Valid Names Results
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886) (Diaspididae: Pseudaulacaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Diaspis pentagona Targioni Tozzetti 1886: 1. Type data: ITALY: Canzo, on Morus sp., 11/02/1982, by A. Tranfaglia. Neotype, female, by subsequent designation (DavidsMiNa1983,756). Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; accepted valid name
- Diaspis Amygdali Tryon 1889: 89-92. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane; New South Wales, Sydney. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899n, 28).
- Diaspis lanatus Morgan & Cockerell in Cockerell 1892d: 137. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Capsicum sp.. , , Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Salmon1933, 468). Notes: Cockerell (1892d) contains a description of Diaspis lanatus fully in quotes and clearly written by Morgan. Cockerell has added, in parenthesis, a few extra notes. According to Article 50.1 of the ICZN, this authorship should be cited as Morgan & Cockerell in Cockerell. Some earlier authors have not followed this and the name has been cited as Morgan in Cockerell and sometimes just as Cockerell.
- Diaspis patelliformis Sasaki 1894: 107-124. Type data: JAPAN: on Morus sp. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Fullaw1932, 93). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus vitiensis Maskell 1895a. Type data: FIJI: on several unidentified trees, by Mr. Koebele. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941, 49).
- Epidiaspis lanata (Morgan & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1892); Green 1896: 4. emendation that is justified
- Diaspis gerannii Maskell 1897: 299. nomen nudum (discovered by Lindin1932c, 204).
- Aulacaspis (Diaspis) pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886); Newstead 1901a: 173. change of combination
- Aulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886); Cockerell 1902d: 59. change of combination
- Diasopis (Aulacaspis) pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886); Brain 1919: 226. change of combination
- Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886); MacGillivray 1921: 315. change of combination
- Sasakiaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886); Kuwana 1926: 8. change of combination
- Diaspis (rosae) geranii Tryon, 1889; Lindinger 1932c: 204. change in status (level) Notes: Diaspis rosae var. geranii is a change of level of D. geranii. It is not clear why Lindinger (1932c) made the change. He may have meant to make D. geranii a junior synonym of Aulacaspis rosae or he could have confused it with Diaspis amygdali var. rubra which is mentioned by Maskell (1897:241). We will assume the latter and place the name under Pseudaulacaspis pentagona.
- Epidaispis vitiensis (Maskell, 1895); Lindinger 1937: 184. change of combination
- Aspidiotus lanatus (Morgan & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1892); Ferris 1941e: 45. change of combination
- Diaspis gerannii Lindinger, 1932; Borchsenius 1966: 176. misspelling of species epithet
- Pseudaulacaspis pentaggona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886); Zhang, Wang & Chen 1993: 173. misspelling of species epithet
- Pseudaulacaspidis pentagona; Shahbazvar, et al. 2022: 588. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- cochenille du mûrier SchvesMiGi1955
- cochinilla blanca del duraznero o Diaspis DeSant1941a
- mulberry scale ManiKoSc1997
- west indian peach scale Britto1923
- white peach scale AAEE1937
- white plum scale Danzig1986a
- white scale Tryon1889
- West Indian scale Wilson1923
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 90 | Genera: 255
- Acanthaceae
- Acanthus | MillerDa2005
- Asystasia | Borchs1966
- Crossandra | MillerDa2005
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia | MillerDa2005
- Actinidia arguta | Muraka1970
- Actinidia chinensis | Moghad2013a
- Actinidia deliciosa | Guncan2015
- Actinidia polygama | Muraka1970
- Amaranthaceae
- Gomphrena | MillerDa2005
- Sarcocornia fruticosa | Foldi2002 | (=Salicornia fruticosa)
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera | MillerDa2005
- Mangifera indica | WhitmoMe1974
- Rhus | Maskel1897a MillerDa2005
- Rhus chinensis | MartinLa2011
- Rhus typhina | UlgentDo2019
- Schinus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Spondias | MillerDa2005
- Apocynaceae
- Allamanda | Heu2002 MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988
- Allamanda cathartica | Hall1937 Hinckl1963 WilliaWa1988 | (= Allamanda grandiflora)
- Asclepias | HodgsoHi1990
- Calotropis | Borchs1966
- Calotropis procera | ColonFMe1998 RileyHo1894
- Catharanthus roseus | Ballou1926 WilliaWa1988 | (= Vinca rosea)
- Cynanchum perrieri | Borchs1966 Mamet1959a
- Marsdenia clausa | Ballou1926
- Nerium | MillerDa2005
- Nerium oleander | Mamet1943a
- Plumeria | Heu2002 MillerDa2005
- Plumeria alba | Ballou1926 Cohic1958
- Plumeria rubra | Hinckl1963 WilliaWa1988 | (= Plumeria acutifolia)
- Tabernaemontana pandacaqui | WilliaWa1988 | (= Ervatamia orientalis)
- Tylophora asthmatica | Ali1970 Green1896
- Vinca major | Yasar2020
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | MillerDa2005
- Ilex cornuta | Suh2020
- Ilex opaca | McComb1986
- Araceae
- Philodendron | MillerDa2005
- Symplocarpus | Borchs1966
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | MillerDa2005
- Aralia elata | Muraka1970
- Aralia spinosa | HowardOl1985
- Hedera | MillerDa2005
- Kalopanax septemlobus | Muraka1970
- Polyscias | Suh2016
- Schefflera | Suh2016
- Arecaceae
- Cocos nucifera | WilliaWa1988
- Dypsis lutescens | Ballou1926 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Phoenix | McKenz1956
- Trachycarpus fortunei | LuDeNi2023
- Asparagaceae
- Dracaena | GhabboMo1996 Suh2016
- Yucca filamentosa | Yasar2020
- Asteraceae
- Arctium | Maskel1897a
- Bahia | Merril1953
- Helianthus | WilliaWa1988
- Helianthus annuus | Hinckl1963 WilliaWa1988
- Jacobaea maritima | Yasar2020 | (= Jacobaea maritima)
- Mikania | Borchs1966
- Rhynchospermum | ChabouSc1958
- Rhynchospermum verticillatum | Bodenh1949
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis | Borchs1966
- Mahonia | MillerDa2005
- Betulaceae
- Ostrya | Borchs1966
- Bignoniaceae
- Bignonia | Borchs1966
- Catalpa | Ferris1950a MillerDa2005
- Catalpa bignonioides | GhabboMo1996 Kozarz1988 ManiKoSc1997 | (= Catalpa syringifolia, Catalpa vulgaris)
- Catalpa bungei | Britto1923
- Catalpa ovata | Muraka1970
- Tecoma | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Boraginaceae
- Ehretia acuminata | TakahaTa1956
- Ehretia ovalifolia | Muraka1970
- Heliotropium arborescens | Ballou1926 | (= Heliotropium peruvianum)
- Heliotropium foertherianum | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988 | (= Tournefortia argentea, Messersmidia argentea)
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica juncea | ColonFMe1998 | (= Brassica willdenovii)
- Brassica rapa | Nakaha1983
- Iberis | MillerDa2005
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Yasar2020
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum | WilliaWa1988
- Mammea americana | WhitmoMe1974
- Calycanthaceae
- Chimonanthus | Suh2016
- Cannabaceae
- Aphananthe aspera | Muraka1970
- Celtis australis | Bodenh1949
- Celtis sinensis | Muraka1970
- Trema | MillerDa2005
- Trema lamarckiana | WhitmoMe1974
- Trema micrantha | WhitmoMe1974
- Caprifoliaceae
- Symphoricarpos albus | Yasar2020
- Caricaceae
- Carica | MillerDa2005
- Carica papaya | Cocker1894a Heu2002 Mamet1943a
- Caryophyllaceae
- Dianthus | BesheaTiHo1973
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina | Borchs1966
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | MillerDa2005
- Euonymus alatus | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956 | (= Euonymus alatus var. striatus)
- Euonymus europaeus | Bodenh1949 Yasar2020
- Euonymus japonicus | Suh2020
- Cleomaceae
- Cleome spinosa | Ballou1926
- Convolvulaceae
- Argyreia nervosa | RileyHo1894 WilliaWa1988 | (= Argyreia speciosa)
- Ipomoea | Heu2002 MillerDa2005
- Ipomoea batatas | Mamet1943a
- Ipomoea purpurea | Mamet1949
- Ipomoea tiliacea | ColonFMe1998
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Cornus alba | PencheYo2016
- Crassulaceae
- Kalanchoe | Mamet1954 MillerDa2005
- Kalanchoe blossfeldiana | NormarOkMo2019
- Kalanchoe bracteata | Borchs1966 Mamet1959a | (= Kalanchoe nadijae)
- Kalanchoe orgyalis | Borchs1966 Mamet1959a
- Kalanchoe pinnata | Maxwel1902 Simmon1957 | (= Bryophyllum calycinum, Bryophyllum pinnatum)
- Sedum | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Cucurbitaceae
- Citrullus lanatus | Bodenh1949 | (= Citrullus vulgaris)
- Cucurbita | MillerDa2005
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MillerDa2005
- Cycas media | RileyHo1894
- Cycas revoluta | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Daphniphyllum macropodum | Suh2020
- Didiereaceae
- Portulacaria afra | MartinWoCu2022
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | MillerDa2005
- Diospyros kaki | BesheaTiHo1973 BiezanFr1939
- Diospyros virginiana | BesheaTiHo1973
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | Borchs1966
- Elaeagnus pungens | CaliskUl2017
- Elaeagnus umbellata | Suh2020
- Euphorbiaceae
- Aleurites | Borchs1966
- Codiaeum | WilliaWa1988
- Codiaeum variegatum | GermaiDeLa2016
- Croton | MillerDa2005
- Ditrysinia fruticosa | BesheaTiHo1973 | (= Sebastiana ligustrina)
- Euphorbia | MillerDa2005
- Euphorbia pulcherrima | Borchs1966 | (= Poinsettia)
- Euphorbia tithymaloides | WilliaWa1988 | (= Pedilanthus tithymaloides)
- Hevea | Borchs1966
- Jatropha | MillerDa2005
- Jatropha curcas | YunusHo1980
- Jatropha gossypiifolia | Nakaha1983
- Jatropha integerrima | Halber2000
- Macaranga | WilliaWa1988
- Mallotus japonicus | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Manihot | MillerDa2005
- Manihot esculenta | Beards1966
- Ricinus | MillerDa2005
- Ricinus communis | LuDeNi2023 WilliaWa1988
- Triadica sebifera | BesheaTiHo1973 | (= Sapium sebiferum)
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | MillerDa2005
- Acacia nilotica | GhabboMo1996 | (= Acacia arabica)
- Acacia oshanesii | MillerDa2005
- Acacia saligna | CaliskUl2017
- Albizia chinensis | WilliaWa1988 | (= Albizia stipulata)
- Bauhinia | Ferris1950a
- Cajanus cajan | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a
- Cercis | BesheaTiHo1973
- Cercis canadensis | HowardOl1985
- Crotalaria | WilliaWa1988
- Crotalaria juncea | Chang1972
- Cytisus | Borchs1966 | (= Sarothamnus)
- Cytisus scoparius | Muraka1970
- Erythrina | Beards1966 BoedigSt1930 Heu2002
- Erythrina crista-galli | Yasar2020
- Erythrina droogmansiana | Beards1966 BoedigSt1930 Heu2002
- Erythrina fusca | WhitmoMe1974 | (= Erythrina glauca)
- Erythrina poeppigiana | WhitmoMe1974
- Erythrina variegata | YunusHo1980 | (= Erythrina indica)
- Genista | Bodenh1949
- Gleditsia | Bodenh1949
- Gleditsia ferox | ChabouSc1958
- Gleditsia triacanthos | ChabouSc1958
- Glycine max | BesheaTiHo1973 Heu2002
- Kennedia | Borchs1966
- Lembotropis nigricans | ChabouSc1958 | (= Cytisus nigricans)
- Lespedeza | BesheaTiHo1973
- Lespedeza cuneata | Suh2020
- Ononis | Bodenh1949
- Phaseolus vulgaris | WilliaWa1988
- Pueraria | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Robinia pseudoacacia | Muraka1970
- Senna alata | Cohic1958 Heu2002 | (= Cassia alata)
- Sophora | Schonf2015
- Styphnolobium japonicum | BognarVi1979 | (= Sophora japonica)
- Vachellia nilotica | GhabboMo1996
- Vigna | WilliaWa1988
- Fagaceae
- Castanea | MillerDa2005
- Castanea crenata | Muraka1970
- Castanea sativa | Kozarz1988
- Quercus | UlgentDo2019
- Quercus acutissima | Muraka1970
- Gelsemiaceae
- Gelsemium | BesheaTiHo1973
- Geraniaceae
- Geranium | GhabboMo1996 MillerDa2005
- Pelargonium | AbouEl2001 Mamet1943a MillerDa2005
- Pelargonium inquinans | Muraka1970
- Pelargonium peltatum | Yasar2020
- Pelargonium zonale | ChabouSc1958
- Ginkgoaceae
- Ginkgo | Borchs1966
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | MillerDa2005
- Ribes aureum | Yasar2020
- Ribes nigrum | DalsteGuKr2016
- Ribes rubrum | ChenWo1936
- Ribes sinanense | Muraka1970
- Ribes uva-crispa | ChabouSc1958 | (= Ribes grossularia)
- Hydrangeaceae
- Deutzia scabra | Merril1953
- Hydrangea | MillerDa2005
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum | Ferris1950a
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans | MillerDa2005
- Juglans mandshurica | Muraka1970 | ssp. sieboldiana)
- Juglans nigra | Kozarz1988
- Juglans regia | Bodenh1949
- Platycarya strobilacea | Suh2020
- Pterocarya stenoptera | Muraka1970
- Lamiaceae
- Callicarpa | MillerDa2005
- Callicarpa americana | BesheaTiHo1973
- Callicarpa vestita | BerlesLe1898a DEDAC1923 | (= Callicarpa lanata)
- Nepeta | Ferris1950a
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum | Borchs1966
- Persea | AmunCl2015
- Phoebe zhennan | LuDeNi2023
- Sassafras | MillerDa2005
- Loranthaceae
- Loranthus | Maskel1897a
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia speciosa | Hinckl1963 | (= Lagerstroemia flos-reginae)
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | MillerDa2005
- Malvaceae
- Abelmoschus | MilleHeCa2016
- Abelmoschus esculentus | McKenz1956 RileyHo1894 | (= Hibiscus esculentum)
- Abelmoschus manihot | Hinckl1963 | (= Hibiscus manihot)
- Alcea rosea | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956 | (= Althaea rosea)
- Althaea | Cohic1958
- Dombeya | MillerDa2005
- Firmiana simplex | BesheaTiHo1973 ChabouSc1958 Suh2020 TakahaTa1956 Tao1999 | (= Firmiana plantanifolia, Sterculia plantifolia)
- Gossypium | MillerDa2005 Wilson1923
- Gossypium barbadense | WilliaWa1988 | (= Gossypium brasiliense)
- Guazuma ulmifolia | RileyHo1894
- Hibiscus | Heu2002 MillerDa2005
- Hibiscus diversifolius | WilliaWa1988
- Hibiscus grandiflorus | WhitmoMe1974
- Hibiscus mutabilis | LuDeNi2023 Mamet1943a
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | ColonFMe1998
- Hibiscus syriacus | Suh2020
- Hibiscus tiliaceus | WhitmoMe1974
- Malachra | MillerDa2005
- Malvastrum coromandelianum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Malvastrum tricuspidatum)
- Sida | Borchs1966
- Sterculia | Borchs1966
- Theobroma | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Thespesia grandiflora | WhitmoMe1974 | (= Montezuma speciosissima)
- Tilia miqueliana | Muraka1970
- Tilia tomentosa | Yasar2020
- Triumfetta bartramia | WilliaWa1988
- Urena lobata | Hinckl1963
- Urena sinuata | Ballou1926
- Meliaceae
- Cedrela | MillerDa2005
- Melia | MillerDa2005
- Melia azedarach | Mamet1943a
- Toona ciliata | WilliaWa1988 | (= Cedrela toona)
- Menispermaceae
- Cissampelos pareira | MestreHaEv2011
- Moraceae
- Broussonetia | MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988
- Broussonetia kazinoki | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Broussonetia papyrifera | Ferris1950a
- Castilla | MillerDa2005
- Ficus | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
- Ficus carica | Yasar2020
- Maclura pomifera | Yasar2020
- Morus | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005 PellizPoSe2011 Sasaki1894
- Morus alba | Kobakh1965 Kuwana1926
- Morus australis | Muraka1970
- Morus bombycis | Suh2020
- Morus indica | BesheaTiHo1973
- Morus nigra | Balach1954e Ballou1926 ErlerKoTu1996
- Morus rubra | BesheaTiHo1973
- Streblus asper | BesheaTiHo1973
- Myrtaceae
- Eugenia | Matile1978
- Psidium | Borchs1966
- Oleaceae
- Chionanthus virginicus | BesheaTiHo1973
- Forsythia intermedia | UlgentDo2019
- Forsythia koreana | Suh2020
- Fraxinus | MillerDa2005
- Fraxinus americana | UlgentDo2019
- Fraxinus chinensis | Ferris1950a
- Fraxinus excelsior | Ali1970
- Fraxinus rhynchophylla | LuDeNi2023
- Jasminum | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Ligustrum | MillerDa2005
- Ligustrum ibota | Britto1923
- Ligustrum japonicum | Hinckl1963
- Ligustrum obtusifolium | Muraka1970
- Ligustrum vulgare | MilleHeCa2016
- Olea europaea | ArgyriKo1981 ElsebaAh2017
- Osmanthus | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Osmanthus fragrans | Muraka1970 NormarOkMo2019 | (= Osmanthus asiaticus)
- Osmanthus heterophyllus | Muraka1970 | (= Osmanthus ilicifolius)
- Syringa | Bodenh1949
- Syringa vulgaris | ChabouSc1958
- Onagraceae
- Fuchsia | Borchs1966
- Orchidaceae
- Elleanthus | HodgsoHi1990
- Geodorum densiflorum | AbouEl2001
- Orchidaceae | MillerDa2005
- Stanhopea | MillerDa2005
- Paeoniaceae
- Paeonia | Borchs1966
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | GhabboMo1996
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora | MillerDa2005
- Passiflora edulis | Heu2002 WilliaWa1988 WilliaWa1988
- Passiflora quadrangularis | Hinckl1963
- Paulowniaceae
- Paulownia | Balach1954e
- Paulownia coreana | Suh2020
- Paulownia fortunei | MoghadWa2021
- Paulownia tomentosa | Bodenh1949 Muraka1970 UlgentDo2019
- Phyllanthaceae
- Flueggea leucopyrus | Varshn2002 | (= Securinega leucopyrus)
- Phytolaccaceae
- Phytolacca rivinoides | ColonFMe1998
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | Moghad2013a
- Piperaceae
- Piper | MillerDa2005
- Piper umbellatum | ColonFMe1998 Myers1926 | (= Potomorphe umbellata)
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | MillerDa2005
- Plantaginaceae
- Angelonia salicariifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Veronica | Borchs1966
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | Borchs1966
- Polygalaceae
- Polygala | Borchs1966
- Ranunculaceae
- Clematis | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Delphinium | Cohic1958
- Rhamnaceae
- Hovenia dulcis | Muraka1970
- Rhamnus | Balach1954e Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Rhamnus alaternus | ChabouSc1958
- Ziziphus | MillerDa2005
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles japonica | KeskinOzCi2022 | (= Cydonia japonica)
- Chaenomeles sinensis | BiezanFr1939 | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Cliffortia polygonifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Cotoneaster | Merril1953
- Crataegus | Yasar2020
- Cydonia | MillerDa2005
- Cydonia oblonga | Muraka1970
- Eriobotrya japonica | Yasar2020
- Kerria japonica | GhabboMo1996 Muraka1970
- Malus domestica | KeskinOzCi2022
- Malus doumeri | Chang1972 | (= Malus formosana)
- Malus floribunda | DeveliMuKa2018
- Malus pumila | Muraka1970
- Malus sylvestris | ArgyriStMo1976
- Mespilus germanica | Yasar2020
- Photinia bodinieri | Merril1953 | (= Photinia serrulata)
- Prunus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005 | (= Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus)
- Prunus amygdaloides | Hinckl1963
- Prunus armeniaca | Bodenh1949 ErlerKoTu1996 | (= Amygdalus armeniaca)
- Prunus avium | Muraka1970
- Prunus cerasifera | Yasar2020
- Prunus cerasus | Foldi2000
- Prunus domestica | ChenWo1936
- Prunus dulcis | Bodenh1949 Takagi1970 | (= Amygdalus communis, Prunus communis)
- Prunus laurocerasus | Bodenh1949 Kozarz1988
- Prunus mume | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Prunus persica | Bodenh1949 Kozarz1988 Mamet1943a Takagi1970 TakahaTa1956 | (= Amygdalus persica, Persica vulgaris)
- Prunus pogonostyla | Takagi1970
- Prunus pseudocerasus | Muraka1970
- Prunus salicina | Muraka1970
- Prunus sargentii | Takagi1956
- Prunus serrulata | Suh2020
- Prunus subhirtella | Muraka1970
- Prunus tomentosa | Suh2020
- Prunus yedoensis | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Pyrus communis | Yasar2020
- Pyrus elaeagrifolia | Yasar2020
- Pyrus pyrifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Pyrus serotina)
- Rosa | Borchs1966
- Rubus | Borchs1966
- Rubus caesius | Yasar2020
- Sorbus commixta | Muraka1970
- Spiraea japonica | GhabboMo1996
- Stranvaesia davidiana | Takagi1970 | (= Stranvaesia niitakayamensis)
- Rubiaceae
- Bouvardia | Borchs1966
- Cinchona | MillerDa2005
- Coprosma | MifsudMaRu2014
- Galium | HodgsoHi1990
- Morinda citrifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Palicourea | MillerDa2005
- Platanocephalus indicus | WilliaWa1988
- Psychotria horizontalis | MestreHaEv2011
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | MillerDa2005
- Citrus aurantium | Bodenh1949 Moghad2013a | (= Citrus bigaradia)
- Citrus maxima | Heu2002 WilliaWa1988
- Citrus reticulata | WilliaWa1988
- Orixa japonica | Maskel1897a
- Tetradium ruticarpum | Muraka1970 | (= Evodia rutaecarpa)
- Zanthoxylum | Borchs1966
- Zanthoxylum ailanthoides | Suh2020
- Zanthoxylum piperitum | Muraka1970
- Zanthoxylum schinifolium | Suh2020
- Salicaceae
- Flacourtia | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a
- Populus | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
- Populus alba | Muraka1970
- Populus tremula | Muraka1970 | var. davidiana (= Populus sieboldi)
- Salix | Ferris1950a MillerDa2005
- Salix babylonica | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Salix chaenomeloides | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956 | (= Salix glandulosa)
- Salix kinuyanagi | Muraka1970
- Salix nigra | HowardOl1985
- Salix warburgii | Muraka1970
- Santalaceae
- Phoradendron leucarpum | BesheaTiHo1973 | (= Phoradendron flavescens)
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | Borchs1966
- Aesculus carnea | UlgentDo2019
- Aesculus hippocastanum | Bodenh1949
- Aesculus pavia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Koelreuteria paniculata | BesheaTiHo1973
- Nephelium | Borchs1966
- Nephelium lappaceum | GermaiDeLa2016
- Sapotaceae
- Sideroxylon mirmulans | CarnerPe1986
- Scrophulariaceae
- Buddleja | HodgsoHi1990 MillerDa2005
- Buddleja davidii | Ballou1926
- Myoporum | AbouEl2001
- Scrophularia | Borchs1966
- Simaroubaceae
- Ailanthus altissima | Bodenh1949 | (= Ailanthus glandulosa)
- Picrasma quassioides | Muraka1970
- Solanaceae
- Brugmansia suaveolens | ColonFMe1998 | (= Datura suaveolens)
- Capsicum | Cocker1892d Heu2002 Mamet1943a MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988
- Capsicum annuum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Capsicum grossum)
- Lycium chinense | Suh2020
- Nicotiana tabacum | WilliaWa1988
- Solanum | MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988
- Solanum erianthum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Solanum verbascifolium)
- Solanum lycopersicum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Solanum mauritianum | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 | (= Solanum auriculatum)
- Solanum melongena | GermaiDeLa2016
- Solanum rugosum | ColonFMe1998
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | Borchs1966
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | Yasar2020
- Theaceae
- Camellia | MillerDa2005
- Camellia sinensis | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956 | (= Thea sinensis)
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Bodenh1949
- Ulmus glabra | ChabouSc1958 | (= Ulmus campestris)
- Zelkova serrata | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Urticaceae
- Boehmeria | MillerDa2005
- Urtica dioica | Bodenh1949
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana | MillerDa2005
- Stachytarpheta | WilliaWa1988
- Stachytarpheta cayennensis | WilliaWa1988 | (= Stachytarpheta dichotoma)
- Stachytarpheta indica | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Stachytarpheta jamaicensis | ColonFMe1998
- Stachytarpheta mutabilis | WilliaWa1988
- Stachytarpheta urticifolia | Hinckl1963 WilliaWa1988
- Verbena | BesheaTiHo1973
- Verbena bonariensis | WilliaWa1988
- Vitaceae
- Parthenocissus | Suh2016
- Vitis | MillerDa2005
- Vitis vinifera | Bodenh1949 Muraka1970
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia | Borchs1966
Foes:
Families: 19 | Genera: 61
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | Balach1954e Brethe1914 KosztaKo1988F UlgentErKa2008
- Ablerus atomon | MoghadWa2021 | (= Azotus atomon)
- Ablerus capensis | Garcia1922 | (= Azotus capensis)
- Ablerus celsus | UlgentErKa2008 | (= Azotus celsus)
- Ablerus chionaspidis | Garcia1922 | (= Azotus chionaspidis)
- Ablerus clisiocampae | KosztaKo1988F
- Ablerus perspeciosus | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F Muraka1970 UlgentErKa2008 | (= Azotus perspeciosus)
- Ablerus platensis | Balach1954e Brethe1914 DeSant1941a KosztaKo1988F | (= Azotus platensis)(= Dimacrocerus platensis)
- Aphytis | AbouEl2001
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Jiang1985 TooranAbDe2019
- Aphytis diaspidis | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F Rauled2011 Simmon1957 | (= Aphytis fuscipennis)
- Aphytis proclia | DeSant1941a TooranAbDe2019
- Aphytis vandenboschi | TakagiRo1981
- Cales noacki | DeSant1941a Brethe1914 DeSant1941a | (= Diaspidophilus pallidus
- Coccobius | Sankar1984
- Coccophagoides kuwanae | KosztaKo1988F Muraka1970
- Coccophagoides murtfeldtae | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F
- Diaspiniphagus murtfeldtii | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F | (= Prospaltella murtfeldti)
- Encarsia | Sankar1984
- Encarsia aurantii | Balach1954e Brethe1914 KosztaKo1988F | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
- Encarsia berlesei | Berles1909 Greath1989 ManiKoSc1997 Poutie1919 Simmon1957 Viggia1987 | (= Prospaltella berlesei)
- Encarsia citrina | Cocker1896a DeSant1941a Kalsho1981 Yasuda1981a Brethe1914 HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus),(= Prospaltoides howardi)
- Encarsia diaspidicola | Balach1954e Gahan1925 HuangPo1998 | (= Prospaltella diaspidicola)
- Encarsia fasciata | AbouEl2001
- Encarsia flexa | HuangPo1998
- Encarsia lounsburyi | Simmon1957 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
- Encarsia niigatae | Balach1954e HuangPo1998 KosztaKo1988F
- Encarsia perniciosi | TooranAbLo2017
- Marietta | Jiang1985
- Marietta leopardina | Sankar1984 | (= Marietta javensis)
- Marietta mexicana | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F
- Pteroptrix dimidiata | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F
- Pteroptrix orientalis | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F PedataGa2001 | (= Archenomus orientalis)
- Arctiidae
- Eilema griseola | KosztaKo1988F | ssp. aegrota
- Lithosia quadra | KosztaKo1988F
- Miltochrista calamina | KosztaKo1988F
- Stigmatophora flava | KosztaKo1988F
- Arctiinae
- Collita griseola | KosztaKo1988F | (= Eilema griseola)
- Cecidomyiidae
- Arthrocnodax diaspidis | Barnes1930
- Arthrocnodax moricola | Barnes1930
- Dentifibula | Yasuda1981a
- Dyodiplosis generosi | DeSilv1961
- Lestodiplosis | Yasuda1981a
- Silvestrina silvestrii | Barnes1930
- Tricontarinia ciliatipennis | Barnes1930
- Tricontarinia japanica | Barnes1930
- Chrysopidae
- Mallada desjardinsi | KosztaKo1988F | (= Chrysopa boninensis)
- Coccinellidae
- Callicaria superba | KosztaKo1988F
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Bodenh1953 UygunEl1998
- Chilocorus cacti | DeBach1964
- Chilocorus hupehanus | ZhangWaCh1993
- Chilocorus nigritus | GuyotQu1987
- Chilocorus orbus | Hagen1974
- Chilocorus politus | GuyotQu1987 Kalsho1981
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Jiang1985 Xie1998 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Chilocorus rubidus | KosztaKo1988F
- Chilocorus similis | Nakaya1912
- Coccidophilus cariba | Gordon1978
- Cryptognatha nodiceps | Hagen1974 Hinckl1963
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Hyperaspis japonica | KosztaKo1988F
- Myzia oblongoguttata | KosztaKo1988F | (= Paramysia oblongoguttata)
- Nephus phosphorus | Yasuda1981a
- Novius | KosztaKo1988F Yasuda1981a
- Novius concolor | KosztaKo1988F | (= Novius concolor)
- Novius limbata | Yasuda1981a | (= Rodolia limbata)
- Pharoscymnus exiguus | Simmon1969
- Pharoscymnus horni | Sankar1984
- Pseudoscymnus hareja | KosztaKo1988F
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | ArgyriStMo1976 DalsteGuKr2016 Danzig1993 Smirno1950a | (= Lindorus lophantae) (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Sasajiscymnus hareja | KosztaKo1988F | (= Pseudoscymnus hareja)
- Scymnomorphus | HanksDe1993a
- Scymnomorphus japonicus | Yasuda1981a | (= Sukunahikona japonica)
- Scymnus | Kalsho1981
- Scymnus hilaris | Yasuda1981a
- Serangium japonicum | Yasuda1981a
- Stethorus | Yasuda1981a
- Stethorus japonicus | KosztaKo1988F
- Sticholotis punctata | KosztaKo1988F
- Sticholotis ruficeps | GuyotQu1987 | (= Sticholotis madagassa)
- Sticholotis rugicollis | GuyotQu1987 | (= Sticholotis gomyi)
- Telsimia nigra | KosztaKo1988F
- Cordycipitaceae
- Simplicillium lanosoniveum | WangXiFa2016
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | Bodenh1953 Sankar1984
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | Yasuda1981a
- Cybocephalus pullus | GuyotQu1987
- Cybocephalus rufifrons | Kartma1946 KosztaKo1988F
- Cybocephaliedae
- Cybocephalus gibbulus | KosztaKo1988F
- Encyrtidae
- Acerophagus flavidulus | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F | (= Psilomirinus flavidulus)
- Adelencyrtus | Sankar1984
- Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis | KosztaKo1988F
- Adelencyrtus lindingaspidis | Yasuda1981a | (= Anabrolepis lindingaspidis)
- Anicetus | Yasuda1981a
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | KreiteDiDo2000 Sankar1984
- Cheiloneurus | Sankar1984 | (=Chiloneurus)
- Metaphycus flavus | DeSant1941a | (= Aphycus flavidulus)
- Teleterebratus perversus | TooranAbDe2019
- Thomsonisca amathus | KosztaKo1988F Muraka1970 | (= Thomsonisca typica)
- Zaomma lambinus | KosztaKo1988F Suh2019b | (= Apterencyrtus microphagus)
- Eulophidae
- Aprostocetus canadensis | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F | (= Tetrastichus canadensis)
- Aprostocetus purpureus | Sankar1984 | (= Tetrastichus purpureus)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonSc1981
- Nectriaceae
- Microcera pseudaulacaspidis | LiuDeWa2023
- Noctuidae
- Eublemma | Lee1971
- Phlaeothripidae
- Karnyothrips flavipes | MoghadWa2021
- Platygastridae
- Amitus spiniferus | Brethe1914 DeSant1941a | (= Passalida spinifera)
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | Brethe1914 DeSant1941a
- Signiphora aspidioti | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F | (= Thysanus aspidioti)
- Signiphora bifasciata | Balach1954e Brethe1914 DeSant1941a KosztaKo1988F | (= Thysanus platensis) (= Signiphora platensis)
- Signiphora flavella | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F | (= Thysanus caridei) (= Signiphora caridei)
- Thysanus | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F
- Tetranychidae
- Tetranychus canadensis | Balach1954e KosztaKo1988F
- Trichogrammatidae
- Trichogrammatoidea signiphoroides | Brethe1914
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Nectriaceae
- Fusarium coccidicola | WilliaWa1988
- Septobasidiaceae
- Septobasidium | Kalsho1981
- Septobasidium bogoriense | WilliaWa1988
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 113
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | RileyHo1893
- Barbuda | WoodruBeSk1998
- Argentina | Autran1907 Brethe1914 DeBach1964
- Australia | Balach1954e Cocker1896a Maxwel1902
- New South Wales | Tryon1889
- Queensland | Brimbl1962 Tryon1889
- Austria | DeBach1964 KozarNa1998
- Azerbaijan | Aligey2016
- Azores | FrancoRuMa2011
- Bahamas | Nakaha1982
- Balearic Islands | Balach1954e
- Barbados | Maxwel1902
- Bermuda | Balach1954e Simmon1957
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Nakaha1982
- Brazil | Balach1954e Maxwel1902
- Bahia | MartinFoCu2015
- Ceara | MartinFoCu2015
- Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | CastroMoPe2020
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Maranhao | MartinFoCu2015
- Minas Gerais | MartinWoCu2022
- Para | MartinFoCu2015
- Paraiba | MartinFoCu2015
- Parana | MartinFoCu2015
- Pernambuco | CarvalCa1939
- Rio Grande do Norte | MartinFoCu2015
- Rio Grande do Sul | BiezanFr1939 CorseuSi1971
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinFoCu2015
- Santa Catarina | MartinFoCu2015
- Sao Paulo | CostaL1924
- Bulgaria | KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968
- Cameroon | NormarOkMo2019
- Canada | Wu1935
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- Cayman Islands | Cocker1894a
- Chile | Wu1935
- China
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | Hua2000
- Aomen (=Macau) | Atanas1959
- Beijing (=Peking) | Tang1984b
- Fujian (=Fukien) | ChenWo1936
- Gansu (=Kansu) | ChenWo1936 Tang1984b
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | ChenWo1936
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Tao1999
- Hebei (=Hopei) | ChenWo1936 Tang1984b
- Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) | Hua2000
- Henan (=Honan) | Tao1999
- Hubei (=Hupei) | Hua2000
- Hunan | Tao1999
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | ChenWo1936
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Tao1999
- Jilin (=Kirin) | Tao1999
- Liaoning | Tang1984b
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tang1984b
- Ningxia (=Ningsia) | Tao1999
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | Tao1999
- Shandong (=Shantung) | ChenWo1936
- Shanghai | Wu1935
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Tang1984b
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Li1991
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Maskel1897 Maxwel1902
- Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | Tao1999
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Tao1999
- Yunnan | Ferris1950a
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | ChenWo1936 Wu2001b
- Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016
- Colombia | Balach1959a Figuer1952
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Corsica | Balach1954e
- Costa Rica | Nakaha1982
- Crete | PellizPoSe2011
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cuba | MestreHaEv2011 Myers1926
- Dominica | Maxwel1902
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941
- Egypt | Alfier1929 Giliom1966
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Beards1966 Dumble1954
- Pohnpei Island | Nakaha1982
- Truk Islands | Beards1966
- Fiji | Hinckl1963 Maskel1895a
- France | Balach1954e Foldi2002 KosztaKo1988F Vayssi1918
- Georgia (Republic of) | Danzig1986a Kobakh1965
- Abkhaz ASSR | Kobakh1965 Nakaha1982
- Adzhar ASSR | Kobakh1965
- Germany | KosztaKo1988F Schmut1959
- Ghana | Nakaha1982
- Greece | ArgyriStMo1976 Balach1954e
- Grenada | Maxwel1902
- Guadeloupe | Balach1957c
- Guam | Dumble1954
- Guiana | WoodruBeSk1998
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Wu1935
- Hawaiian Islands | Balach1954e Kirkal1904b
- Hawaii | Heu2002
- Kauai | MatsunHoKu2019
- Honduras | Nakaha1982
- Hungary | BognarVi1979
- India
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Java | Balach1954e Dammer1929
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996
- Israel | Nakaha1982
- Italy | Barnes1930 LongoMaPe1995 MatilePe2002
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Jamaica | Balach1954e Cocker1892d Maxwel1902
- Japan | Britto1923 Sasaki1894
- Hokkaido | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Honshu | Muraka1970 Shinji1936b UchidaMuWa2021
- Kyushu | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Kenya | MacharKiHe2021
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Madagascar | Balach1954e Mamet1943a
- Madeira Islands | Nakaha1982
- Malawi | Lee1971
- Malaysia
- Malaya | Nakaha1982
- Malta | Borg1932 MifsudMaRu2014
- Martinique | Cocker1896a
- Mauritius | Balach1954e GrandpCh1899 Mamet1943a
- Mexico | Wu1935
- Montserrat | WoodruBeSk1998
- Netherlands | Tao1999
- New Caledonia | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- New Zealand | Suh2016
- Norfolk Island | WilliaWa1988
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Saipan Island | Beards1966
- Palau | Beards1966
- Panama | Cocker1899n Tao1999
- Papua New Guinea | GreveIs1983 WilliaWa1988
- Peru | DeBach1964
- Poland | LagowsGo2020
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Maxwel1902
- Reunion | Balach1954e GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1952
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Tudor1982
- Russia
- Adygey (=Adigei) Aut. Oblast | Balach1954e
- Sakhalin Oblast | Nakaha1982
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | TakahaTa1956
- Saint Croix | Nakaha1983 Wilson1923
- Saint Helena | Blanch1939 Giliom1966
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Saint Kitts | WoodruBeSk1998
- Saint Lucia | WoodruBeSk1998
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Maxwel1902
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Principe | Giliom1966
- Sao Tome | Giliom1966 Laing1928
- Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995 Paoli1915
- Seychelles | Mamet1943a
- Singapore | Tao1999
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- South Africa | Balach1954e Brain1919 Cocker1896a
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 SuhJi2009
- Spain | Balach1954e
- Sri Lanka | Ali1970 Balach1954e Maskel1897
- Suriname | WoodruBeSk1998
- Sweden | Gertss2023
- Switzerland | Balach1954e ManiKoSc1997
- Syria | Balach1954e
- Taiwan | Ali1970 TakahaTa1956
- Tanzania | Balach1954e Lindin1910b
- Tonga | WilliaWa1988
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tobago | WoodruBeSk1998
- Trinidad | Cocker1894a
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 ErlerKoTu1996
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- Ukraine | Nakaha1982
- United Kingdom
- England | Giliom1966
- United States
- Alabama | Balach1954e BesheaTiHo1973
- California | Balach1954e Cocker1895x Fernal1903b Nakaha1982
- Connecticut | Balach1954e Britto1920
- Delaware | Nakaha1982
- District of Columbia | Balach1954e Cocker1896a Hartma1916
- Florida | Balach1954e Cocker1896a Dekle1965c Ferris1937
- Georgia | Balach1954e BesheaTiHo1973 Cocker1896a Ferris1937
- Indiana | Balach1954e Koszta1996
- Louisiana | Balach1954e HowardOl1985
- Maryland | Balach1954e Koszta1996
- Massachusetts | Cooley1898a
- Mississippi | DavidsMiNa1983 Herric1911
- Missouri | Balach1954e Hollin1923
- New Jersey | Balach1954e Koszta1996
- New Mexico | DavidsMiNa1983
- New York | Balach1954e Hartma1916
- North Carolina | DavidsMiNa1983
- Ohio | Balach1954e Sander1904a
- Oregon | Nakaha1982
- Pennsylvania | Balach1954e Koszta1996
- Rhode Island | Balach1954e Koszta1996
- South Carolina | DavidsMiNa1983
- Tennessee | Balach1954e LambdiWa1980
- Texas | Balach1954e Ferris1937 McDani1973
- Virginia | Balach1954e Koszta1996
- West Virginia | Balach1954e Koszta1996
- Uruguay | DeBach1964
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaWa1988
- Vietnam | Nakaha1982
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Yugoslavia | Balach1954e MihajlKo1983
- Zanzibar | Balach1954e Giliom1966
- Zimbabwe | Hall1937
Keys
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
- Suh2015: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Korean Pseudaulacaspis]
- WeiFe2012a: pp.13-16 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of the genus Pseudaulacaspis]
- HodgsoLa2011: pp.14-15 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Pseudaulacaspis sp. known from Fiji.]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted adult female)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.123 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis of Puerto Rico]
- Koszta1996: pp.566 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Northeastern North American species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Danzig1993: pp.332 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Danzig1988: pp.723 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.220 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- HowardOl1985: pp.63 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Pseudaulacaspis of Louisiana]
- TippinHo1983: pp.199 ( First instar ) [Key to first instars of North American species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.142 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Wang1982c: pp.90 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Danzig1971d: pp.844 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- Takagi1961a: pp.92 ( ) [Key to Japanese species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Takagi1956: pp.113 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Japanese species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Chou1949: pp.14 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of Aulacaspis in China] Key as: Aulacaspis pentagona
- Zimmer1948: pp.384 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Hawaiian species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Kuwana1926: pp.9 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Sasakiaspis from Japan] Key as: Sasakiaspis pentagona
- Britto1923: pp.369 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis] Key as: Aulacaspis pentagona
- MacGil1921: pp.315 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis] Key as: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Remarks
- Systematics: P. pentagona included three cryptic species (5.4% to 6.3%).
- Structure: Female scale opaque, white, nearly circular, convex; exuviae yellow near margin. Male scale white, faintly tricarinate. Adult female with large median lobes, slightly separated at base, both margins free and deeply and coarsely notched. 5 large groups of circumgenital gland-orifices, varying in number, but groups well separated (Britton, 1923).
- Biology: There are two separate generations per year in northern Switzerland. The flight of the males of the first generation starts in the middle or end of June and continues until the middle or end of July. The flight of the second generation lasts from the middle or end of August to the end of September or early October. Due to adverse climatic conditions the flight of the second generation is often poor (Mani et al., 1997). Fecundity studies by Souissi & Panis (1999). Matile (1978) records this species at an altitude of 600m. Kyparissoudas (1992) found that there were three flight periods for the males of this species in northern Greece and these periods corresponded with the emergence periods of the crawlers. The white peach scale is easy to rear on potatoes (Dustan 1953). As a result much work has been done on its biology. Bennett and Brown (1958) reported that in Trinidad and Bermuda, females deposited all their eggs in 8 9 days. Individual eggs hatched in 3 4 days and female crawlers were more active than male crawlers. Both sexes molted to second instars in 7 8 days. Females completed the final molt to the third instar in 19 20 days. Males molted to third instars in 12 days and the fifth instars (adults) appeared in 19 22 days. Males emerged in late afternoon and immediately began to inseminate females. Fertilization occurred while the eggs were in the egg follicles. Oviposition began 14 16 days after mating. A generation was completed in 36 40 days during the summer at about 25oC average temperature and in 80 90 days during the winter. Van Duyn and Murphey (1971) reported a generation time from 49 to 51 days in the lab at 21oC and 65% RH on potatoes. Ball (1980) found a minimum generation time of 40.4 days at 26.4oC and 110.8 days at 13.3oC in the lab on potatoes. Bennett and Brown (1958) reported that mating was required for reproduction. They also noted that the eggs and crawlers exhibited sexual dimorphism by color differences; eggs containing female embryos were coral when laid while male embryo containing eggs were pinkish white. This color difference persisted up to the end of the first instar. They also noted dichronism; eggs containing females were laid first, and male containing eggs were laid last. They pointed out that the latter trait was a valuable tool because potatoes could be infested exclusively with either female or male crawlers. Monti (1955) recorded orange female eggs and white male eggs in Italy, and Bedford (personal communication in Bennett and Brown 1958) also saw 2 color groups of eggs in South Africa. Brown and Bennett (1957) reported P. pentagona to be a haplodiploid species with 16 chromosomes in the female and 8 in the male. The male haploidy resulted from chromosome elimination during early embryogeny. They found the sex ratio to be close to 1:1, but this varied widely, with some individual females producing nearly all males or females. They also found this to be true when old virgins were mated. Brown (1960) noted an instance of tetraploidy in this species. Nelson Rees (1960) reported that exposure of egg bearing females to X rays stimulated higher male production. Morere and Seuge (1976) found reduced fecundity in females reared on previously irradiated potato tubers and reduction was dosage dependent. Tremblay (1969) discovered that the symbionts (mycetocytes) are carried by maternal cells which penetrate the developing oocytes in the ovary. The number of white peach scale generations in the U.S. has been reported to be 4 in the central Florida (Kuitert 1967), 3.5 to 4 in northern Florida (Van Duyn and Murphey 1971), 3 in North Carolina (Smith 1969), 3 in Virginia (Bobb et al 1973), and the authors have observed 3 in Maryland. We have not reported literature dealing with P. pentagona north of Maryland since the species studied was probably P. prunicola (Maskell) (white prunicola scale). Reported generation times in other countries were 4 5 in Bermuda (Bennett and Brown 1958), 3 in the Mediterranean areas of France and Italy (Bénassy 1958, Monti 1955, Battaglia et al. 1994), 3 in Turkey (Bodenheimer 1953), 4 in Turkey (Erkilic and Uygun 1998), 3 in Russia (Kunincka 1970), 3 in Japan (Murakami 1970), 3 in Romania (Brailoiu Tanase 1998). Crawler appearance times in the U.S. were reported as follows: Central Florida (Kuitert 1967) - first generation about mid-February, second generation about mid-May, third generation about mid-July, fourth generation about early October; North Carolina (Smith 1969)- first generation early May, second generation late July, third generation late August; Virginia (Bobb et al. 1973) - first generation early May, second generation early August, third generation early September; central Maryland 1981, Davidson, personal observation) - first generation mid-May, second generation early July, third generation late August. Murakami (1970) summarized 5 papers treating this pest in Japan as follows: Overwintering females began to enlarge in mid-February and their ovaries matured in April. From April to mid-May 100 to 150 eggs were deposited by each female on mulberry with about 50 eggs less per female on tea plants. First generation crawlers appeared in early May, those of the second generation in late July, and those of the third generation from September to October. Males of the last generation appeared in early November to mate with the females which overwintered. Better results were obtained rearing this pest on squash than on potato. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). Kozár, Mani, and Hope (2009) found that the maximum emergence of the males occurred at 10:00-14:00 hours and that the daily rhythm of flight was determined mainly by the light intensity. On days with sunshine, the maximum flight of males occurred between 16:00 and 20:00 hours and on days with clouds, the flight already started at 10:00 hours. Flight was inhibited by wind speeds higher than 2 m/sec. Overwintering females in the third generation of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) entered reproductive diapause with undeveloped ovarian eggs. Ovarian development in females collected before the winter solstice was retarded, but development proceeded normally thereafter. Neither length of photoperiod nor changing photoperiods affected the induction of reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause of P. pentagona was induced when the temperature decreased to around 20 °C from the high temperature conditions of the previous generation spawning and current generation egg stages. A transfer test was conducted to elucidate temperature sensitivity, from 25 °C in the spawning and egg stages to 20 °C at various developmental stages. The sensitive stage for the induction of reproductive diapause was a few days after the emergence of females.
- Economic Importance: Chemical control of this pest is only necessary when the attack is severe (Mani et al., 1997). Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. This species is a serious pest of peach and flowering cherry trees in southeastern United States (Bobb et al., 1973) and of pear in Taiwan (Chang, 1972). Beardsley and González (1975) listed white peach scale as one of the 43 principal armored scale pests of the world. Dekle (1977) reported it as an economic pest in Florida. Johnson and Lyon (1976) noted that this scale was very destructive to ornamental trees and shrubs such as those in the following genera: Catalpa, Diospyros, Hibiscus, Ligustrum, Prunus, and Syringa. They list Kwansan cherry (Prunus serrulata) as a favorite host which is highly susceptible to damage by this pest. This observation probably pertains to white prunicola scale. They also note it as a serious stone fruit pest in the Carolinas and Virginia. Snapp (1954) reported white peach scale to be as injurious to peach trees as San Jose scale. Bertels (1956) recorded it as a pest of great economic importance in Brazil on Prunus and Pyrus. Milaire (1962) claimed that white peach scale was fatal to peaches in an area on the Mediterranean coast and adjacent areas. Vashadze (1955) reported it to be highly injurious to Japanese quince, decorative cherry, Cerasus avium and mulberry along the Black Sea Coast of western Georgia, SSR. Yasumatsu and Watanabe (1965) list it in a parasite predator catalogue of injurious insects in Japan. In Bermuda it nearly eradicated oleander (Simmonds 1958). The white peach scale has been reduced to subeconomic levels in most of South America and Europe, principally as a result of the introduced parasite Encarsia berlesei. In Bermuda control has been sustained by Aphytis diaspidis and Aspidiotiphagus spp. A detailed study of the life history, host plants and natural enemies of white peach scale is presented by Hanks and Denno (1993a). They also present additional ecological information on this species in a series of other papers (Hanks and Denno 1993b, 1993c, 1994). (Miller & Davidson, 2005). The wasp,Encarsia diaspidicola may be an effective biocontrol according to laboratory tests reported by Wood, 2009. The fungus, Simplicillium lanosoniveum, may provide a new resource for biological control of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona. (Wang, et al., 2016) On the island of Hawaii, Encarsia diaspidicola has been released as a biocontrol agent after it significantly lowered population numbers in Samoa.
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Balachowsky (1954e) and Williams & Watson (1988). Tippins & Howell (1983) describe the first instar. Several publications have listed this species from New Zealand including Fernald (1903), Wu (1935), and Balachowsky (1954e). These apparently all originated from the erroneous record given by Fernald (1903) where she apparently assumed the Maskell's papers listed only New Zealand records when he actually wrote that P. pentagona was in Australia (Charles and Henderson, 2002).
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1937: taxonomy, 543
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 38
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 187
- Alfier1929: distribution, host, 8a
- Ali1970: catalog, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 6
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997
- Argyri1977: biological control, distribution, 361
- ArgyriKa1977: biological control, distribution, 339
- ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 27
- Arnett1985: economic importance, taxonomy, 242
- Atanas1959: distribution, host, taxonomy, 429
- Auchin1913: distribution, host, 9
- Autran1907: distribution, host, 152, 168
- Azim1961: biological control, distribution, 106
- Bachma1953: distribution, taxonomy, 176
- Balach1928b: taxonomy, 173
- Balach1946: distribution, 216
- Balach1954e: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 236-240
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 202
- Balach1959a: distribution, host, 363
- Balduf1935: biological control, distribution, 152
- Ballou1923: distribution, host, 85
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 13
- Ballou1934: distribution, host, 48, 52, 53
- Ballou1936a: distribution, host, 9
- Ballou1945: distribution, host, 91
- Barnes1930: biological control, distribution, 324, 328
- BassinBe1973: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 160-165
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 261
- BattagLeMa1994: distribution, host, 77-80
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 557
- Beatty1944: distribution, host, 127
- Benass1959b: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 867-872
- Benass1959b: biological control, chemical control,
- BenassBiEi1983: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 28-30
- BenassBiMi1964b: chemical control, 27
- BennetBr1958: life history, physiology, 317-324
- BerlesLe1898a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 121-122
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 13
- BianchGuMa1995: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, 47-50
- BianchPaGu1994: description, taxonomy, 73, 74, 75
- BiezanFr1939: distribution, host, 11
- BiezanSe1939: distribution, host, 7
- Blanch1939: distribution, host, 80, 167, 169
- BobbWePo1973: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1290-1292
- Bodenh1930: distribution, host, 18
- Bodenh1930a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 278
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 104-107
- Bodenh1953: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11-12
- BoedigSt1930: host, 52
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 18
- Bolle1914: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 198-213
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 99, 118
- Borchs1949d: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 224
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 206
- Borchs1960b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 216, 218
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 175-177, 377
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 81
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 13
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 226-228
- Brain1929: distribution, host, 142
- BrandtBo1948: distribution, host, 3
- Brethe1914: biological control, distribution, 1-16
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 6
- Brimbl1962: distribution, host, 224
- Britto1920: distribution, 65
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 369
- BrittoZa1927a: distribution, host, 155, 159-160
- BrittoZa1929a: distribution, 691
- Brown1965: physiology, 231, 278
- Brun1992a: description, economic importance, life history, 49-50
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, distribution, host, 10
- Bryan1915: distribution, host, 391
- Buchne1965: taxonomy, 240
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 300
- Bytins1966: distribution, 29
- CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 342
- CampbeLaHu2014: phylogeny, 532, 533
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46-47
- Carnes1907: distribution, 160
- CarvalCa1939: distribution, host, 31
- Castel1971: distribution, host, 35
- CastroMoPe2020: distribution, host, illustration, 90-91
- CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 8
- ChabouSc1958: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 170-178
- Chang1972: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 81-86
- CharleHe2002: distribution, taxonomy, 590,610
- Charmo1899: taxonomy, 28
- Chazea1981: biological control, 12, 14
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 104
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 95
- Chiesa1937: distribution, host, 167
- Chiesa1938: economic importance, 2, 114
- Chiesa1939: economic importance, 6, 7, 36
- Chou1949: distribution, 2
- Chou1982: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 142-146
- Chou1986: illustration, 442, 449
- Chou1986: illustration, 558-559
- Chu1935: distribution, host, life history, 158
- CiftciBo2021: distribution, host, 241
- CintiCrVi1993: chemical control, distribution, illustration, 216-217
- Clause1940: taxonomy, 157, 570
- Cocker1892d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 137
- Cocker1892e: distribution, host, 5
- Cocker1894a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Cocker1895x: distribution, host, 260
- Cocker1896a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 257-258
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, 25
- Cocker1898bb: distribution, host, 95
- Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 275
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 28
- Cocker1901l: distribution, host, taxonomy, 225
- Cocker1902d: distribution, taxonomy, 59
- Cocker1902p: distribution, 257
- Cohic1956: distribution, host, 5, 20, 26
- Cohic1958: distribution, host, 18, 25, 32, 35
- Cooley1898a: distribution, host, 232
- CorseuSi1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 110
- CostaL1921: taxonomy, 38, 40
- CostaL1924: distribution, 135
- CostaL1930a: distribution, host, 88
- Craw1896: economic importance, 39
- Craw1906: distribution, host, 139
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host, 5, 13
- DalsteGuKr2016: biological control, chemical control, host plant, life cycle, natural enemies, 445-450
- Dammer1929: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 253
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 844
- Danzig1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 220
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 318
- Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 376-377
- Danzig1988: taxonomy, 723
- Danzig1993: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 332-334
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1029
- DarvasAbCa1994: chemical control, 52, 53
- DarvasZs1986: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 341-346
- DavidsMiNa1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 757-759
- DeBach1964: biological control, distribution, host, 674, 680, 691
- DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 145, 177
- DeGreg1916: taxonomy, 6
- DeSant1941: biological control, distribution, 12
- DeSant1941a: biological control, distribution, 122
- DeSant1979: biological control, 246, 312, 320, 330-3
- DeSilv1961: biological control, distribution, 121
- DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 37, 41, 42
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14, 120
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 138
- DeveliMuKa2018: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- DijouxKr1999: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 113-118
- Ding2003a: biological control, 264-265
- Dingle1924: taxonomy, 368
- Dinthe1950: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 49-50
- Dinthe1960: distribution, economic importance, host, 49-50
- DodgeRi1943: distribution, host, 502, 505
- DokuyuUlOz2023: host, life history,
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- Dozier1933: biological control, 93
- DumasVa1950: biological control, 235
- Dumble1954: distribution, 122, 135
- Dunham1954: distribution, 67
- Dustan1953: distribution, host, 1-7
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Efimof1937: distribution, economic importance, 38, 72
- EfromRoWo2019: control, economic importance,
- Ehrhor1907: distribution, host, 25
- ElMinsElHa1974a: distribution, host, 265
- Ellis1924: economic importance, 151
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- ErkiliUy2001: distribution, host, life history, 389
- ErlerKoTu1996: distribution, host, 58
- Essig1926: distribution, economic importance, host, 309, 828
- Essig1931: distribution, host, taxonomy, 340, 342, 349, 907
- Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 247
- FainRi1998:
- Fehn1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-5
- Fehn1980: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-5
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 199
- FeltRa1932: distribution, host, 192, 369
- Fennah1947: distribution, 63
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 234-235
- Fernan1973: biological control, 137
- Ferris1921a: distribution, host, 214
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-9, SI-109
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40, 49
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:61
- Ferris1950a: distribution, host, 76
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
- Figuer1952: distribution, 209
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 22
- Flachs1931: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30, 89, 105, 197, 20
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 15
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 84
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- Foldi2002: distribution, 247
- Foldi2003: distribution, 152
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FolletGa1999: biological control, distribution, 506
- FolletNeHo2015: biological control, natural enemies, 51-54
- Fonsec1934a: distribution, host, 265
- FowjhaKo1999: distribution, host, 122
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 253
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 15,24
- Frank2020: ecology, life history, natural enemies, 2, 3, 6, 8
- Fraser1924: distribution, taxonomy, 439, 743
- French1942: distribution, host, 8
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 880
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
- Fullaw1932: distribution, host, 93
- Fuller1907: taxonomy, 1035
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 18, 31, 61
- Gahan1925: biological control, distribution, host, 14
- Gaprin1950: taxonomy, 93, 249
- Garcia1922: biological control, distribution, 197
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 52, 53, 66, 70, 73,
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 243
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 3
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- Gerson1970: biological control, economic importance, 990
- GersonSc1981: biological control, economic importance, 201
- Gertss2023: biology, distribution, host, morphology, natural enemies,
- GertssSc2020: distribution, economic importance, host, 135
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 356
- Ghauri1962: description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 168-173, 213
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, taxonomy, 424
- Gill1997: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 239, 241
- GomesC1940: chemical control, distribution, host, 349
- GomesC1941: distribution, host, 627
- GomesC1958: distribution, host, taxonomy, 126-128
- GomesCRe1947: distribution, host, 227
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 126
- Gordon1978: biological control, distribution, 206
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, 26
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 631
- GrandpCh1899: distribution, host, 7, 8
- Greath1989: biological control, 32
- Green1896: distribution, host, 4
- Green1896e: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86-87
- Green1915a: distribution, host, 183
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 313
- GreenLa1921: distribution, host, 128
- Greenw1940: distribution, host, 216
- GreveIs1983: distribution, host, 90
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173-176
- GullanCo1986: chemistry, 632
- Guncan2015: distribution, host,
- GuoSh2003: chemical control, 45-46
- Gurkan1982: biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 179-197
- GuyotQu1987: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 583-592
- GuyotQu1987: biological control, ecology, life history, 593-592
- Habibi1981: biological control, 65
- Hagen1974: biological control, distribution, 30, 34
- HagenFr1973: biological control, distribution, 451, 453, 464
- Halber2000: distribution, host, 4
- Hall1922: distribution, host, 27
- Hall1923: distribution, host, 44, 58
- Hall1925: distribution, host, 19
- Hall1926a: distribution, host, 30, 37, 39, 40, 41
- Hall1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 120
- Hall1946a: distribution, 530
- HanksDe1993: ecology, life history, natural enemies, 1081-1091
- HanksDe1993a: distribution, host, life history, natural enemies, 79-98
- HanksDe1994: ecology, life history, 2301-2310
- Hargre1948: distribution, host, 36
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 103
- Haywar1942: distribution, host, 48
- HegyiMe2002: economic importance, 355
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 519-520
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 22
- Herric1920: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66
- Herric1925: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137, 138
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 189-190
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 52
- HillNe1982: distribution, 228
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 21, 59
- Hodgso2020: key, 146
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10-12
- HodgsoLa2011: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 14-15
- Hoffma1927: distribution, host, 74
- Hollin1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18, 67
- Houser1918: distribution, host, taxonomy, 162
- Howard1912: biological control, distribution, host, 325-328
- HowardOl1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63-64
- Hsu1935: distribution, 579
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 202
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 160
- HuangLiWe2003: biological control, 28-30
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860, 1880, 1924
- Huergo1908: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5-16
- IspartYa2020: distribution, host, 58
- Jansen2001: distribution, 201
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28,34
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 65
- Jeszen1971: distribution, host, 424-427
- Jiang1985: biological control, distribution, host, 19-20
- Jones1917: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9-10
- Kalsho1981: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 170-172
- Kaneko2020: control, natural enemies,
- Kartma1946: biological control, 814
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42-43
- Kawai1977: distribution, taxonomy, 153
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 276-277
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 25
- KaymakYa2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 48
- KeskinOzCi2022: distribution, host, taxonomy, 246
- KimuraOtMi2016: biology, chemical control, nymph, 83-86
- Kirkal1904: distribution, host, 229
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- Kobakh1965: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 324
- Komosi1974: physiology, 345
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- Koning1908: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- KonstaKo1990: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 42-66
- Koszta1956a: taxonomy, 393
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 566, 567, 569-572
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, taxonomy, 5, 143, 166
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 365-366
- Kozar1976a: distribution, host, 36
- Kozar1979a: distribution, host, 135
- Kozar1985: distribution, 203
- Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
- KozarDa1986: distribution, ecology, 214
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 68
- KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 95
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
- KozarKo1981: distribution, host, 214, 218, 220
- KozarKo2004a: ecology, 19-24
- KozarKoAk1979: distribution, host, 537-539
- KozarKoSa2002: catalog, distribution, 39
- KozarMaCr1997: distribution, host, life history, 43-49
- KozarMaHi2009: 185-191
- KozarNa1998: distribution, host, 56
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 74
- KozarSaSz2009: distribution, 436
- KozarSz2005: distribution, ecology, 208-216
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- KozarYaKo1982: distribution, host, 334, 335
- Kozarz1988: description, distribution, life history, taxonomy, 257-265
- KozarzMi1983: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 60-72
- KreiteAuGe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
- KreiteDiDo2000: biological control, distribution, host, 121-126
- KreiteMaDi1998: taxonomy, 32
- KreitePaTo1999: description, distribution, physiology, 33-36
- KreiteThCl2002: biological control, 222
- Kuninc1970: description, distribution, host, 47
- Kuwana1926: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8, 9-11
- Kuwana1927: distribution, 72
- KuzminAnLo2020: host, natural enemies,
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
- Kypari1992: life history, 21
- Kypari1992: life history,
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Laing1928: distribution, host, 215
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- Larter1937: distribution, 72
- LePell1973: distribution, economic importance, 123
- Lee1971: distribution, host, 42
- Leonar1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 12-21
- Leonar1908b: taxonomy, 1
- Leonar1918: distribution, 211
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 200-207
- Leonar1932: distribution, host, 135
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 417
- Lesche2000: biological control, 919
- Lever1945: distribution, host, 43
- Li1991: biological control, distribution, 143
- LiMa1935: distribution, host, 265
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 191
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- Lindin1912b: distribution, host, 217
- Lindin1913: taxonomy, 60, 75, 80
- Lindin1914: taxonomy, 155
- Lindin1921: taxonomy, 432
- Lindin1921a: taxonomy, 12
- Lindin1931: taxonomy, 124
- Lindin1932c: taxonomy, 204
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 130
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 184
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 146
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 372
- LitCaLu2022: economic importance,
- LiuDeWa2023: biological control, natural enemies, 24
- Lizery1938: distribution, host, 343, 353
- Lobdel1937: physiology, 78
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
- Lounsb1906: distribution, 83
- Lounsb1914: distribution, host, 6, 7, 18
- Lounsb1922: distribution, host, 2
- LuDeNi2023: diagnosis, molecular data, morphology, taxonomy,
- LuZhCh2020: control, economic importance, radiation,
- Luck1981: biological control, 159
- Lugare1982: 31-34
- Lupo1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, 123, 152-157
- Lupo1957a: taxonomy, 427
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 315, 399
- MacGow1982: distribution, host, 13
- MacharKiHe2021: distribution, host, 6
- Malump2011a: economic importance, host, illustration, 48-49
- Malump2011a: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 55-57
- Malump2012b: distribution, 211
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, illustration, 78
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, host, 33,41,42
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 49,54
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 167
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 49
- Mamet1950: distribution, 18
- Mamet1952: distribution, host, 172
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 21
- Mamet1956: distribution, host, 138
- Mamet1957: distribution, host, 369, 377
- Mamet1959: distribution, host, 126
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 385
- Mani1938: biological control, distribution, 119
- Mani1976: biological control, distribution, 61
- ManiKoSc1997: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 399-408
- Maranh1946: taxonomy, 177
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 42
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 7
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 7
- Martor1945: distribution, host, 404
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 35, 43, 58, 135, 163
- Maskel1895a: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 40
- Maskel1897: distribution, taxonomy, 299
- Maskel1897a: distribution, host, 241
- Maskel1898: taxonomy, 228
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 59
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 357
- MatsunHoKu2019: distribution, host, 9
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 249-250, 298, 301, 3
- Maxwel1923: taxonomy, 286
- MazzonCr1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 101-106
- McCall1921: economic importance, 9
- McCall1922: distribution, taxonomy, 7
- McComb1986: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 71
- McCombDa1969: distribution, 3
- McDani1973: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 393-394
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 35, 153-155
- McLaugAs1977: ecology, life history, 209
- Melis1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 15, 96
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-77
- MerrilCh1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 232
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 13
- MestreHoHa2015: distribution, host, 12
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- Middle1931: taxonomy, 52
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 512
- MihajlKo1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 296-299
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 144
- Miller1989: economic importance, life history, 201
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 360
- MillerDe2018: history, 7
- MillerGiWi1984: taxonomy, 704
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 348
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 31
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 49
- MoghadAbFa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, natural enemies, 284-286
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, importance, natural enemies, taxonomy, 13, 206-207, 249
- Monaco1981: biological control, economic importance, 29
- Monte1930: distribution, host, 11
- Monter1985: biological control, economic importance, 10
- Moreir1921a: distribution, host, 124
- Moreir1929a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 143, 218
- Morley1909: biological control, 257
- Morris1924: taxonomy, 232
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- MoutiaMa1946: biological control, 460
- Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 94-95
- Myers1926: 107
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 9, 15
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 36
- Nakaya1912: biological control, 934
- Nalepa1987: biological control, 55-56
- NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
- Newell1921: distribution, host, 53, 54, 55, 63
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168, 173-176
- Nicola1988: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 194-206
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 199, 254, 258, 260,
- Nishid2002: catalog, 141
- Nishid2002: catalog, 143
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 31, 68, S6
- Oda1963: distribution, host, life history, 41-46
- OuvrarKoGu2013: economic importance, 3
- Paik1958: taxonomy, 32
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 383, 386-389
- Paik1982: taxonomy, 27, 50
- Palouk1984: biological control, distribution, host, 353-356
- Paoli1915: biological control, distribution, 256
- Passon1908: distribution, host, 824, 884
- Patoui1921: taxonomy, 39
- PedataGa2001: biological control, distribution, host, 53-59
- Peleg1982: chemical control, 47-48
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,72
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 122
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, host, 477,480,481,488,504
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,298
- PencheYo2016: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, list of species, 19, 26
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 317
- PicartMa2000: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16, 18
- Pirone1941: taxonomy, 297
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- Poutie1919: biological control, 334-335
- PriesnHo1940: biological control, distribution, 63
- Priore1964: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 166
- Priore1965: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 134
- PruthiBa1960: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 89
- QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 5-11
- Quayle1938a: distribution, host, 294, 434
- RanLiLi2000: ecology, life history,
- RanLiZh1998: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 593-596
- RaoCh1950: distribution, taxonomy, 25, 28
- Rauled2011: biological control, 51-58
- Reh1904: distribution, host, 31-32
- Reyne1961: distribution, host, 126
- Reyne1964: distribution, host, 97, 100
- RhoadeKoRa1985: distribution, host, 545-553
- RileyHo1893: distribution, host, 51
- RileyHo1894: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 287-295
- RipkaRe1990: distribution, host, taxonomy, 6-11
- Ronna1928: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72, 159
- Ronna1933: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30, 32, 51, 52, 53
- Rosen1973: biological control, distribution, 48
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, 119-123
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 763
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RossPeSh2010: physiology, 14
- Ruhl1930: taxonomy, 20, 21
- Russo1927: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11, 102, 105, 237
- Russo1951: biological control, distribution, 87
- Ruther1914a: distribution, host, 319
- Sakai1935: distribution, host, 299
- Salmon1933: distribution, host, taxonomy, 468
- Samway1984: biological control, 99
- Sander1904a: distribution, host, 53
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39, 43
- SankarNaNa1984: biological control, distribution, 410
- Sasaki1894: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 107-124
- SchildSc1928: distribution, host, taxonomy, 246, 248, 267, 268
- Schmid1939: distribution, host, 37, 88, 148
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 200-203
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 65, 95
- SchvesMiGi1955: biological control, description, distribution, host, 407-419
- Scott1952: taxonomy, 35
- Seabra1921: distribution, host, 86, 99
- Seabra1922: distribution, host, 10, 114, 118
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 12
- Seuge1970: life history, 1258-1260
- ShahbaHoHa2022: natural enemies,
- ShiLi1991: host, 165
- ShinanTeIm1976: distribution, host, life history, 47-52
- Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 95
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 179
- Silves1915c: biological control, 655
- Simmon1957: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 5
- Simmon1958: distribution, host, 478
- Simmon1958a: biological control, distribution, host, 601
- Simmon1958b: distribution, host, 478
- Simmon1969: biological control, distribution, host, 21, 23, 24
- Singh1964: distribution, host, 218
- Siraiw1939: distribution, host, 70
- SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 222
- Smirno1950a: biological control, economic importance, 190
- SouissPa1999: distribution, life history, taxonomy, 87-92
- Starne1897: distribution, host, 25
- StathaKaDa2021: biology, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, 53-54
- StathaKoSk2020: biology, distribution, ecology, host, natural enemies,
- Stimme1982: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 128-133
- Stoetz1976: taxonomy, 323
- StoetzDa1974: physiology, 138
- Streri1924: taxonomy, 11
- Strick1947: taxonomy, 498
- Strong1922: taxonomy, 776
- Suh2015: distribution, key,
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 318, 330
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 4
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 3, 4, 7-17, 21, 22
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- Sweetm1936: biological control, 39, 351, 355, 276, 2
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- Tachik1955: distribution, host, 56
- Takagi1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 113-114
- Takagi1961a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 88, 92
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34, 42-43
- TakagiKa1967: distribution, taxonomy, 30, 40
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, 319
- Takaha1937a: distribution, host, 71, 73
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10
- Takeda2004: life history, 15-26
- Takeda2021: life history, reproduction,
- Tamaki1970: taxonomy, 107
- TamakiKa1969: taxonomy,
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 178-179
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 129-130
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 99
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 113
- Targio1886: taxonomy, 1
- TargioFr1890: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 57
- Tatara1999: chemical control, host, life history, 155-161
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 43, 50
- Theron1958: taxonomy, 2, 15-17, 37-41, 52
- Tikhon1966: economic importance, host, 93
- TippinBe1970: distribution, host, 11
- TippinHo1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 195-197
- TooranAbDe2019: natural enemies,
- TooranAbKa2019: biological control, life history, natural enemies,
- TooranAbLo2017: natural enemies,
- Tremat1994: illustration, taxonomy, 75
- Trembl1958a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 215-246
- Trembl1972: taxonomy, 303
- TremblCa1972: physiology, 429
- TremblPo2001: illustration, physiology, structure, 157-163
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 118
- Tryon1889: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, taxonomy, 89-92
- Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, 87
- Tudor1982: biological control, host, 89
- UchidaMuWa2021: chemical control, distribution, host,
- UgolinBr1977: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11-12
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErKa2008: host, 253-264
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S121
- UygunEl1998: biological control, distribution, host, 153-162
- Vacant1985a: taxonomy, 749
- VanDuyMu1971: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 91-95
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 74-75
- Vayssi1918: biological control, distribution, host, 242-243
- Vayssi1923a: taxonomy, 419
- Viggia1987: biological control, 135
- Vinson1936: biological control, 26
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 11, 22, 30
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 196-198
- Wang1982c: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 90, 91-92
- WangXiFa2016: biological control, entomopathogenic fungi, 359-368
- WangZh1991: taxonomy, 42
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- Weber1933: distribution, host, 569, 659
- WeiFe2012a: taxonomy, 13
- Westco1973: distribution, host, 425, 426
- WhitmoMe1974: distribution, host, illustration, 276-278
- Whitne1912: distribution, host, 737-739
- Wille1925: distribution, 419
- Wille1940: distribution, host, 204, 374
- Wille1941: distribution, host, 223
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 229
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 96
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 220, 231-235
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72-73
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 61
- Wilson1921: distribution, 24
- Wilson1922: distribution, host, 14, 15, 17
- Wilson1923: distribution, host, 9
- Wise1977: distribution, taxonomy, 110
- Wolcot1933: distribution, host, 496
- Wolcot1958: biological control, distribution, 512
- Wolcot1960: biological control, 170
- WolffEfDa2018: distribution, economic importance, host, key,
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 34, 78
- Wood2009: biological control, 10-11
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution, taxonomy, 108
- Wu1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 205-206
- Wu1999b: distribution, list of species, 234
- Wu2001b: distribution, 257
- Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 119-125
- Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 245
- YangLiXu2008: distribution, host, key, 276-278, 281
- Yasar2020: distribution,
- Yasnos1978: distribution, taxonomy, 494, 500
- Yasuda1981a: biological control, distribution, host, 236-243
- Yasuda1983: distribution, host, life history, 9-12
- YonceJa1974: distribution, host, life history, 213-216
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 35, 192
- Zahrad1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 429-430
- ZakOga1967: distribution, host, 215
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 170
- ZhangHu1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 178-179
- ZhangWaCh1993: biological control, distribution, 173
- ZhuangWaLi2015: chemical control,
- Zimmer1948: distribution, taxonomy, 384
