green1929 HodgsoHe2000 Kirkal1902 Mamet1943a

Nicaragua | CABI1997b

Nicobar Islands | KondoLi2022

Nigeria | CABI1997b

Niue | KondoLi2022

Norfolk Island | KondoLi2022

Northern Mariana Islands | Mamet1943a

Pakistan | CABI1997b Varshn1992

Palau | Mamet1943a

Panama | CABI1997b

Papua New Guinea | CABI1997b

Peru | Nunez2008

Philippines | Ali1968a Ali1971 Cocker1905f LongoMaPe1995 Mamet1943a

Luzon | Ali1971

Poland | LagowsGo2020

Portugal | Fernan1992

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | Mamet1943a Martor1976 NakahaMi1981

Republic of the Congo | KondoLi2022

Reunion | CABI1997b GermaiMiPa2014

Romania | Teodor2018

Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | KinjoNaHi1996

Saint Croix | Beatty1944

Saint Helena | CABI1997b

Saint Lucia | Malump2012b

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | KondoLi2022

Sao Tome and Principe

Sao Tome | Fernan1993 Seabra1921 Seabra1925

Saudi Arabia | CABI1997b

Senegal | EtiennMa1993

Seychelles | Green1907 Mamet1943a

Aldabra Island | CABI1997b WilliaMa2009b

Sierra Leone | CABI1997b

Singapore | CABI1997b

Solomon Islands | KondoLi2022

South Africa | Brain1920a DeLott1957a DeLott1967b GroveScDe2014 Mamet1943a

South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005

Spain | GomezM1958b

Sri Lanka | Ali1968a Ali1971 Green1896 Green1937 Hodgso1994a Mamet1943a

Sudan | CABI1997b

Taiwan | Ali1968a Ali1971 Mamet1943a WongChCh1999

Tanzania | CABI1997b

Thailand | Ali1968a Ali1971 Suh2023

Tonga | BenDov1993

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad | Cocker1894c Cocker1896k

Turkey | CebeciSe2004 KaydanUlEr2007

Tuvalu | BenDov1993

U.S. Virgin Islands | CABI1997b

Uganda | DeLott1957a Mamet1943a Newste1911 Newste1913 Newste1917 Newste1917b Newste1920

United Kingdom

England | Green1917a MalumpBa2012 Newste1903

United States

Alabama | CABI1997b
California | Ferris1920b
Florida | CABI1997b HamonWi1984
Kansas | KondoLi2022
Louisiana | CABI1997b
Maryland | CABI1997b
Missouri | CABI1997b
New Mexico | CABI1997b
New York | CABI1997b
Ohio | CABI1997b
Oklahoma | CABI1997b
Pennsylvania | CABI1997b
Texas | CABI1997b
Virginia | CABI1997b
Washington | KondoLi2022

Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987

Venezuela | KondoLi2022

Vietnam | DanzigKo1990

Volcano Islands (=Kazan-Reto) | CABI1997b

Wallis and Futuna Islands

Futuna Island | CABI1997b

Western Samoa | CABI1997b

Yemen | KondoLi2022

Zambia | Hodgso1969a

Zanzibar | Mamet1956

Zimbabwe | DeLott1957a Hall1935 Hodgso1967 Hodgso1969a

Keys

Hodgso2020: pp.221-223 ( Adult (M) ) [Coccidae species]
KondoMoDi2018: pp.381-382 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae associated with Rosmarinus]
ChoiSoLe2018: pp.6-7 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae in Laos]
WolffKoPe2016: pp.275-276 ( Adult (F) ) [Species recorded on Myrciaria dubia in Brazil]
MohammMo2013: pp.146-148 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]
HodgsoHe2000: pp.199 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
EzzatHu1969: pp.374 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
Beards1966: pp.494 ( Adult (F) ) [Micronesia]
Borchs1957: pp.332 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Zimmer1948: pp.320 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]

Remarks

Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae, Saissetini (Choi & Lee, 2019) The analysis of Yen-Po Lin, et al. 2017 determined that a greater awareness of the existence of cryptic diversity within P. nigra is warranted, and that P. nigra was comprised of at least two biotypes (ecotypes), one of which (ANZ) should probably be described and named as distinct species.
Structure: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs 6,44), Hamon & Williams (1984) Gill (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), and Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Adult female is elongate-oval, shiny, dark brown, 3-4 mm long. Body shape varies according to the substrate, specimens found on leaves are broad, only slightly convex but much more convex than those on stems or leaf-mid-ribs, which are elongate and less convex. Immature stages and young adult specimens of P. nigra are translucent-yellow and sometimes mottled (Hamon & Williams 1984). Antennae well developed. Legs well developed, tarsi slender, tapering, not free-articulated, with or without a sclerotic articular process; ungual digitules a little stouter than the tarsal ones, much expanded apically. Spiracular clefts small. Spiracular setae distinct, 3. Marginal setae not spine-like, frayed. Quinquelocular pores present between the spiracle and spiracular cleft. Anal plates triangular, not much elongated, with or without a discal seta. Dorsum strongly sclerotized at maturity, distinctly reticulated almost over the whole surface, with a minute pore at the center of each polygonal area. Dorsal setae minute, few. Tubular ducts numerous on the venter. Multilocular pores widely present on the midregion of the venter of abdomen. (Takahashi, 1955)
Biology: Smith (1944) studied the life history, ecology, and natural enemies in California. The nigra scale successfully develops under laboratory conditions on Cucurbita squashes, and on sprouting potato tubers. On squashes, at 24C a generation is completed within 45-60 days. The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) was studied by Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992). Life history and pest status on coffee discussed by Le Pelley (1968). In Tamaulipas, Mexico, at least 2 complete generations of P. nigra on mistletoe Phoradendron spp. (Santalales: Santalaceae) were observed near Rio San Marcos in Ciudad Victoria. (Myartseva, et al., 2014)
Economic Importance: A potential pest of litchi in Israel (Wysoki et al., 1993).
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Ben-Dov (1978a), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 29
Ali1968a: distribution, host, 37
Ali1971: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 39-40,44
Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 5
AlmeidDaBe2013: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 3
AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
AmouroCrGe2017: DNA sequencing, phylogenetics, phylogeny, 2-9
AndoUtOh2010: distribution, host, 174-183
AnneckMy1979a: biological control, distribution, host, 290-292
BadaryAb2011: biological control, distribution, host, 53-54
Balach1939: distribution, host, 257
Balach1957c: distribution, host, 207
BalikaKoPr2011: distribution, host, 579
Ballou1915: distribution, host, 121
Bartle1969: biological control, distribution, host, 875-878
Bartle1978: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 66-67
BasheeAsRa2014: biological control, distribution, 48
Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 494-496
Beatty1944: distribution, host, 114-172
BenDov1978a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 115-127
BenDov1993: catalog, 209-213
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 26, 44
BenDov2013: distribution, illustration, 71
Blumbe1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 225-236
BlumbeGo1992: biological control, life history, structure, 57-65
Bodenh1924: distribution, host, 70
Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 249
Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 219
Bolu2012: biological control, 110
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 153
Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 340-343
Bordag1914: distribution, host,
Brain1920a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-11
BrainKe1917: distribution, host, 183
Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 226
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 295
CamachCh2015: life history, 4
CamachCh2015: distribution, host, 8, 12
CarvalAg1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 168-170
CarvalFrAg1996: distribution, host, 614
CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 137
CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 7
CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 210
ChamLuRo2019: distribution, host, 361
ChirinRoFe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 419
ChoiLe2017: diagnosis, distribution, host, 102
ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
ChoiSoLe2018: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 50-51
Clause1958: biological control, 291-310
Clause1958a: biological control, distribution, host, 443-447
Cocker1893g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 52-55
Cocker1893j: distribution, host, 254
Cocker1894c: distribution, host, 307
Cocker1894d: distribution, 311
Cocker1896a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 256
Cocker1896b: distribution, 331-332
Cocker1896k: distribution, host, iv
Cocker1898r: distribution, host, 240
Cocker1901e: taxonomy, 32
Cocker1902p: distribution, 255
Cocker1905f: distribution, host, 130
CockerRo1915a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 427
Comper1937: biological control, 43-51
Comper1938: biological control, 315-337
Comper1939d: biological control, distribution, host, 17-20
Comper1961a: biological control, 17-71
CorseuBa1971: distribution, host, 240
CouturMaRi1985: distribution, host, 277
CrouchCr2001: distribution, host, 1-5
DahlstHa1999: economic importance, 919-933
DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 45
Das1959: distribution, host, 437-448
DeLott1956a: distribution, host, 240-241
DeLott1957a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 175-177
DeLott1959: distribution, taxonomy, 151, 152, 153
DeLott1967b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 789-792,807
DeLott1968a: distribution, host, 83
DoaneFe1916: distribution, host, 399
DoaneHa1909: distribution, host, 297
Dougla1887a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
Dougla1891a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 95-96
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 513
Dutt1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 59-71
EMPPO2002a: description, illustration, taxonomy, 293-298
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 112
ElMinsAbHa1971: chemical control, distribution, host,
ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
Esaki1940a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 277
EtiennMa1993: distribution, host, 256
EzzatHu1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 411-413
EzzatNa1987: distribution, 86
FDACS2010: distribution, host, 4
Fernan1975: distribution, host, 43-45
Fernan1987a: distribution, host, 36
Fernan1992: distribution, host, 60
Fernan1993: distribution, host, 111
Ferris1920b: distribution, host, 36
Ferris1921: distribution, host, 90
Ferris1935: distribution, host, 128
Flande1953a: biological control, 266-269
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 6,22
Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 605,610
FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
GagneEt2009: biological control, distribution, host, 348-349
Gavril2013: distribution, 82
GermaiBe2003: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 42-44
GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 2
GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 22
GermaiVaMa2010: distribution, host, 125
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 132
Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57-59
GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
GomezM1958b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 61-62
GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 133
GomezPBaLa2017: symbiont,
Gonzal2016: distribution, host, illustration, 224, 226-228
Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 188
Granar1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 115-116
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
Green1904a: distribution, host, 206
Green1904d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 229-231
Green1907: distribution, host, 200
Green1908a: distribution, host, 31
Green1916e: distribution, host, 64
Green1917a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 201-202
Green1923b: distribution, host, 88
Green1929: distribution, host, 376
Green1930c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 280,288
Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 304
GroveScDe2014: distribution, host, 413
HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 22
Hall1923: distribution, host, 41
Hall1924a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12
Hall1935: distribution, host, 80-81
HamonWi1984: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 68-70
Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 425-426
HerrbaAlPr2017: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 489
Hodgso1967: distribution, host, 11
Hodgso1969a: distribution, host, 24-25
Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 446-449
Hodgso2020: key, 222
HodgsoHe2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 199-200,205-206
HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 2-7,9-12,14-18,20-22
HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 136
HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 21
HouWeZh2023: phylogeny, 343, 344, 346
HuffakMeDe1971: biological control, 16-67
HuffakSiLa1976: biological control, 41-78
Hui1988: biological control, 395-398
JadhavAj1984: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 248-249
JadhavAj1985: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 63-65
Jansen1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 134,141
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 23,32
JohnsoLy1988: distribution, economic importance, host,
KakotiDeRo2022: biology, distribution, host, list, 8
Kalsho1981: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 162, 163
Kawai1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 159
Kawai1987: distribution, host, 77
KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 17
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
KfirRo1980: biological control, distribution, host, 115-116
King1902: taxonomy, 296
KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 126
Kirkal1902: distribution, host, 106
Kirkal1904: distribution, 228
Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
Kondo2013: distribution, host, 46
KondoMoDi2018: host, key, 381
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
Kozarz1992: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 266-268
KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 25-26
Kuwana1909: distribution, host, 153-154
Kuwana1909a: distribution, host, 159
Kuwana1931b: distribution, host, 165
KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
Laing1927: distribution, host, 39
Leonar1913a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33-35
LinEdKo2017: DNA, genetics, reproduction, 1-22
LinGuCo2010: host plants, species richness, 90-98
LinKoGu2013: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 251, 258
LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 4
LoJi1982: biological control, 20-22
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 123
LopesFiMa2008: distribution, host, 153-154
Malump2002: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 293-298
Malump2012b: distribution, 210
Malump2014a: distribution, host, 72
MalumpBa2012: distribution, 31
Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 154-155
Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, 29-30
Mamet1950: distribution, host, 22
Mamet1951: distribution, host, 225
Mamet1954: distribution, host, 14
Mamet1956: distribution, host, 136
Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 378
Mamet1962: distribution, host, 161
Mamet1978: distribution, host, 105
Marott1987: distribution, host, life history, 106
Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 76
MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, 36
Martor1976: distribution, host, 21-259
Maskel1895a: distribution, 15
Matile1970: distribution, host, 175
Matile1976: distribution, host, 295-296
Matile1978: distribution, host, 46-48
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 220
MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 166
MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 63
MestreHaBa2001: distribution, host, 59-61
MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 7-8
MestreHoHa2015: distribution, host, 8
MestreKo2018: distribution, 5
Meurge2011: distribution, 80
MifsudFsMa2012: natural enemies, 17
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, 518
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 134
Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 70
MillerWi1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 350
MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
MohammMo2013: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 148, 156
MontilRa2016: biological control, 138
Morris1920: distribution, host, taxonomy, 197
MuniapWaVa2012: distribution, 4-6
MyartsRuCo2004: natural enemies, 143
MyartsRuCo2014: biological control, description, distribution, host, 1015-1020
MyartsRuCo2016a: natural enemies, 781
Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 391
Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 5
NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 30
NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-126
Newste1911: distribution, host, 92
Newste1913: distribution, host, 76
Newste1914: distribution, host, 306
Newste1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 363-364
Newste1917b: distribution, host, 130
Newste1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 191-192
Nietne1861: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
Nunez2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 337-338
OlkowsOlKa1978: biological control, 311-347
Ossian1959: distribution, host, 199
PadillMaNa2016: distribution, host, 556
Painte1951: chemical control, economic importance,
Pelliz2010: distribution, host, 91
PerezG2008: distribution, 213
PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 127
PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
QuezadCoDi1972: distribution, host, 15-16
Quiros1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-195
RakimoBeWh2013: distribution, host, molecular data, 372-378
RakimoHoMa2015: distribution, host, natural enemies,
Ramakr1919: distribution, host, 625
Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 32,36-37
Ramakr1920: distribution, economic importance, host, 932-936
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 348-349
Ramakr1930: distribution, host, 42-45
RaniSr2005: distribution, host, 89-91
Rao1969: biological control, 785-792
Reboul1976: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
Remill1988: distribution, host, 56
Remill1988: distribution, host, 56
Reyne1961: distribution, host, 124
Reyne1964: distribution, host, 97
RochaFePe2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 149-150
RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 467
RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
SanaeiLiCo2021: Wolbachia, 4
Sander1909: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 440-441
SankarPa1977: biological control, distribution, host, 145-150
Sassce1911: 67
Schmut1998: distribution, economic importance, host, 36
Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
Seabra1921: distribution, host, 97
Seabra1925: distribution, host, 37
ShafeeYoKh1989: distribution, host, 52-54
SharmaSu2011: distribution, ecology, 62-64
ShreeMa2000: distribution, economic importance, host, 91-96
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 851
Signor1873a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 439-440
SilvaPeRo2021: host,
Silves1915b: biological control, distribution, host, 337-377
Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 9
SivaraNaRa1987: distribution, host, 101-103
Smith1944: biological control, description, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 225-288
SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 50-51
Sohi1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 111
SongZhSo2018: ant association, chemistry, natural enemies, wax secretion,
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 472
Steinw1930: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 567-569
Suh2023: distribution, host, 6
Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 92
Takaha1928: distribution, host, 342
Takaha1929: distribution, host, 57-58
Takaha1929a: distribution, host, 430
Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 103
Takaha1936c: distribution, host, 116-117
Takaha1939b: distribution, host, 263
Takaha1940a: distribution, host, 331
Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 218
Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 22
Takaha1942d: distribution, host, 354
Takaha1955c: distribution, host, 26
Takaha1955f: distribution, host, 240
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 186-187
TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 84-86
Tao1989: catalog, distribution, host, 59
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 62
TaoWoCh1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-78
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
Thaman2018: ant association, 2
TiagoRoTs2017: host, natural enemies, 379-384
TokunaSeUt2018: distribution, host, 143
TrindaNaMu2016: distribution, host, 162
TsagkaBePa2016: description, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 12-15
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 50
VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 134
Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 98, 99-100
Varshn1994: distribution, host, 346
VayssiGrSi2020: ant association,
VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 99-100
WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
Watson2021: distribution, 521
WatsonOoGi1995: distribution, host, life history, 51
Willia1963: taxonomy, 100
Willia1985b: distribution, host, 53
Willia2001: distribution, 225-227
Willia2010: distribution, host, 144-152
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 208, 212, 214
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 10,14,19,34,43
WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 93
WilliaMa2009b: distribution, host, 118-119
WilliaMe2007: distribution, host, 132
WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 45
WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-140
WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 57
Wise1977: distribution, host, 106
WolffKoPe2016: distribution, host, key, 274-275
WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16,55
WuZhFu2018: control, natural enemies,
Yang1982: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176-178
Zacher1913: distribution, economic importance, host, 121
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 160
ZhangZhLi2017: natural enemies, 1130-1134
Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 324-328
vandenNe2001: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 169-170