Valid Names Results
Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869 (Diaspididae: Aspidiotus)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus destructor Signoret 1869a: 120. Type data: REUNION ISLAND: on coconut palm and other palms; collected by Dr. Vinson.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Aspidiotus destructor Signoret 1869: 851. nomen nudum
- Aspidiotus transparens Green 1890: 20. Type data: SRI LANKA: on tea plant, [Thea sp.]. Lectotype, unknown, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988,53). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Green1910a, 201). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus cocotis Newstead 1893d: 186. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, Botanic Garden, on Cocos nucifera.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988,53). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Leonar1898c, 62).
- Aspidiotus fallax Cockerell 1893j: 252. Type data: ANTIGUA: on mango and Terminalia catappa.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 43).
- Aspidiotus destructor fallax Cockerell, 1893; Cockerell 1896b: 334. change in status (level)
- Aspidiotus lataniae; Green 1896e: 40. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 270).
- Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) destructor Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 29. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) transparens Green, 1890; Cockerell 1897i: 28. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) destructor Signoret, 1869; Leonardi 1898a: 76. change of combination
- Aspidiotus transparens simillimus Cockerell 1898m: 27. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on a palm; collected by Mr. Alex Craw, December 1897.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by CockerRo1915, 106).
- Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) lataniae; Leonardi 1898a: 76. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 270).
- Aspidiotus simillimus Cockerell, 1898; Fernald 1903b: 278. change in status (level)
- Aspidiotus simillimus translucens Cockerell in Fernald 1903b: 278. change of combination and replacement name Replacement name for Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) transparens Cockerell, 1899q
- Aspidiotus destructor transparens Green, 1890; Green 1915c: 44. change in status (level)
- Aspidiotus translucens Cockerell in Fernald, 1903; Cockerell & Robinson 1915: 106. change in status (level)
- Aspidiotus translucens Cockerell in Fernald, 1903; Ferris 1941e: 49. change of combination
- Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869; Williams & Watson 1988: 53. revived combination (previously published)
- Aspidiotus transparens simillimus; Danzig 1993: 145. incorrect synonymy Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Aspidiotus nerii.
- Aspidiotus coccotis Newstead, 1893; Danzig 1993: 141. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus vastatrex Green, 1890; Tao 1999: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- bourbon scale MillerDa2005
- coconut scale McKenz1956 Merril1953 MillerDa2005 MoutiaMa1946 RosenDe1978
- razrushaushaya shitovka Borchs1936
- transparent scale MillerDa2005
- cochonilha-do-coqueiro Watson2022a
- usu-iro-maru-kaigaramushi Watson2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 73 | Genera: 142
- Acanthaceae
- Avicennia | Balach1956
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | Balach1956 Beards1966 Lepage1938
- Mangifera indica | Cocker1893j Lepage1938 Matile1984c McKenz1956 RahmanAn1941 Takagi1969a Takaha1933 Velasq1971
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Green1904a Merril1953 Takaha1932a Takaha1933
- Annona atemoya | JansenAl2023
- Annona cherimola | Balach1956 Matile1984c
- Annona muricata | Almeid1973b GomezM1941 Malump2012b
- Annona reticulata | Borchs1966 Mamet1956 Velasq1971 WilliaWa1988
- Annona senegalensis | Balach1956
- Annona squamosa | Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988
- Anomianthus heterocarpus | Green1904a
- Apocynaceae
- Allamanda cathartica | WilliaWa1988 | (= Allemanda hendersoni)
- Calotropis | Ramakr1921a
- Carissa | Ramakr1921a
- Plumeria rubra | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Takaha1939b WilliaWa1988 | (= Plumeria acuminata, Plumeria acutifolia)
- Trachelospermum asiaticum | TakahaTa1956
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex colchica | Hadzib1983
- Ilex crenata | JansenAl2023
- Araceae
- Aglaonema | JansenAl2023
- Alocasia | Green1900a
- Colocasia esculenta | WilliaWa1988
- Philodendron pedatum | JansenAl2023 | (=Philodendron laciniatum)
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium | WilliaWa1988
- Arecaceae
- Areca catechu | Beards1966 Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Takaha1939b
- Arecaceae | Cocker1898m Takagi1969a WilliaWa1988
- Chamaedorea | JansenAl2023
- Cocos | Lepage1938
- Cocos nucifera | Borchs1966 Castel1963 Dekle1965c Mamet1949 Mamet1959a Signor1869b WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988 |
- Dictyosperma album | Borchs1966 Mamet1949
- Dypsis | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 | (= Neodypsis)
- Dypsis decaryi | MartinWoCu2022
- Dypsis lutescens | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Takaha1935 Velasq1971 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis guineensis | Almeid1973b Castel1963 WilliaWa1988
- Hyophorbe | JansenAl2023
- Licuala grandis | JansenAl2023
- Nannorrhops ritchieana | Moghad2013a MoghadWa2021
- Nypa fruticans | Beards1966
- Oenocarpus mapora | NormarMoKr2014
- Phoenix | WilliaWa1988
- Phoenix canariensis | Beards1966
- Phoenix dactylifera | ElShafAbAl2017
- Phoenix roebelenii | KozarKoFe2013
- Raphia farinifera | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 | (= Raphia ruffia)
- Rhapis excelsa | Takaha1929 | (= Trachycarpus excelsus)
- Rhapis humilis | JansenAl2023 | (=Raphis humilis)
- Saribus rotundifolius | JansenAl2023
- Trachycarpus fortunei | JansenAl2023
- Aristolochiaceae
- Asarum hongkongense | MartinLa2011
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus aethiopicus | Merril1953 | (= Asparagus sprengeri)
- Ophiopogon japonicus | Hadzib1983
- Bixaceae
- Bixa orellana | Green1904a
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica | WilliaWa1988
- Brassica napus | WilliaWa1988
- Brassica oleracea | WilliaWa1988
- Brassica rapa | WilliaWa1988 | (= Brassica chinensis)
- Raphanus sativus | WilliaWa1988
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum calaba | MestreHaEv2011
- Calophyllum inophyllum | Merril1953 Newste1906a WilliaWa1988
- Mammea americana | DonesEv2011
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis occidentalis | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923
- Cannaceae
- Canna indica | Almeid1973b WilliaWa1988
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera japonica | Takaha1934
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | Almeid1973b Brimbl1968 DeLott1967a Takaha1929 Takaha1941b WilliaWa1988
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus fortunei | Lindin1911 | (= Euonymus radicans)
- Chrysobalanaceae
- Chrysobalanus | Leonar1914
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia | Suh2016
- Combretaceae
- Combretum erythrophyllum | Merril1953
- Terminalia | Lepage1938 MatileNo1984 Takaha1942d
- Terminalia catappa | Almeid1973b Cocker1893j GomezM1941 MerrilCh1923
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucumis sativus | WilliaWa1988
- Cucurbitaceae | WilliaWa1988
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | Green1930b WilliaWa1988
- Cycas revoluta | Lindin1911
- Dilleniaceae
- Dillenia biflora | WilliaWa1988
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea nummularia | WilliaWa1988
- Dipterocarpaceae
- Dipterocarpus | Takaha1942b
- Euphorbiaceae
- Aleurites | WilliaWa1988
- Aleurites moluccanus | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbia | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbia pulcherrima | Beards1966 Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988 | (= Poinsettia)
- Hevea brasiliensis | Green1904a Newste1917b WilliaWa1988
- Macaranga seemannii | WilliaWa1988
- Manihot | Green1900a
- Manihot carthaginensis | Lindin1910b | (= Manihot glaziovi)
- Triadica sebifera | Takaha1934 | (= Sapium sebiferum)
- Fabaceae
- Albizia lebbeck | WilliaWa1988
- Bauhinia | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Cassia | Ramakr1921a WilliaWa1988
- Cassia javanica | WilliaWa1988 | ssp. nodosa
- Crotalaria pallida | WilliaWa1988 | (= Crotalaria mucronata)
- Crotalaria saltiana | WilliaWa1988
- Dalbergia | Ramakr1921a
- Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo | Green1900a | (= Dalbergia championii)
- Inocarpus fagifer | WilliaWa1988
- Parkinsonia aculeata | LincanHoCa2010
- Senna obtusifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Senna occidentalis | WilliaWa1988
- Senna tora | WilliaWa1988 | (= Cassia tora)
- Vigna unguiculata | WilliaWa1988
- Fagaceae
- Lithocarpus | Takaha1942b
- Geraniaceae
- Pelargonium | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Gnetaceae
- Gnetum ula | Lindin1911 | (= Gnetum pirifolium)
- Hamamelidaceae
- Distylium racemosum | Suh2020
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia bihai | WilliaWa1988
- Hernandiaceae
- Hernandia | Beards1966
- Lardizabalaceae
- Stauntonia obovatifoliola | Takaha1934
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum camphora | Takaha1932a Takaha1933
- Cinnamomum verum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
- Laurus nobilis | Borchs1934 Borchs1936
- Litsea | WilliaWa1988
- Persea americana | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Takaha1941b WilliaWa1988 Brain1918 GomezM1941 Lepage1938 | (= Persea gratissima)
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia | Beards1966 WilliaWa1988
- Barringtonia asiatica | WilliaWa1988
- Loranthaceae
- Loranthus | Balach1956
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | Borchs1966 GomezM1941 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Sonneratia caseolaris | Beards1966
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia champaca | Velasq1971 | (= Michelia champaca)
- Malvaceae
- Ceiba pentandra | Beards1966 WilliaWa1988
- Hibiscus | WilliaWa1988
- Hibiscus cannabinus | NormarOkMo2019
- Scaphium macropodum | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Theobroma cacao | Green1904a Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988
- Marantaceae
- Goeppertia picturata | JansenAl2023
- Meliaceae
- Swietenia mahagoni | GomezM1941
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | WilliaWa1988
- Artocarpus altilis | Beards1966 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988 | (= Artocarpus communis)
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | AriasCRoHe2022
- Ficus | Balach1956 MatileNo1984 Takaha1929 WilliaWa1988
- Ficus citrifolia | Takaha1935 | (= Ficus flaveolata)
- Ficus retusa | Takaha1932a Takaha1933
- Musaceae
- Musa | Almeid1971 BenDovCa2006 Lepage1938 Matile1984c McKenz1956 Takaha1939b WilliaWa1988
- Musa acuminata | Brimbl1968
- Musa paradisiaca | Borchs1966 GomezM1941 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 McKenz1956 Velasq1971 WilliaWa1988 | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myrtaceae
- Decaspermum fruticosum | Takaha1934
- Eucalyptus deglupta | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Eugenia | Merril1953 WilliaWa1988
- Psidium | McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Psidium guajava | Beards1966 Borchs1966 GomezM1941 Mamet1943a RahmanAn1941 Velasq1971 WilliaWa1988
- Syzygium | Leonar1914 | (= caryophyllus)
- Syzygium eucalyptoides | Merril1953
- Syzygium jambos | Merril1953 | (= Eugenia jambolana)
- Syzygium malaccensis | WilliaWa1988
- Ochnaceae
- Lophira | Balach1956
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | RahmanAn1941 WilliaWa1988
- Jasminum officinale | WilliaWa1988
- Jasminum sambac | WilliaWa1988
- Ligustrum japonicum | Takaha1932a Takaha1933
- Olea europaea | ElsebaAh2017 MilleHeCa2016
- Osmanthus fragrans | Takagi1969a | (= Osmanthus asiaticus)
- Orchidaceae
- Orchidaceae | WilliaWa1988
- Oxalidaceae
- Averrhoa carambola | WilliaWa1988
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Dekle1965c McKenz1956
- Pandanus boninensis | Takaha1929
- Pandanus odorifer | Green1916e | (= Pandanus odoratissimus)
- Pandanus tectorius | Beards1966 Takaha1933
- Pandanus utilis | Borchs1966 GomezM1941 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora quadrangularis | WilliaWa1988
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Eurya | Takaha1935
- Eurya japonica | Hadzib1983
- Phyllanthaceae
- Breynia disticha | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Piperaceae
- Macropiper puberulum | WilliaWa1988
- Piper | Green1937 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Piper hongkongense | WilliaWa1988 | (= Piper puberulum)
- Piper majusculum | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Piper umbellatum | Newste1911a | (= Piper subpeltatum)
- Poaceae
- Saccharum officinarum | McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Primulaceae
- Maesa | Takaha1935
- Maesa indica | Green1900a
- Parathesis cubana | MestreHaEv2011
- Proteaceae
- Grevillea robusta | MerrilCh1923
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus jujuba | GomezM1941
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rhizophora | Balach1956
- Rosaceae
- Prunus persica | Borchs1966 Mamet1949
- Rosa | MillerDa2005
- Rubiaceae
- Catesbaea parviflora | Merril1953
- Ixora chinensis | TrindaNaMu2016
- Morinda citrifolia | WilliaWa1988 | (= Platanocephalus morindaefolius)
- Psychotria | Green1900a
- Psychotria elliptica | Takaha1932a Takaha1933
- Uncaria gambir | Green1904a
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Matile1984c Takaha1932a
- Citrus hystrix | JansenAl2023
- Citrus maxima | WilliaWa1988 | (= Citrus grand is)
- Citrus sinensis | Takagi1969a
- Salicaceae
- Scolopia oldhamii | Takaha1935
- Santalaceae
- Korthalsella taenioides | Lindin1910b | (= Viscum taenioides)
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum | WilliaWa1988
- Capsicum annuum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Capsicum minimum )
- Capsicum frutescens | Velasq1971 WilliaWa1988
- Physalis lanceolata | WilliaWa1988
- Physalis peruviana | WilliaWa1988
- Solanaceae | WilliaWa1988
- Solanum lycopersicum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Solanum melongena | WilliaWa1988
- Solanum tuberosum | BatsanKaKi2017
- Tubocapsicum anomalum | WilliaWa1988
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala madagascariensis | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Strelitzia reginae | Brimbl1968
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Borchs1934
- Camellia japonica | Hadzib1983 TakahaTa1956
- Camellia oleifera | Hadzib1983
- Camellia sasanqua | BatsanKaKi2017
- Camellia sinensis | Borchs1936 Hadzib1983 Takagi1957 Takaha1933 TakahaTa1956 | (= Thea sinensis)
- Thymelaeaceae
- Daphne odora | TakahaTa1956
- Ulmaceae
- Chaetachme aristata | Brain1918
- Urticaceae
- Dendrocnide photiniphylla | WilliaWa1988 | (= Laportea photoniphylla)
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana camara | WilliaWa1988
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | Green1904a Takaha1933 Takaha1934 Takaha1935
- Vitis vinifera | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Matile1984c
- Zingiberaceae
- Alpinia nutans | WilliaWa1988
- Zingiber officinale | Borchs1966 Mamet1949
Foes:
Families: 13 | Genera: 35
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Beards1970 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis equatorialis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis lingnanensis | SerranAlBa2023
- Aphytis margaretae | MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis melinus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis proclia | Gordh1979
- Encarsia | Kalsho1981 | (= Aspidiotophagus)
- Encarsia aurantii | Kobakh1965 PolaszAbHu1999
- Encarsia citrina | RosenDe1978 LiLoCa1997 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus),
- Encarsia lounsburyi | CeballBaCh2011
- Marietta | CeballBaCh2011
- Pteroptrix parvipennis | RosenDe1978
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa | Drea1990
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus cacti | RosenDe1978
- Chilocorus nigritus | BaskarSu2006 Kinawy1991 RosenDe1978 Kalsho1981
- Chilocorus politus | Beards1970 Kalsho1981 RosenDe1978
- Chilocorus wahlbergi | Almeid1973b
- Chnoodes | RosenDe1978 | nr. cinctipennis
- Cleothera | RosenDe1978
- Coccidophilus | BennetSi1964
- Coccidophilus citricola | BennetSi1964
- Cryptognatha gemellata | RosenDe1978 | (= Cryptognatha simillima)
- Cryptognatha nodiceps | Beards1970 Castel1959 Fernan1987a RosenDe1978
- Delphastus | RosenDe1978
- Exoplectra dubia | RosenDe1978
- Hyperaspis connectens | BennetSi1964
- Pentilia castanea | RosenDe1978
- Pentilia insidiosa | RosenDe1978
- Pseudoazya trinitatis | RosenDe1978
- Rhyzobius fagus | MilleHeCa2016 | (= Rhizobius satelles)
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Beards1970 Cocher1965 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Rhyzobius pulchellus | Cocher1969
- Sasajiscymnus anomalus | Beards1970 | (= Pseudoscymnus anomalus)
- Sasajiscymnus luteus | Kalsho1981
- Scymnus | RosenDe1978
- Scymnus aeneipennis | RosenDe1978
- Scymnus floralis | BennetSi1964
- Telsimia nitida | Beards1970 Kalsho1981 RosenDe1978
- Zilus viridimicans | BennetSi1964
- Cordycipitaceae
- Lecanicillium lecanii | EvansPr1990 | (= Verticillium lecanii
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | LeeLeSe2024
- Encyrtidae
- Comperiella | ErlerTu2001 Ramakr1930
- Comperiella bifasciata | Flande1944a
- Comperiella calauanica | DaoBeWa2020
- Comperiella unifasciata | RosenDe1978
- Pseudhomalopoda prima | CeballBaCh2011
- Spaniopterus crucifer | Noyes1990a RosenDe1978
- Thomsonisca amathus | Noyes1990a
- Zaomma lambinus | RosenDe1978 | (= Apterencyrtus microphagus)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonOcHo1990
- Hypocreales
- Cosmospora flammea | EvansPr1990 | (= Nectria flammea)
- Torrubiella luteorostrata | EvansPr1990
- Torrubiella tenuis | EvansPr1990
- Myriangiales
- Myriangium duriaei | EvansPr1990
- Nectriaceae
- Fusarium | EvansPr1990
- Phlaeothripidae
- Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | Beards1970 PalmerMo1990 RosenDe1978
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora borinquensis | Gordh1979
- Signiphora fax | Woolle1990
- Sticholotidinae
- Prodilis | RosenDe1978
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Hypocreales
- Cosmospora diploa | EvansPr1990
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 118
- American Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Angola | Almeid1973b Balach1956
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | Cocker1893j
- Australia | Frogga1914
- New South Wales | Cocker1898m
- Northern Territory | Green1914c Green1916e
- Queensland | Brimbl1968
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan SSR | Borchs1936
- Bahamas | Watson2022a
- Barbados | Watson2022a
- Belize | NormarOkMo2019 SchneiOkNo2018
- Benin | Leonar1914
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Kawai1987
- Brazil | RosenDe1979 WolffCo1993a
- Alagoas | Watson2022a
- Amazonas | MartinFoCu2015
- Bahia | Lepage1938
- Ceara | MartinFoCu2015
- Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | Lepage1938
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Fernando de Noronha island | MartinFoCu2015
- Maranhao | MartinFoCu2015
- Para | MartinFoCu2015
- Paraiba | MartinFoCu2015
- Pernambuco | MartinFoCu2015
- Piaui | MartinFoCu2015
- Rio Grande do Norte | MartinWoCu2022
- Rio de Janeiro | Hempel1904 Lepage1938
- Santa Catarina | MartinFoCu2015
- Sao Paulo | Green1930b Lepage1938
- Sergipe | Lepage1938
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | Mamet1943a | Watson2022a
- Burma (=Myanmar) | DaoBeWa2018
- Burundi | Watson2022a
- Cameroon | Balach1956 MatileNo1984
- Cape Verde | Fernan1972 VanHarCoWi1990
- Cayman Islands | WatsonKo2022a
- Chile | Gonzal2016
- China | Kuwana1927
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | LiuXuFa2019
- Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023
- Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016
- Colombia | Balach1959a Kondo2001 Kondo2008a
- Costa Rica | RosenDe1979
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | RosenDe1979
- Cuba | MestreHaEv2011
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1956
- Dominica | Watson2022a
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979 Russo1929
- Ecuador | YustCe1956
- Egypt | Ezzat1958 Hall1922
- Eritrea | Balach1956 Lindin1910b
- Ethiopia | Balach1956
- Federated States of Micronesia | RosenDe1978 Takaha1936c Takaha1942d | Muniap2002
- Caroline Islands | Takaha1939b Takaha1941b
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Truk Islands | Beards1966
- Yap | Beards1966
- Fiji | Green1937 HodgsoLa2011 RosenDe1978 WilliaWa1988
- French Polynesia | DoaneHa1909 Ferris1935 WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | RosenDe1979
- Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010 PeckHeLa1998
- Gambia | ReidMa2006
- Georgia (Republic of) | Dzhash1988
- Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Hadzib1983
- Germany | Schonf2015
- Ghana | Newste1917b
- Grenada | Watson2022a
- Guadeloupe | Balach1957c MatileEt2006
- Guatemala | Watson2022a
- Guiana | Remill1988
- Guinea-Bissau | BenDovCa2006 Fernan1987a
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Newste1893d Newste1914
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | RosenDe1979
- Honduras | Watson2022a
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013
- India | Green1908a Ramakr1919a Ramakr1921a
- Andhra Pradesh | MaheswPu1999
- Bihar | Ali1968
- Karnataka | UsmanPu1955
- Punjab | Ansari1942
- Indonesia | RosenDe1978
- Irian Jaya | WilliaWa1988
- Java | Green1904a
- Iran | Kaussa1955 Moghad2004
- Italy | MazzeoLoPe2014 PellizPo2014
- Jamaica | Watson2022a
- Japan | Kawai1980 Kuwana1933 Lindin1911
- Honshu | Takagi1957 TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | Takagi1957 TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | Takagi1957 TakahaTa1956
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Takaha1942b
- Kenya | DeLott1967a Newste1911a Newste1917b
- Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 Mamet1954
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malaysia | SchneiOkNo2018 Suh2016
- Sarawak | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Martinique | Balach1957c MatileEt2006 | WatsonKo2022
- Mauritania | Watson2022a
- Mauritius | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Mexico | MyartsRu2000 SchneiOkNo2018
- Baja California Sur | RosenDe1979
- Quintana Roo | NormarOkMo2019
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Montserrat | Watson2022a
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Netherlands Antilles | Watson2022a
- New Britain | Watson2022a
- New Caledonia | Cohic1958
- Nicaragua | Watson2022a
- Niger | Vayssi1913
- Nigeria | AisagbNwAg1985
- Pakistan | RosenDe1979
- Palau | Beards1966 Takaha1939b
- Panama | NormarMoKr2014 RosenDe1979 SchneiOkNo2018
- Papua New Guinea | RosenDe1978 WilliaWa1988
- Peru | Wolcot1958
- Philippines | Cocker1905f VelasqRi1969
- Poland | LagowsGo2020
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979
- Reunion | Borchs1966 GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1943a Mamet1954a Mamet1957
- Russia
- Caucasus | Borchs1936
- Rwanda | Watson2022a
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | KinjoNaHi1996
- Saint Croix | Beatty1944
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands | Watson2022a
- Saint Lucia | Malump2012b
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Watson2022a
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Principe | Castel1963
- Sao Tome | Watson2022a
- Saudi Arabia | Matile1984c
- Senegal | Leonar1914
- Sierra Leone | Hargre1927 ReidMa2006
- Slovenia | Seljak2010
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Somalia | Balach1956
- South Africa | BrainKe1917 Newste1917b
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 Suh2016
- Spain | JansenAl2023
- Sri Lanka | Green1900a Green1922 Ramakr1921a
- Sudan | Watson2022a | Watson2022a
- Suriname | WatsonKo2022a
- Taiwan | Takagi1969a Takaha1929 Takaha1932a TakahaTa1956 WongChCh1999
- Tanzania | Newste1911a
- Thailand | Takaha1942b
- Togo | Newste1906a Newste1908b
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | RosenDe1979
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- Uganda | Gowdey1917 Green1937 Newste1914 Newste1917b
- United States
- California | McKenz1956
- Connecticut | WatsonKo2022a
- Florida | Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 RosenDe1978
- Georgia | Nakaha1982
- Pennsylvania | Watson2022a
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 DaoBeWa2018
- Wallis and Futuna Islands | MatileWi2015
- Western Samoa | Laing1927
- Yemen | Watson2022a
- Zanzibar | Borchs1966 Green1916 Mamet1956 Newste1917b | Watson2022a
- Zimbabwe | Balach1956
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- NormarNoGu2022: pp.161-162 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotus in Australia]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotus in Iran]
- WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini from Panama]
- MoghadNe2020: pp.385 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotus in Iran]
- Moghad2020: pp.385 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotus in Iran]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- DaoBeWa2018: pp.88-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Citrus diaspidids in Viet Nam]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.64 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Danzig1993: pp.140-141 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- Chou1985: pp.262-263 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Beards1970: pp.508 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Beards1966: pp.513 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- Ezzat1958: pp.240 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- Takagi1957: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- DeLott1957: pp.228 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- Balach1956: pp.51 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Balach1948b: pp.275 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Ferris1942: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1941e: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Kuwana1933: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Brain1918: pp.118 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Robins1917: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
Remarks
- Systematics: GenBank accesstion numbers: MG967355, MG967354 (Dao, et al., 2020) Ferris (1938a, 1941e) and Balachowsky (1956) discussed the variation in the relative size of median and second lobes on the pygidium of the adult female. Balachowsky (1957c: 199) named two forms in populations of Aspidiotus destructor, namely, A. destructor forma africane (with second lobes more developed than the media, occurring on coconut) and A. destructor forma americane (in which the second lobes are less developed than the median, occurring on avocado). Williams & Watson (1988) elucidated this variation in four illustrations from different regions and host plants, but all were named Aspidiotus destructor. Takagi (1969a) noted that Aspidiotus watanabei is close to A. destructor. Williams & Watson (1988) stated that "... the range of variation of A. destructor from the South Pacific area encompasses that of A. watanabei...", but did not synonymize the latter. Danzig (1993) listed A. watanabei as a synonym of A. destructor. Reyne (1947, 1948) described the subspecies Aspidiotus destructor rigidus from Indonesia, which was distinguished from typical destructor mainly by biological features, as well as difference in scale structure. The phylogeny in Schneider, et al. (2018) suppports the separation of Aspidiotus destructor and A. rigidus, two pests of coconut palm that are very difficult to distinguish based on morphology. Moreover, these cryptic species do not share the same natural enemy complex. (Serrana, et al., 2023)
- Structure: Female scale somewhat straw-colored, flat circular very thin and delicate, exuviae central and quite pale, that of the male slightly elongate, similar to that of the female in colour and texture (Ferris, 1938a). See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999). The scale covers of A. destructor and A. rigidus have been used as a field diagnostic feature to distinguish the two cryptic Aspidiotus species. Reyne (1948)described the A. rigidus scale cover as more or less smoke-colored than the more transparent A. destructor scale cover. Watson et al. (2015) redescribed A. rigidus scale cover as relatively flat, very thin, and transparent from pale yellow to occasionally chestnut brown, while A. destructor has a very thin and transparent but off-white to slightly yellow scale cover. The study and SEM photographs by Serrana, et al. (2023) validated these observations.
- Biology: Occurring usually on the underside of leaves, but in heavy infestation also on upper side (Taylor, 1935; Ferris, 1938a).
- Economic Importance: The coconut scale is a polyphagous insects, distributed mainly in tropical countries (CABI, 1966a). It is mainly a pest of coconut and banana (Taylor, 1935; Ebeling, 1959; Rosen & De Bach, 1978; Williams & Watson, 1988). Recorded as mango pest in Kashmir (Fotida & Kapur, 1941).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Brain (1918), Kuwana (1933), Ferris (1938a, 1941e), Balachowsky (1948b, 1956), McKenzie (1956), Takagi (1969a), Beardsley (1970), Williams & Watson (1988), Danzig (1993), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 32
- AhmadGh1972a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 51-57
- AisagbNwAg1985: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 24-32
- Alenca2000: distribution, host, 1-12
- Ali1968: distribution, host, 133
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, 8
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 8
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AltierNi1999: biological control, 975-991
- Alvara1939: distribution, host, 3
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- Ansari1942: distribution, economic importance, host, 233
- Apstei1915: taxonomy, 119
- Archan1929: taxonomy, 190
- AutarSi1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 26-27
- Azeved1929: distribution, host, 113-115
- Azeved1929a: distribution, host, 126-128
- Balach1948b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 275-280
- Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61-64
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 199
- Balach1959a: distribution, host, 362
- Ballou1915: distribution, host, 121
- Ballou1922a: distribution, host, 239
- Banks1906b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 211-228
- Banks1990: chemistry, 272
- BaskarSu2006: biological control, 159-164
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 256
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 513
- Beards1970: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 505-508
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 103
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- Beatty1944: distribution, host, 114-172
- Beccar1971: distribution, host, 193
- BenDovCa2006: distribution, host, 325-326
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 174-185
- Benass1961b: distribution, ecology, host, 1-157
- Bennet1974b: biological control, 213-227
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- BennetSi1964: biological control, 81-94
- BilogOMo2000: biological control, distribution, host, 137-147
- Borchs1934: distribution, host, 27
- Borchs1936: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 128-130
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 236
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215,219
- Borchs1966: catalog, 270-271
- Bordag1914: distribution,
- Bourne1923: distribution, economic importance, host, 1
- Box1953: biological control, distribution, host, 51
- Brain1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 120
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 183,184
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
- Brimbl1968: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Brugir1928: distribution, host, 400
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Butani1974: biological control, distribution, host, 689-691
- CABI1966a: distribution, host, 1-2
- CarpenEl1978: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-42
- Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
- Castel1956a: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 225-238
- Castel1959: biological control, distribution, host, 235-239
- Castel1963: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 131-139
- CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 137
- CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 4
- CeballBaCh2011: biological control, distribution, 62-65
- CharleHe2002: 608
- CharlePo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 59-64
- ChatteBo1934: biological control, 1-10
- Chazea1981: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 11-22
- Chou1938: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 240-249
- Chou1947a: chemical control, 34
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 269-272
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 439,440,444,445
- ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- Clause1940: biological control,
- Clause1956: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Clause1958: biological control, economic importance, 291-310
- Cocher1965: biological control, distribution, host, 318-321
- Cocher1965a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 507-512
- Cocher1969: biological control, distribution, host, 57-100
- Cocher1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 89-104
- Cock1985a: biological control, 3
- Cocker1893j: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 255
- Cocker1896b: distribution, taxonomy, 334
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9,21,28,29
- Cocker1897q: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 703
- Cocker1898m: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 395
- Cocker1899q: distribution, host, 93
- Cocker1905f: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133
- CockerRo1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 106
- Cohic1958: distribution, host, 13
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44-45
- Comsto1883: taxonomy, 75-76
- Corbet1932: distribution, host,
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 207
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 141-143
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 46
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 188
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, key, morphology, phylogenetics, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2020: diagnosis, natural enemies, phylogeny,
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- Davis1972: biological control, economic importance, 187-190
- DeBach1964: biological control,
- DeBach1964b: biological control, 673-713
- DeBach1969a: biological control, 11-28
- DeBach1971: biological control, 303
- DeBach1974: biological control,
- DeBachRo1976a: biological control, distribution, host, 541-545
- DeBachRo1991: biological control,
- DeLott1957: taxonomy, 228
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 113
- DeSant1940: biological control, 29-44
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 39
- Devasa1992: distribution, host, life history, 153
- DevasaKo1993: distribution, host, 101-102
- DevasaKoVe1998: distribution, host, 157-164
- Dhilee1996: biological control, distribution, host, 64-74
- DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
- Dinthe1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 421
- Dixon1997: biological control, 205
- DoaneHa1909: distribution, host, 297
- Dohani1937: biological control, distribution, host, 243-247
- DonesEv2011: distribution, host, 2
- Dozier1926: biological control, distribution, host, 267-277
- Dozier1933: biological control, distribution, host, 85-100
- Dozier1937: biological control, distribution, host, 121-135
- Drea1990: biological control, 51-59
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 514
- Dupont1931: distribution, host, 1-18
- Dzhash1971: distribution, host, 325-326
- Dzhash1988: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 134-143
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- ElShaf2012: host, 518
- ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- Esaki1940a: distribution, host, 274-280
- EtzelLe1999: biological control, 125-197
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- Ezzat1958: distribution, 240
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 88
- FDACSB1982: distribution, host, 5-11
- FDACSB1987: distribution, host, 4-7
- FergusFl1991: biological control, distribution, host, 260-261
- Fernal1903b: 257,278
- Fernan1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11-12
- Fernan1987a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 32
- Ferris1935: distribution, host, 131
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 191
- Ferris1941e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 42,43,48-53,61
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:30
- Ferris1946: taxonomy, 44
- Ferris1953: taxonomy, 65
- Figuer1946: distribution, host, 209
- Figuer1952: distribution, host, 208
- Fisher1964: biological control, 305-325
- Flande1936b: biological control, 251-255
- Flande1937: biological control, 401-422
- Flande1944a: biological control, 365-371
- Flande1966: biological control, 79-82
- Flande1969: biological control, 29-33
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- Foldi1990: structure, 43-54
- Follet2006: chemical control, radiation, 1138-1142
- Fonsec1963: distribution, host, 32-35
- Fonsec1964: distribution, host, 515
- FotidaKa1941: distribution, economic importance, host, 142
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 8,23
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 311,318
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Gahan1925: biological control, distribution, host, 1-23
- Gahan1927a: biological control, distribution, host, 149-153
- Gaprin1954: biological control, 587-597
- Gaprin1956: distribution, host, 103-137
- Gaprin1975: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 29-33
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
- Gavalo1936: distribution, host, 79-80
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 234
- Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 2
- GermaiMa2005: distribution, host, 32
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 64,66
- GiraldRu1962: economic importance, host, life history, 121-144
- Goberd1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 49-70
- GomezM1937a: biological control, distribution, 372-374
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 128
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 132, 140-141
- Goot1928: distribution, host, 1
- Gordh1979: biological control, 896,900,910
- Gordon1978: biological control, 205-218
- Gordon1980: biological control, 149
- Gowdey1913: distribution, host, 247-249
- Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 189
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Greath1973: biological control, 29-33
- Greath1986: biological control, 289-318
- Greath1989: biological control, 28-37
- GreathGr1992: biological control, distribution, host, 61-68
- Green1890: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
- Green1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69-70
- Green1904a: distribution, host, 208
- Green1907: distribution, host, 203
- Green1908a: distribution, host, 33
- Green1910a: taxonomy, 201-202
- Green1914c: distribution, host, 232
- Green1915c: distribution, host, 44
- Green1915e: distribution, host, 608-636
- Green1916: distribution, host, 376
- Green1922: distribution, host, 462
- Green1930b: distribution, host, 214
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 329
- GreenMa1907: distribution, taxonomy, 343-344
- Gressi1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 395-398
- GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
- GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 378
- GuptaSi1988: distribution, host, 357-361
- GutierCaMe1999: biological control, 243-252
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 219-221
- Hagen1974: biological control, 25-44
- HagenBoMc1976: biological control, 93
- HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
- Halber1996a: distribution, host, 4-8
- Halber2000: distribution, host, 4-8
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
- HandaDa1999: chemical control, distribution, host, 112-114
- HanksDe1998: ecology, life history, 239-262
- Hargre1927: distribution, economic importance, host, 113-128
- Hargre1937: distribution, economic importance, host, 505-520
- Hargre1948: distribution, host,
- Harris1937a: distribution, host, 88-94
- Hempel1904: distribution, host, 319
- Hill1975: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
- Hodgso2020: key, 147
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 22
- Houck1999: biological control, life history, 97-118
- Houser1918: distribution, host, 165
- Howard1991: control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 217-225
- Howard2001a: economic importance, host, 315-321
- HuffakCa1986: biological control, economic importance, 95-107
- HuffakMeDe1971: biological control, 16-67
- HuffakSiLa1976: biological control, 93
- HuffakSt1971: biological control, 333-350
- Hunt1939: distribution, host, 548-566
- Hutson1933: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 254-256
- Ishii1932a: biological control, distribution, host, 161
- JalaluMo1989: chemical control, 203-206
- JalaluMo1989a: biological control, chemical control, 199-202
- JalaluMoSu1992: distribution, host, life history, 5-7
- JalaluSaMa2001: distribution, host, 347-348
- JalaluThMo1991: distribution, host, 17
- Jannon1940: distribution, host, 241-253
- JannonCaBi1962: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 5-126
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 24,33
- JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
- Joseph1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 35
- Jourdh1979: biological control, 75-79
- KairoIr2004: biological control, 475-485
- Kalsho1981: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, 166-168
- Kamath1979: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 55-72
- Kathir1993: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1026
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 15
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 228
- Kawai1987: distribution, host, 78
- Kinawy1991: biological control, distribution, host, 387-389
- KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 125-127
- Kobakh1965: biological control, 323-330
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 57-58
- KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 4
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
- KoyaDeSe1996: distribution, host, 129-136
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 174
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 71
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9-10,18-19
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 52-60
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
- Laing1927: distribution, host, 40
- LatinaLaGu2022: DNA,
- LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
- Leefma1929: distribution, host, 1
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 285
- Leonar1898a: taxonomy, 76
- Leonar1898c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62-64
- Leonar1914: distribution, host, taxonomy, 196,197
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29,40-41
- Lepage1938: catalog, 394,397
- Lepesm1947: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 189-193
- Lever1969: distribution, host,
- LiLoCa1997: biological control, distribution, host, 225-226
- Lima1996: biological control, distribution, host, 657
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 5
- Lindin1908b: taxonomy, 106
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 150
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
- Lindin1910b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-35,38
- Lindin1911: distribution, host, 88
- Lindin1924: taxonomy, 174
- Lindin1932g: taxonomy, 223
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 545,546
- LitCaLu2022: economic importance,
- LiuXuFa2019: distribution, host,
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 125
- LucasPoDe2024: distribution, host, 2
- LynchHoBa2001: biological control, 99-125
- MaChZh1995: distribution, host, 117-119
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 396,401
- MaheswPu1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 17
- MahmooMo1986: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-11
- Makino1938: host, structure, 69-73
- Maleno1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 321-326
- Mallam1954: distribution, 24-60
- Malump2012b: distribution, host, illustration, 208,210,211
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 74
- Mamet1943a: catalog, 157
- Mamet1949: catalog, 55
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 226
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 15
- Mamet1954a: distribution, 264
- Mamet1956: distribution, host, 136
- Mamet1957: distribution, 369
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 386
- Mansfi1920: distribution, host, 145-155
- Mariau1998: distribution, economic importance, host, 269-277
- MariauJu1977: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, life history, 217-224
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 37
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 3
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 13,21,101,176,195
- Maskel1892: distribution, host, 12
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 221
- MatileEt2006: host, 168-169
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 64
- MatileWi2015: distribution, host, 72
- MayneGh1934: distribution, host, 3-38
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- McClai1988: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1-173
- McClur1990g: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 319-330
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 47-48
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-20
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 200
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 10-11
- Meurge2011: distribution, 80
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 137
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 300
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 71-74
- Moghad2004: host, 11
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 16
- Moghad2020: distribution, key, 384, 385
- MoghadNe2020: key, 385
- MoghadWa2021: description, diagnosis, economic importance, host, illustration, key, 44-45, 240
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 132
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
- MohyudMa1993: biological control, distribution, host, 467-483
- MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
- MoutiaMa1946: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 457-462
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution,
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, 208
- Muniap2002: distribution, host, 110-115
- MunozG1937: distribution, host, 3-9
- Muntin1971a: taxonomy, 313
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 72
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, host, natural enemies, 82-89
- Nafus1996: distribution, host, 1
- NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-542
- Nair1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 72
- NairMe1963: distribution, host, 139-147
- Nakaha1982: destructor, host, 13
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 9
- NauniI1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 109
- NeumanFoHo2010: biological control, 107-113
- NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
- Newell1923: distribution, host, 263-266
- Newste1893d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 186
- Newste1906a: distribution, host, 73
- Newste1908b: distribution, host, 33-34
- Newste1910a: taxonomy, 68
- Newste1911a: distribution, host, 167-168
- Newste1914: distribution, host, 307
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 131
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NormarMoKr2014: distribution, host, 39
- NormarNoGu2022: key, 161
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 13, S1
- NotzP1974: biological control, distribution, host, 127-143
- Noyes1990a: biological control, 155,156
- ObraRe2000: biological control, life history, 137-147
- OilPaCo1981: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 168-228
- Ordish1967: biological control, economic importance,
- PalmerMo1990: biological control, 67-76
- Panapa1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 44
- PeckHeLa1998: distribution, host, 219-237
- PellizPo2014: distribution, host, 6
- PerezG2008: distribution, 214
- PetersHaMo2020s2: DNA, distribution, host,
- PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
- PruthiBa1960: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-113
- PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
- Putua1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 28-29
- Quelch1890: distribution, host, 369-370
- RahmanAn1941: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 824
- Ramakr1919: distribution, economic importance, host, 623
- Ramakr1919a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16-17
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 356,359
- Ramakr1930: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- Ramakr1938a: distribution, host, 341-351
- Ramos1946: distribution, host, 1
- RaoGhSa1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Reboul1976: distribution, economic importance, host,
- ReidMa2006: distribution, host, 186, 189
- Remill1988: distribution, host, 63
- Robert1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 411-415
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29,31-32
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- Rosen1973: biological control, 47-54
- Rosen1990: biological control, 413-415
- Rosen1990a: biological control, 499
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 93-98
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 533-539,545-548,
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Rubtso1952a: biological control, 96-106
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- Russo1929: distribution, economic importance, host, 2-3
- Ryan1946: distribution, 124
- Sadaka1993: biological control, distribution, host, 12-13
- SalahuRaKh2015: biological control, chemical control,
- Schmut1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 102-106
- Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 475
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogenetics, phylogeny,
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- Schrea1970: control, distribution, host,
- Schrei1989: biological control, 57-69
- Sefer1961: distribution, host, 23
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 107
- SelvakKaDe1996: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 79-83
- SerranAlBa2023: SEM, structure,
- ShahJhPa1988: chemical control, 19-22
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 60
- Shirom1969: distribution, host, 283
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 851
- Signor1869c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 120-121
- Silva1944: distribution, host, 8-14
- Simmon1958b: biological control, distribution, host, 475-478
- Simmon1959a: biological control, distribution, host, 1099-1102
- Simmon1960: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 223-237
- SinhaDi1984: biological control, distribution, host, 7-13
- Sinnat1980: control, distribution, host, 81-88
- Smirno1952: biological control, distribution, host, 63-69
- Spenne2020: control, distribution, history, natural enemies,
- SugimoKaTa1996: distribution, host, 99-101
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 323, 324
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 4, 6, 8
- SureshMo1995: distribution, host, 429-430
- SureshMo1995: distribution, host, 429-430
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- SzentI1963: distribution, host, 67-71
- TabibuGa1973: distribution, host, life history, 409-426
- Tachik1956b: distribution, economic importance, host, 335-337
- Takagi1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 32-34,40
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-66,69,99
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 79
- Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 103-105
- Takaha1933: distribution, host, 25-34
- Takaha1934: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33-37
- Takaha1935: distribution, host, 3,4
- Takaha1936c: distribution, host, 109,118
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, 269
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 219
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 47
- Takaha1942d: distribution, host, 357
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-13
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 13-14
- TandonSr1980: biological control, distribution, host, 243-244
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 73,120
- TauiliVa1993: biological control, 57-60
- Taylor1935: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-102
- ThistlVa1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 3-15
- Thomps1958: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 479-482
- TianCh1991: biological control, 64-66
- Tourne1970: biological control, distribution, host, 97-107
- TrindaNaMu2016: distribution, host, 162
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 296
- Tuncyu1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 30-52
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 48
- Valles1965: biological control, 259-279
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 136
- Vargo1986: biological control, 60-67
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 23
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
- Vayssi1932a: biological control, economic importance, 629-648
- Velasq1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 107-109
- VelasqRi1969: destructor, host, 195-208
- VeseyF1953: biological control, distribution, host, 405-413
- WadhiBa1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 227
- WadhiBa1964: distribution, host, 227-260
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 6
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 13
- Wall2004: distribution, host, 1349-1353
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Waterh1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 156-171
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- Watson2022a: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 441-443
- WeiScNo2021: key, 18
- Wester1918: distribution, economic importance, host, 5-57
- Wester1920: distribution, host,
- Whitne1933: distribution, host, 59-70
- Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 234,238
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 220, 222, 234
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 94
- WilliaGr1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 563-578
- WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 45
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8,50-56
- Wilson1921: distribution, host, 20-34
- Wolcot1955: distribution, host,
- Wolcot1958: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 511-513
- WolffCo1993a: distribution, host, 153
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19,58-59
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution,
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- WrightDi2005: distribution, host, life history, 80-85
- YangSu2004: biological control, life history, 327-338
- YustCe1956: distribution, host, 425-442
- Zagain1956: distribution, 85-90
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 161
- ZchoriBePo2005: Cardinium, endosymbionts, 211-221
- ZhouZoPe1993: distribution, host, life history, 18-20
- deVill2001f: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 223-224
