Valid Names Results
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock, 1881) (Diaspididae: Hemiberlesia)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus camelliae; Signoret 1869c: 117. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 309). Notes: (not = Kermes camellia (Boisduval, 1867)) See Systematics below.
- Aspidiotus acuminatus Targioni Tozzetti 1881: 151. Type data: ITALY: on Robinia sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Leonar1920, 91). Notes: Type material lost (Giuseppina Pellizzari, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus rapax Comstock 1881a: 307. Type data: USA: California and Florida, locality not indicated, on trunk, limbs, leaves and fruit of various trees and shrubs.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Diaspis santali Maskell 1884: 122. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Napier, on Santalum cunninghamii. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Myers1922, 201).
- Aspidiotus evonymi Targioni Tozzetti 1888: 420. Type data: ITALY: Florence and Rome, on Euonymus sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Notes: Type material lost (Giuseppina Pellizzari, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
- Aspidiotus flavescens Green 1890: 21. Type data: SRI LANKA: locality not indicated, on tea plant.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Illustr.
- Diaspis circulata Green 1896: 4. Type data: SRI LANKA: on young and older twigs of tea plants, on Chinchoana sp. and on Osbeckia sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1896, 339).
- Aspidiotus tricolor Cockerell, 1897; Townsend 1897: 185. change of combination
- Aspidiotus napax Comstock, 1881; Newstead 1897a: 94. misspelling of species epithet
- Hemiberlesia camelliae (Signoret, 1869); Leonardi 1897b: 124. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) rapax Comstock, 1881; Cockerell 1897i: 30. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) tricolor Cockerell 1897u: 266. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Salina Cruz, host plant not indicated; collected by Townsend, May 29; No. 7193.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 49).
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) rapax evonymi Targioni Tozzetti, 1888; Cockerell 1899a: 396. change of combination and rank
- Aspidiotus euonymi Targioni Tozzetti, 1888; Cockerell 1899j: 274. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus lucumae Cockerell 1899n: 22. Type data: MEXICO: Esperanza, crowded on the bark of Mammea Sapota tree.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Illustr.
- Hemiberlesia tricolor (Cockerell, 1897); Leonardi 1900: 339. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) camelliae Signoret, 1869; Hempel 1900a: 501. change of combination
- Hemiberlesia acuminatus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1881); Cockerell 1905b: 205. change of combination
- Hemiberlesia argentina Leonardi 1911: 237. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Ophryosporus andinus.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 310). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus argentina (Leonardi, 1911); Sasscer 1912: 92. change of combination
- Hendaspidiotus tricolor (Cockerell, 1897); MacGillivray 1921: 439. change of combination
- Diaspis sentali Maskell, 1884; MacGillivray 1921: 304. misspelling of species epithet
- Hemiberlesiana camelliae (Signoret, 1869); Thiem & Gerneck 1934a: 232. change of combination
- Hemiberlesea camelliae; Balachowsky 1935b: 257. misspelling of genus name
- Hemiberlesea rapax; Balachowsky 1935b: 3. misspelling of genus name
- Aspidiotus santali (Maskell, 1884); Lindinger 1937: 180. change of combination
- Hemiberlesea camelliae; (Signoret, 1869) Gómez-Menor Ortega 1937: 111. misspelling of genus name
- Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock, 1881); Ferris 1938a: 244. change of combination
- Diaspidiotus camelliae; Bodenheimer 1949: 65. misidentification
- Hemiberlesia repax (Comstock, 1881); Tippins & Beshear 1972: 287. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus argintina (Leonardi, 1911); Chou 1985: 301. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus lacumae Cockerell, 1899; Chou 1985: 300. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Misspelling of Aspidiotus lucumae Cockerell.
- Hemiberlsia rapax; Williams, D.J. 2017a: 218. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- cochonilha-concha CarvalAg1997
- escama rapax Gonzal1989
- escama voraz CoronaRuMo1997
- greedy scale Borchs1966 Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953
- greedy scale insect Comsto1881a
- mnogoyadnaya shitovka Borchs1936
- rapacious scale Brimbl1961
- apple scale AbdRabEv2021
- tsubaki-maru-kaigaramushi WatsonKo2022a
- حشرة التفاح القشرية AbdRab2012
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 86 | Genera: 210
- Achariaceae
- Melicytus | Maskel1890
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia | Hender2011
- Actinidia arguta | Hender2011
- Actinidia arisanensis | Takagi1969a
- Actinidia chinensis | GonzalCu1994 LoveFe1977
- Actinidia deliciosa | Guncan2015
- Anacardiaceae
- Malosma laurina | Ferris1921 | (= Rhus laurina)
- Mangifera indica | AmunCl2015
- Schinus molle | DeLott1967a
- Apocynaceae
- Adenium obesum | TiagoRoTs2017
- Nerium oleander | Brimbl1968
- Plumeria | Brimbl1968 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Vinca major | GomezM1962
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Kawai1977 Takagi1969a Takaha1940
- Araliaceae
- Fatsia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Hedera helix | Balach1932d
- Neopanax laetus | Hender2011 | (= Pseudopanax laetus)
- Pseudopanax ferox | Hender2011
- Raukaua anomalus | Hender2011
- Schefflera | Suh2016
- Schefflera digitata | Hender2011
- Araucariaceae
- Agathis | JansenAl2023
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix cunninghamiana | Brimbl1968
- Chamaerops humilis | BicheArMe2022
- Cocos | Suh2016
- Howea forsteriana | Hender2011
- Livistona australis | BicheArMe2022 | (= Corypha australis)
- Phoenix dactylifera | ElShafAbAl2017
- Phoenix roebelenii | Hender2011
- Argophyllaceae
- Corokia cotoneaster | Hender2011
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | Leonar1920
- Cordyline | Hender2011
- Asphodelaceae
- Haworthia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Haworthia fasciata | BatsanKaKi2017
- Phormium tenax | Hender2011
- Asteliaceae
- Astelia | Hender2011
- Asteraceae
- Baccharis | Lepage1938
- Brachyglottis repanda | Hender2011
- Dittrichia viscosa | Balach1932d Balach1933e | (= Inula viscosa)
- Glebionis segetum | Balach1932d | (= Chrysanthemum segetum)
- Olearia albida | Hender2011
- Olearia rani | Hender2011
- Olearia solandri | Hender2011
- Ophryosporus | ClapsWoGo2001 Leonar1911
- Ozothamnus leptophyllus | Hender2011
- Pachystegia insignis | Hender2011
- Atherospermataceae
- Laurelia novae-zelandiae | Hender2011
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | Leonar1920
- Betulaceae
- Corylus | Lepage1938
- Bignoniaceae
- Tecoma | Balach1932d MerrilCh1923
- Bryaceae
- Brachymenium | Martin1983
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Hender2011
- Cactaceae
- Cactus | Hender2011
- Mammillaria | Hender2011
- Opuntia tomentosa | Balach1932d
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera caprifolium | Martin1983
- Lonicera japonica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Caricaceae
- Carica | Borchs1934
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina | Leonar1920
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1937 Borchs1934 Brain1918 Maskel1890 MerrilCh1923
- Euonymus grandiflorus | Ferris1953
- Euonymus japonicus | Bachma1953 Bodenh1952 Borchs1934 Korone1934 Martin1983 Wilson1917
- Gymnosporia senegalensis | GomezM1958c | (= Gymnosporia europaea)
- Maytenus bilocularis | Brimbl1968 | (= Celastrus bilocularis)
- Cistaceae
- Cistus heterophyllus | Balach1927 Balach1932d
- Cistus monspeliensis | Balach1932d
- Coccinellidae
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Corynocarpaceae
- Corynocarpus laevigatus | Hender2011
- Crassulaceae
- Sedum | MerrilCh1923
- Sedum rubrotinctum | Hender2011
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita | Hender2011
- Sechium edule | Brimbl1968
- Cunoniaceae
- Weinmannia sylvicola | Hender2011
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | TomkinWiTh2000
- Diospyros pentamera | Brimbl1968
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | Green1929 Leonar1920 MerrilCh1923
- Elaeagnus angustifolia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Elaeagnus multiflora | Martin1983 | (= Elaeagnus edulis)
- Elaeagnus pungens | Borchs1934
- Elaeagnus reflexa | Balach1932d
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Aristotelia serrata | Hender2011
- Elaeocarpus hookerianus | Hender2011
- Encyrtidae
- Metaphycus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus xalapensis | Ferris1921 | (= Arbutus peninsularis)
- Calluna vulgaris | BugajNJuKa2021
- Philippia | Borchs1966 Mamet1959a
- Rhododendron | BugajNJuKa2021
- Vaccinium corymbosum | Hender2011
- Vaccinium virgatum | Hender2011
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia | Leonar1920 NormarOkMo2019 | (= Colliguaya)
- Mallotus japonicus | Borchs1934
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | Green1896e Green1937 Lepage1938 Maskel1890 MerrilCh1923
- Acacia dealbata | Balach1932d
- Acacia floribunda | JansenAl2023
- Acacia heterophylla | Mamet1957
- Acacia koa | Zimmer1948
- Acacia linifolia | Brimbl1968
- Acacia longifolia | Frogga1914
- Acacia mearnsii | BugajNJuKa2021
- Acacia melanoxylon | Brain1918
- Acacia oshanesii | Hender2011
- Acacia paradoxa | BugajNJuKa2021
- Acacia pubescens | Balach1956 | (= Acacia mollissima)
- Acacia ulicifolia | Frogga1914 | (= Acacia juniperina)
- Acacia verticillata | Hender2011
- Albizia julibrissin | BatsanKaKi2017 Borchs1934 | (= Acacia julibrissin)
- Bauhinia purpurea | DeLott1967a
- Carmichaelia australis | Hender2011
- Ceratonia siliqua | Borchs1934 InserrCa1987
- Cercis | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923
- Cercis siliquastrum | Kuwana1927 Martin1983
- Colophospermum mopane | Almeid1973b
- Cytisus prolifer | GomezM1962
- Dolichos | Balach1932d
- Fabaceae | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Genista | MerrilCh1923
- Indigofera | Green1907
- Paraserianthes lophantha | Hender2011
- Parkinsonia | Balach1932d
- Pithecellobium dulce | Ferris1921
- Pterolobium stellatum | DeLott1967a | (= Pterolobium exosum)
- Pueraria montana | DeLott1967a | var. lobata (= Pueraria thunbergiana)
- Robinia | Moghad2013a
- Sophora tetraptera | Hender2011
- Ulex europaeus | Hender2011
- Virgilia | Hender2011
- Fagaceae
- Castanopsis | Merril1953
- Quercus nigra | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | BugajNJuKa2021
- Griseliniaceae
- Griselinia lucida | Hender2011
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes nigrum | Hender2011
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum | Brimbl1968
- Hypericum canariense | GomezM1962
- Hypericum reflexum | GomezM1962
- Juglandaceae
- Carya illinoinensis | Dekle1965c Hender2011
- Juglans regia | Lepage1938
- Lamiaceae
- Sideritis leucantha | Martin1983
- Vitex | Maskel1890
- Vitex lucens | Hender2011
- Lauraceae
- Beilschmiedia tawa | Hender2011
- Beilschmiedia tawaroa | Hender2011
- Cinnamomum camphora | Brimbl1968
- Laurus nobilis | Balach1927 Balach1932d Balach1935b Borchs1934 Martin1983
- Persea americana | Brimbl1968
- Umbellularia californica | Comsto1883
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia grandiflora | BesheaTiHo1973 Wilson1917
- Michelia | Ramakr1919a
- Malvaceae
- Asterotrichion discolor | Hender2011
- Brachychiton discolor | Brimbl1968
- Hoheria | Green1929
- Hoheria angustifolia | Hender2011
- Hoheria populnea | Hender2011
- Hoheria sexstylosa | Hender2011
- Lavatera | MerrilCh1923
- Plagianthus divaricatus | Hender2011
- Melastomataceae
- Osbeckia | Green1896e
- Meliaceae
- Cedrela | Brimbl1968
- Dysoxylum spectabile | Hender2011
- Melia azedarach | Balach1932d Wilson1917
- Moraceae
- Broussonetia papyrifera | BatsanKaKi2017
- Castilloa elastica | Green1911
- Ficus | Lepage1938 Moghad2004
- Ficus carica | Balach1932d Borchs1934 Brimbl1968
- Ficus macrophylla | Brimbl1968
- Maclura | Martin1983
- Morus | Ferris1953
- Morus alba | Balach1932d
- Streblus heterophyllus | Hender2011
- Streblus smithii | Hender2011
- Musaceae
- Musa acuminata | Brimbl1968
- Myrtaceae
- Callistemon | Leonar1920
- Eucalyptus | Lepage1938 Martin1983
- Gossia bidwillii | Brimbl1968 | (= Austromyrtus bidwillii)
- Kunzea ericoides | Hender2011
- Leptospermum | Hender2011
- Leptospermum scoparium | Hender2011
- Lophomyrtus obcordata | Hender2011
- Lophostemon confertus | Brimbl1968 | (= Tristania conferta)
- Melaleuca leucadendra | Balach1932d | (= Myrtus alba)
- Metrosideros | Zimmer1948
- Metrosideros collina | Hender2011
- Metrosideros fulgens | Hender2011
- Myrtus | Balach1927 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1937 Leonar1920
- Myrtus communis | Bachma1953 GomezM1958c GomezM1962 Martin1983
- Psidium guajava | Balach1932d Borchs1966 Brimbl1968 DanzigKo1990 Mamet1954 | (= Psidium pomiferum)
- Syzygium ingens | Brimbl1968 | (= Eugenia brachyandra)
- Syzygium maire | Hender2011
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea glabra | Balach1932d
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | Borchs1934
- Fraxinus angustifolia | Balach1932d | (= Fraxinus oxyphylla)
- Ligustrum | Martin1983
- Ligustrum ovalifolium | Hender2011
- Nestegis lanceolata | Hender2011
- Nestegis montana | Hender2011
- Olea europaea | Comsto1883 Korone1934 Lepage1938 Moghad2004
- Osmanthus | Ferris1953 Tang1984
- Osmanthus fragrans | BatsanKaKi2017
- Onagraceae
- Fuchsia | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923
- Fuchsia excorticata | Hender2011
- Orchidaceae
- Cymbidium | Suh2016
- Dendrobium bigibbum | Brimbl1968
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | JansenAl2023
- Phytolaccaceae
- Phytolacca dioica | Balach1932d
- Piperaceae
- Macropiper excelsum | Hender2011
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | Hender2011
- Pittosporum tenuifolium | Hender2011
- Plantaginaceae
- Hebe | Hender2011
- Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora | Martin1983
- Veronica | Martin1983
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | Balach1932d
- Poaceae
- Cortaderia selloana | BatsanKaKi2017
- Phyllostachys bambusoides | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1972
- Podocarpaceae
- Halocarpus bidwillii | Hender2011
- Prumnopitys taxifolia | Hender2011
- Primulaceae
- Myrsine australis | Hender2011
- Theophrasta | BicheArMe2022
- Proteaceae
- Banksia integrifolia | Hender2011
- Grevillea | Ramakr1919a
- Hakea salicifolia | Schonf2015
- Hakea sericea | Lindin1909b | (= Hakea acicularis)
- Knightia excelsa | Hender2011
- Leucadendron | Leonar1920
- Stenocarpus sinuatus | Brimbl1968
- Restionaceae
- Empodisma minus | Hender2011
- Rhamnaceae
- Ceanothus | Ferris1920b
- Ceanothus papillosus | Hender2011
- Discaria articulata | NormarOkMo2019
- Pomaderris apetala | Hender2011
- Pomaderris phylicifolia | Hender2011
- Rhamnus crocea | Lepage1938
- Ziziphus | Bodenh1937 Borchs1934
- Ziziphus spina-christi | Bodenh1924
- Ripogonaceae
- Ripogonum scandens | Hender2011
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles sinensis | Lepage1938 | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Cydonia oblonga | Lepage1938
- Eriobotrya japonica | Brimbl1968
- Heteromeles arbutifolia | Ferris1921
- Malus domestica | Hender2011
- Malus sylvestris | Brimbl1968
- Prunus | Borchs1966
- Prunus domestica | Lepage1938
- Pyrus | Borchs1966 Lepage1938
- Pyrus communis | Brimbl1968 Martin1983
- Rousseaceae
- Carpodetus | Maskel1890
- Carpodetus serratus | Hender2011
- Rubiaceae
- Cinchona | Green1896e Green1937
- Coprosma | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923
- Coprosma grandifolia | Hender2011
- Coprosma propinqua | Hender2011
- Coprosma rhamnoides | Hender2011
- Coprosma robusta | Hender2011
- Coprosma rotundifolia | Hender2011
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | CarvalAg1997 Leonar1920 Lepage1938 YasnosTaCh2005 Zimmer1948
- Citrus limon | Hender2011
- Citrus trifoliata | Hender2011 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Coleonema pulchellum | Hender2011
- Leionema nudum | Hender2011
- Nematolepis squamea | Hender2011
- Ruta angustifolia | Balach1930 Balach1932d Balach1933e
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Borchs1934
- Populus alba | Balach1932d
- Populus nigra | Balach1932d
- Salix | Hender2011
- Salix babylonica | Balach1932d Brimbl1968
- Salix discolor | Hender2011
- Santalaceae
- Korthalsella lindsayi | Hender2011
- Korthalsella salicornioides | HenderSuRo2010
- Mida salicifolia | Hender2011
- Santalum | Maskel1890
- Sapindaceae
- Alectryon excelsus | Hender2011
- Dodonaea viscosa | Hender2011
- Sapotaceae
- Argania | Borchs1934
- Planchonella australis | Brimbl1968
- Pouteria | Hender2011
- Sideroxylon | Balach1932d
- Scrophulariaceae
- Myoporum | Green1923b MerrilCh1923
- Myoporum laetum | Martin1983
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | Hall1929
- Solanaceae
- Solanum aviculare | Hender2011
- Solanum dulcamara | DeLott1967a | (= Solanum macrocarpum)
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | MerrilCh1923
- Strelitzia alba | Balach1932d | (= Strelitzia augusta)
- Theaceae
- Camellia | MerrilCh1923 Signor1869b
- Camellia japonica | Borchs1934
- Camellia sinensis | Borchs1966 Lepage1938 Mamet1954a | (= Camellia thea (= Thea sinensis)
- Camellia tsaii | Hender2011
- Urticaceae
- Urtica ferox | Hender2011
- Verbenaceae
- Citharexylum | Balach1927 Balach1932d
- Vitaceae
- Cissus | MerrilCh1923
- Vitis | Borchs1934 Lepage1938
- Vitis vinifera | Balach1932d Brimbl1968
- Winteraceae
- Pseudowintera colorata | Hender2011
- Zygogynum pauciflorum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Drimys pauciflora)
Foes:
Families: 10 | Genera: 24
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Aphytis aonidiae | MyartsRuCo2016
- Aphytis chilensis | MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Zimmer1948
- Aphytis diaspidis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis pinnaspidis | LazaroGoRo2023
- Aphytis proclia | Gordh1979
- Coccobius averini | LazaroGoRo2023
- Coccobius juliae | LazaroGoRo2023
- Coccophagus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Encarsia aurantii | PolaszAbHu1999
- Encarsia bicolor | Zimmer1948 | (= Prospaltella bicolor)
- Encarsia citrina | AnneckIn1971 LazaroGoLo2012 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia gaonae | LazaroGoRo2023
- Encarsia lounsburyi | LazaroGoRo2023
- Marietta | LazaroGoRo2023
- Marietta mexicana | LazaroGoRo2023
- Pteroptrix albifemur | Zimmer1948 | (= Pseudopteroptrix imitatrix)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Pharoscymnus setulosus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius chrysomeloides | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017
- Encyrtidae
- Coccidencyrtus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Comperiella bifasciata | Trjapi1989 Zimmer1948
- Gahaniella | LazaroGoRo2023
- Habrolepis | LazaroGoRo2023
- Neococcidencyrtus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Plagiomerus diaspidis | LazaroGoRo2021
- Pseudectroma | LazaroGoRo2023
- Eulophidae
- Tetrastichus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Eupelmidae
- Eupelmus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonOcHo1990
- Myriangiaceae
- Myriangium duriaei | EvansPr1990
- Nectriaceae
- Cosmospora aurantiicola | MauchlHaHi2011
- Pteromalidae
- Scutellista | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | AbdRabMo2006A
- Signiphora dozieri | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora falcata | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora fax | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora flava | Gordh1979
- Signiphora flavella | LazaroGoRo2023
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Woolle1990
- Signiphora merceti | GomezM1946 Balach1948b | (= Thysanus merceti)
- Signiphora perpauca | Woolle1990
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Rhizobiaceae
- Candidatus Walczuchella monophlebidarum | GruwelVoPa2005
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 94
- Algeria | Balach1927 Balach1932d Newste1897a SaighiDoBi2005
- Angola | Almeid1973b
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | GranarCl2003
- Catamarca | GranarCl2003
- Chubut | NormarOkMo2019
- Cordoba | WatsonKo2022a
- Corrientes | GranarCl2003
- Entre Rios | GranarCl2003
- Jujuy | WatsonKo2022a
- Mendoza | ClapsWoGo2001
- Rio Negro | GranarCl2003
- Salta | GranarCl2003 Leonar1911
- Tucuman | GranarCl2003
- Armenia | ColonFMe1998
- Australia
- New South Wales | Frogga1914
- Queensland | Brimbl1968
- South Australia | WatsonKo2022a
- Tasmania | WatsonKo2022a
- Victoria | WatsonKo2022a
- Azores | ColonFMe1998
- Barbados | WatsonKo2022a
- Bermuda | WatsonKo2022a
- Bolivia | Nakaha1982
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Beards1966 Kawai1987 Nakaha1982 | WatsonKo2022a
- Brazil
- Amazonas | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Bahia | WatsonKo2022a
- Goias | TiagoRoTs2017
- Minas Gerais | Lepage1938 WolffCo1993
- Paraiba | WolffCo1993
- Paraiba | WatsonKo2022a
- Rio Grande do Sul | Lepage1938
- Rio Grande do Sul | WatsonKo2022a
- Rio de Janeiro | Hempel1900a Lepage1938
- Sao Paulo | Green1930b Lepage1938
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1968
- Canary Islands | GomezM1962 GomezM1967O MatileOr2001
- Chile | Gonzal1989 Gonzal1989a GonzalCh1968 GonzalCu1994 NormarNoGa2025
- Aisen (=Aysen) | WatsonKo2022a
- Antofagasta | WatsonKo2022a
- Atacama | WatsonKo2022a
- Biobio | WatsonKo2022a
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- La Araucania | WatsonKo2022a
- Los Lagos | WatsonKo2022a
- Maule | WatsonKo2022a
- O'Higgins | WatsonKo2022a
- Santiago | WatsonKo2022a
- Tarapaca | WatsonKo2022a
- Valparaiso | WatsonKo2022a
- China | Kuwana1927 Tang1984
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | WatsonKo2022a
- Fujian (=Fukien) | WatsonKo2022a
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | WatsonKo2022a
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | WatsonKo2022a
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | WatsonKo2022a
- Yunnan | Ferris1953
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | WatsonKo2022a
- Christmas Island | WatsonKo2022a
- Colombia | Nakaha1982
- Corsica | WatsonKo2022a
- Costa Rica | Nakaha1982
- Croatia | Masten2007 | Bachma1953
- Cuba | Nakaha1982
- Cyprus | WatsonKo2022a
- Czech Republic | Zahrad1953 Zahrad1990b
- Easter Island (=Rapa Nui) | WynneHoCo2025
- Ecuador | Nakaha1982
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Ezzat1958
- Eritrea | WatsonKo2022a | WatsonKo2022a
- France | Balach1930 Balach1932d Balach1933e FoldiGe2018
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | DoaneHa1909
- Tahiti | WatsonKo2022a
- Georgia (Republic of) | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Hadzib1983 YasnosTaCh2005
- Abkhaz ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936
- Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936
- Germany | Schonf2015
- Greece | Korone1934
- Guatemala | Nakaha1982
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Newste1917
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Nakaha1982 Zimmer1948
- Honduras | WatsonKo2022a
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013
- India | GreenMa1907
- Arunchal Pradesh | WatsonKo2022a
- Assam | Varshn2002
- Karnataka | WatsonKo2022a
- Maharashtra | WatsonKo2022a
- Meghalaya | WatsonKo2022a
- NCT Delhi | WatsonKo2022a
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Varshn2002
- Odisha (=Orissa) | WatsonKo2022a
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn2002
- West Bengal | Varshn2002
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Iran | Kaussa1955 Moghad2004
- Iraq | WatsonKo2022a
- Israel | Nakaha1982
- Italy | Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | InserrCa1987
- Jamaica | WatsonKo2022a
- Japan | Kawai1977 Kuwana1917a Kuwana1933 Nakaha1982
- Honshu | WatsonKo2022a
- Kyushu | WatsonKo2022a
- Okinawa | WatsonKo2022a
- Juan Fernandez Islands | WatsonKo2022a
- Kazakhstan | WatsonKo2022a
- Kenya | DeLott1967a Newste1917b
- Kiribati | WatsonKo2022a
- Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006
- Luxembourg | Gertso2016 GertssSc2020
- Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1959a
- Madeira Islands | CarvalAg1997 Green1923b
- Malawi | Nakaha1982
- Malaysia | WatsonKo2022a
- Malta | Borg1919 HaberMi2007 MifsudMaRu2014
- Mauritius | Borchs1966 Mamet1954a
- Mexico | Cocker1899n MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1979
- Baja California Norte | Ferris1921
- Mexico State | LazaroGoRo2021
- Michoacan | Cocker1897u
- Oaxaca | Cocker1897u Ferris1942
- Puebla | LazaroGoRo2023
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Morocco | Balach1932d
- Nepal | Takagi1975
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1988
- New Zealand | Green1929 Lindin1909b LoveFe1977 Maskel1890
- Three Kings Islands | Hender2011
- Three Kings Islands | WatsonKo2022a
- North Korea | Suh2016
- Pakistan | WatsonKo2022a
- Papua New Guinea | WatsonKo2022a
- Peru | Nakaha1982
- Philippines | VelasqRi1969
- Poland | Dziedz1989
- Portugal | Fernan1992 Seabra1941
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976 Nakaha1982
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957
- Romania | DanzigPe1998
- Russia | WatsonKo2022a
- Sardinia | Pelliz2011
- Seychelles | Green1907
- South Africa | Balach1956 Brain1918 BrainKe1917
- Spain | Balach1935b BlayGo1993 GomezM1937 Martin1983
- Sri Lanka | Green1896e Green1911 GreenMa1907 Nakaha1982 Ramakr1921a
- Subantarctic islands
- Tristan da Cunha | HodgsoWi2008 Reyne1954
- Suriname | JansenAl2023
- Syria | Hariri1971 Nakaha1982
- Taiwan | Takagi1969a Takaha1940
- Tanzania | Balach1956
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | WatsonKo2022a
- Tunisia | Balach1932d
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 KaydanUlEr2007
- United Kingdom
- England | WatsonKo2022a
- Wales | WatsonKo2022a
- United States
- Alabama | Nakaha1982
- California | Comsto1881a McKenz1956 RosenDe1979
- Connecticut | WatsonKo2022a
- Delaware | WatsonKo2022a
- District of Columbia | Nakaha1982
- Florida | BesheaTiHo1973 Comsto1881a Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970
- Idaho | Nakaha1982
- Illinois | Nakaha1982
- Indiana | Nakaha1982
- Louisiana | Nakaha1982
- Maine | WatsonKo2022a
- Maryland | Nakaha1982
- Michigan | WatsonKo2022a
- Mississippi | Herric1911
- Missouri | Hollin1923
- New Jersey | Nakaha1982
- New Mexico | WatsonKo2022a
- New York | Nakaha1982
- North Carolina | WatsonKo2022a
- Ohio | Nakaha1982
- Oregon | Nakaha1982 SchuhMo1948
- Pennsylvania | Nakaha1982
- Rhode Island | WatsonKo2022a
- South Carolina | Nakaha1982
- South Carolina | WatsonKo2022a
- Tennessee | WatsonKo2022a
- Texas | Herric1911 McDani1969
- Vermont | WatsonKo2022a
- Virginia | Nakaha1982
- Washington | Nakaha1982
- West Virginia | WatsonKo2022a
- Wisconsin | WatsonKo2022a
- Uruguay | Nakaha1982
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990
- Zambia | WatsonKo2022a
- Zimbabwe | Nakaha1982
Keys
- BeltraLlHu2025: pp.112 ( Adult (F) ) [Scale insects found on avocados, olives, and grapes in Arequipa, Peru]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.131 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in Iran]
- Moghad2021: pp.378 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in Iran]
- SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
- LiuFe2018: pp.584 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in China]
- WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
- NormarMoKr2014: pp.46-47 ( Adult (F) ) [Modifications to Ferris's 1942 key to the species of North American Hemiberlesia to include both South American and North American species]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-36 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.155 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Koszta1996: pp.509 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.169 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- Zahrad1990b: pp.104 ( Adult (F) ) [Czech Republic]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.130 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- Terezn1986: pp.113 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.300 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- McDani1969: pp.107 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
- Beards1966: pp.520 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia ]
- Ezzat1958: pp.241 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- Balach1956: pp.106 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Balach1953k: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Lupo1953a: pp.75-76 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Balach1948b: pp.299 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Zimmer1948: pp.358 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Ferris1942: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Archan1937: pp.98-100 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Asia]
- GomezM1937: pp.110 ( Adult (F) ) [Spain]
- Kuwana1933: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.48 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95-97, 107 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Balach1928a: pp.132 ( Adult (F) ) [North Africa]
- Hollin1923: pp.7-8 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
- Leonar1920: pp.90 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Lawson1917: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
- Robins1917: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.289-290 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
- Cocker1905: pp.45-46 ( Adult (F) ) [Mexico]
- Cocker1905b: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Colorado]
- Newste1901b: pp.81 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
- Newell1899: pp.4-5, 25 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Green1896e: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Sri Lanka]
- Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Genbank accession number: KF887379 Signoret (1869b: 117) misidentified a record taken from cultivated Camellia in greenhouses at Luxembourg Garden and Boulogne forest, Paris, as Aspidiotus camelliae Boisduval, 1867. Aspidiotus camelliae Boisduval, 1867 was regarded a Lepidosaphedine species. Maskell (1891) determined that "Boisduval's description is so vague and uncharacteristic that it is best to assign the species to Signoret, who at least placed it correctly." He also considered A. rapax to be identical to A. camelliae. In 1922, Myers synonymized Diaspis santali with Aspidiotus rapax. Although other taxonomists have continued to consider it a separate species, Rosa Henderson (2011) determined that the synonymy was valid. She states that: "The first record in New Zealand was 1879 as Aspidiotus camelliae (Maskell 1879). It was already feeding on native plants by 1884 when Maskell described it as a new ‘native’ species, Diaspis santali, from on Nestegis cunninghamii (as Santalum cunninghamii). A year later it was reported as a pest of pear, plum, and other fruit trees (Maskell 1885). (Henderson, 2011)
- Structure: Puparium of female yellowish-grey, sometimes greenish, oval, very convex, pellicles black, very inconspicuous, placed at one end of the puparium. Adult female orange red, peg-top shaped (Maskell, 1884). Female scale highly convex, the exuviae near one side and the scale thus having a strongly tipped-over appearance, colour gray; scale of the male not known (Ferris, 1938a). Male scale cover similar in colour to that of female but smaller, elongate oval with yellow subterminal exuviae. (Watson & Kondo, 2022a). Colour photograph by Gonzalez (1989), Gill (1997),Carvalho & Aguiar (1997) and Watson & Kondo (2022a).
- Biology: Occurring either on bark or leaves (Ferris, 1938a). Hemiberlesia rapax is a polyphagous pest, was observed affecting the stem, leaves, and fruit.(Moghaddam 2004).
- Economic Importance: The greedy scale is a pest of several crops in tropical and subtropical regions, such as kiwifruit (Love & Ferguson, 1977; Gonzalez, 1989a), citrus (Rose, 1990; Carvalho & Aguiar, 1997), olive (Argyriou, 1990), mango (Chua & Wood, 1990) and tea plant (Nagarkatti & Sankaran, 1990).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Brain (1918), Kuwana (1933), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1948b), Zimmerman (1948), McKenzie (1956), Gomez-Menor Guerrero (1962), Takagi (1969a), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Williams & Watson (1988), Dziedzicka (1989), Zahradník (1990b), Danzig (1993), Kosztarab (1996), Gill (1997), Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998) and by Zamudio & Claps (2005).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2012: list, 609
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, 35
- AbdRabMo2006A: distribution, host, 363-367
- AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 10
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AmouroCoAm2016: control, distribution, molecular biology, morphology, survey,
- AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
- AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 5
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 29
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 99,108
- Argyri1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 579-583
- Azeved1923A: distribution, host, 86-90
- Azeved1929a: distribution, host, 126-128
- Bachma1952: distribution, host, 177
- BaetaN1947: distribution, host, 128
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 177
- Balach1928a: taxonomy, 32
- Balach1928d: biological control, 285,305
- Balach1930: distribution, host, 312
- Balach1932d: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, VII, XLVII
- Balach1933e: distribution, host, 3
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 257
- Balach1948b: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 299-302
- Balach1953k: taxonomy, 114
- Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 116-118
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258-259
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 522
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 105
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 122, 127
- BeltraLlHu2025: distribution, host, key, survey, 106
- BenDov1990e: distribution, host, 656
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 31, 44
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 557-569
- BenDovSoBo2012: 67
- BerryMoHi1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 182-186
- BertelBa1966: distribution, host, 17-46
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 7
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 502
- BlankGiDo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 293-297
- BlankGiDo1999: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-12
- BlankGiKe2000: ecology, host, life history, 934-942
- BlankGiMc2000: ecology, host, life history, 1752-1759
- BlankGiOl1994: distribution, host, life history, 304-309
- BlankGiOl1995: distribution, host, life history, 1569-1575
- BlankGiOl1995a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1634-1640
- BlankGiSt2000: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 205-210
- BlankGiUp1996: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 239-248
- BlankHoGi1995: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 13-23
- BlankLoGi1992: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 174-179
- BlankOl1989: chemical control, 191-194
- BlankOl1989a: chemical control, 187-190
- BlankOl1990: chemical control, distribution, host, 240-242
- BlankOl1990a: chemical control, 243-246
- BlankOlBe1987: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 127-130
- BlankOlGi1992: distribution, economic importance, host, 397-405
- BlankOlGi1993: economic importance, 139-145
- BlankOlLo1990: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 81-87
- BlankOlLo1993: chemical control, distribution, host, 71-74
- BlankOlTo1994: chemical control, 195-202
- BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 478-483
- Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 246
- Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 217
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-67
- Bodenh1952: distribution, host, 339
- Bondar1914: distribution, economic importance, host, 1064-1106
- Bondar1915: distribution, economic importance, host, 44-47
- Borang1996: distribution, host, 474-479
- Borchs1934: distribution, host, 30
- Borchs1935a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 35
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 122-123
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 61-62
- Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8,13
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 239
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 219,223
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 173,309-311,368
- Borg1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26-27
- BorgesViSa1986: distribution,
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Brain1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 128-129
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 183
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 3
- Brick1909a: dispersal, list, 3-5
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 221
- Brimbl1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-55
- Britto1923b: distribution, host,
- BrownPaHa2018: chemical control,
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Burke1930: biological control, distribution, host, 783-785
- CABI1987a: distribution, host, 1-3
- CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, phylogeny, 531, 532, 533
- CamposSa1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 9
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 210
- CarrilHoAl2024: distribution, economic importance, host, 549, 562
- CarvalAg1997: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 276-279
- Charle1998: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 51N
- CharleHe2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 587-615
- CharleHiAl1995: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 319-324
- CheahIr1997: distribution, host,
- Chiesa1948: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chiesa1948a: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 300-302
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 684
- ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22
- ClapsWoGo2001: distribution, host, 253
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-20
- Cocker1896b: distribution, taxonomy, 334,335,339
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 4,9,25,30
- Cocker1897u: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 266
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 396
- Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 274
- Cocker1899n: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22-23
- Cocker1905: taxonomy, 46
- Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 202
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62-63
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 307-308
- Comsto1882a: control, 16
- Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 56,67,74
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- Crouze1971: biological control, 200
- Crouze1973: biological control, distribution, host, 15-39
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
- DahmsSm1994: biological control, distribution, host, 245-255
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 652
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 213
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 172-174
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 48
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 274-275
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
- DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, 1-47
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeBach1964: biological control,
- DeBach1969: biological control, 801-815
- DeBach1974: biological control,
- DeBachRo1991: biological control,
- DeSant1941a: biological control, distribution, host, 21-24
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 42
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 73
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 94
- DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 289,291-293
- DilleyDaGl2020: distribution, ecology,
- DoaneHa1909: distribution, host, 298
- DonovaWiIg2023: distribution, fossil, host, 144
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 11
- Dougla1912: taxonomy, 213
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- DreistClFl1994:
- Dziedz1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-107
- DziedzKa1990: distribution, host, 39-43
- Early1984: biological control, distribution, host, 271-308
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- Ebelin1975: distribution, economic importance, host,
- EbelinPe1953: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-35
- EdwardCaPo2008: molecular biology, molecular data, 1944-1949
- Efimof1937: distribution, host,
- Ehrhor1925a: distribution, host, 20-21
- EhrhorFuSw1913: distribution, 295-300
- ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- Evans1942: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156-159
- Evans1943: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy,
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- Ezzat1958: distribution, 241
- FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 6-8
- Fergus1974: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 20-26
- FergusFl1991: biological control, distribution, host, 260-261
- FergusSt1978: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 135-139
- FergusSt1978a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 140-146
- FergusWa1979: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 220-224
- Fernal1903b: description, host, taxonomy, 232,258,267,276-280
- Ferris1920b: distribution, host, 54
- Ferris1921: distribution, host, 126,128
- Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 50,51,77
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 190,244
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40-43,47,49
- Ferris1942: distribution, host, taxonomy, 445:4-5,10; 446:35
- Ferris1953: distribution, host, 66
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 4-24
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- Foldi2002: distribution, host, 246
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 12,24
- FrankKr1900: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 133-134
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Fullaw1932: taxonomy, 97,107
- Fuller1897c: distribution, host, 4
- Fuller1907: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1031-1055
- Gavalo1931: distribution, host, 8
- Gavalo1936: distribution, host, 79
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
- Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
- GermaiMa2005: distribution, host, 34
- GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
- GertssSc2020: distribution, 135
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 10
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 157,162,164
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 110-114
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 62
- GomezM1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50-53
- GomezM1957: distribution, host, 48
- GomezM1958c: distribution, host, 406
- GomezM1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176-179
- GomezM1965: distribution, host, 90
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 132
- GomezM1968: distribution, host, 542
- Gonzal1989: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 96,99
- Gonzal1989a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 35-43
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle, taxonomy, 29, 107, 132, 168-170
- GonzalCu1994: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 5-20
- Gordh1979: biological control, 893,894,896,907,911
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- GreaveDaDo1994: distribution, host, life history, 7-16
- GreaveToWi1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 79-83
- Green1890: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 19-22
- Green1896: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 4
- Green1896e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40,60-61
- Green1900c: distribution, host, 2
- Green1907: distribution, host, 202
- Green1911: distribution, host, 28
- Green1923b: distribution, host, 89
- Green1929: distribution, host, 377
- Green1930b: distribution, host, 214
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 333
- GreenMa1907: distribution, taxonomy, 343
- GruwelVoPa2005: endosymbionts, taxonomy, 79-114
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 174, 175
- GugliuMaMa2019: host, list, 4, 6
- Guncan2015: distribution, host,
- HaberMi2007: distribution, host, 149
- Hadzib1983: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 230-232
- Hall1929: distribution, host, 352
- Hariri1971: distribution, 48
- HaseyOlVa1999: control, distribution, host,
- HaseyOlVa2002: control, 3449
- Haywar1939: control, distribution, host, 1
- Haywar1944: distribution, host, 1-32
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 501
- Hempel1904: taxonomy, 319
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 24,32,99,101,102,105
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 12,39,73
- Hewitt1943: distribution, host, 266-274
- Hill1989a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 177-182
- HillMaCh2007: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
- Howard1895e: biological control, 1-44
- InserrCa1987: distribution, host, 93
- Iperti1961: economic importance, 14-30
- Ishii1923: biological control, distribution, host, 69
- JamiesDoCa2002: distribution, host, 354-360
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26,34
- JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
- Johnst1915: biological control, distribution, host, 1-33
- KakotiDeRo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 15
- Kawai1977: distribution, economic importance, host, 160
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 222-223
- Kawai1987: distribution, host, 78
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 95
- KeallHaMc2020: distribution, host,
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 253
- KirkCo1909: distribution, economic importance, 276,285
- KnowltSm1936: distribution, host, 263-267
- Koehle1964: control, distribution, host,
- Komosi1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218-220
- KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 6
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 14
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 513-515
- Kotins1907: distribution, host, 304-308
- Kotins1909: distribution, host, 97
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 195
- Kuwana1909a: distribution, host, 160
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 174-175
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 71
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 238-239
- LazaroGoLo2012: biological control, distribution, 8
- LazaroGoRo2021: distribution, host, natural enemies,
- LazaroGoRo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 247, 259-260
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 287
- Leonar1897b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 119,124-126
- Leonar1900: distribution, host, taxonomy, 339
- Leonar1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 277-278
- Leonar1911a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43-44
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 90-93
- Lepage1938: catalog, 407
- Lepesm1947: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 210-211
- Lindin1909a: taxonomy, 324
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 148
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 38
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 70,78,92,198,
- Lindin1924: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 129,147
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 180
- Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 148
- Lindin1949: taxonomy, 210
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 546
- LiuFe2018: distribution, key, 584
- Lloren1990: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 103-105
- LoBl1989: distribution, host, 1-4
- Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78
- LoganMaRo2017: host, natural enemies, 469–479
- LoganTh2002: biological control, ecology, life history, 361-367
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
- Lounsb1906: distribution, host, 80-91
- Lounsb1921: distribution, host, 35-38
- LoveFe1977: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 95-103
- Lugger1900: distribution, host, 208-245
- Lupo1953a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75-81
- MaberHoTo1986: chemical control, 143-147
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 387,435,436,439
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 18
- Mamet1954a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 263
- Mamet1957: distribution, host, 369,375
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 388
- Marlat1899b: taxonomy, 209,211
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 63
- Maskel1884: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 122
- Maskel1885a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 21,23
- Maskel1887a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41
- Maskel1890: distribution, host, 135
- Maskel1891: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
- Maskel1895b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 65
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 190
- Matta1979: biological control, distribution, host, 231-242
- MauchlHaHi2011: biological control, economic importance, 46
- MauchlHi2005: distribution, host, life history, 294-298
- MauchlHiSt2012: biological control, economic importance, host, 29-33
- Maxwel1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- McDani1969: host, illustration, taxonomy, 111-113
- McKennRe1999: chemical control, 365-370
- McKennStSt1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 779-784
- McKenz1935: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-48
- McKenz1951: taxonomy, 82
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73-76
- Merkel1938: distribution, host, 88-99
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 208-209
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 510
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 140
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 231-233
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 303-326
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 15
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 34
- Moghad2021: key, 378
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10, 131, 245
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 152
- Monte1930: distribution, host, 3-36
- Morale1988: taxonomy, 77-82
- Morgan1887: taxonomy, 68,79-82
- Morgan1888b: description, taxonomy, 118-120
- Morgan1889a: taxonomy, 351
- Morgan1893: taxonomy, 40-41
- MorseGrCl2005: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 79-94
- MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 74
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, host, natural enemies, 82-89
- Myers1922: taxonomy, 201
- NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 43
- Newell1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29-30
- Newste1897a: distribution, host, 94
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 81,91-94
- Newste1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 371
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 131
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarMoKr2014: taxonomy, 47
- NormarNoGa2025: distribution, importance, 3, 12
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 23, S4, S6
- Nur1990b: life history, taxonomy, 196
- Osborn1898: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 7-8
- Otero1935: distribution, host, 1-26
- Pace1939: distribution, host, 664-665
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,71
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 169
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
- PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
- Priore1964: distribution, host, 131-178
- Priore1965: distribution, host, 101-145
- PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
- Quayle1911d: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 443-512
- Quedna1964b: biological control, 86-116
- RagusaRu1989: distribution, host, 71-74
- Ramakr1919: distribution, host, 623
- Ramakr1919a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-19
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 356
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 23
- RaoCh1950: taxonomy, 10,27
- Reyne1954c: distribution, host, 3-4
- Richar1960AM: distribution, host, 693-698
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 32-33
- RochaFePe2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 149
- RongGr1998: biological control, 43-63
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 349-354,405-409
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- RugmanMoSt2009: economic importance, molecular data, taxonomy, 1948-1953
- Ruhl1913: distribution, host, 79-80
- SaighiDoBi2005: distribution, host, 429-433
- Salaza1989: distribution, host,
- SalazaSo1990: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 135-137
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 56,67
- Sassce1912: distribution, host, taxonomy, 92
- Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 137
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 148
- Schmut1959: taxonomy, 45
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 477
- SchneiClWe2020: key, 70
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- SchuhMo1948: control, distribution, host,
- Scott1984a: distribution, host, 11-31
- Seabra1930a: distribution, host, 143-148
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
- SibbetVaFe2000: control, distribution, host,
- Signor1869c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 117
- Silves1902: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 122
- Singh1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 213
- Starne1897: taxonomy, 24
- Steine1987: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-7
- StevenBlTo1991: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 84
- StevenMcBl1997: chemical control, 288-292
- StevenRe1999: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 345-354
- StevenToBl1994: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 135-142
- StevenVaGo1997: distribution, host, 773-777
- Sudoi1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 119-123
- Sugimo1994: distribution, host, 115-121
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 327
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 104-105
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 77-78,101
- Takagi1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
- Takagi2011: distribution, taxonomy, 49
- Takaha1940: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-28
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-13
- Tang1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-46
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 91
- Targio1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 151
- Targio1888: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 420-421
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-116
- ThiemGe1934a: taxonomy, 132,230,232
- ThomsoToWi1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 1-5
- TiagoRoTs2017: host, illustration, natural enemies, 379-384
- Timber1924: biological control, distribution, host,
- TippinBe1970: distribution, host, 10
- TippinBe1972: distribution, host, 287
- Tomkin1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 151-155
- Tomkin1992a: chemical control, distribution, host, 517-522
- TomkinAlWi1996: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 785-789
- TomkinFoTh1994: chemical control, distribution, host, 337-340
- TomkinGrWi1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 146-150
- TomkinThWi1992: distribution, host, life history, 58-63
- TomkinThWi1995: biological control, chemical control, 139-142
- TomkinWiTh2000: distribution, host, 211-215
- Townse1897: distribution, host, 185
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- Trimbl1929: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-21
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 296
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
- Valent1963: biological control, 6-13
- Valent1967: biological control, 1100
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 31
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 195-208
- VonEll2025: distribution, 24
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- WatsonKo2022a: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 487-488
- WhitinHoCo1998: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 211-215
- Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 236
- Willia2013: distribution, 190
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 218, 219, 234
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-136
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
- Wise1977: distribution, 110
- WolffCo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 42-44
- WolffEfDa2018: distribution, economic importance, host, key,
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 38
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- WynneHoCo2025: distribution, list of species, record, 18
- Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 91-93
- YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 295-302
- Zagain1956: distribution, 85-90
- Zahrad1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 127-130
- Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
- Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-108
- ZamudiCl2005: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 264
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 165
- Zimmer1948: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 361,363
