Valid Names Results
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889) (Diaspididae: Chrysomphalus)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus dictyospermi Morgan 1889a: 352. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Dictyospermum album; collected by McIntire.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Aspidiotus dictyospermi arecae Newstead 1893d: 185. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, Botanic Garden, on leaves of Areca triandra.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by McKenz1939, 287).
- Aspidiotus mangiferae Cockerell 1893j: 255. Type data: JAMAICA: on mango [=Mangifera indica].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by McKenz1939, 57).
- Aspidiotus arecae Newstead, 1893; Cockerell 1894: 129. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; change in status (level)
- Aspidiotus dictyospermi jamaicensis Cockerell 1894g: 129. Type data: JAMAICA: King's House, on Cycas sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 287). Illustr.
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889); Maskell 1895b: 44. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus minor Berlese in Berlese & Leonardi 1896: 346. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Botanical Garden, on Pandanus graminifoliae.. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 288). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus minor (Berlese in Berlese & Leonardi, 1896); Cockerell 1896b: 334. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi Morgan, 1889; Cockerell 1897i: 23. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi arecae Newstead, 1893; Cockerell 1897i: 23. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi jamaicensis Cockerell, 1894; Cockerell 1897i: 23. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) mangiferae Cockerell, 1893; Cockerell 1897i: 24. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) minor (Berlese in Berlese & Leonardi, 1896); Cockerell 1897i: 30. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermi arecae (Newstead, 1893); Leonardi 1899: 218. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus mangiferae (Cockerell, 1893); Leonardi 1899: 199. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermi mangiferae (Cockerell, 1893); Cockerell 1899a: 396. change of combination and rank
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermi minor Berlese in Berlese & Leonardi, 1896; Marchal 1904: 246. change of combination and rank
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889); Lindinger 1912: 92. revived combination (previously published)
- Aspidiotus agrumincola De Gregorio 1915: 125, 164. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, Palermo, on Citrus.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 40). Notes: Type material very probably lost; personal communication from S. Ragusa di Chiara (Palermo, Sicily) to Yair Ben-Dov, September 2000.
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermi agrumicola De Gregorio 1915: 161. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, on Citrus.. Syntypes, female and first instar, junior synonym (discovered by McKenz1939, 55). Notes: Depository unknown.
- Chrysomphalus arecae (Newstead, 1893); Malenotti 1916c: 114. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus jamaicensis (Cockerell, 1894); Malenotti 1917: 114. change of combination and rank
- Chrysomphalus castigatus Mamet 1936: 94. Type data: MAURITIUS: Rose Hill and Ebéne, on leaves of Furcraea gigantea, in association with Chrysomphalus ficus Maskell, Pinnaspis minor Maskell and Lecanium mauritiense sp. n.. Syntypes, unknown, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by McKenz1939, 58). Illustr.
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889); Ferris 1938a: 200. revived combination (previously published)
- Aspidiotus jamaicensis Cockerell, 1894; Ferris 1941e: 44. change of combination and rank
- Aspidiotus agrumincola; De Gregorio, 1915; Ferris 1941e: 40. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Gregorio" as author.
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermatis (Morgan, 1889); Lindinger 1949: 211. emendation that is unjustified (discovered by Borchs1966, 288).
- Chrysomphalus dictiospermi (Morgan, 1889); Quezada, Cornejo, Diaz de Mira & Hidalgo 1972: 14. misspelling of species epithet
- Chrysomphalus jamaucebsis (Cockerell, 1894); Chou 1985: 288. misspelling of species epithet
- Chrisomphalus dictyospermi; Yasnosh 1995: 248. misspelling of genus name
- Chrysomphalus dictyospermae (Morgan, 1889); Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 23. misspelling of species epithet
- Chrusomphalus dictiospermi Aligeydar 2016: 694. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Chrysomphalus dictiyospermi (Morgan, 1889); Simsek, et al. 2016. misspelling of species epithet
- Chrysomphalum dyctiospermi Carrillo et al. 2024: 562. misspelling of both genus and species names
Common Names
- Bianca-Rossa Maleno1918
- dictyospermum scale Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953 MillerDa2005 RosenDe1978
- Dictyospermum scale RosenDe1978
- escama anaranjada Gonzal1989
- escama dictiosperma CoronaRuMo1997
- korichnevaya shitovka Borchs1936
- Morgan's scale MillerDa2005
- pinta-amarela CarvalAg1997
- piojo rojo Lloren1990
- pou rouge des orangers SchmutKlLu1957
- Queresa aplanada Nunez2008
- Spanish red scale Katsoy1996 MillerDa2005
- spanish red scale Katsoy1996
- cabeça-de- prego-rosa BerryWa2022
- kermès de l’oranger BerryWa2022
- palmiye sari kosnili BerryWa2022
- Rote Mittelmeerschildlaus BerryWa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 84 | Genera: 211
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | WilliaWa1988
- Lithraea molleoides | Balach1932d
- Mangifera indica | Almeid1973b Green1916 KinjoNaHi1996 Lepage1938 Takagi1970 Takaha1933 Takaha1939b WilliaWa1988
- Pistacia atlantica | Bodenh1944b
- Pistacia lentiscus | Balach1927 Balach1932d Balach1933e Foldi2000
- Rhus | Borchs1936
- Schinus terebinthifolia | Balach1932d
- Spondias dulcis | WilliaWa1988
- Spondias pinnata | Lepage1938
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Lepage1938
- Annona cherimola | McKenz1956
- Annona muricata | Balach1956
- Apiaceae
- Actinolema eryngioides | Moghad2013a
- Apocynaceae
- Allamanda | MerrilCh1923
- Aspidosperma | BerryWa2022
- Carissa | MerrilCh1923
- Nerium oleander | Balach1927 Balach1932d Martin1983 McKenz1956
- Plumeria | WilliaWa1988
- Trachelospermum | Merril1953
- Vinca major | Merril1953
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium | UlgentDo2019
- Araceae
- Anthurium | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923 Zimmer1948
- Colocasia | BerryWa2022
- Epipremnum pinnatum | WilliaWa1988
- Monstera deliciosa | Balach1932d
- Xanthosoma | WilliaWa1988
- Zamioculcas zamiifolia | MartinWoCu2022
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | CaliskUl2017
- Dendropanax arboreus | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Fatsia japonica | Martin1983
- Hedera helix | Balach1932d Bodenh1952 Cocker1900h Green1937 Hadzib1983 Martin1983 McKenz1956
- Meryta macrophylla | WilliaWa1988
- Schefflera | WilliaWa1988
- Schefflera sciodaphyllum | Martin1983
- Araucariaceae
- Araucaria | Martin1983
- Arecaceae
- Areca | WilliaWa1988
- Areca catechu | WilliaWa1988
- Areca triandra | Lepage1938 Newste1893d
- Arecaceae | WilliaWa1988
- Calamus | BerryWa2022
- Chamaedorea | JansenAl2023
- Chamaerops humilis | Balach1932d Martin1983
- Cocos | Lepage1938 McKenz1956
- Cocos nucifera | Almeid1973b Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1954 WilliaWa1988
- Dictyosperma | McDani1968 McKenz1939 McKenz1956
- Dictyosperma album | Cocker1899n Lepage1938 Matile1978 Morgan1889a
- Drymophloeus | Lepage1938
- Dypsis | JansenAl2023
- Dypsis lutescens | SolanoHa2025
- Elaeis guineensis | Almeid1973b WilliaWa1988
- Howea | Balach1932d
- Howea belmoreana | Martin1983 Wilson1917
- Hyphaene | Borchs1966 Mamet1959a
- Hyphaene thebaica | DeLott1967a
- Latania | Hempel1900a Martin1983
- Latania lontaroides | Martin1983
- Phoenix | Balach1937c Balach1938a Green1923b
- Phoenix canariensis | Bachma1953 Balach1927 Balach1932d Martin1983 McKenz1956
- Phoenix dactylifera | GomezM1948 Martin1983
- Phoenix reclinata | Balach1932d
- Phoenix roebelenii | SolanoHa2025
- Rhopalostylis sapida | GomezM1962
- Roystonea regia | WilliaWa1988
- Sabal | Balach1932d Wilson1917
- Sabal palmetto | Wilson1917
- Saribus | JansenAl2023
- Socratea exorrhiza | NormarMoKr2014
- Syagrus romanzoffiana | Balach1932d
- Veitchia joannis | WilliaWa1988
- Verschaffeltia splendida | Zimmer1948
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | Matile1978 MerrilCh1923
- Anthericum | McKenz1956
- Asparagus aethiopicus | Green1923b
- Asparagus setaceus | WilliaWa1988
- Aspidistra | McKenz1956
- Beaucarnea recurvata | Hall1926a Moghad2013
- Dracaena | Moghad2013a Balach1956 CaliskUl2017
- Dracaena draco | GomezM1962
- Dracaena fragrans | CaliskUl2017 | (= Dracaena deremensis)
- Dracaena reflexa | JansenAl2023 | var. angustifolia (=Dracaena marginata)
- Furcraea foetida | Borchs1966 Mamet1936 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Ophiopogon | GomezM1962 McKenz1956
- Ophiopogon japonicus | Balach1932d
- Ruscus | Merril1953
- Ruscus aculeatus | Balach1932d
- Ruscus hypoglossum | Balach1932d
- Yucca | Balach1932d
- Yucca gigantea | Balach1932d
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe barberae | Lepage1938
- Aloe ciliaris | Brimbl1962a
- Aloe succotrina | GomezM1946 Martin1983
- Dianella intermedia | WilliaWa1988
- Gasteria | Martin1983
- Asteraceae
- Jacobaea maritima | CaliskUl2017 UlgentErYa2022 | ssp.bicolor (= Senecio bicolor)
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis aquifolium | Martin1983
- Boraginaceae
- Cordia americana | Martin1983
- Bromeliaceae
- Cryptanthus | Merril1953
- Burseraceae
- Santiria grandiflora | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Santiria mollis | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Leonar1920
- Buxus balearica | Balach1927 Balach1932d GomezM1946 Martin1983
- Buxus microphylla | CaliskUl2017
- Buxus sempervirens | Balach1932d Borchs1936 Green1923b Hadzib1983 Moghad2013a MoghadWa2021 | ssp. hyrcana
- Cactaceae
- Cactus | McKenz1956
- Opuntia | Green1905a Ramakr1919a Ramakr1921a
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum | Green1937 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1921a
- Calophyllum inophyllum | WilliaWa1988
- Mammea | MerrilCh1923
- Mammea africana | Merril1953
- Cannaceae
- Canna | BerryWa2022
- Capparaceae
- Capparis spinosa | GomezM1946 Martin1983
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera caprifolium | Martin1983
- Lonicera implexa | Balach1932d
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | WilliaWa1988
- Casuarinaceae
- Allocasuarina verticillata | Merril1953
- Casuarina | WilliaWa1988
- Celastraceae
- Catha edulis | Martin1983
- Elaeodendron | Brimbl1962a
- Euonymus | Balach1932d GomezM1948 McKenz1956
- Euonymus japonicus | Bodenh1952 Hadzib1983 Martin1983 Takagi1958
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia aristata | MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | WilliaWa1988
- Cornaceae
- Cornus mas | Hadzib1983
- Cupressaceae
- Cupressus macrocarpa | Brain1919
- Thuja occidentalis | Almeid1973b
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | Cocker1894g Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923 Ramakr1921a WilliaWa1988
- Cycas circinalis | GomezM1941 Martin1983
- Cycas revoluta | Almeid1973b Balach1932d Dziedz1989 Martin1983 Takagi1970 Takaha1929
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus alternifolius | Balach1932d
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Daphniphyllum macropodum | Merril1953
- Doryanthaceae
- Doryanthes palmeri | Merril1953
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | Green1904a
- Diospyros lotus | Hadzib1983
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 RosenDe1979
- Elaeagnus reflexa | Balach1932d
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus unedo | Balach1932d Martin1983
- Enkianthus | Takagi1958
- Euphorbiaceae
- Aleurites | Borchs1936
- Blumeodendron calophyllum | NormarOkMo2019
- Codiaeum | BerryWa2022
- Euphorbia | Merril1953
- Euphorbia regis-jubae | MatileBa1972
- Macaranga | WilliaWa1988
- Manihot esculenta | WilliaWa1988
- Manihot palmata | Martin1983
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | Balach1932d MerrilCh1923
- Acacia saligna | Balach1932d
- Albizia | MerrilCh1923
- Baikiaea insignis | Ghesqu1932
- Bauhinia | BerryWa2022
- Caesalpinia sappan | Merril1953
- Ceratonia siliqua | Balach1932d Martin1983
- Cercis siliquastrum | Balach1932d Martin1983
- Crotalaria spectabilis | Merril1953
- Cytisus scoparius | Green1923b
- Erythrina variegata | Kuwana1927 Lepage1938 Maskel1898
- Robinia | Moghad2013a
- Senna spectabilis | MatileNo1984
- Sophora secundiflora | Balach1932d Martin1983
- Spartium junceum | Martin1983
- Styphnolobium japonicum | Balach1932d
- Fagaceae
- Quercus canariensis | Balach1932d
- Quercus lusitanica | Balach1932d
- Quercus suber | Balach1932d
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | McKenz1956
- Iridaceae
- Iris germanica | Balach1932d
- Juglandaceae
- Carya | BerryWa2022
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum | Ferris1938a
- Cinnamomum camphora | Borchs1936 Green1923b Hadzib1983 Martin1983
- Cinnamomum verum | Houser1918 Laing1932
- Endiandra | Brimbl1962a
- Laurus | Stalaz2021
- Laurus nobilis | Almeid1973b Balach1932d BenDov1980 Borchs1936 Martin1983 McKenz1956
- Ocotea foetens | Martin1983 GomezM1962
- Persea americana | Dekle1965c Houser1918 McKenz1956 Newste1914 WilliaWa1988 Martin1983
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia | WilliaWa1988
- Barringtonia racemosa | WilliaWa1988
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | GomezM1941
- Lagerstroemia speciosa | WilliaWa1988
- Punica granatum | LagowsGoHo2022
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | Bodenh1952 GomezM1962
- Malpighiaceae
- Malpighia glabra | Wilson1917
- Malvaceae
- Brachychiton | Balach1932d
- Brachychiton populneus | Martin1983
- Firmiana diversifolia | Martin1983
- Hibiscus syriacus | Hadzib1983
- Marantaceae
- Calathea | WilliaWa1988
- Meliaceae
- Carapa guianensis | NormarOkMo2019
- Swietenia macrophylla | WilliaWa1988
- Menispermaceae
- Cocculus | Merril1953
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | WilliaWa1988 Takaha1939b
- Artocarpus altilis | WilliaWa1988
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | WilliaWa1988
- Brosimum utile | NormarMoKr2014
- Ficus | Martin1983 Wilson1917 Ferris1938a GomezM1962 McKenz1956 Savesc1982 WilliaWa1988 Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- Ficus altissima | Wilson1917
- Ficus amplissima | Martin1983
- Ficus benjamina | Balach1927 Balach1932d Martin1983 | (+ Ficus nitida)
- Ficus carica | Bodenh1952 GomezM1954
- Ficus citrifolia | Martin1983
- Ficus elastica | Balach1927 Balach1932d Bodenh1952 Martin1983 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956 Wilson1917
- Ficus macrophylla | Balach1927 Balach1932d Martin1983
- Ficus pumila | MatileNo1984
- Ficus retusa | CaliskUl2017
- Ficus sur | BicheArMe2022 | (= Ficus capensis)
- Ficus tinctoria | WilliaWa1988
- Musaceae
- Musa | WilliaWa1988
- Musa acuminata | Balach1932d Green1923b
- Musa paradisiaca | WilliaWa1988
- Myristicaceae
- Gymnacranthera bancana | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Myristica | WilliaWa1988
- Myristica fragrans | Green1904a
- Myrtaceae
- Acca sellowiana | Balach1932d Merril1953
- Agonis flexuosa | Brimbl1962a
- Arillastrum gummiferum | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Corymbia trachyphloia | NormarOkMo2019
- Eucalyptus | Balach1932d MerrilCh1923
- Eucalyptus cladocalyx | Martin1983
- Eucalyptus cneorifolia | Martin1983
- Eucalyptus gunnii | Martin1983
- Eugenia | MerrilCh1923
- Eugenia uniflora | Martin1983
- Myrtus | GomezM1962 McKenz1956 Merril1953
- Myrtus communis | UlgentDo2019
- Psidium guajava | Balach1932d Hall1925 Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988
- Syzygium | Merril1953
- Syzygium aqueum | WilliaWa1988
- Syzygium jambos | Balach1932d DeLott1967a
- Syzygium loiseleurioides | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Ochnaceae
- Schuurmansia henningsii | WilliaWa1988
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | McKenz1956 Merril1953
- Jasminum officinale | Martin1983 Wilson1917
- Jasminum sambac | UlgentDo2019
- Ligustrum | Martin1983 Martin1983 Leonar1920 MerrilCh1923 RosenDe1979
- Ligustrum sinense | Balach1932d
- Olea | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Bodenh1952
- Olea europaea | Balach1932d Martin1983 Moghad2004
- Orchidaceae
- Coelogyne cristata | Cocker1922a
- Cymbidium | Green1931a
- Cypripedium | Lepage1938
- Dendrobium | Lepage1938 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1921a
- Epidendrum tamaense | McKenz1956
- Geodorum densiflorum | GomezM1948 Martin1983
- Vanilla | WilliaWa1988
- Vanilla planifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Paeoniaceae
- Paeonia | GomezM1948 Martin1983
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Pandanus graminifolius | BerlesLe1896
- Pandanus tectorius | JansenAl2023
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora | Balach1932d
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | BesheaTiHo1973
- Phytolaccaceae
- Phytolacca americana | Hadzib1983
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | MoghadWa2021
- Pinus caribaea | WilliaWa1988
- Pinus thunbergii | Takagi1970 Takaha1932a Takaha1933
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum tobira | Balach1932d
- Plantaginaceae
- Plantago | LagowsGoHo2022
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | Balach1932d
- Poaceae
- Bambusa vulgaris | Dziedz1989
- Polygonaceae
- Coccoloba | BerryWa2022
- Homalocladium platycladum | Martin1983
- Proteaceae
- Banksia | Balach1932d
- Macadamia tetraphylla | WilliaWa1988
- Rosaceae
- Cotoneaster | Balach1932d
- Crataegus azarolus | GomezM1946 Martin1983
- Cydonia oblonga | Balach1932d
- Eriobotrya japonica | Balach1932d
- Fragaria vesca | GomezM1946 Martin1983
- Malus pumila | PerezGCa1987
- Malus sylvestris | WilliaWa1988
- Photinia | Martin1983
- Photinia serratifolia | Merril1953
- Prunus laurocerasus | Hadzib1983 Martin1983 Balach1932d Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Martin1983
- Prunus spinosa | Martin1983
- Pyrus communis | Brimbl1962a
- Rosa | Green1923b Houser1918 Lepage1938 McKenz1956
- Rosa centifolia | Martin1983
- Rosa indica | WilliaWa1988
- Rubiaceae
- Randia | Brimbl1962a
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Borchs1934 Hadzib1983 Almeid1973b Balach1932d Bodenh1952 Cocker1900h Lepage1938 Martin1983 Merril1953 Takagi1970 Bachma1953 MerrilCh1923 SengonUyKa1998 Takaha1929 Takaha1942b UygunSeEr1998
- Citrus aurantiifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Citrus aurantium | Bodenh1928 Hall1929 Martin1983 Hadzib1983 Hadzib1983 WilliaWa1988
- Citrus limon | Hadzib1983 Martin1983
- Citrus maxima | DaoBeWa2023 WilliaWa1988
- Citrus medica | Martin1983
- Citrus paradisi | BatsanKaKi2017
- Citrus reticulata | DeLott1967a
- Citrus sinensis | MifsudMaRu2014
- Ruta chalepensis | Hall1926a
- Salicaceae
- Populus alba | Balach1932d
- Populus nigra | Balach1932d
- Salix | McKenz1956
- Sapindaceae
- Acer palmatum | McKenz1956
- Sapotaceae
- Argania spinosa | Rungs1952
- Mimusops elengi | Ramakr1919a Ramakr1921a
- Palaquium | Green1904a PetersHaMo2020s2
- Pouteria reticulata | NormarOkMo2019
- Scrophulariaceae
- Eremophila deserti | Martin1983
- Myoporum | Balach1932d
- Myoporum laetum | Martin1983
- Solanaceae
- Solanum melongena | WilliaWa1988
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | Martin1983 Bodenh1952
- Strelitzia alba | Balach1927 Balach1932d Moghad2013a
- Strelitzia reginae | Balach1932d McKenz1956
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | McKenz1956
- Taxus baccata | Martin1983 UlgentDo2019
- Theaceae
- Camellia | MerrilCh1923
- Camellia japonica | Martin1983 McKenz1956 Wilson1917
- Camellia sinensis | Hadzib1983 Lepage1938 MoghadWa2021 WilliaWa1988
- Vitaceae
- Leea guineensis | MartinWoCu2022
- Leea rubra | MartinWoCu2022
- Vitis | Bodenh1952 Merril1953
- Vitis vinifera | Martin1983
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia | MerrilCh1923
- Zingiberaceae
- Alpinia nutans | WilliaWa1988
- Etlingera elatior | WilliaWa1988
- Zingiber | WilliaWa1988
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 20
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | SmailiAbBo2013
- Ablerus chrysomphali | Aligey2016
- Aphytis africanus | AnneckIn1971
- Aphytis anomalus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis aonidiae | Aligey2016
- Aphytis chilensis | Balach1948b RosenDe1979
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Balach1948b Hadzib1983 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis coheni | Gordh1979
- Aphytis diaspidis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis hispanicus | Balach1948b GomezM1946 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis holoxanthus | AnneckIn1971
- Aphytis lepidosaphes | MoghadWa2021
- Aphytis lingnanensis | Inserr1970a RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis maculicornis | Balach1948b GomezM1946
- Aphytis melinus | Inserr1970a RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis proclia | MyartsRu2000 QuezadCoDi1972 RosenDe1979
- Aspidiotiphagus citrinus | Aligey2016
- Coccophagus lycimnia | SmailiAbBo2013
- Encarsia aurantii | Aligey2016 Gordh1979 Hadzib1983 PolaszAbHu1999
- Encarsia bennetti | MoghadWa2021
- Encarsia citrina | Balach1948b Gordh1979 Hadzib1983 AbdRab2001a Aligey2016 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia fasciata | Balach1948b GomezM1946
- Encarsia juanae | LazaroGoRo2023
- Encarsia lounsburyi | AnneckIn1971 Balach1948b RosenDe1978
- Encarsia perniciosi | LazaroGoRo2023
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa | CarrilHoAl2024
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | Hadzib1983
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Balach1948b Inserr1970a
- Exochomus | Balach1948b Hadzib1983 Inserr1970a
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Halmus chalybeus | RosenDe1978
- Pharoscymnus setulosus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius chrysomeloides | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | SimsekKaKa2016 BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius pulchellus | CarrilHoAl2024 | (=Rhyzobius debilis)
- Encyrtidae
- Comperiella bifasciata | Flande1944a
- Comperiella lemniscata | Garonn1991 GaronnVi1993 PinaMaVe2001
- Habrolepis pascuorum | Antong1937 Balach1948b
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes | GersonOcHo1990
- Hemisarcoptes malus | Coorem1951
- Mymaridae
- Alaptus priesneri | MoghadWa2021
- Nectriaceae
- Fusarium coccidicola | MoghadWa2021 | (= Fusarium juruanum)
- Nectria diploa | EvansPr1990
- Plectosphaerellaceae
- Verticillium | EvansPr1990
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora aleyrodis | Gordh1979
- Signiphora dozieri | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora falcata | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora flavella | Woolle1990
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Gordh1979
- Signiphora merceti | Gordh1979 Maleno1916d Woolle1990
- Signiphora perpauca | Woolle1990
- Thysanus | CarrilHoAl2024
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 144
- Albania | BerryWa2022
- Algeria | Balach1927 Balach1932d SaighiDoBi2005
- Angola | Almeid1969 Almeid1973b
- Argentina | AmunCl2015 ClapsTe2001 RosenDe1979
- Buenos Aires | GranarCl2003
- Catamarca | GranarCl2003
- Cordoba | GranarCl2003
- Corrientes | BerryWa2022
- Entre Rios | BerryWa2022
- Jujuy | GranarCl2003
- Mendoza | BerryWa2022
- Misiones | BerryWa2022
- Salta | BerryWa2022
- San Juan | GranarCl2003
- San Luis | GranarCl2003
- Tucuman | GranarCl2003
- Armenia | Borchs1936
- Australia
- Queensland | Brimbl1962a
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan SSR | Aligey2016 Borchs1936
- Azores | BenDovSoBo2012 Fernan1981 LopesFiMa2008
- Bahamas | BerryWa2022
- Balearic Islands | BerryWa2022
- Barbados | BerryWa2022
- Benin | BerryWa2022
- Bermuda | BerryWa2022
- Bolivia | BerryWa2022
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Kawai1987
- Brazil | RosenDe1979 WolffCo1993a
- Bahia | WolffCo1993
- Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | Lepage1938
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Para | WolffCo1993
- Parana | BerryWa2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | WolffCo1993
- Rio de Janeiro | Lepage1938
- Sao Paulo | Hempel1900a Lepage1938
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014
- Burma (=Myanmar) | DaoBeWa2018
- Cameroon | BerryWa2022
- Canada
- British Columbia | Treher1915
- Canary Islands | GomezM1962 GomezM1967O MatileBa1972 MatileOr2001 PerezGCa1987
- Cape Verde | Fernan1999 SchmutPiKl1978 VanHarCoWi1990
- Chile | Gonzal1989 GonzalCh1968
- Antofagasta | BerryWa2022
- Atacama | BerryWa2022
- Coquimbo | BerryWa2022
- Maule | BerryWa2022
- O'Higgins | BerryWa2022
- Santiago | BerryWa2022
- Tarapaca | BerryWa2022
- Valparaiso | BerryWa2022
- China | Kuwana1927 Maskel1898
- Fujian (=Fukien) | BerryWa2022
- Fujian (=Fukien) | BerryWa2022
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | BerryWa2022
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | DaoBeWa2023
- Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993
- Hubei (=Hupei) | BerryWa2022
- Hunan | BerryWa2022
- Shandong (=Shantung) | BerryWa2022
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | BerryWa2022
- Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023
- Colombia | Kondo2001 Kondo2008a
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Corsica | Balach1931a Balach1932d
- Costa Rica | Suh2016
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | BerryWa2022
- Crete | Ayouta1940 PellizPoSe2011
- Croatia | Masten2007 | Bachma1953 RosenDe1979
- Cuba | Houser1918 MestreHaEv2011
- Czech Republic | Zahrad1977
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1956 Ghesqu1932 Laing1932
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941
- Easter Island (=Rapa Nui) | BerryWa2022
- Ecuador | BerryWa2022
- Egypt | Ezzat1958 Hall1925
- El Salvador | QuezadCoDi1972 | BerryWa2022
- Eritrea | DeLott1967a
- Ethiopia | BerryWa2022
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | BerryWa2022
- Truk Islands | Beards1966
- Fiji | HodgsoLa2011 RosenDe1979 WilliaWa1988
- France | Balach1932d Balach1933e Cocker1900h Foldi2000
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | WilliaWa1988
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Borchs1936 Hadzib1983 RosenDe1979 YasnosTaCh2005
- Abkhaz ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936
- Germany | Schonf2015
- Greece | ArgyriStMo1976 Bodenh1928 RosenDe1978
- Grenada | BerryWa2022
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guatemala | BerryWa2022
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Guinea | Balach1956
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | McKenz1939 Morgan1889a Newste1893d
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | BerryWa2022
- Kauai | BerryWa2022
- Maui | BerryWa2022
- Oahu | BerryWa2022
- Honduras | BerryWa2022
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013
- India
- Andhra Pradesh | Varshn2002
- Assam | Varshn2002
- Himachal Pradesh | Verma2014
- Karnataka | UsmanPu1955
- Kerala | BerryWa2022
- Sikkim | BerryWa2022
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn2002
- West Bengal | Varshn2002
- Indonesia
- Irian Jaya | WilliaWa1988
- Java | Green1904a
- Sumatra | BerryWa2022
- Iran | Bodenh1944b Kaussa1955 Moghad2004
- Iraq | BerryWa2022
- Ireland | Green1934d
- Israel | BenDov1980
- Italy | BerlesLe1896 Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979 Viggia1970a
- Jamaica | Cocker1894g
- Japan | Kawai1980
- Hokkaido | BerryWa2022
- Honshu | TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | Takagi1958
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Johnston Island | BerryWa2022
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Kiribati | WilliaWa1988
- Laos | DaoBeWa2023
- Latvia | Stalaz2021
- Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006
- Libya | Green1937 Martin1954
- Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1954 Mamet1959a
- Madeira Islands | Balach1938a CarvalAg1997 Green1923b
- Malaysia | NormarOkMo2019
- Sarawak | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Mali | BerryWa2022
- Malta | Borg1919 MifsudMaRu2014
- Marshall Islands | Beards1966
- Mauritius | Borchs1966 Mamet1936 Mamet1949
- Mexico | Cocker1899n MyartsRu2000
- Colima | LazaroGoRo2023
- Nayarit | LazaroGoRo2023
- Puebla | LazaroGoRo2023
- Veracruz | RosenDe1979
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Morocco | Balach1932d RosenDe1979 Rungs1970 Vayssi1920
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- New Caledonia | Cohic1958
- Nicaragua | BerryWa2022
- Niger | BerryWa2022
- Nigeria | Balach1956 Newste1914
- Niue | WilliaWa1988
- Norfolk Island | BerryWa2022
- Palau | Beards1966 Takaha1939b
- Panama | Cocker1899n NormarMoKr2014
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Paraguay | BerryWa2022
- Peru | Beingo1969d Nunez2008
- Philippines | VelasqRi1969
- Luzon | Velasq1971
- Poland | Dziedz1989
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976
- Republic of the Congo | BerryWa2022
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957
- Rodriques Island | BerryWa2022
- Romania | Savesc1982 Teodor2018
- Russia
- Caucasus | BazaroSh1971
- Kabardino-Balkarian AR | Borchs1936
- Krasnodar Kray | Hadzib1983
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | KinjoNaHi1996
- Saint Lucia | MatsunHoKu2019
- Sardinia | Pelliz2011
- Senegal | BerryWa2022
- Seychelles | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a
- Sierra Leone | BerryWa2022
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Somalia | BerryWa2022
- South Africa | Brain1919 BrainKe1917 Newste1917b
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 Suh2016
- Spain | Balach1935b BlayGo1993 GomezM1954 Martin1983 RosenDe1979
- Sri Lanka | Green1900a Green1905a Ramakr1921a
- Sudan | BerryWa2022
- Suriname | BerryWa2022
- Syria | BerryWa2022
- Taiwan | Takagi1970 Takaha1929 Takaha1932a WongChCh1999
- Tanzania | Balach1956
- Thailand | Takaha1942b
- Togo | BerryWa2022
- Tonga | WilliaWa1988
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | BerryWa2022
- Tunisia | Balach1932d Gharbi2021
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 KaydanUlEr2007 RosenDe1979 SengonUyKa1998 Tuncyu1970a UygunSeEr1998
- Turkmenistan | BerryWa2022
- Tuvalu | WilliaWa1988
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- Uganda | Balach1956 Gowdey1917 Newste1917
- United Kingdom
- England | Ferris1938a Green1931a
- United States
- Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
- Arizona | BerryWa2022
- California | McKenz1956 RosenDe1978
- Colorado | Cocker1922a
- Connecticut | BerryWa2022
- District of Columbia | BerryWa2022
- Florida | Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Illinois | BerryWa2022
- Indiana | BerryWa2022
- Kansas | BerryWa2022
- Louisiana | Ferris1938a
- Maryland | BerryWa2022
- Massachusetts | BerryWa2022
- Michigan | BerryWa2022
- Minnesota | BerryWa2022
- Mississippi | Ferris1938a Herric1911
- Missouri | Hollin1923
- New Hampshire | BerryWa2022
- New Jersey | BerryWa2022
- New Mexico | BerryWa2022
- New York | BerryWa2022
- North Carolina | BerryWa2022
- Ohio | BerryWa2022
- Pennsylvania | BerryWa2022
- Rhode Island | BerryWa2022
- South Carolina | BerryWa2022
- Tennessee | BerryWa2022
- Texas | McDani1968
- Utah | BerryWa2022
- Virginia | BerryWa2022
- West Virginia | BerryWa2022
- Uruguay | BerryWa2022
- Venezuela | BerryWa2022
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 DaoBeWa2018
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Zambia | BerryWa2022
- Zanzibar | Green1916
- Zimbabwe | Balach1956 Hall1929
Keys
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
- WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini from Panama]
- SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
- RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
- SmithPEvDo2012: pp.6-May ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of the genus Chrysomphalus]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-35 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ClapsTe2001: pp.392 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Gill1997: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Koszta1996: pp.476 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.164 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- Terezn1986: pp.92-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.284 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Kawai1980: pp.209-210 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Velasq1971: pp.131 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- McDani1968: pp.227 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
- Beards1966: pp.515 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- GomezM1962: pp.180 ( Adult (F) ) [Canary Islands]
- Ezzat1958: pp.241 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- Balach1956: pp.86 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Lupo1953: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Balach1948b: pp.346 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Zimmer1948: pp.368-369 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- McKenz1943: pp.150 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Ferris1942: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1939: pp.63 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Kuwana1933: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95-97, 107 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Balach1928b: pp.157 ( Adult (F) ) [North Africa]
- Britto1923: pp.376 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
- Hollin1923: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
- Leonar1920: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Brain1919: pp.198 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Lawson1917: pp.210 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.307 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
- Cocker1905: pp.45-46 ( Adult (F) ) [Mexico]
- Cocker1905b: pp.201 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Colorado]
- Newste1901b: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
Remarks
- Systematics: Chrysomphalus dictyospermi is easily distinguishable from other Chrysomphalus species by having clavate processes on two plates lateral to each L3, and by lacking clusters of dorsal prepygidial ducts (Miller & Davidson 2005).
- Structure: Female scale greyish-white; exuviae in the centre, depressed, of an elongate oval shape; about 1.2 mm longest diameter; the centre of the larval skin is of a dark orange colour, whilst the exuviae are light yellow (Morgan, 1899a). Scale of the female rather thin, circular, flat, light, brown or yellowish, exuviae central; that of the male elongate oval, similar in color, exuvia toward one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph of the scale cover and general appearance, see: Katsoyannos (1996), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997). Colour photograph by Gonzalez (1989), Gill (1997) and by Wong et al. (1999).
- Biology: This species was reported to have uniparental as well as biparental populations in the USA (Brown, 1965). The scale was found on branches, leaves, and fruits, but was most common on branches. It was detected in groups or individually on the different substrates; on leaves it was observed on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. (Lazaro, et al., 2023)
- Economic Importance: The dictyospermum scale is widely distributed in subtropical regions of the world (CABI, 1951). It is very polyphagous (see Host Plants), and recorded as a most serious pest of citrus in the Western Mediterranean Basin, Greece and Iran. A minor pest in Mexico, South America and the Republic of Georgia (Rosen & DeBach, 1978).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1910), Kuwana (1933), McKenzie (1939, 1956), Balachowsky (1948b, 1956), Zimmerman (1948), Gomez-Menor Guerrero (1962), Bazarov & Shmelev (1971), Velasquez (1971), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Dziedzicka (1989), Zahradnik (1990b), Danzig (1993) Kosztarab (1996), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 176
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 33
- AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
- Alfier1929: distribution, host, 7-9
- Aligey2016: natural enemies,
- Almeid1969: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156-157
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, 9
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 9
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 4
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- Andrie1932: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 28
- Antong1937: biological control, 44-46
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 94-95
- Argyri1969: biological control, 817-822
- Argyri1970: biological control, distribution, host, 57-65
- Argyri1974: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 89-94
- Argyri1977a: biological control, distribution, host, 630-634
- Argyri1979a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 517-520
- Argyri1986: biological control, distribution, host, 545-548
- Argyri1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 579-583
- ArgyriMo1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 623-627
- ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 25-26
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- Ayouta1940: distribution, host, 2-4
- Azeved1925: distribution, host, 85-86
- Azeved1929a: distribution, host, 126-128
- Bachma1953: distribution, host, 177
- Badr2014: distribution, host, 51
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 178
- Balach1928b: taxonomy, 157
- Balach1928d: biological control, 292,293,296
- Balach1931a: distribution, host, 97
- Balach1932b: ecology, 517-522
- Balach1932d: distribution, host, taxonomy, IX-X, XLVII
- Balach1933e: distribution, host, 3
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 260
- Balach1937c: distribution, host, 2
- Balach1938a: distribution, host, 148-149
- Balach1948b: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 351-355
- Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-86
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 257
- BayindBi2016: life history, 145-149
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 193-195
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 516
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 524
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 103
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- Beffa1937: distribution, economic importance, host, 63-70
- Beingo1969d: biological control, 827-838
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 122, 127, 128
- Bellio1932: ecology, life history, physiology, 1-22
- BenDov1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 264-265
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 28, 44
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 277-293
- BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 67
- Benass1965a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 112-165
- Benass1977: distribution, host, life history, 1-20
- BenassBi1967: distribution, host, 247-256
- BenassBi1974: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 247-256
- BenassEu1967a: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 95-111
- BenassEu1970a: biological control, distribution, host, 357-372
- BenassSo1964: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 193-222
- BenassViRo1979: biological control, 281-287
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- BerlesLe1896: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 346-347
- BerlesPa1916: biological control, distribution, host, 305-307
- Berro1927: distribution, host, 55-59
- BerryWa2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 460-462
- Bertel1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history,
- BertelBa1966: distribution, host, 17-46
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 5
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 499
- BiezanFr1939: distribution, host, 1-18
- BiezanSe1940: distribution, host, 67-68
- BindraVa1972: distribution, economic importance, host, 14-24
- BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 503-511
- Boa1995: taxonomy, 1-71
- Bodenh1928: distribution, host, 191
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 94
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 77-78
- Bodenh1952: distribution, host, structure, 346
- Borchs1934: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 29-30
- Borchs1935a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 30
- Borchs1936: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 133-135
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 119-120
- Borchs1939: taxonomy, 16
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 232
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218-219
- Borchs1966: catalog, 287-289
- Borg1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-28
- Borg1922: distribution, host,
- BorianNi1995: chemical control, 43
- Bouhel1935: biological control, distribution, host, 17-20
- BouhelDeDe1932: control, distribution, host, 1-60
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203-204
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 184
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 3
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 220
- Brimbl1962a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 412-414
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 377
- Bunzli1935: distribution, host,
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 220,231
- CABI1951: distribution, host, 1-2
- Cabido1949: description, distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 374-465
- CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 337
- CampbeLaHu2014: phylogeny, 532, 533
- CarrilHoAl2024: diagnosis, distribution, host, natural enemies, reproduction, 562
- CarvalAg1997: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 265-273
- Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
- CatchiWh1924: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 604-606
- CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 5
- Chambe1927: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 484-491
- Chen1936: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 211,222
- Chiesa1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-21
- Chiesa1948: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chiesa1948a: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chou1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 13-16
- Chou1947a: chemical control, 30-32
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 284,288-291
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 673
- ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
- ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 19
- ClapsTe2001: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 392,396-397
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
- Cocker1893j: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 255
- Cocker1894g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 128-129
- Cocker1896b: distribution, taxonomy, 334
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 23,24,30
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 396
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 25
- Cocker1900h: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
- Cocker1905: taxonomy, 46
- Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 201
- Cocker1922a: distribution, host, 149
- Cohic1958: distribution, host, 13
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50-51
- Comper1961: biological control, 210,236
- Coorem1951: biological control, distribution, host, 30-34
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- CostaL1949: biological control, distribution, host, 65-87
- Costan1938: distribution, host, 25-44
- Costan1956a: distribution, economic importance, host, 74-79
- Creigh1942: control, distribution, host, 219-233
- Cressm1933: control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 696-706
- Crouze1971: biological control, 200
- Crouze1973: biological control, distribution, host, 15-39
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 651
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 209
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 167-168
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 167-168
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 47
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 215-217
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, morphology, phylogenetics, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: distribution, host, key, phylogeny, 1022, 1028, 1030, 1031
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeBach1962b: biological control, 29
- DeBach1964d: biological control, 5-18
- DeBach1969: biological control, 801-815
- DeBach1971a: biological control, 211-233
- DeBach1974: biological control,
- DeBachAr1967: biological control, distribution, host, 325-342
- DeBachRo1991: biological control,
- DeGreg1915: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 125-190
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 113
- DeSant1935: biological control, distribution, host, 262-271
- DeSant1941a: biological control, distribution, host, 21-24
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Dekle1954: distribution, economic importance, host, 226-228
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 61
- DelGueMa1915: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-127
- Delucc1969: biological control, 871-874
- DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 307,310-312
- Dinthe1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 421
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 11
- Dougla1912: taxonomy, 219
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- Dupont1931: distribution, host, 1-18
- Dzhash1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 175-176
- Dziedz1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101
- DziedzKa1990: distribution, host, 39-43
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- Ebelin1959: distribution, economic importance, host,
- EbelinPe1953: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-35
- Eblako1938: biological control, 75-77
- Efimof1937: distribution, host,
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- Esaki1940a: distribution, host, 274-280
- Esfand1946: biological control, distribution, 3-4
- Essig1916a: distribution, host, 192-197
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- Ezzat1958: distribution, 241
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 87
- FAO1976: distribution, host, 6-8
- FDACSB1982: distribution, host, 5-11
- FDACSB1988: distribution, host, 5-6
- FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 10, 34
- Fawcet1948: biological control, 627-664
- Fernal1903b: catalog, 289-290
- Fernan1981: distribution, host, 48
- Fernan1999: distribution, host, 86
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 200
- Ferris1941d: taxonomy, 330
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40-42,44-45
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:31
- Figuer1946: distribution, host, 210
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 4-24
- Flande1944a: biological control, 365-371
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- Fleury1934: distribution, host, 483-500
- Foldi1990: structure, 43-54
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 84
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- Foldi2003: distribution, host, 151
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- Fonsec1963: distribution, host, 32-35
- Fonsec1964: distribution, host, 515
- FonsecAu1932a: distribution, host, 202-214
- FontenRoSu1987: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-28
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 9,23
- Frank2021: ecology, life history, 3, 4
- Fullaw1932: taxonomy, 97,107
- Fursch1987: biological control, distribution, host, 387-394
- Gaprin1954: biological control, 587-597
- Gaprin1956: distribution, host, 103-137
- Garcia1916: biological control, host, 776-788
- Garcia1921: biological control, distribution, host,
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
- Garcia1949: distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 374-465
- Garonn1991: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 363-366
- GaronnVi1989: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 523-527
- GaronnVi1993: biological control, life history, 117-124
- Gavalo1931: distribution, host, 8
- Gavalo1936: distribution, host, 80-81
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 236
- GerharLi1952: control, distribution, host, life history, 874-877
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 2
- GermaiMa2005: distribution, host, 32
- GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- Gerson1990: taxonomy, 130
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 8
- Ghesqu1932: distribution, host, 59
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 97,100
- GirolaAr1925: distribution, host,
- GomesCRe1947: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 66
- GomezC1943: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 308
- GomezC1950: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-18
- GomezC1954a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 19-35
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89-96
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 131
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 62
- GomezM1948: distribution, host, 74
- GomezM1954: distribution, host, 121
- GomezM1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32-39
- GomezM1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 180-184
- GomezM1965: distribution, host, 88
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 131
- GomezM1968: distribution, host, 542
- Gonzal1969: biological control, 839-848
- Gonzal1989: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 94
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 111, 118, 147-148
- GonzalCh1968: distribution, 110
- Gordh1979: biological control, 893-896,900,907,911
- Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 189
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 32
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Greath1973: biological control, 29-33
- Greath1976: biological control, economic importance,
- Green1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68-69
- Green1900c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 2-3
- Green1904a: distribution, host, 208
- Green1905a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 345
- Green1916: distribution, host, 376
- Green1922: distribution, host, 462
- Green1923b: distribution, host, 89,97
- Green1931a: distribution, host, 105
- Green1934d: distribution, 114
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 332
- GreenMa1907: distribution, taxonomy, 344
- GriffiTh1957: distribution, host, 5-30
- GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
- GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 377
- GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 5
- Hadzib1983: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 223-226
- HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
- Halber1996: distribution, host, 4-10
- Hall1923: taxonomy, 54
- Hall1925: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- Hall1926a: distribution, host, 34
- Hall1929: distribution, host, 356
- HallFo1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-55
- Haywar1939: control, distribution, host, 1
- Haywar1944: distribution, host, 1-32
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 505-506
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 11,31-32,66
- Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
- Hodek1973: biological control,
- Hodgki1904: control, description, distribution, host, life history, 97-106
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, taxonomy, 23
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 30
- HorticInNo1923: distribution, host, 236-239
- Houser1918: distribution, host, 168-169
- Hsu1935: distribution, host, 578-590
- HuffakGu1990a: biological control, economic importance, 473-492
- Hunt1939: distribution, host, 548-566
- Hussai1974: distribution, economic importance, host,
- IFAC1962d: distribution, host, 140
- Inserr1966: biological control, 176-186
- Inserr1970a: biological control, distribution, host, 39-45
- Iperti1961: economic importance, 14-30
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 124
- Jannon1940: distribution, host, 241-253
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 33
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, 64
- Jarray1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 86
- JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
- John1930: distribution, host, 3-7
- JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 185
- Jourdh1979: biological control, 75-79
- Katsoy1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 15-18,75-78
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 15
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 210-211
- Kawai1987: distribution, host, 78
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 94
- KhaladBoMa2024: distribution, species richness, survey,
- KhaladGu2019: distribution, ecology,
- KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 125-127
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 250-251
- Kiriuk1946a: biological control, distribution, host, 4-6
- KiriukTa1947: distribution, host, 1-4
- Kobakh1965: biological control, 323-330
- Komosi1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214-216
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 57-58
- KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 5
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 19-21
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 479-482
- Kozar1990a: economic importance, life history, 341-347
- KozarKi1979: distribution, host, 246-250
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, structure, 54
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 71-72
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 31-32
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
- Laing1932: distribution, host, 67
- Laport1948: biological control, distribution, host, 35-37
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 210-214
- LazaroGoRo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 247, 252-253
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 286
- Leonar1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 199,218
- Leonar1910: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 11-13
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69-72
- Lepage1938: catalog, 399
- Lepesm1947: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 199-201
- Lepine1928: distribution, economic importance, host, 313-321
- LimonMeBl1976: ecology, life history, 73-87
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 108,222
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 40
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 49,57,58,65,69,71,
- Lindin1924: taxonomy, 175
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 132
- Lindin1949: taxonomy, 211
- Liotta1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 33
- LiottaMiRa1977: economic importance, host, 29-67
- Lloren1990: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 61-68
- LondonKoCa2014: distribution, host, illustration, 266-267
- LongoMaRu1995a: distribution, host, 126-129
- LopesFiMa2008: distribution, host, 153-154
- Lounsb1914: distribution, host, 1
- Lounsb1916: distribution, host, 83-103
- Lounsb1922: distribution, host, 205-210
- Lupo1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 31-38
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 415,416
- Mackie1931: distribution, economic importance, host, 419-441
- Maleno1916c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 109-123
- Maleno1916d: biological control, distribution, host, 181-182
- Maleno1917: biological control, 195-196
- Maleno1918: biological control, 17-53
- Maleno1927: taxonomy, 53
- MaltbyJiDe1968: biological control, 1086-1088
- Malump2012: host, 58
- Malump2012b: distribution, 213
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 74
- Mamet1936: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 96
- Mamet1942: taxonomy, 35
- Mamet1943a: 157
- Mamet1949: catalog, 56
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 16
- Mamet1957: distribution, 369
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 386
- Mansfi1920: distribution, host, 145-155
- Marcha1904: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 246-249
- Marlat1921a: distribution, host, 1-36
- Martel1913: chemical control, 1-28
- Martin1954: distribution, economic importance, host, 113-116
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 62-63
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 4
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 91,136,166,216,252
- Maskel1895b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 44
- Maskel1898: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 224
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MastenSiMa2014: distribution, host, list,
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 64
- MatileBa1972: distribution, host, 113
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 170
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 65
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 189
- MayneGh1934: distribution, host, 3-38
- McDani1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 227-229
- McKenz1935: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-48
- McKenz1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53,57-58,70
- McKenz1943: taxonomy, 150
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24,52-55
- Mead1983: distribution, host, 1-5
- Mead1987: distribution, host, 2-4
- Melis1949: distribution, host, 17-25
- Merkel1938: distribution, host, 88-99
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 223-224
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, 11
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Meurge2011: distribution, 80
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 508
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 138
- Miller1983: distribution, host, 4-6
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 301
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 129-132
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 14
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 20
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 8, 64-65, 241
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
- Monast1958: control, economic importance, 131-165
- MonastZa1960: distribution, host, 169-236
- Morgan1889a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 350,352-353
- MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
- Moulto1931: distribution, host, 745
- MouradMeFa2001: distribution, host, 571-580
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution,
- Moznet1920: distribution, host, life history, 5-11
- Moznet1922a: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 1-31
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 73
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- NRC1969: biological control, chemical control, ecology, economic importance, taxonomy,
- NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-542
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 23
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 10
- Newste1893d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 185-186
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82,107-110
- Newste1917: distribution, host, taxonomy, 371-372
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 131
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- Nonell1932: distribution, host, 183-190
- Nonell1935: distribution, host, 281-287
- NormarMoKr2014: distribution, host, 39
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 16, S3
- Nunez2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 335
- Nur1990b: life history, taxonomy, 192
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 33, 37-38
- Paglia1929: distribution, economic importance, host, 274-307
- Paglia1929: distribution, host, 274
- Painte1951: control, economic importance,
- Paoli1922: biological control, distribution, host, 407-416
- Paoli1927a: distribution, host, 382-387
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
- Peleka1974: biological control, distribution, host, 14-20
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,72
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295
- Pelot1950: distribution, host, 17
- PerezG2008: distribution, 214
- PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 128
- PetersHaMo2020: host distribution, 7
- PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
- PetersHaMo2020s2: DNA, distribution, host,
- PietriBiCo1969: chemical control, 909-915
- PinaMaVe2001: biological control, distribution, host, 29-34
- PinaVe2007: biological control, distribution, host, 311
- PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
- Pope1981: biological control, 19-31
- Poutie1922: biological control, 3-28
- Poutie1924: biological control, distribution, host, 490-496
- Poutie1928: biological control, 267-270
- Pratt1958: distribution, illustration, taxonomy,
- Priore1964: distribution, host, 131-178
- Priore1965: distribution, host, 101-145
- PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
- Quayle1938: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
- Quedna1964b: biological control, 86-116
- QuezadCoDi1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 14
- RSEA1915: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1
- Ramakr1919a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-20
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 356
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8151
- RangelGo1945: description, distribution, 1-44
- Reboul1976: distribution, economic importance, host,
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 468
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 104-106
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 275-276,349-354,
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Rubtso1952a: biological control, 96-106
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- Rungs1950: biological control, distribution, host, 9-11
- Rungs1952: distribution, host, 71
- Rungs1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 91-94
- Russo1951: biological control, distribution, 86-97
- Russo1959: chemical control, economic importance, 4-7
- RzaevaYa1985: biological control, 55-58
- Saakya1954: distribution, economic importance, host,
- SaighiDoBi2005: distribution, host, 429-433
- Salama1970: distribution, host, life history, 427-430
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70,71
- SassceWe1923: chemical control, 84-87
- Savast1930: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-77
- Savesc1982: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 304-305
- SchildSc1928: biological control,
- Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 136
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 148
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 54
- Schmut1969: distribution, host, 116
- Schmut1990a: distribution, host, 393
- Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 478-480
- SchmutKlLu1959: taxonomy, 374
- SchmutPiKl1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 330
- SchneiClWe2020: key, 69
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- Seabra1930a: distribution, host, 143-148
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 108
- SengonUyKa1998: biological control, distribution, host, 128-131
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 58
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
- Sigwal1971: distribution, host, 5-15
- Silves1921: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-11
- Silves1926a: control, distribution, host, 97-101
- Silves1929: distribution, host, 897-904
- Simant1960a: distribution, host, life history,
- Simant1962a: biological control, 105-112
- SimsekKaKa2016: life history, natural enemies, 219-223
- Singh1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 213
- SmailiAbBo2013: biological control, 156-157
- Smirno1950a: biological control, 190-194
- Smirno1951: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 3-7
- Smirno1951a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-29
- Smirno1952: biological control, distribution, host, 63-69
- Smith1948: biological control, 597
- Smith1948a: economic importance, 813
- SmithEsFa1933: economic importance, 1
- SmithPEvDo2012: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2,5-6,11-12
- Soares1942: distribution, economic importance, host, 54-56
- Soares1945: distribution, economic importance, host, 49-81
- SolanoHa2025: distribution, host, natural enemies, record, survey,
- SoriaEsVi1996: distribution, host, 241-249
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 474
- StathaKoEc2005: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 351-358
- Steine1987: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-7
- Steinw1948: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-111
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 326
- Swirsk1989: biological control, 11-44
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- Takagi1958: distribution, host, taxonomy, 123
- Takagi1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133-134
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 82
- Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 104
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, 270
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 49
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 80
- TavareLiGo2018: host, 324
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 93,95-96
- TrabouBe1965: biological control, distribution, host, 1-13
- Trabut1911: taxonomy, 62
- Treher1915: distribution, 35
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- Trimbl1929: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-21
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 293,296
- Tsalev1964a: distribution, host, 15-20
- Tuncyu1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 30-52
- Tuncyu1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 67-80
- Tuncyu1976: biological control, distribution, host, 32-45
- Tuncyu1977: biological control, 200-212
- TuncyuEr1979: biological control, distribution, host, 111-129
- UlgentCaKa2004: distribution, host, 100
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 48
- UygunKaUl1995: biological control, distribution, host, 171-183
- UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 136
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 26-27
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 431
- Vayssi1920: distribution, host, 258
- Vayssi1932a: biological control, economic importance, 629-648
- Velasq1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 134-136
- Verma2014: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51-57
- VermaDi2005: distribution, host, 423-426
- VernalGaRo1970: distribution, host, 41-43
- VeseyF1940: control, distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 253-285
- VeseyF1953: biological control, distribution, host, 405-413
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 50-51
- Viggia1974: biological control, distribution, host, 117-120
- Viggia1987: biological control, distribution, host, 121-123
- ViggiaIa1973: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 104-116
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Wang1936: distribution, host, 382-389
- Watson1918: distribution, host,
- Watson1926: distribution, host,
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- WatsonBe1937: control, distribution, host,
- WeiScNo2021: key, 21
- Wester1920: distribution, host,
- Wille1941: distribution, host, 3-26
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 220, 222
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92,94,97
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21-22
- WilsonGo1962: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-61
- WolfeToSt1934: distribution, economic importance, host, 1
- Wolfen1951: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 54-58
- Wolfen1955: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 27-34
- WolffCo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40-42
- WolffCo1993a: distribution, host, 153
- WolffPuSi2004: biological control, distribution, host, 355-361
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21-22,61
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- WynneHoCo2025: distribution, list of species, record, 18
- Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61-64
- Yasnos1987: economic importance, 229-234
- Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
- Yasnos1995: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 248
- YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 295-302
- Zagain1956: distribution, 85-90
- Zahrad1957: distribution, host, 48
- Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
- Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 120
- Zahrad1990: description, distribution, host, 642
- Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 86-88
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 163
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 369,371
- vanden2001b: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 188-189
