Valid Names Results
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diaspididae: Chrysomphalus)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus aonidum Linnaeus 1758: 455. Type data: ASIA: on perennial fruit trees and on Camellia.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia2007b,439). Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England; accepted valid name
- Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead 1880: 267. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Orange Co., Orlando, on Ficus nitida.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899n, 25).
- Aspidiotus ficus; Comstock 1881a: 296. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Riley MSS" as author.
- Aspidiotus ficus; Comstock 1883: 61. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of Riley as author.
- Aspidiotus ficus; Morgan 1889a: 350. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Riley" as author.
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ficus (Ashmead, 1880); Berlese 1895a: 83. change of combination Notes:
- Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Cockerell 1899n: 25. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ficus; Grandpre & Charmoy 1899: 25. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Riley" as author.
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Hempel 1900a: 502. change of combination
- Aspidiotus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Cockerell 1905: 46. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus adonidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Ferris & Kelly 1923: 318. misspelling of species epithet
- Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758); McKenzie 1939: 53. revived combination (previously published)
- Chrysomophalus aonidum; El-Shafie 2012: 518. misspelling of genus name
- Chrysomphalus aonidium (Linnaeus, 1758); Dowell, et al. 2016: 115. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- black scale MillerDa2005
- circular black scale Brimbl1962
- circular purple scale MillerDa2005
- circular scale MillerDa2005
- citrus black scale Bodenh1951a
- cochonilha-purpura CarvalAg1997
- Egyptian black scale Bodenh1951a
- escama roja de Florida CoronaRuMo1997
- fig scale MillerDa2005
- Florida red scale Dekle1965c GersonZo1973 Koszta1996 McKenz1956 Merril1953
- florida red scale GersonZo1973
- la cochenille de l'oranger PicartMa2000
- orange brown scale MillerDa2005
- pou de Floride SchmutKlLu1957
- Queresa del ficus Nunez2008
- The Coccus of the Indian-tree Linnae1758
- Akahoshi-maru-kaigaramushi BerryWa2022
- cocciniglia di Florida BerryWa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 80 | Genera: 199
- Achariaceae
- Hydnocarpus wightianus | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 | (= Hydnocarpus wightiana)
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | McKenz1956 Merril1953
- Amaryllidaceae
- Calostemma | Hall1923
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | DeLott1967a
- Baronia thouarsii | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Mangifera indica | Ali1967a Borchs1966 Lepage1938 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 McKenz1956 Takaha1933
- Rhus thouarsii | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 | (= Protorhus thouarsii)
- Sclerocarya birrea | Mamet1959a | (= Sclerocarya caffra)
- Spondias mombin | Lepage1938 Morgan1889a | (= Spondias lutea)
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Balach1948b Lepage1938
- Annona muricata | Borchs1966 Cohic1958 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988
- Annona reticulata | Borchs1966 Cohic1958 Mamet1956 WilliaWa1988
- Annona squamosa | Cohic1958 Hall1922 WilliaWa1988
- Artabotrys | Leonar1920 Takaha1929 | (= Artabotrys odoratissima)
- Apiaceae
- Bupleurum lateriflorum | BicheArMe2022
- Apocynaceae
- Acokanthera | Hall1923
- Carissa bispinosa | Balach1932d MerrilCh1923
- Carissa carandas | Takaha1929
- Carissa spinarum | Hall1923 | (= Carissa edulis)
- Nerium | Lepage1938
- Nerium oleander | Balach1927 Balach1932d GonzalCh1968 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Ochrosia elliptica | Merril1953
- Plumeria | WilliaWa1988
- Plumeria rubra | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988 | (= Plumeria acutifolia)
- Tabernaemontana | MerrilCh1923
- Thevetia | Takaha1929
- Trachelospermum | Merril1953
- Vinca major | Merril1953
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Dekle1965c Green1937 Lepage1938
- Ilex cornuta | McKenz1956
- Ilex latifolia | Kuwana1902
- Araceae
- Anthurium | Zimmer1948
- Colocasia | BerryWa2022
- Epipremnum aureum | McKenz1956 Merril1953 | (= Pothos aureus)
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | Balach1948b MerrilCh1923
- Hedera | Lepage1938
- Hedera helix | BesheaTiHo1973 GomezM1962 McKenz1956
- Meryta denhamii | BicheArMe2022
- Schefflera | BesheaTiHo1973 Merril1953
- Tetrapanax papyrifer | Balach1932d BicheArMe2022 | (= Aralia papyrifera),(= Aralia papyrifera)
- Trevesia palmata | Merril1953
- Araucariaceae
- Agathis lanceolata | WilliaWa1988
- Agathis moorei | WilliaWa1988
- Araucaria bidwillii | MerrilCh1923
- Arecaceae
- Aiphanes horrida | Houser1918 | (= Aiphanes horrida)
- Areca | McKenz1956
- Areca catechu | Ali1967a Green1908a Takaha1929
- Arecaceae | Almeid1971 Green1930b Mamet1959a
- Caryota | JansenAl2023
- Chamaedorea | MerrilCh1923
- Chamaerops | JansenAl2023
- Cocos | Balach1948b Lepage1938
- Cocos nucifera | Ali1967a Houser1918 Mamet1949 Mamet1954 McKenz1956 Takagi1962b Takaha1929 WilliaWa1988
- Dictyosperma album | Cocker1899n Lepage1938
- Dypsis madagascariensis | MerrilCh1923
- Howea | Balach1932d | (= Kentia)
- Howea forsteriana | McKenz1956 | (= Kentia forsteriana)
- Latania | Balach1932d Hall1922 Zimmer1948
- Latania lontaroides | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988 | (= Latania commersonii)
- Phoenicophorium borsigianum | MerrilCh1923 | (= Phoenicophorium sechellarum)
- Phoenix | Ali1967a Balach1948b Green1908a Ramakr1921a
- Phoenix canariensis | Balach1927 Balach1932d
- Phoenix dactylifera | GomezM1941 Hall1922 McDani1968
- Phoenix loureiroi | McKenz1956 | (= Phoenix humilis loureiri)
- Pritchardia | Hall1923
- Rhapis | Suh2016
- Roscheria melanochaetes | MerrilCh1923
- Roystonea oleracea | GomezM1941 | (= Oreodoxa carribea)
- Roystonea regia | Mamet1959a | (= Roystonea oleracea)
- Saribus rotundifolius | JansenAl2023
- Syagrus romanzoffiana | BicheArMe2022 BicheArMe2022 | (= Cocos plumosa),(= Cocos plumosa)
- Washingtonia | Bodenh1924
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus officinalis | BerryWa2022
- Asparagus setaceus | Kuwana1902 | (= Asparagus plumosus)
- Aspidistra | Cohic1958 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Aspidistra lurida | Kuwana1902 MerrilCh1923
- Cordyline | McKenz1956
- Dracaena | BenDov2012
- Dracaena bicolor | JansenAl2023
- Dracaena draco | Balach1948b
- Dracaena reflexa | PicartMa2000 | var.angustifolia (= Dracaena marginata)
- Furcraea foetida | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 | (= Furcraea gigantea)
- Liriope | NormarOkMo2019
- Ophiopogon | McKenz1956 | (= Mondo)
- Sansevieria | Cohic1958 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe | Hall1922
- Aloe purpurea | PicartMa2000
- Asteraceae
- Calendula officinalis | Hall1923
- Gerbera | WilliaWa1988
- Gerbera jamesonii | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Rhynchospermum | MerrilCh1923
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | Hall1923 Lepage1938 AbdRabEv2021
- Begonia magnifica | Balach1948b | (= Begonia ferruginea)
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis japonica | Takaha1929
- Bignoniaceae
- Danielia | Mamet1959a
- Buxaceae
- Buxus microphylla | Takaha1929 | (= Buxus japonica)
- Cactaceae
- Opuntia | Balach1932d
- Opuntia tomentosa | BicheArMe2022
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum antillanum | Houser1918
- Calophyllum calaba | Houser1918 | (= Calophyllum coloba)
- Calophyllum inophyllum | Takaha1929 WilliaWa1988
- Mammea americana | Houser1918
- Calycanthaceae
- Calycanthus | Merril1953
- Chimonanthus praecox | Merril1953
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | BerryWa2022
- Caryophyllaceae
- Dianthus caryophyllus | Hall1923
- Celastraceae
- Brexia | Balach1932d
- Elaeodendron | Borchs1966 Mamet1949
- Elaeodendron javanicum | Balach1927 Balach1932d Kuwana1933 MerrilCh1923 | (= Euonymus japonicum)
- Euonymus | McDani1968 McKenz1956
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia | Ali1967a
- Garcinia multiflora | MartinLa2011
- Garcinia spicata | Takaha1929 Takaha1955f
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia | Almeid1971
- Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea | BerryWa2022
- Crassulaceae
- Cotyledon orbiculata | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita | BerryWa2022
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | Lepage1938 Mamet1959a Matile1978 MerrilCh1923 WilliaWa1988
- Cycas circinalis | GomezM1941
- Cycas revoluta | Borchs1966 Ferris1921a Houser1918 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Takaha1929
- Cycas thouarsii | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Cyclanthaceae
- Carludovica palmata | GomezM1941
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Hall1922
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | MerrilCh1923
- Ericaceae
- Leucopogon | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Rhododendron | Ali1967a Ramakr1921a
- Rhododendron arboreum | Green1896e Green1900a Green1937 Lepage1938 Ramakr1919a
- Euphorbiaceae
- Aleurites moluccana | Cohic1958 GomezM1941 WilliaWa1988 Zimmer1948
- Croton | Green1904a
- Euphorbia | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbia pulcherrima | Hall1923 | (= Poinsettia)
- Ricinus communis | Balach1927 Balach1932d WilliaWa1988
- Fabaceae
- Acacia decurrens | Hall1922
- Acacia longifolia | Bodenh1924
- Acacia melanoxylon | RosenDe1979
- Acacia nilotica | AbdRabEv2021
- Aeschynomene | Leonar1920 | (= Rueppelia grata)
- Bauhinia | Hall1922
- Bauhinia guianensis | GomezM1941 | (= Bauhinia speciosa)
- Bauhinia purpurea | McDani1968
- Bauhinia variegata | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Castanospermum australe | Frogga1914 | (= Castanospermum australis)
- Ceratonia siliqua | Hall1922
- Erythrina crista-galli | McKenz1956
- Pithecellobium dulce | MyartsRuCo2016
- Robinia | McKenz1956
- Senna auriculata | RahmanAn1941 | (= Cassia auriculata)
- Senna occidentalis | RahmanAn1941 | (= Cassia occidentalis)
- Tamarindus indica | Cohic1958 GomezM1941 WilliaWa1988
- Vachellia nilotica | Hall1923 | (= Acacia arabica)
- Fagaceae
- Quercus robur | Hall1923
- Gentianaceae
- Fagraea | WilliaWa1988 MilleHeCa2016
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | WilliaWa1988
- Iridaceae
- Dietes iridioides | Merril1953 | (= Moraea iridioides)
- Gladiolus | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Gladiolus illyricus | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Iris | Merril1953 | (= Belamcanda)
- Lamiaceae
- Premna | WilliaWa1988
- Lauraceae
- Beilschmiedia elliptica | RosenDe1979
- Cinnamomum camphora | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Takaha1929 | (= Laurus camphora)
- Laurus | Lepage1938
- Laurus nobilis | Balach1932d Balach1948b Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Machilus thunbergii | Kuwana1902 Takaha1929
- Persea americana | Balach1932d GersonZo1973 Hall1922 McKenz1956 | (= Persea gratissima)
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia asiatica | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Lythraceae
- Lawsonia inermis | Hall1922 | (= Lawsonia alba)
- Punica granatum | Hall1922 AbdRabEv2021
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia grandiflora | Hall1923 Houser1918
- Malvaceae
- Gossypium | Hall1922
- Hibiscus mutabilis | GomezM1941
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | GomezM1941 Hall1923
- Meliaceae
- Cedrela odorata | MerrilCh1923
- Melia azedarach | Schmut1998 | (= Azadirachta indica)
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | Ali1967a Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988 | (= Artocarpus communis)
- Ficus | FerrisKe1923 McKenz1956 Ali1967a Balach1927 Cohic1958 Hall1922 Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923 WilliaWa1988
- Ficus benjamina | Ashmea1880 Balach1932d Balach1948b GomezM1941 | (= Ficus nitida)
- Ficus carica | GomezM1962 Hall1923
- Ficus citrifolia | Kuwana1933 | (= Ficus foveata)
- Ficus elastica | Balach1932d Hall1923 Kuwana1933 McKenz1956
- Ficus macrophylla | Balach1948b
- Ficus pumila | WilliaWa1988
- Ficus religiosa | GomezM1941 Hall1923 Houser1918
- Ficus retusa | HabibEzAt1960 Kuwana1933 Takaha1929
- Ficus rubiginosa | BicheArMe2022
- Ficus sur | BicheArMe2022 | (= Ficus capensis)
- Ficus sycomorus | Hall1922
- Morus | Hall1923
- Morus nigra | BicheArMe2022
- Musaceae
- Musa | Balach1948b Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988
- Musa acuminata | Balach1932d | (= Musa cavendishi)
- Musa paradisiaca | Bodenh1924 Borchs1966 Cohic1958 GomezM1941 Mamet1949 Takaha1929 WilliaWa1988 | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myristicaceae
- Myristica cagayanensis | Takaha1929 | (= Chrysomphalus aonidum)
- Myrtaceae
- Decaspermum fruticosum | Takaha1934
- Eucalyptus | Balach1948b MerrilCh1923
- Eucalyptus globulus | Bodenh1924
- Eugenia | Ali1967a Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1921a WilliaWa1988
- Gossia hillii | Frogga1914 | (= Myrtus hilli)
- Melaleuca | WilliaWa1988
- Melaleuca leucadendra | WilliaWa1988
- Melaleuca quinquenervia | WilliaWa1988
- Melaleuca viridiflora | Cohic1958 | (= Melaleuca leucadendron viridiflora)
- Myrtus | Merril1953
- Myrtus communis | Hall1922 Martin1983
- Psidium | Lepage1938
- Psidium guajava | Balach1932d DoaneHa1909
- Syzygium cumini | Hall1922 RahmanAn1941 WilliaWa1988 Zimmer1948 | (= Eugenia jambusa, Eugenia jambolana)
- Syzygium jambos | Hall1922
- Syzygium loiseleurioides | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Nectriaceae
- Nectria aurantiicola | EvansPr1990 Moore2002
- Nothofagaceae
- Nothofagus aequilateralis | WilliaWa1988
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea | WilliaWa1988
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus angustifolia | BicheArMe2022
- Jasminum | Hall1922 McKenz1956 Merril1953 WilliaWa1988
- Jasminum humile | MerrilCh1923
- Jasminum sambac | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Ligustrum | MerrilCh1923
- Ligustrum japonicum | Hall1923 Kuwana1902 Takaha1929
- Olea | Hall1922
- Olea europaea | Bodenh1924 Lepage1938 Takaha1932a
- Osmanthus | Merril1953
- Osmanthus fragrans | Kuwana1933 McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 Takaha1929
- Onagraceae
- Ludwigia octovalvis | WilliaWa1988
- Orchidaceae
- Broughtonia cubensis | MestreHaEv2011
- Coelogyne cristata | Morgan1889a
- Cymbidium | Suh2016
- Cypripedium | McKenz1956
- Dendrobium | Zimmer1948
- Encyclia fucata | MestreHaEv2011
- Odontoglossum | McKenz1956
- Oncidium | GomezM1941
- Trichocentrum undulatum | MestreHaEv2011 | (= Oncidium undulatum)
- Vanilla | WilliaWa1988
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Cohic1958 Laing1933 Mamet1957 McDani1968 MerrilCh1923 WilliaWa1988
- Pandanus odorifer | Takaha1929 WilliaWa1988
- Pandanus tectorius | McKenz1956 | (= Pandanus vetichi)
- Pandanus utilis | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | Takaha1929
- Phyllanthaceae
- Bischofia | Merril1953
- Phyllanthus | Hall1922
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | Takaha1929
- Pinus caribaea | WilliaWa1988
- Poaceae
- Bambusa | Green1937
- Digitaria nodosa | BicheArMe2022 | (= Panicum parlatorei)
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus | Takagi1969a
- Podocarpus macrophyllus | Takaha1929
- Rhamnaceae
- Rhamnus alaternus | Balach1932d
- Rhizophoraceae
- Kandelia candel | Takaha1932a Takaha1933 Takaha1936d | (= Kandelia rheedii)
- Rosaceae
- Eriobotrya japonica | Balach1932d Cohic1958 Hall1922 WilliaWa1988
- Malus domestica | Hall1922
- Malus prunifolia | Hall1922
- Photinia | Balach1927 Balach1932d
- Photinia bodinieri | Merril1953 | (= Photinia serrulata)
- Prunus cerasus | Zimmer1948
- Prunus domestica | AbdRabEv2021
- Prunus laurocerasus | Balach1932d
- Prunus persica | Hall1923
- Pyrus | BerryWa2022
- Rosa | Borchs1966 Cohic1958 Lepage1938 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Takaha1929 WilliaWa1988
- Rubiaceae
- Gardenia | Cohic1958 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Haldina cordifolia | Hall1922 | (= Adina cordifolia)
- Ixora chinensis | TrindaNaMu2016
- Morinda citrifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Rutaceae
- Atalantia buxifolia | Frogga1914
- Citrus | Green1930b Houser1918 Kuwana1933 Lepage1938 Mamet1949 Mamet1951 RahmanAn1941 Takaha1929 Balach1928b Matile1978 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- Citrus aurantiifolia | Green1914c WilliaWa1988 | (= Citrus acida)
- Citrus aurantium | Balach1928b Bodenh1924 GomezM1962 Matile1978 McKenz1939 WilliaWa1988 | (= Citrus aurantium bigaradia, Citrus bigaradia, Citrus myrtifolia)
- Citrus clementina | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus japonica | Balach1928b
- Citrus limon | Balach1928b Bodenh1924 WilliaWa1988
- Citrus maxima | Balach1928b Houser1918 WilliaWa1988 | (= Citrus decumana, Citrus grandis)
- Citrus medica | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus nobilis | Balach1928b
- Citrus paradisi | Beards1966 Houser1918 WilliaWa1988
- Citrus reticulata | WilliaWa1988
- Citrus sinensis | McDani1968 McKenz1956
- Citrus trifoliata | Balach1928b Houser1918 | (= Citrus triptera)
- Glycosmis pentaphylla | Merril1953
- Limonia acidissima | RahmanAn1941 | (= Ferronia elephantum)
- Melicope lunu-ankenda | Takaha1929 | (= Evodia roxburghiana)
- Zanthoxylum americanum | Balach1932d
- Salicaceae
- Salix babylonica | Hall1923
- Santalaceae
- Santalum austrocaledonicum | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | BicheArMe2022
- Acer negundo | BicheArMe2022
- Blighia sapida | GomezM1941
- Dodonaea viscosa | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara subsericea | MartinWoCu2022
- Palaquium formosanum | Takaha1929
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium floridanum | Merril1953
- Solanaceae
- Solanum | BerryWa2022
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala madagascariensis | Mamet1959a
- Strelitzia alba | Balach1927 Balach1932d | (= Strelitzia augusta)
- Strelitzia reginae | Zimmer1948
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 | (= Thea)
- Camellia japonica | McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 Takaha1929 | (= Thea japonica)
- Camellia sinensis | Takaha1929 | (= Thea chinensis)
- Verbenaceae
- Duranta erecta | Borchs1966 Hall1923 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 | (= Duranta plumieri)
- Vitaceae
- Leea rubra | MartinWoCu2022
- Vitis | Balach1948b
- Vitis vinifera | Almeid1971 GomezM1941 Hall1922
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia | Borchs1966 Green1914d Mamet1943a Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- Zamia pumila | Houser1918
Foes:
Families: 15 | Genera: 39
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus perspeciosus | Gordh1979
- Ablerus separaspidis | AnneckIn1970
- Aphytis africanus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Balach1948b MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979 Zimmer1948
- Aphytis columbi | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis comperei | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis diaspidis | MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis hispanicus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Aphytis holoxanthus | Koszta1996 QuezadCoDi1972 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979 SteinbPoRo1987
- Aphytis lepidosaphes | BelgueBiBe2017
- Aphytis lingnanensis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis mazalae | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis melinus | SmailiMrGr2024
- Aphytis merceti | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis philippinensis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis proclia | MyartsRu2000
- Encarsia aurantii | MyartsRu2000 PolaszAbHu1999
- Encarsia citrina | Balach1948b Zimmer1948
- Encarsia herndoni | FlandeGrDe1950 RosenDe1978
- Encarsia lounsburyi | AbdRab2001a Balach1948b
- Encarsia perniciosi | SmailiMrGr2024
- Marietta marchali | AnneckIn1971
- Paraphytis australiensis | RosenDe1979
- Paraphytis costalimai | DeBach1963 RosenDe1979
- Pteroptrix chinensis | ComperSm1927
- Pteroptrix smithi | RosenDe1978 SteinbPoRo1987
- Chrysopidae
- Ceraeochrysa cubana | Drea1990
- Ceraeochrysa sanchezi | Drea1990
- Ceraeochrysa valida | Drea1990
- Chrysopa | Drea1990
- Chrysoperla carnea | Drea1990
- Chrysoperla plorabunda | Drea1990
- Chrysoperla rufilabris | Drea1990
- Leucochrysa pavida | Drea1990
- Pseudomallada aegyptiacus | PriesnHo1940 | (= Chrysopa vulgaris aegyptiaca)
- Chytridiales
- Myiophagus | EvansPr1990
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | RosenDe1978
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Balach1928b
- Chilocorus circumdatus | DasBoGo1988
- Clitostethus arcuatus | SmailiMrGr2024
- Coccidophilus | SantosGr2005
- Curinus coeruleus | Zimmer1948
- Exochomus flavipes | PriesnHo1940
- Pharoscymnus varius | PriesnHo1940
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | StathaKaDa2021
- Scymnus includens | PriesnHo1940
- Telsimia | Chazea1984
- Coniopterygidae
- Semidalis vicina | Drea1990
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | LeeLeSe2024
- Encyrtidae
- Comperiella bifasciata | ComperSm1927
- Habrolepis diaspidi | Prinsl1983 DeluccTr1965
- Habrolepis pascuorum | Trjapi1989
- Habrolepis rouxi | AnneckIn1971
- Pseudhomalopoda prima | Muma1959 RosenDe1978
- Zaomma ficusae | AnneckIn1971
- Zaomma lambinus | Trjapi1989
- Eupalopsellidae
- Saniosulus nudus | GersonOcHo1990
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes coccophagus | GersonOcHo1990
- Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonOcHo1990
- Hypocreales
- Hirsutella | EvansPr1990
- Nectriaceae
- Microcera chrysomphaludis | LiuDeWa2023
- Nectria diploa | EvansPr1990
- Sphaerostilbe aurantiicola | Moore2002
- Phlaeothripidae
- Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | Beshea1975 PalmerMo1990 WatsonDuLi2000a
- Haplothrips | PalmerMo1990
- Haplothrips cahirensis | PriesnHo1940
- Phytoseiidae
- Amblyseius gossipi | YousefEl1982
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus niger | AbdRabMo2006A Gordh1979
- Signiphora aleyrodis | Gordh1979
- Signiphora fax | Woolle1990
- Signiphora merceti | Woolle1990
- Signiphora perpauca | Woolle1990
- Tubeufiaceae
- Podonectria coccicola | XuZeLv2021
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 127
- Algeria | Balach1928b Balach1932d
- American Samoa | BerryWa2022
- Argentina | AmunCl2015 ClapsGo1995
- Buenos Aires | BerryWa2022
- Catamarca | BerryWa2022
- Chaco | BerryWa2022
- Corrientes | BerryWa2022
- Entre Rios | BerryWa2022
- Jujuy | BerryWa2022
- La Rioja | BerryWa2022
- Salta | BerryWa2022
- Santa Fe | BerryWa2022
- Tucuman | BerryWa2022
- Australia
- New South Wales | BerryWa2022
- Northern Territory | Green1914c
- Queensland | Brimbl1962a Frogga1914
- Tasmania | BerryWa2022
- Balearic Islands | BerryWa2022
- Barbados | BerryWa2022
- Belgium | Balach1948b
- Bermuda | BerryWa2022
- Bhutan | BerryWa2022
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Kuwana1909a
- Brazil | Green1937 Lepage1938 RosenDe1979
- Acre | BerryWa2022
- Amapa | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Amazonas | WolffCo1993
- Bahia | WolffCo1993
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Goias | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Maranhao | WolffCo1993
- Mato Grosso | WolffCo1993
- Minas Gerais | WolffCo1993
- Para | WolffCo1993
- Paraiba | WolffCo1993
- Parana | WolffCo1993
- Pernambuco | WolffCo1993
- Rio Grande do Norte | WolffCo1993
- Rio Grande do Sul | WolffCo1993
- Rio de Janeiro | WolffCo1993
- Santa Catarina | HickelDu1995 WolffCo1993
- Sao Paulo | Green1930b Hempel1900a
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | Mamet1943a
- Bulgaria | Chorba1938 TrenchTrTo2010
- Burma (=Myanmar) | DaoBeWa2018
- Burundi | BerryWa2022
- Canary Islands | Balach1948b MatileOr2001 PerezGCa1987
- Cayman Islands | BerryWa2022
- Chile | GonzalCh1968
- Antofagasta | BerryWa2022
- Tarapaca | BerryWa2022
- China | Suh2016
- Fujian (=Fukien) | BerryWa2022
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | BerryWa2022
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | LiuXuFa2019
- Guizhou (=Kweichow) | BerryWa2022
- Hainan | BerryWa2022
- Hebei (=Hopei) | BerryWa2022
- Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993
- Hunan | BerryWa2022
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | BerryWa2022
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | BerryWa2022
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | BerryWa2022
- Shandong (=Shantung) | BerryWa2022
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | BerryWa2022
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | BerryWa2022
- Colombia | Balach1959a Kondo2001 Kondo2008a
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Cook Islands | BerryWa2022
- Corsica | FoldiGe2018
- Costa Rica | Suh2016
- Croatia | Bachma1953 Masten2007
- Cuba | Houser1918 MestreHaEv2011
- Cyprus | BerryWa2022
- Czech Republic | BerryWa2022
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1956
- Denmark | Balach1948b
- Dominica | BerryWa2022
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941 RosenDe1979
- Easter Island | BerryWa2022
- Egypt | Ezzat1958 Hall1922 Hall1923
- El Salvador | QuezadCoDi1972
- Ethiopia | BerryWa2022
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Takaha1941b
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Fiji | WilliaWa1988
- France | FoldiGe2018
- French Guiana | BerryWa2022
- French Polynesia
- Tahiti | DoaneHa1909
- Germany | Lindin1909b
- Greece | ArgyriStMo1976 Korone1934
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guatemala | BerryWa2022
- Guiana | Remill1988
- Guinea | Balach1956 Leonar1914
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | BerryWa2022
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Zimmer1948
- Honduras | BerryWa2022
- Hungary | Jansen2005 KozarKoFe2013 StathaKaDa2021
- India
- Andhra Pradesh | Varshn2002
- Assam | Varshn2002
- Bihar | Ali1967a Varshn2002
- Gujarat | Varshn2002
- Karnataka | UsmanPu1955 Varshn2002
- Kerala | Varshn2002
- Madhya Pradesh | Varshn2002
- Maharashtra | Varshn2002
- NCT Delhi | BerryWa2022
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn2002
- Tripura | BerryWa2022
- West Bengal | Nath1972 Varshn2002
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Java | Green1904a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | BerryWa2022
- Sumatra | BerryWa2022
- Israel | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1930 Bodenh1937 GersonZo1973
- Italy | Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995 PellizVa2007
- Sicily | MazzeoLoPe2014
- Jamaica | BerryWa2022
- Japan | Kawai1980 Kuwana1902 Kuwana1917a Kuwana1933 Takaha1936d Takaha1955f
- Honshu | BerryWa2022
- Kyushu | Takagi1962b
- Shikoku | BerryWa2022
- Jordan | BerryWa2022
- Kenya | DeLott1967a Schmut1998
- Kiribati | WilliaWa1988
- Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006 Bodenh1926
- Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 Mamet1954 Mamet1959a
- Madeira Islands | Balach1938a CarvalAg1997
- Malawi | BerryWa2022
- Malaysia | Suh2016 | BerryWa2022
- Sabah | BerryWa2022
- Malta | MifsudMaRu2014
- Martinique | MatileEt2006
- Mauritius | GrandpCh1899 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Mexico | Cocker1899n MyartsRu2000
- Baja California Norte | Ferris1921 FerrisKe1923
- Tamaulipas | LunaSaMa1995
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Montserrat | BerryWa2022
- Morocco | Balach1932d SmailiMrGr2024
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- Nauru | BerryWa2022
- Netherlands | BerryWa2022
- New Caledonia | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Nigeria | BerryWa2022
- Niue | BerryWa2022
- North Korea | BerryWa2022
- Oman | BerryWa2022
- Pakistan | Varshn2002
- Panama | Cocker1899n
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Paraguay | BerryWa2022
- Peru | Beingo1969d Nunez2008
- Philippines | RosenDe1979 VelasqRi1969
- Luzon | Velasq1971
- Poland | Dziedz1989
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957
- Rodriques Island | Borchs1966 Mamet1954a
- Romania | Teodor2018
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | BerryWa2022
- Saint Lucia | Malump2012b
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | BerryWa2022
- Saudi Arabia | Beccar1971 Matile1984c
- Senegal | BerryWa2022
- Seychelles | Green1907 Green1914d Mamet1943a
- Singapore | JansenAl2023
- Slovenia | Seljak2010
- Solomon Islands | BerryWa2022
- South Africa | Balach1956 Bedfor1989 Brain1919 BrainKe1917 RosenDe1979
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994
- Spain | Martin1983
- Sri Lanka | Green1896e Green1900a
- Suriname | BerryWa2022
- Syria | BerryWa2022
- Taiwan | Ferris1921a RosenDe1979 Takagi1969a Takaha1929 Takaha1932a Takaha1934 WongChCh1999
- Tanzania | Balach1956 Borchs1966 Mamet1956
- Thailand | DaoBeWa2018
- Tonga | BerryWa2022
- Trinidad and Tobago | BerryWa2022
- Tunisia | Gharbi2021
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 KaydanUlEr2007
- Tuvalu | WilliaWa1988
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- Uganda | DeLott1967a
- United Kingdom | Green1931a
- England | Morgan1889a
- United States
- Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973
- California | Dekle1965c McKenz1956
- District of Columbia | BerryWa2022
- Florida | Ashmea1880 BesheaTiHo1973 Comsto1881a McKenz1939 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Louisiana | BerryWa2022
- Maryland | BerryWa2022
- Mississippi | Herric1911
- Missouri | Hollin1923
- Oregon | SchuhMo1948
- Texas | McDani1968
- Virginia | BerryWa2022
- Uruguay | BerryWa2022
- Venezuela | BerryWa2022
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 DaoBeWa2018
- Western Samoa | Green1923 Laing1927 | BerryWa2022
- Yemen | BerryWa2022
- Zanzibar | Green1916
- Zimbabwe | Balach1956 Hall1928
Keys
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini from Panama]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- DaoBeWa2018: pp.88-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Citrus diaspidids in Viet Nam]
- WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-7 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
- RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
- SmithPEvDo2012: pp.6-May ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of the genus Chrysomphalus]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-35 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ClapsTe2001: pp.392 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Gill1997: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Koszta1996: pp.476 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.164 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- Terezn1986: pp.92-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.284 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Kawai1980: pp.209-210 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- GersonZo1973: pp.516 ( Adult (F) ) [Israel]
- Velasq1971: pp.131 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- McDani1968: pp.227 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
- Beards1966: pp.515 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- GomezM1962: pp.180 ( Adult (F) ) [Canary Islands]
- Ezzat1958: pp.241 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- Balach1956: pp.86 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Lupo1953: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Balach1948b: pp.346 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Zimmer1948: pp.368-369 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- McKenz1943: pp.150 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Ferris1942: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1939: pp.63 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Kuwana1933: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95-97, 107 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Balach1928b: pp.157 ( Adult (F) ) [North Africa ]
- Britto1923: pp.376 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
- Hollin1923: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
- Leonar1920: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Brain1919: pp.198 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Lawson1917: pp.210 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
- Robins1917: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.307 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
- Cocker1905: pp.45-46 ( Adult (F) ) [Mexico]
- Cocker1905b: pp.201 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Colorado]
- Green1896e: pp.39 ( Adult (F) ) [Sri Lanka]
- Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Chrysomphalus aonidum is indistinguishable from C. bifasciculatus in the field. On ornamental plants, it would be possible to confuse C. aonidum in life with species of Lindingaspis and Melanaspis, but the slide-mounted females are quite distinct; Chrysomphalus lacks paraphyses anterior to the position of the 4th lobes, whereas Lindingaspis and Melanaspis both possess at least a few in this position. (Berry & Watson, 2022)
- Structure: Scale of the female flat, circular, somewhat variable in color but tending to be quite dark, the centrally placed exuviae being somewhat paler than other parts; scale of the male somewhat elongate oval, exuvia near one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph by Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Gill (1997), Wong et al. (1999), Claps & Wolff (2003) and by Pellizzari & Vacante (2007). Matsuda (1927) made a detailed study on the test formation in Chrysomphalus aonidum. His study and a few others made thereafter by himself and other authors show how laborious the construction of a female test in the ordinary diaspidid mode is.
- Biology: A biparental species, that infests leaves and fruits. Chrysomphalus aonidum is a very polyphagous species, grows on the leaves and fruits of many host plants. Reproduction is sexual, each female lays between 50 to 150 eggs over a period of 1–8 weeks (Watson 2005). We record 3–4 generations per year in China (Miller & Davidson 2005), 4 generations on the coast of Lebanon (Talhouk 1973), and 5–6 generations per year in California (Gill 1997). The duration of the life cycle and the number of generations completed annually depend on the temperature, humidity and host plant species; the scales avoid direct sunlight and prefer to feed on leaves in the more humid, shady parts of the tree canopy (Berry & Watson, 2022).
- Economic Importance: The Florida red scale is widely distributed in many tropical and subtropical regions in North and South America, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the far East, Pacific Islands and Australia (CABI, 1988). It has been recorded as a serious pest of citrus in Florida, Texas, Brazil, Mexico, Lebanon, Egypt, Israel (Quayle, 1938; Bodenheimer, 1951; Ebeling, 1959). In recent years it was damaging bananas in Central America, and coconut palm in the Philippines (Rosen & DeBach, 1978).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1933), McKenzie (1939, 1956), Balachowsky (1948b, 1956), Zimmerman (1948), Habib et al. (1960), Velasquez (1971), Chou (1985, 1986), Williams & Watson (1988), Dziedzicka (1989), Kosztarab (1996), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998).
Illustrations
Citations
- Abbas1992: distribution, host, life history, 477-485
- AbdElKDaKo1988: biological control, chemical control, 270-275
- AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 174,176
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 33
- AbdRabMo2006A: biological control, distribution, host, 363-367
- AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- AbulNaSwAh1975: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 127-137
- Aguila1980: biological control, distribution, host, 83-91
- AguilaSaNu1980: biological control, distribution, host, 97-100
- AlShamQu2021: biology, natural enemies,
- Alfier1929: distribution, host, 7-9
- Ali1967a: distribution, host, 40
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, 9
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AltierNi1999: biological control, 975-991
- Alvara1939: distribution, host, 3
- Aly1984: biological control, distribution, host, 546
- AminRiSa2001: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 441
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 5
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- Andrie1932: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Anneck1963: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 195-225
- Anneck1969: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 849-854
- AnneckIn1970: biological control, distribution, host, 241-242
- AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 2,14,29,35
- Argyri1970: biological control, distribution, host, 57-65
- Argyri1979a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 517-520
- Argyri1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 579-583
- ArgyriMo1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 623-627
- ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 25
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- Ashmea1880: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 267
- AttiaMaAb2022: control, natural enemies,
- Avidov1960: distribution, host, life history, 17-31
- Avidov1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history,
- AvidovGa1960: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 5-16
- Azeved1925: distribution, host, 85-86
- Azeved1929: distribution, host, 113-115
- Azeved1929a: distribution, host, 126-128
- Bachma1953: distribution, host, 178
- Badr2014: distribution, host, 51
- Baker1976: biological control, life history, 1-25
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 178
- Balach1928b: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 156-180
- Balach1928d: biological control, 296
- Balach1932b: ecology, 517-522
- Balach1932d: distribution, host, taxonomy, XI
- Balach1938a: distribution, economic importance, host, 151
- Balach1948b: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 346-351
- Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 86-88
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 200
- Ballou1912: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Banks1990: chemistry, 272
- Barrit1929: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 44
- BartleVa1964: biological control, 283-304
- BasuNaCh1969: distribution, economic importance, host, 169-178
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 516
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 105
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- BeattiGe1983: distribution, host, 220-226
- Beccar1971: distribution, host, 194
- Bedfor1968b: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 1-14
- Bedfor1969: biological control, chemical control, 3-10
- Bedfor1973: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 4-11
- Bedfor1989: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-16
- BedforCi1994: biological control, distribution, host, 143-179
- BedforGr1983: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 616-620
- BedforVaDe1998: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Beingo1967: biological control, distribution, host, 67-81
- Beingo1969d: biological control, 827-838
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 128
- BenDov1990e: distribution, host, 656
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 29, 44
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 257-274
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, distribution, host, 59-60
- Benass1959b: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 867-872
- Benass1965a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 112-125
- BenassViRo1979: biological control, 281-287
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- BentleBa1931: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-61
- Berger1921: biological control, distribution, host, 141-154
- Berger1921a: biological control, distribution, host, 333-334
- Berger1932: biological control, distribution, host, 131-136
- Berles1895a: description, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 83,112,195
- BerryWa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 457-460
- Bertel1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history,
- BertelBa1966: distribution, host, 17-46
- Beshea1975: biological control, distribution, host, 223-224
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 5
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 498
- BiezanFr1939: distribution, host, 1-18
- BiezanSe1940: distribution, host, 67-68
- BilogOMo2000: biological control, distribution, host, 137-147
- Blanch1922: distribution, host, 387-398
- BlumbeSw1974: biological control, 437-443
- BlumbeSw1974a: biological control, 3-11
- BlumbeSwWy1995: biological control, 33-44
- Boa1995: taxonomy, 1-71
- Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
- Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 42
- Bodenh1930: distribution, host, 4
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 246
- Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 217
- Bodenh1938: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 7-8
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 74-77
- Bodenh1951a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 274-301
- Bodenh1952: distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 345-346
- Bodkin1925: chemical control, distribution, host, 143-149
- Bonafo1979: structure, 505-512
- Bonafo1981: ecology, life history, 157-170
- Bondar1914: distribution, economic importance, host, 1064-1106
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 49,51
- Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8,17
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 232
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 217,219
- Borchs1966: catalog, 283-286
- Bourne1923: distribution, economic importance, host, 1
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Boyce1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 741-766
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 198,200-201
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 184
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 220
- Brimbl1962a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 414-416
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 376-377
- Broodr1964: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 7-13
- Brooks1977: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
- BrooksTh1963: chemical control, 279-284
- Browni1994a: biological control, 27-49
- Bruner1930: biological control, distribution, host, 11-18
- BrusseBh1970: control, distribution, host, life history, 64-76
- Bryan1915: distribution, host,
- BurditSi1963: chemical control, 223-227
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229
- Buxton1920: distribution, host, 287-303
- CABI1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-3
- CaiLuWe2001: chemical control, 28-32
- CaldweLe2024: control, host, 3
- Caltag1985: biological control, taxonomy, 189-200
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 213
- CarvalAg1997: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 262-264
- Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
- CatchiWh1924: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 604-606
- CaveMa1994: biological control, 3-8
- CaveMa1994: biological control, distribution, host, 3-8
- CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 5
- CeballHe1988a: biological control, life history, 137-140
- CeballHe1988b: biological control, 269-270
- Chambe1925EL: control, distribution, host, 149-165
- CharlePo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 59-64
- CharmoGe1921: distribution, host, 188
- Chazea1984: biological control, distribution, host, 9-10
- Chen1936: taxonomy, 222
- Chiesa1938a: distribution, host, 1-21
- Chiesa1948: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chou1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17-24
- Chou1947a: chemical control, 33
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 284-287
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 672
- ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
- Cillie1971: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 269-284
- Cillie1978b: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 119-122
- Cillie1998a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 145-149
- Cillie2001a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 185-188
- ClancySeMu1963: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 603-605
- ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 18-19
- ClapsTe2001: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 392,395-396
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14-15
- Clause1940: biological control,
- Cocker1892a: distribution, host, 54
- Cocker1892b: distribution, host, 333
- Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, 101
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 334
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 23-24
- Cocker1899j: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 273
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 25
- Cocker1900k: taxonomy, 350
- Cocker1905: taxonomy, 46
- Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 201
- Cohen1969: biological control, economic importance, 769-772
- Cohen1975: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 38-41
- CohenPoEl1987: chemical control, life history, physiology, 303-307
- CohenPoEl1988: biological control, chemical control, 91-95
- CohenPoEl1994: biological control, chemical control, 183-190
- Cohic1958: distribution, host, 13
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 49-50
- Comper1926: biological control, distribution, host, 33-50
- Comper1953: biological control, 35-46
- Comper1961a: biological control, 17-71
- Comper1969: biological control, 755-764
- ComperAn1961: biological control, distribution, host, 17
- ComperSm1927: distribution, host, 63-73
- Compto1924: chemical control, 222-225
- Comsto1881: taxonomy, 9
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 296-300
- Comsto1883: taxonomy, 55,61
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- CostaL1949: biological control, distribution, host, 65-87
- CostaLRa1922: distribution, host, 1101
- CostaLSaAr2024: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, record,
- Craw1891: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10-12
- Craw1896: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
- Craw1906: distribution, host, 139-158
- Creigh1942: control, distribution, host, 219-233
- Cressm1943: chemical control, 17-26
- Crouze1971: biological control, 200
- Crouze1973: biological control, distribution, host, 15-39
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
- DahmsSm1994: biological control, distribution, host, 245-255
- DaneelMeJa1994: distribution, host, 72-74
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 209
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164-166
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 46
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 214-215
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, key, morphology, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: key, phylogeny, 1028, 1030, 1031
- DarlinJo1984: biological control, distribution, host, 555
- Das1988: biological control, life history, 44-45
- DasBoGo1988: biological control, economic importance, 15-18
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeBach1960: biological control, distribution, host, 701-705
- DeBach1963: biological control, distribution, host, 35-38
- DeBach1964: biological control,
- DeBach1964b: biological control, 674-713
- DeBach1971a: biological control, 211-233
- DeBach1974: biological control,
- DeBachBa1951: biological control, chemical control, 372-383
- DeBachRo1976a: biological control, distribution, host, 541-545
- DeBachRo1991: biological control,
- DeBachRoKe1971: biological control, 165-194
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 113-114
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Dean1955: biological control, 444-447
- Dean1982: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 147-149
- DebnatHa1991: distribution, host, 39-40
- Dekle1954: distribution, economic importance, host, 226-228
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 60
- Delucc1969: biological control, 871-874
- DeluccRoSc1976: biological control, taxonomy, 81-91
- DeluccTr1965: biological control, distribution, host, 495-500
- Dhilee1991: distribution, host, 94-99
- Dhilee1996: biological control, distribution, host, 64-74
- DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 312-313
- Dinthe1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 421
- Doane1931: control, distribution, host,
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 11
- Dougla1912: taxonomy, 213
- DouttAnTr1976: biological control, life history, 143
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- Dowson1935: distribution, host, 225
- Dozier1933: biological control, distribution, host, 85-100
- Dozier1937: biological control, distribution, host, 121-135
- Drea1990: biological control, 41-49
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, key, 510, 514
- Dupont1931: distribution, host, 1-18
- Dziedz1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101-102
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Ebelin1936: chemical control, 95
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- Edward1936: distribution, economic importance, host, 335-337
- Efimof1937: distribution, host,
- Ehler1996: biological control, distribution, host, 337-342
- Ehrhor1913: distribution, host, 101
- EhrhorFuSw1913: distribution, 295-300
- ElMinsElHa1974: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 223-232
- ElShaf2012: host, 518
- ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- EnglisTu1940: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 3-18
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- Ezzat1958: distribution, 241
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 87
- EzzatRa1969: chemical control, distribution, host, 92-110
- Fawcet1948: biological control, 627-664
- Fernal1903b: catalog, 286-287
- Ferris1921: distribution, host, 129
- Ferris1921a: distribution, host, 220
- Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 50,64
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 201
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40,43
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:31
- FerrisKe1923: distribution, host, 318
- Figuer1946: distribution, host, 210-211
- Figuer1952: distribution, host, 209
- Filho1931: control, distribution, host, 606
- Fisher1950: biological control, 305-309
- FisherDe1976: biological control, 43-50
- FisherGr1950: chemical control, 712-718
- FisherThGr1949: biological control, 1-11
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 4-24
- Flande1959b: biological control, 125-142
- Flande1969: biological control, 29-33
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- FlandeGrDe1950: biological control, 254-255
- Foldi1990: structure, 43-54
- Foldi1990c: anatomy, structure, 199-204
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- Fonsec1963: distribution, host, 32-35
- FonsecAu1932a: distribution, host, 202-214
- FoxWil1939: distribution, economic importance, host, 2296
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, host, 2,9,23
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 313
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16-17
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Fullaw1932: taxonomy, 97,107
- Fuller1907: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1031-1055
- GanLiZh1993: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 347-348
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
- Garcia1931a: biological control, distribution, host, 659-666
- Garcia1931a: biological control, distribution, host,
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 235
- GeorghMe1983: chemical control, life history, 1-46
- GeorghTa1976: chemical control, 759
- GerlinBa1971: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 37-44
- GermaiDeLa2016: key, list of species, 2
- GermaiMa2005: distribution, host, 32
- GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- Gerson1967c: biological control, distribution, host, 632-638
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- GersonZo1973: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 513-533
- Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 55-58
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 7
- Ghauri1962: structure, taxonomy, 93,210
- GibsonRo1922: distribution, host, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 96,98
- Gill2005: chemical control, 17
- GillClDu1999: control, distribution, host,
- GirolaAr1925: distribution, host,
- GithaeOnNd2021: distribution, host, 81
- GomesC1940: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 329-354
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 97-98
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 130
- GomezM1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32,39-41
- GomezM1958a: distribution, host, 7
- GomezM1962: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 184-186
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 38, 145-147
- GonzalCh1968: distribution, host, 111
- GonzalHeSi1991: biological control, distribution, host, 433-441
- Gordh1979: biological control, 894,896,899,900,910,
- Gough1914: chemical control, 17-19
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 31
- GradyRe1940: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1-32
- GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25-26
- GravenFo1979: distribution, host, life history, 109-113
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1896e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 39,43-44
- Green1900a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 69
- Green1904a: distribution, host, 208
- Green1907: distribution, host, 202
- Green1908a: distribution, host, 33
- Green1914c: taxonomy, 232
- Green1914d: distribution, host, 47
- Green1915e: distribution, host, 608-636
- Green1916: distribution, host, 376
- Green1930b: distribution, host, 214
- Green1931a: distribution, host, 105
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 331
- Griffi1951: chemical control, economic importance, 464-468
- GriffiFi1949: chemical control, 829-833
- GriffiSt1947: chemical control, 2-8
- GriffiTh1949a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8
- GriffiTh1957: distribution, host, 5-30
- GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
- GruwelMoNo2007: endosymbionts, taxonomy, 267-280
- GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, economic importance, host, list, 3, 4
- HabibAt1960: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 353-365
- HabibElRa1973: distribution, host, life history, 133-141
- HabibEzAt1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 329-336
- HabibSaAm1971: distribution, host, life history, 318-330
- HafezSa1969d: biological control, distribution, host, 111-116
- HafezTaRa1970: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 3-16
- HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
- Halber1995: distribution, host, 6-9
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 30-32
- Hall1923: distribution, host, 45
- Hall1924a: distribution, economic importance, host, 2-4
- Hall1928: distribution, host, 275
- Hall1969: economic importance, 823-826
- HallFo1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-55
- Hamble1947: distribution, host, 949-956
- Hamlen1974: distribution, host, 6-8
- Hamon1998a: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- HanksDe1998: ecology, life history, 239-262
- Hart1980: biological control, 154-156
- HavronRo1992: biological control, chemical control, 984-987
- HavronRo1994: biological control, 209-220
- HavronRoPr1991: biological control, distribution, host, 221-228
- Haywar1939: control, distribution, host, 1
- Haywar1944: distribution, host, 1-32
- Hecht1936: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 299-326
- HekalSa2001: biological control, distribution, host, 51-66
- HekalSa2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 63-70
- HekalSa2001b: biological control, distribution, host, 71-76
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 502-503
- Hempel1904: distribution, host, taxonomy, 321-322
- Hempel1922: distribution, host, 133-144
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 11,29-30,65
- Herric1925: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
- HickelDu1995: distribution, host, 665-668
- Hill1975: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- HindiAmRo1964: chemical control, 27-43
- Hodgso2020: key, 146
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 23
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29-30
- HorticInNo1923: distribution, host, 236-239
- Houser1918: distribution, host, 168
- Howard1895e: biological control, 1-44
- Howard1908: distribution, host, 265-277
- Howard1991: control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 217-225
- HoyHe1985: biological control,
- Hsu1935: distribution, host, 578-590
- Huffak1990: biological control, 205-220
- HuffakSt1971: biological control, 333-350
- Hughes1957: structure, taxonomy, 709-718
- HunterWo2001: biological control, life history, 251-290
- IpertiBr1969: biological control, host, 149-157
- IpertiLa1968: biological control, host, 543-552
- Ishaay1971: chemistry, physiology, 935-943
- IshaaySw1970: chemistry, host, physiology, 37-42
- IshaaySw1970a: chemistry, physiology, 1599-1605
- IshaaySw1990: chemistry, physiology, 353-356
- IshaaySwNe1980: chemistry, physiology, 212
- Ishii1928: biological control, distribution, host, 79
- Ishii1932a: biological control, distribution, host, 161
- Jackso1913: taxonomy, 1-48
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25,33
- JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
- Jimene1969: biological control, 781-784
- Johnst1915: biological control, distribution, host, 1-33
- JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 185
- Jourdh1979: biological control, 75-79
- KakotiDeRo2022: biology, distribution, host, list, 9
- KamburGeBa1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 413-418
- KamelAbHi2003: biological control, distribution, host, 1009-1023
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 210
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 94
- KfirRo1981: biological control, 141-150
- KhaladBoMa2024: distribution, species richness, survey,
- KhalifHa1958: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 449-459
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 251
- Klein1940: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-25
- Koebel1893: biological control, distribution, host, 1-39
- KoebelMa1897: biological control, distribution, host, 65-67
- Komosi1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 216-218
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
- KoreTh2014: biology, description, distribution, host, irradiation, 144-146
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21-22
- Koszta1990: biological control, structure, 307-311
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 477-478
- Koteja1990b: anatomy, life history, structure, 233-242
- Kotins1909: distribution, host, 97
- Kotter1977: distribution, host, 1807-1815
- KozarKi1979: distribution, host, 246-250
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 71
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 196
- Kuwana1909a: distribution, host, 160
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 175
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 72
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 27-28
- Labano1999: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 14-15
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- Laing1933: distribution, host, 676
- Laport1948: biological control, distribution, host, 35-37
- Laport1949: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 150-158
- Larter1937: distribution, host, 65-72
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214-216
- LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 286
- Leonar1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 199,211
- Leonar1907: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 119
- Leonar1914: distribution, host, 205
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-69
- Lepage1938: catalog, 398-399
- LepageFi1947: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- Lepesm1947: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 196-198
- Lever1969: distribution, host,
- LiLi1990: biological control, host, 68-70
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 222
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 40
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 58,72,154,175,358,
- Lindin1924: taxonomy, 175
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 132
- Linnae1758: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 455
- LiuXuFa2019: distribution, host,
- Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78,79
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
- Lounsb1898: distribution, host, 35-58
- Lounsb1914: distribution, host, 1
- Lounsb1916: distribution, host, 83-103
- Lu1989a: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 218-223
- Lugger1900: distribution, host, 208-245
- LunaSaMa1995: distribution, host, 265
- Lupo1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24-31
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 415-416
- Makino1938: host, structure, 69-73
- MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, 55-58,81
- MaltbyJiDe1968: biological control, 1086-1088
- Malump2012b: distribution, 210
- Mamet1943a: list of species, 158
- Mamet1949: catalog, 56,57
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 226
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 16
- Mamet1954a: distribution, host, 265
- Mamet1956: distribution, host, 138
- Mamet1957: distribution, host, 369,375
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 386,387
- Mansfi1920: distribution, host, 145-155
- Mariau1998: distribution, economic importance, host, 269-277
- Marlat1903: control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 23
- Marlat1915: distribution, host,
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 62
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 38
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 4
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 1-303
- Maskel1895b: distribution, host, 39
- Maskew1914: distribution, host, 193-194
- Maskew1914a: distribution, host, 446-447
- Maskew1916: distribution, host, 308-309
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- Mathis1941: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1-5
- Mathis1947: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 13-35
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 63
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 221
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 170
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 189
- Matsud1927: life history, structure, 391-417
- Matsud1929: distribution, host, life history, structure, 1-79
- Matsud1935: distribution, host, life history, 29-36
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 59
- McClur1990c: ecology, host, 289-291
- McClur1990e: ecology, life history, 309-314
- McClur1990g: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 319-330
- McCoy1985: biological control, 481-499
- McDani1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 230-231
- McKenz1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53,59-60,63,71
- McKenz1943: taxonomy, 150
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24,54-57
- MeltonSh1999: distribution, host, life history, 37-38
- Merkel1938: distribution, host, 88-99
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34-35
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 219-221
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 11
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Meurge2011: distribution, 80
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 508
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 138
- Miller1937RL: control, economic importance, 100-106
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 301
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 122-125
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 303-326
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
- MonrreCoRu1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 43-48
- Monte1930: distribution, host, 3-36
- Moore2002: biological control, 30-32
- Morgan1889a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 350-351
- Morley1909: biological control, distribution, host, 254-257
- MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution,
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 207-214
- Muma1948: biological control, 193-194
- Muma1955: biological control, economic importance, 432-438
- Muma1959: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 577-586
- Muma1969: biological control, 863-870
- Muma1971: biological control, distribution, host, 139-150
- MumaCl1961: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 29-32
- MumaSeDe1961: biological control, distribution, host, 1-39
- MunozG1937: distribution, host, 3-9
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 73
- MurakaAbCo1984: biological control, distribution, host, 237-244
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 81-89
- Myers1927LE: description, taxonomy, 341-346
- NRC1969: biological control, chemical control, ecology, economic importance, taxonomy,
- NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-542
- Nair1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 72
- NajarrSa2016: biological control, ecology, host, 19-26
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 22
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 10
- Nath1972: distribution, host, 1-2
- Nel1933: taxonomy, 418
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 82,104
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 131
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 16, S3, S6
- NotzP1974: biological control, distribution, host, 127-143
- NourElRi1970: distribution, host, 123-127
- Noyes1990a: biological control, 155
- Nunez2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 334
- Nur1990a: chromosomes, structure, taxonomy, 181,183,185
- Osburn1939: chemical control, 688-690
- OsburnMa1944: chemical control, 516-519
- OsburnMa1946: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 571-574
- OsburnMa1948: chemical control, 454-456
- OsburnSp1938: chemical control, 731-732
- Otero1935: distribution, host, 1-26
- OteroCaMo1996: biological control, distribution, host, 530-535
- Pace1939: distribution, host, 664-665
- Paik1972: distribution, host, 1-4
- Painte1951: control, economic importance,
- PalmerMo1990: biological control, 67-76
- Peleg1982: chemical control, 27-32
- Peleg1983: chemical control, 367-372
- PelegGo1981: chemical control, 124-126
- PelegNa1966: biological control, chemistry, life history, 97-98
- Pelliz1987: distribution, host, 121
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 72
- PellizVa2007: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 45-57
- Penzig1887: distribution, host, 3
- PeralL1968: biological control, 22-29
- PeralL1968: biological control, host, 22-29
- PerezG2008: distribution, 214
- PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 128
- Petch1921a: biological control, 89-167
- PicartMa2000: distribution, host, 44-46
- PodoleRoSh1978: biological control, ecology, host, life history, 305-311
- PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
- Ponnam1999: chemical control, distribution, host, 445-451
- Porath1969: biological control, economic importance, 41-43
- PorcelPeMa2012: structure, 320
- Pratt1956: ecology, economic importance, life history, 87-93
- Pratt1958: distribution, illustration, taxonomy,
- Priesn1931: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-19
- PriesnHo1940: biological control, 58-70
- Prinsl1983: biological control, 26
- Prinsl1984: biological control, taxonomy, 38-43
- PrunaAl1973: distribution, host, 1-12
- PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
- Pulsel1927: biological control, 300-327
- QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7
- Quayle1938a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
- Quedna1964b: biological control, 86-16
- QuezadCoDi1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 12-14
- RahmanAn1941: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 816,821-822
- Ramakr1919: distribution, economic importance, host, 623
- Ramakr1919a: taxonomy, 21
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 356
- Ramakr1930: taxonomy, 25
- Ramakr1938a: distribution, host, 341-351
- RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8150, 8151
- RangelGo1945: description, distribution, 1-44
- Rao1969: biological control, 785-792
- RaoGhSa1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Rehman1996: biological control, chemical control, 1-96
- RehmanBrNi1999: biological control, chemical control, 252-257
- RehmanBrNi2000: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 87-93
- RehmanBrSa1999a: biological control, chemical control, 28-33
- ReiderKo1994: distribution, host, 423-427
- RiehlBrMc1980: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 319-363
- Rivnay1968: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-156
- Robert1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 411-415
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- Ronna1928: distribution, host, 1
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- Rose1990d: biological control, economic importance, host, 357-365
- Rose1992: biological control,
- Rosen1965: biological control, distribution, host, 388-396
- Rosen1966: biological control, taxonomy, 43-79
- Rosen1967b: biological control, distribution, host, 1422-1427
- Rosen1969: biological control, 45-53
- Rosen1973: biological control, 47-54
- Rosen1979: biological control, distribution, host, 289-292
- Rosen1987: biological control, taxonomy, 191
- Rosen1990: biological control, 413-415
- Rosen1990a: biological control, 502
- Rosen1993: biological control, 411-416
- RosenDe1973: biological control, 215-222
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 98-100,102-104
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 244-247,272-274,
- RosenhHe1994: biological control, life history, 41-78
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RossleRo1990: biological control, 519-526
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- Russo1929: distribution, economic importance, 2-3
- Ruther1915a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 107
- SaTaLu2001: biological control, 154-160
- Sailer1973: biological control, 15-27
- Sailer1976: biological control, 195-209
- Sailer1981: biological control, economic importance, 419-432
- Sailer1983: distribution, economic importance, 15-38
- SalamaSa1984: chemistry, ecology, host, 393-398
- Salaza1999: control, 33
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70
- SantosGr2005: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 6-9
- SassceWe1923: chemical control, 84-87
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 54,57
- Schmut1969: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 109-110
- Schmut1990a: distribution, host, 393
- Schmut1998: distribution, economic importance, host, 37
- Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 480-481
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- SchuhMo1948: control, distribution, host,
- SchweiGr1936: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 677-714
- Searle1964: distribution, host, 1-18
- Sefer1961: distribution, host, 23
- SelhimBr1977: biological control, distribution, host, 475-478
- SelhimMuSi1969: biological control, 954-955
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 108
- ShafikHu1938: chemical control, 357-395
- Shalab1961: distribution, host, 211-228
- Sharon1980: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1-59
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 58
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
- Shirak1912: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 843
- Signor1870: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 109
- SilvaMiBu2004: biological control, 1321-1325
- Silves1929: distribution, host, 897-904
- Simant1960a: distribution, host, life history, 49-57
- Simant1962a: economic importance, 105-112
- Simant1962b: economic importance, 1182
- Simant1969: biological control, economic importance, 889-896
- Simant1969a: economic importance, life history, 889-896
- Simant1973: economic importance,
- Simant1976: chemical control, distribution, host, 135-164
- Simmon1969a: biological control, 765-767
- SimmonBe1976: biological control, 460
- SmailiMrGr2024: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- Smirno1950a: biological control, 190-194
- Smirno1952: biological control, distribution, host, 63-69
- Smit1964: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Smith1948a: economic importance, 813
- Smith1978a: biological control, distribution, host, 373-377
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history,
- SmithPEvDo2012: economic importance, 2,5-6,11-12
- SongWaTa2024: phylogeny, 4, 8-9
- SpenceOs1938: distribution, host, 728-730
- Staffo1915: structure, taxonomy, 69-70
- Starne1897: taxonomy, 22
- StathaElKo2002: biological control, 105-109
- StathaKaDa2021: biology, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies, 49
- StathaKo2007: distribution, economic importance, host, 202-206
- StathaKo2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 16-21
- SteinbPoRo1987: biological control, distribution, host, 299-310
- SteinbPoRo1987a: biological control, distribution, host, 199-204
- SteinbPoRo1994: biological control, ecology, life history, 79-91
- Steine1987: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Strong1922: distribution, host, 775-780
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 326
- Sulliv1930: distribution, host, 51-59
- SunLiWa2018: distribution,
- SurisC1993: description, distribution, host, 121-127
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- Swirsk1976b: distribution, economic importance, host, 555-559
- Swirsk1989: biological control, 11-44
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 111-113
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- Takagi1962b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86-87
- Takagi2022: structure, 37, 56
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 81
- Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 104
- Takaha1934: distribution, host, 34
- Takaha1936d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7-8
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 220
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-13
- Takaha1955f: distribution, host, 242
- Talhou1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 133-141
- Talhou1973: history, 455-456
- Talhou1975: economic importance, 25
- Tang1984: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 35
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 80
- Targio1884: taxonomy, 388-389
- TawfikHaRa1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 92-97
- TawfikHaRa1970a: biological control, distribution, host, 17-31
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 96-97
- Thomps1935: chemical control, 1-38
- Thomps1938: chemical control, 109-114
- Thomps1938a: control, distribution, host, 51-59
- Thomps1939: chemical control, 782-789
- Thomps1939a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 104-111
- Thomps1942a: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 51-59
- Thomps1950: chemical control, 155
- ThompsGr1949: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-40
- TianCh1991: biological control, 64-66
- Toledo1940: distribution, host, life history, 559-578
- Tower1911: control, distribution, host, 1
- TrabouBe1965: biological control, distribution, host, 1-13
- Trabut1911: distribution, host, 61
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 114-123
- Trimbl1929: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-21
- TrindaNaMu2016: distribution, host, 162
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 296,312
- Trujil1942: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Tryon1889: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 131
- Tschor1939: distribution, host, 90
- Tuncyu1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 30-52
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 48
- VandenTe1964: biological control, ecology, 459-488
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 26
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 431
- Vayssi1930: distribution, host,
- Vazira1982: biological control, distribution, host, 29-32
- Velasq1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 131-133
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 195-208
- VeseyF1940: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 253-285
- VeseyF1941: biological control, distribution, host, 161
- VeseyF1953: biological control, distribution, host, 405-413
- Viggia1984: biological control, 257-276
- Viggia1990a: biological control, 131
- WadhiBa1964: distribution, host, 227-260
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- WangGeZh2019: natural enemies, 933
- WatanaTaCo2000: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 49-64
- Waterh1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 156-171
- Watson1918: distribution, host,
- Watson1926: distribution, host,
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- WatsonBe1937: control, distribution, host,
- WatsonDuLi2000: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 45-61
- WatsonDuLi2000a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 31-37
- Webber1897: biological control, chemical control, 53-58
- WeiScNo2021: key, 21
- WeigelBr1924: chemical control, 386-389
- Wester1918: distribution, economic importance, host, 5-57
- Whitco1974: biological control, 150-169
- Willia1970DJ: distribution, host, 5
- Willia2007b: taxonomy, 427-490
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 223
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 9
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9,91,93-94
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24-26
- Wilson1921: distribution, host, 20-34
- WilsonGo1962: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-61
- Wolfen1955: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 27-34
- WolffCo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 37-39
- WolffEfDa2018: distribution, economic importance, host, key,
- WolffPuSi2004: biological control, distribution, host, 355-361
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21,61
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution,
- WoodwaEvEa1970: distribution,
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 39
- Woodwo1909: distribution, host, 359-360
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- Wysoki1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 805-811
- XieXuZh2004a: chemistry, 512-518
- XuZeLv2021: entomopathogenic fungi, 1
- Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-61
- Yinon1969: biological control, life history, 139-146
- Yother1917: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 30-40
- Yother1922: chemical control, 63-67
- YotherMi1933: chemical control, 38-52
- YousefEl1982: biological control, life history, 113-117
- Yu1986: biological control, 143-144
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 163
- Zhang2000: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 6,23
- ZiegleWo1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Zimmer1948: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 369,372
