Valid Names Results
Insignorthezia insignis (Browne, 1887) (Ortheziidae: Insignorthezia)Nomenclatural History
- Orthezia insignis Browne 1887: 169-172. Type data: ENGLAND: Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, on Stobilanthes sp., ?/08/1887, by E.T. Browne. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material presumed lost. Illustr.
- Orthezia nacrea Buckton 1894: 103. Type data: SRI LANKA: on Crossandra. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Green1895a, 1). Notes: Buckton (1894) states that at least one specimen was forwarded to E.E. Green at the Indian Museum. There are two slides in the BMNH which originally were in Green's collection and are believed to be syntypic (Williams, personal communication, October 14, 1998). Illustr.
- Orchesia insignis; Gómez-Menor Ortega 1929: 4. misspelling of genus name
- Orthezia costis Ghesquière 1933: 268. nomen nudum (discovered by Morris1952, 20). Notes: This species "has never been validated through the publication of a description, and recently Dr. Ghesquière (in litt.) has advised that it was placed eventually as identical with Orthezia insignis Browne" (Morrison, 1952).
- Insignorthezia insignis (Browne, 1887); Kozár 2004: 304. change of combination
Common Names
- croton bug Bodkin1913
- greenhouse mealybug Richar1998
- greenhouse orthezia AAEE1931 Blicke1965
- jacaranda bug WoodruBeSk1998
- Kew bug Gill1993
- lantana blight Gill1993
- lantana bug Ramakr1919
- marsupial coccid Gill1993
- Maui blight Kotins1906a
- sugar-iced bug Fuller1907
- Chinche harinosa del croto Szita2022
- cochinilla blanca menor de los cítricos Szita2022
- cochonilha-de-placa Szita2022
- escama blanca del croto Szita2022
- Gewächshausröhren schildlaus Szita2022
- glasshouse orthezia Szita2022
- inshigunisu-hakama-kaigaramushi Szita2022
- lantana dopluis Szita2022
- بق الالنتانا AbdRab2012
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 51 | Genera: 150
- Acanthaceae
- Acanthus | Stalaz2021
- Acanthus montanus | Saakya1954
- Aphelandra | Saakya1954
- Asystasia gangetica | Nakaha1981a
- Barleria | Morris1925 Varshn1992
- Crossandra | Morris1925
- Crossandra infundibuliformis | YunusHo1980 | (= Crossandra undulifolia)
- Eranthemum | Morris1925
- Graptophyllum | Varshn1992
- Justicia | HodgsoHi1990 Morris1925 | (= Beloperone)
- Justicia galapagana | LincanHoCa2010
- Peristrophe | Morris1925
- Ruellia | HodgsoHi1990
- Sanchezia | Varshn1992
- Strobilanthes | Morris1925
- Strobilanthes alternata | Nakaha1981a | (= Hemigraphis colorata)
- Tetramerium nervosum | LincanHoCa2010
- Thunbergia | Morris1925
- Thunbergia erecta | YunusHo1980
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | WilliaWa1990
- Amaranthaceae
- Achyranthes | Morris1925 Zagain1956
- Alternanthera | Nakaha1981a
- Amaranthus spinosus | LagowsGoHo2022
- Iresine herbstii | Nakaha1981a
- Amaryllidaceae
- Griffinia | Morris1925 | (= Libonia)
- Apiaceae
- Foeniculum | HodgsoHi1990
- Helosciadium | HodgsoHi1990
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium | HodgsoHi1990
- Thevetia | Varshn1992
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | Varshn1992
- Araucariaceae
- Agathis montana | Saakya1954
- Asparagaceae
- Dracaena | SureshMo1996
- Asteraceae
- Achillea | Morris1925
- Adenostemma platyphyllum | LincanHoCa2010
- Ageratum | Morris1925
- Ageratum conyzoides | LoMcWa2000 YunusHo1980
- Artemisia | Tao1999
- Aster | HodgsoHi1990
- Baccharis | HodgsoHi1990
- Bidens riparia | LincanHoCa2010
- Calea | Morris1925 | (= Meyeria)
- Chromolaena | Varshn1992
- Chrysanthemum indicum | NourElRi1970
- Cineraria | Morris1925
- Conoclinium | Morris1925
- Coreopsis | HodgsoHi1990
- Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius | LincanHoCa2010
- Dendranthema | Tao1999
- Emilia sonchifolia | Nakaha1981a
- Erigeron | HodgsoHi1990
- Eupatorium | Morris1925
- Eupatorium album | Nakaha1981a | (= Eupatorium glandulosum)
- Jaegeria gracilis | LincanHoCa2010
- Lipochaeta lobata | Nakaha1981a
- Parthenium | Varshn1992
- Pseudelephantopus spicatus | LincanHoCa2010
- Scalesia cordata | LincanHoCa2010
- Scalesia pedunculata | LincanHoCa2010
- Stevia | Morris1925
- Tridax | SureshMo1996
- Vernonia | Morris1925
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | Nakaha1981a
- Bignoniaceae
- Bignonia | Morris1925
- Catalpa | Morris1925
- Jacaranda | Morris1925
- Spathodea campanulata | PadillMaNa2016
- Tecoma | HodgsoHi1990
- Tecoma stans | MalumpWhHa2015
- Blechnaceae
- Blechnum | LincanHoCa2010
- Boraginaceae
- Heliotropium | DodgeRi1943
- Myosotis | Morris1925
- Brassicaceae
- Cakile | HodgsoHi1990
- Nasturtium | HodgsoHi1990
- Cactaceae
- Epiphyllum | DodgeRi1943
- Schlumbergera truncata | Nakaha1981a | (= Zygocactus truncatus)
- Campanulaceae
- Clermontia | Nakaha1981a
- Lobelia | Varshn1992
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | HodgsoHi1990
- Commelinaceae
- Tradescantia | HodgsoHi1990
- Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea | BiezanBeBa1949 Morris1925 | (= Pharbitis)
- Costaceae
- Costus afer | Morris1952
- Crassulaceae
- Kalanchoe | HodgsoHi1990 | (= Bryophyllum)
- Cupressaceae
- Juniperus | HodgsoHi1990
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas revoluta | PadillMaNa2016
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | Varshn1992
- Codiaeum | Lauren1991
- Croton | SureshMo1996
- Euphorbia | Morris1925
- Fabaceae
- Clitoria | Morris1925
- Dioclea | LincanHoCa2010
- Garryaceae
- Garrya ovata | Mamet1959a
- Geraniaceae
- Geranium | HodgsoHi1990
- Pelargonium | Morris1925
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum | LincanHoCa2010
- Lamiaceae
- Clerodendrum | Morris1925
- Clerodendrum minahassae | YunusHo1980
- Coleus rotundifolius | DoAC1923 | (= Coleus parviflorus)
- Coleus scutellarioides | Nakaha1981a ShivakLa2001 | (= Coleus blumei)
- Holmskioldia | Varshn1992
- Hyptis pectinata | LincanHoCa2010
- Leonotis | HodgsoHi1990
- Mentha | Morris1925
- Salvia | HodgsoHi1990 Morris1925 | (=Rosmarinus),
- Salvia rosmarinus | CaballKoRa2023
- Scutellaria | Morris1925
- Tinnea aethiopica | YunusHo1980
- Vitex triflora | MalumpWhHa2015
- Lythraceae
- Cuphea | Morris1925
- Lagerstroemia | Varshn1992
- Malvaceae
- Abutilon | Morris1925
- Dombeya | Varshn1992
- Hibiscus | Varshn1992
- Theobroma cacao | Seabra1919
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea | Leonar1933
- Oleaceae
- Chionanthus | Morris1925
- Ligustrum | Morris1925 Varshn1992
- Onagraceae
- Ludwigia leptocarpa | LincanHoCa2010
- Oenothera lindheimeri | Mamet1959a | (= Gaura lindheimeri)
- Oxalidaceae
- Oxalis | Morris1925
- Phyllanthaceae
- Phyllanthus | LincanHoCa2010
- Plantaginaceae
- Angelonia | Varshn1992
- Mecardonia procumbens | LincanHoCa2010
- Plantago | Nakaha1981a
- Scoparia dulcis | LincanHoCa2010
- Poaceae
- Saccharum | Morris1925
- Rosaceae
- Fragaria | Morris1925
- Rosa | Morris1925
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea | Morris1925
- Coffea arabica | Kumar1984
- Diodella radula | LincanHoCa2010 | (= Diodia radula)
- Euclinia longiflora | YunusHo1980 | (= Randia macrantha)
- Gardenia | Morris1925
- Gardenia jasminoides | PadillMaNa2016
- Hamelia | Green1918
- Ixora | Morris1925
- Ixora coccinea | PadillMaNa2016
- Manettia | Morris1925
- Mussaenda philippica | MestreHaEv2011
- Psychotria horizontalis | MestreHaEv2011
- Spermacoce laevis | LincanHoCa2010 | (= Borreria laevis)
- Rutaceae
- Atalantia | Morris1925
- Citrus | Morris1925
- Citrus limon | PadillMaNa2016
- Citrus sinensis | PadillMaNa2016
- Clausena | Varshn1992
- Murraya | Varshn1992
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Tao1999
- Scrophulariaceae
- Leucophyllum | HodgsoHi1990
- Myoporum | BiezanBeBa1949
- Solanaceae
- Browallia americana | LincanHoCa2010
- Brugmansia | Varshn1992
- Capsicum | Morris1925
- Capsicum annuum | PadillMaNa2016
- Cestrum | Morris1925 | (= Habrothamnus)
- Petunia | Britto1933a
- Physalis peruviana | Nakaha1981a
- Solanum cucullatum | Beingo1971
- Solanum lycopersicum | Morris1925 | (= Lycopersicum)
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | Nakaha1981a
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Morris1925 | (= Thea)
- Camellia oleifera | Tao1999
- Camellia sinensis | DoAC1923 Hua2000 | (= Camellia theifera)
- Urticaceae
- Pilea | Morris1925
- Verbenaceae
- Aloysia | Morris1925
- Duranta | Morris1925
- Duranta erecta | YunusHo1980 | (= Duranta repens var. ellisia)
- Lantana | CarnerPe1986
- Lantana camara | Huffak1959 WilliaWi1988 YunusHo1980 | (= Lantana aculeata)
- Lantana trifolia | DoAC1923
- Lippia | Nakaha1981a
- Stachytarpheta | HodgsoHi1990 | (= Valerianoides)
- Stachytarpheta cayennensis | LincanHoCa2010
- Verbena | Morris1925
- Verbena litoralis | LincanHoCa2010
- Violaceae
- Viola | Morris1925
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | Schmut1952
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 3
- Chamaemyiidae
- Melaleucopis ortheziavora | RaspiBe1993
- Melaleucopis simmondsi | Bartle1978
- Coccinellidae
- Hyperaspis donzeli | Bartle1978
- Hyperaspis jocosa | Fullaw1920
- Hyperaspis pantherina | AlfredDAsPa2020
- Syrphidae
- Paragus marshalli | Fulmek1943
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Blattabacteriaceae
- Candidatus Insignibacter tubulum | OjaswiPaDh2026
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 98
- Algeria | Morris1925
- Angola | FerraoCa1972
- Antigua and Barbuda | Morris1925
- Argentina | Morris1952
- Ascension Island | MalumpWhHa2015
- Australia | Morris1952
- Austria | Morris1952
- Azores | FrancoRuMa2011 Morris1952
- Bahamas | Morris1952
- Barbados | Szita2022
- Belgium | Szita2022
- Belize | Szita2022
- Bermuda | Morris1925
- Brazil | Morris1925
- Bahia | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Ceara | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Minas Gerais | Szita2022
- Paraiba | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Parana | Szita2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | BiezanBeBa1949
- Rio de Janeiro | Szita2022
- Sao Paulo | AlmeidPeMa2018
- British Virgin Islands | Morris1925
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1968
- Burma (=Myanmar) | Szita2022
- Cameroon | Szita2022
- Canada | Morris1952
- Canary Islands | MatileOr2001 Morris1952
- Cape Verde | Fernan1975
- Cayman Islands | Szita2022
- China | Morris1925
- Hunan | Tao1999
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Tao1999
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Hua2000
- Colombia | Morris1952
- Comoros | GermaiAtBa2008
- Congo | Szita2022
- Costa Rica | Morris1925
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cuba | MestreHaEv2011 Morris1925
- Czech Republic | Richar1998
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Morris1952 | Szita2022
- Denmark | Morris1952
- Dominica | Morris1925
- Dominican Republic | WoodruBeSk1998
- Ecuador | Morris1925
- Egypt | AbouEl2001 Morris1952
- El Salvador | Morris1952
- France | Foldi2001 Morris1925
- French Guiana | Szita2022
- Galapagos Islands | LincanHoCa2010
- Germany | Morris1952
- Ghana | Szita2022
- Grenada | WoodruBeSk1998
- Guadeloupe | WoodruBeSk1998
- Guatemala | Morris1925
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Morris1925
- Haiti | Morris1952
- Hawaiian Islands | Morris1925
- Hawaii | Nishid2002
- Kauai | Nishid2002
- Lanai | Nishid2002
- Maui | Nishid2002
- Oahu | Nishid2002
- Honduras | Morris1952
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013 Morris1952
- India | Morris1952
- Karnataka | Varshn1992
- Kerala | Varshn1992
- Maharashtra | Szita2022
- Sikkim | ReddyMiMe2025
- Tamil Nadu | SureshMo1996 Varshn1992
- West Bengal | Varshn1992
- Indonesia
- Bali | Gavril2017b
- Java | Morris1925
- Iraq | Richar1998
- Italy | Morris1925
- Jamaica | Morris1925
- Japan | Morris1952
- Hokkaido | Szita2022
- Kenya | Morris1952
- Madagascar | Mamet1959a
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011 Morris1925
- Malawi | Szita2022
- Malaysia | YunusHo1980
- Martinique | WoodruBeSk1998
- Mauritius | Morris1925 WilliaWi1988
- Mexico | Morris1925
- Baja California Sur | PadillMaNa2016
- Chiapas | CaballRa2018
- Chihuahua | Miller1996
- Ciudad de México | PadillMaNa2016
- Guanajuato | Miller1996
- Jalisco | PadillMaNa2016
- Michoacan | Miller1996
- Morelos | PadillMaNa2016
- Nuevo Leon | PadillMaNa2016
- Veracruz | Miller1996
- Zacatecas | Miller1996
- Montserrat | Morris1925
- Morocco | Morris1952
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1990
- Nigeria | Szita2022
- Panama | Morris1925
- Paraguay | Morris1952
- Peru | Morris1925
- Poland | LagowsGo2020
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Morris1952
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island | Morris1925
- Reunion | Bordag1914 Germai2013 GermaiMiPa2014 WilliaWi1988
- Romania | Rogoja1935 Teodor2018
- Russia
- Krasnodar Kray | Zagain1956
- Moscow Oblast | Saakya1954
- Saint Helena | Szita2022
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Morris1925
- Sao Tome and Principe | Morris1925
- Seychelles | Szita2022
- Sierra Leone | Szita2022
- South Africa | Morris1952
- Sri Lanka | Morris1925 Varshn1992
- Suriname | Szita2022
- Switzerland | Morris1952
- Taiwan | Hua2000
- Tanzania | Morris1952
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tobago | WoodruBeSk1998
- Trinidad | Morris1952
- USSR | Morris1952
- Uganda | Morris1952
- United Kingdom
- England | Morris1925
- United States
- Arizona | Morris1952
- California | Morris1925
- Connecticut | Morris1925
- District of Columbia | Morris1925
- Florida | Morris1952
- Illinois | Morris1925
- Indiana | Morris1925
- Massachusetts | Morris1925
- Michigan | Morris1952
- Missouri | Morris1952
- New Jersey | Morris1925
- New York | Morris1925
- Ohio | Morris1925
- Pennsylvania | Morris1925
- Tennessee | Morris1952
- Utah | Morris1952
- Virginia | Morris1925
- Washington | Morris1952
- Wisconsin | Morris1952
- Venezuela | Morris1952
- Zambia | Szita2022
- Zimbabwe | Szita2022
Keys
- CaballKo2024: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Species associated with coffee roots in Colombia]
- Watson2022: pp.340-341 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera of Ortheziidae in Africa]
- Vea2014: pp.3-4 ( Adult (M) ) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]
- LaPollBuBr2008: pp.57 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]
- Kozar2004: pp.296 ( ) [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]
- Koszta1996: pp.59 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]
- Gill1993: pp.77 ( Adult (F) ) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]
- Danzig1971d: pp.806 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Ortheziidae]
- Danzig1964: pp.621 ( Adult (F) ) [Orthezia species in SSSR]
- Morris1952: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Species in the Insignis group of Orthezia]
- Morris1925: pp.106 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]
- MacGil1921: pp.112 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Orthezia]
Remarks
- Systematics: Morrison (1952) states that this insect has gone under the authorship of J.W. Douglas almost exclusively since its first description, but Lindinger, in 1935, called attention to the fact that Browne's notes and illustrations on the species constituted a description, though that was not his intention, and appeared in print before the Douglas description of it as new. Some could consider Douglas' description as a junior synonym and homonym.
- Structure: Adult female oval, with little secretion (Morrison, 1925). Antennae 7 or 8 (rarely 6) segmented; subapical seta absent; sensory fleshy seta on apical segment and on preapical segment. (Kaydan, et al., 2016) Mounted male: Moderately large, total body length 1.66-1.76 mm. Antennae exceptionally long, nearly 2 times total body length, most segments approximately subequal in length (vs. <1.3 times body length for all other species). Body with few setae; loculate pores of triangular shape, each 7-8 ìm wide, with mostly 3 loculi, occasionally 4, present on both dorsal surface. (Vea, 2014) The adult male of I. insignis is unique in having extremely long appendages, particularly the antennae, almost twice as long as the body length, as compared to other genera; a pair of very long setae are present on each tergite, loculate pores of 3 or 4 loculi are on the pleurites and overlapping on tergites but absent on sternites, and sternite VIII does not have a median ridge. (Vea, 2014)
- Biology: Detailed discussion of life history by Ezzat (1956b). Orthezia insignis can do considerable damage to Lantana sp. (Holloway, 1964). O. insignis produces copious amounts of honeydew (Williams & Williams, 1988). In the greenhouse on coleus, the life cycle was completed in 30 days. The first three instars took 13.5, 15.5, and 14 days to complete. Reproduction was strictly parthenogenetic. Offspring were deposited over 24 days and from 80-102 nymphs were produced per female (Shivakumar et al., 2001)
- Economic Importance: Biological control discussed by Fulmek (1943) and Bartlett (1978). Ebeling (1959) states that this species is a pest of citrus in India and South America. McDaniel (1931) provides instructions for chemical control. When it was accidentally introduced to Hawai’i, initially it was regarded as a potential biological control agent for invasive Lantana camara; however, the species is polyphagous, and the sooty mould associated with infestations can be an unsightly problem on ornamental shrubs and fruit trees. Insignorthezia insignis became a serious pest of coffee and ornamental trees and shrubs in Kenya. (Watson, 2022)
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription by Kozár (2004). Detailed description of adult male in Vea (2014). Schutze et al. (2026) consider this species absent in Australia due to dubious records.
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1931: taxonomy, 1282, 1305
- AAEE1937: taxonomy, 535, 555
- AbdRab2012: list, 612
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, 40
- AbouEl2001: distribution, host, 187
- Aczel1936: taxonomy, 44
- Alfier1929: distribution, host, 8a
- AlfredDAsPa2020: economic importance, host, natural enemies, 989
- Ali1970: catalog, taxonomy, 93
- Ali1970a: catalog, taxonomy, 117
- Almeid1974: distribution, host, 51
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 356
- Archan1929: distribution, host, 191
- Archan1937: distribution, host, 23-24, 141, 144-151
- Arnett1985: distribution, host, 234
- Azeved1923A: taxonomy, 88
- Azeved1923aA: taxonomy, 151
- Azeved1925: taxonomy, 85
- Azeved1925a: taxonomy, 343
- Azeved1929: distribution, host, 114
- Azeved1929a: distribution, host, 126
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 190
- Balach1946: distribution, 216
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 208
- BalasSa1982: distribution, host, life history, 396
- Ballou1912: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, illustration, 79
- Ballou1912a: distribution, 421
- Ballou1913: distribution, 63
- Ballou1922a: distribution, host, 250
- Ballou1923: taxonomy, 86
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 28, 29
- Ballou1936a: distribution, host, 18
- Ballou1945: distribution, host, 18, 94
- BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 38
- Barlow1896: distribution, 25-26
- Bartle1978d: biological control, distribution, host, 136-137
- Beeson1941: distribution, host, 755-756
- BeesonCh1940: distribution, host, 47
- Beingo1961: biological control, distribution, 67-69
- Beingo1962: distribution, taxonomy, 37
- Beingo1965: distribution, host, 2
- Beingo1969: taxonomy, 97
- Beingo1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
- Beingo1971b: distribution, host, 41
- BeltraLlHu2025: taxonomy, 117
- BennetGo1991: distribution, taxonomy, 598-599
- BentleBa1931: description, host, life history, 27
- Berry1959: distribution, host, 227
- Bertel1956: chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 292-293
- Beshea1975: biological control, distribution, 224
- BezerrSiSa2026: behavior, distribution, host, 6-7
- BiezanBeBa1949: distribution, host, 161, 178-9, 183, 186
- BiezanFr1939: distribution, host, 12
- BitancFoAu1933: illustration, taxonomy, 87, 121
- Blackm1904: distribution, host, 328-330
- Blanch1939: host, taxonomy, 95
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 294, 312
- Bodkin1913: taxonomy, 31
- Bodkin1914: distribution, host, 110, 118
- Bodkin1917: distribution, host, 107
- Bohner1935: taxonomy, 451
- Bondar1914: taxonomy, 1103
- Bondar1915: taxonomy, 44
- Bondar1929: distribution, host, 50
- Bondar1930: taxonomy, 344
- BoothCrFo1995:
- BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 94
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, 190
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, 26
- Borchs1963a: distribution, host, 25, 238, 272, 280
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, 280
- Bordag1914: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 397-402
- Brain1915: distribution, host, 89
- BrainKe1917: distribution, host, 181
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 7
- Britto1905: distribution, host, 4
- Britto1920: distribution, host, 63
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, 348
- Britto1933a: chemical control, distribution, host, 70, 97, 109,121, 144
- Brizi1935: taxonomy, 62
- BroschWe2001: distribution, host, 460-462
- Browne1887: description, taxonomy, 169-172
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, distribution, host, 38
- Bryan1915: distribution, host, illustration, 385
- Buchne1921: distribution, host, 227, 237, 239
- Buchne1930: taxonomy, 420-422
- Buchne1965: distribution, host, 247-250
- Buchne1967: taxonomy, 220
- Buckto1894: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 103
- Bunzli1935: taxonomy, 526, 573
- CABI1957a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-2
- CCNI1989: taxonomy, 158
- CaballKo2024: illustration, key, morphology, 2
- CaballKoRa2023: distribution, host, record, survey, 35
- CaballRa2018: distribution, host, 2
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, 51, 52, 64
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, 167
- Carval1939MB: taxonomy, 133
- CarvalCa1941: host, 15
- Cavalc1975: distribution, host, 97
- Chambe1925EL: distribution, taxonomy, 155
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 105
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 101
- Chiesa1946: distribution, 7
- Chiesa1948: distribution, taxonomy, 219
- Chorle1946: distribution, host, 549
- ClapsSaMe2023: distribution, list, 161
- Clavij1977: distribution, host, 117
- Cock2003: biological control, 25
- Cocker1892d: distribution, host, 136
- Cocker1892g: distribution, host, 89
- Cocker1893b: distribution, host, 160
- Cocker1893j: distribution, 255
- Cocker1893kk: distribution, host, 247
- Cocker1893o: distribution, host, 51
- Cocker1893y: taxonomy, 403
- Cocker1894: distribution, host, 32, 35
- Cocker1894c: distribution, host, 307
- Cocker1894d: distribution, host, 312
- Cocker1895dd: taxonomy, 513
- Cocker1895u: distribution, host, 727
- Cocker1896: distribution, host, 9-10
- Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 327
- Cocker1896k: distribution, host, iii
- Cocker1898q: distribution, host, taxonomy, 60
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 5
- Cocker1899r: taxonomy, 900
- Cocker1902p: distribution, 250
- Cocker1902q: distribution, host, 259
- Compto1930: distribution, host, 19, 61, 64, 87, 100
- Cook1935: distribution, host, 419
- CorbetGa1926: distribution, host, 7
- CostaL1928: distribution, host, 104
- CostaL1930a: distribution, host, 86
- CostaL1935: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, 2
- CostaL1936: distribution, host, 201
- CraftsRo1962: distribution, host, 156
- Craw1896: distribution, host, 46-47
- Craw1906: distribution, host, taxonomy, 143
- Creigh1942: taxonomy, 228
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, 621
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 807
- Dash1916: distribution, host, 42
- DeBach1964: biological control, distribution, host, 679
- Delucc1975: distribution, host, 24
- DengWeMa2025: evolution, genome, illustration, phylogenetics, 2, 7-11
- DietzMo1916a: distribution, host, 219
- Dikshi1966a: taxonomy, 254
- Dinthe1960: distribution, host, 43
- DoAC1923: distribution, host, 25, 43, 44
- Doane1931: taxonomy, 322
- DodgeRi1943: host, 230, 342, 470, 549
- Dougla1887b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 169-171
- Dougla1889c: distribution, host, 270
- Dougla1895: distribution, 137-139
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 118
- Dunham1954: distribution, host, 67
- Eastop1979: taxonomy, 127
- Ebelin1959: distribution, host, 272, 278
- Edward1936: distribution, taxonomy, 335
- Ehrhor1914: distribution, host, 8
- Ehrhor1925a: distribution, 20
- Ehrhor1925c: distribution, 97
- Ehrhor1925e: distribution, 99
- Ehrhor1925f: distribution, 100
- Ehrhor1926b: distribution,
- EhrhorFuSw1913: distribution, taxonomy, 300
- Epila1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53-59
- Essig1926: distribution, host, 271-272
- Essig1948a: distribution, ecology, host, 60
- Ezzat1956b: distribution, host, 414-431
- FelixRoBr2005: biological control, 347-354
- Felt1901: distribution, host, 355
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 194
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, 34
- Fernan1975: distribution, host, 41, 45
- Fernan1981: taxonomy, 47
- FerraoCa1972: distribution, host, 29
- Ferris1918: taxonomy, 87
- Ferris1921: distribution, host, 65, 72
- Figuer1946: distribution, host, 217
- Filho1931: taxonomy, 606
- Flachs1931: host, 110
- Fletch1917a: distribution, host, 40
- Fleury1938: distribution, host, 24
- FogaraKo1977: distribution, host, 388
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
- Fonsec1934a: distribution, 278
- FonsecAu1932a: description, distribution, 208
- Fowler2004: biological control, 367
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 17-18,25
- Frappe1950: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 16-19
- FreitaCa1949: distribution, host, 117-123
- FreitaCa1949a: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 168-180
- FreitaCa1949b: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 217-234
- Frogga1907: distribution, host, 683
- Frogga1909: distribution, host, 548
- Fryer1936: distribution, 33
- Fullaw1920: biological control, distribution, 240
- FullawKr1945: biological control, distribution, host, 66
- Fuller1901: description, distribution, taxonomy, 109
- Fuller1907: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1033, 1051-1052
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 56
- GaimarGoEl2024: host, natural enemies, 562
- Gangul1979: taxonomy, 12
- Gavalo1932b: taxonomy, 7
- Gavril2018: cytogenetics, illustration, reproduction, 14,194
- Gavril2021b: reproduction, 244
- Gentry1965: distribution, host, 19
- Germai2013: distribution, 510
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 3
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 24
- Ghesqu1933: taxonomy, 20
- Ghesqu1950: distribution, host, taxonomy, 32
- GibsonRo1922: chemical control, description, distribution, host, 34
- Gill1993: distribution, host, taxonomy, 75, 76, 77, 79-80
- Gomes1940: description, distribution, 67, 88
- GomesC1941: illustration, taxonomy, 719
- GomesC1949: distribution, host, 89-90
- GomesC1958: distribution, host, 88, 89
- Gomez1936: distribution, 43
- GomezM1929: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- GomezM1929a: distribution, taxonomy, 6
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 138
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 134
- GoncalCa1978: distribution, host, 1
- Goux1941a: distribution, host, 39
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, 13, 39-40, 42, 45
- Gowdey1926: distribution, host, 43
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 633
- Green1895a: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-4
- Green1896: distribution, host, 5
- Green1897: distribution, host, 74
- Green1899e: distribution, host, 83-94
- Green1907: distribution, host, 338, 353-354
- Green1918: host, 232, 233, 234, 236
- Green1922: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, 417, 418-421
- Green1923b: distribution, host, 87
- Green1933: distribution, host, 49
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 282
- Hall1922: distribution, host, 3
- Hall1923: distribution, host, 31, 57, 59
- Hall1924a: distribution, host, 12
- Hall1925: distribution, host, 17
- Hall1926a: distribution, host, 35, 39, 40
- Hall1940: distribution, host, 487
- Hamble1947: taxonomy, 953
- Handli1929: illustration, taxonomy, 64
- Hargre1936: distribution, host, 10
- Hargre1948: distribution, host, 37
- HasemaJo1934: chemical control, taxonomy, 17
- Hatch1938: taxonomy, 179
- Haywar1941: distribution, host, 88
- Hellri2004: distribution, 82
- Hempel1900a: distribution, host, 376-377
- Hempel1904: distribution, host, 312
- Hempel1922: taxonomy, 133
- Henrik1921: distribution, host, 317
- HertinSi1972: distribution, host, 107
- HillNe1982: distribution, host, 223-229
- Hodek1973: biological control, 259
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 3-21
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, taxonomy, 143
- Hollin1923: distribution, host, 46, 65
- Hollow1964: distribution, host, 650
- Holttu1926: taxonomy, 5
- Holzap1932: taxonomy, 348
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 132-133
- Huffak1959: distribution, host, 260-261
- Hulsen1928: taxonomy, 291, 294, 313
- HussaiPuVi1996: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 85-86
- Illing1928: distribution, host, 253
- James1939: distribution, host, 569-573
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 29
- Jarvis1911: distribution, host, 68
- Jones1917: distribution, host, 3, 4
- Kannan1920: distribution, host, life history, 857-858
- Kaweck1985: distribution, taxonomy, 8
- KaydanVeSz2016: morphology, 180
- Khoo1974: distribution, host, 128
- King1899b: distribution, host, 139
- King1901i: distribution, host, 310
- Kirkal1904: distribution, host, 226
- Kirkpa1950: distribution, host, 104
- KnowltSm1936: distribution, 264
- Koebel1902: chemical control, description, distribution, host, 54-65
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, 34
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 22
- Koszta1996: illustration, taxonomy, 31, 58, 59
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, 10
- Koteja1974b: distribution, host, 71
- Koteja1985b: taxonomy, 483
- Koteja1986e: taxonomy, 324
- Kotins1906: distribution, host, 419
- Kotins1906a: distribution, illustration, 127
- Kotins1908b: distribution, host, 11-12
- Kotins1909: taxonomy, 109
- Kozar2004: catalog, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 304
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 56
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 66
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 9
- Krauss1945: distribution, host, 312
- Krauss1953: distribution, host, 123-125
- Kumar1984: distribution, host, 92-93
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 70
- LaPollBuBr2008: taxonomy, 57
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 70
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 11
- Laing1928: distribution, host, 214
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 78
- Larter1937: taxonomy, 72
- Lauren1991: distribution, host, 29
- LePell1968: distribution, host, 322
- Lee1971: biological control, distribution, host, 41
- Lenger1932: host, taxonomy, 105
- LeonKo2017: illustration, 83
- Leonar1901a: distribution, host, 442
- Leonar1918: distribution, host, 216
- Leonar1932: distribution, host, 138
- Leonar1933: distribution, host, taxonomy, 104
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, 431
- LepageGi1942: distribution, host, 444, 452
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 6
- Lindin1908f: taxonomy, 435
- Lindin1909f: taxonomy, 360
- Lindin1912b: distribution, host, 118, 304
- Lindin1913: distribution, host, 60, 90
- Lindin1914: distribution, host, 118, 246
- Lindin1917: distribution, host, 126
- Lindin1928: distribution, host, 86, 105
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 141, 149
- Lindin1938: distribution, host, 11
- Lindin1941a: distribution, host, 76
- Lindin1942c: distribution, host, 102
- Lindin1954: distribution, host, 619
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 550
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 370
- Lizery1922a: distribution, host, 99
- Lizery1938: distribution, host, 343
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 116
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
- Lounsb1895: distribution, host, 111
- Lounsb1898: distribution, host, 36-37
- Lounsb1906: taxonomy, 83
- Lounsb1914: taxonomy, 7
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, 111, 112
- MacGre1974: distribution, host, 81
- MacMil1935: chemical control, host, 464
- Mahdih1946b: taxonomy, 58
- Malump2012b: distribution, 213
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 79
- MalumpWhHa2015: distribution, host, 135
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 144
- Mamet1948: distribution, host, 18
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 3, 6, 8
- Mamet1954a: distribution, host, 264
- Mamet1957: distribution, host, 368
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 371
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 46
- Martor1945: distribution, host, 385
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 27, 70, 78, 115, 226
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 39, 41
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 195
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 269
- Maxwel1923: taxonomy, 287
- McDani1924: distribution, host, illustration, 43-44
- McDani1931: chemical control, description, host, illustration, 67-68
- Medler1980: taxonomy, 85
- Melis1949: taxonomy, xxii
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, 196, 287
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 15
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MilesMi1935: description, host, life history, 93
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, host, 147
- Miller1991a: taxonomy, 430
- Miller1991b: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 92
- Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 80
- Miller2005: distribution, 493
- MiskimBo1970: distribution, host, 29
- Monte1930: distribution, taxonomy, 31
- Moore1915: distribution, host, 309
- Moreir1921b: distribution, 131
- Moreir1929a: taxonomy, 150
- Morris1921: distribution, host, 640
- Morris1925: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 120, 123-125, 128
- Morris1952: distribution, taxonomy, 20, 32-33
- Morsta1936: distribution, 102, 106
- Mossop1948: distribution, host, 236
- MoutiaMa1946: distribution, host, 6
- MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 89, 90
- Murphy1932: taxonomy, 125
- Myers1934: taxonomy, 62
- NDAAR1963: distribution, host, 165
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 406, 407
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 17
- NakahaMi1981: taxonomy, 36
- NakanoJoPa1974: description, distribution, host, life history, 44
- NakanoPaPe1975: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, I-III
- Narasi1987: distribution, host, 9
- Nascim1980: taxonomy, 3
- NastChKl1990: distribution, taxonomy, 119
- Nath1972: distribution, host, 8
- Neves1936: distribution, host, 119, 211
- Newste1900a: distribution, host, 113, 114
- Newste1903: distribution, host, 236-241
- Nishid2002: catalog, 144
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NourElRi1970: distribution, host, 124
- Ogilvi1928: distribution, host, 24
- OjaswiPaDh2026: bacteria, endosymbiont, phylogenetics,
- Ordogh1977: distribution, host, 2438
- Ordogh1984: distribution, host, 358, 359
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 198
- PadillMaNa2016: distribution, host, 557
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, host, 479,505
- Pember1944: distribution, 15
- PemberWi1938: biological control, distribution, host, 211, 217
- PerezG2008: distribution, 217
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, host, 317
- Petch1909: distribution, host, 82
- Pierce1917: distribution, host, 59, 212
- Pinhey1945: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 24-30
- Podtia1944: distribution, host, 16
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 367
- PruthiMa1945: distribution, host, 11
- Puttar1954a: chemical control, distribution, 53
- Quayle1938a: description, distribution, host, 280
- Ramach1920: distribution, host, 240, 277, 302, 347
- Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 50
- Ramakr1919b: distribution, host, 91
- Ramakr1919c: distribution, host, 509
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 339
- Ramakr1923: distribution, host, 344
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, 66
- Ramakr1934: host, 140
- Ramakr1940: distribution, host, illustration, 461, 477
- RangelGo1945: description, taxonomy, 28
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 68
- RaspiBe1993: biological control, distribution, host, 105
- ReddyMiMe2025: dispersal, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 20
- Reh1904: distribution, host, 148
- Reyne1964: distribution, host, 100
- Richar1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 448
- RicharJoBu1943: chemical control, host, 16
- Ritchi1935: distribution, 75
- Roba1935: distribution, host, 334
- Roba1938: distribution, 237
- Rogoja1935: distribution, host, 160-170
- Ronna1923: distribution, taxonomy, 9
- Ronna1934a: taxonomy, 5
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- Rungs1933: distribution, host, 170
- Rungs1934: distribution, host, 24
- Rungs1948: distribution, host, 117
- Rust1914: distribution, host, 471
- Saakya1954: distribution, host, 14, 15
- Salmon1933: taxonomy, 479
- SampoOl1976: taxonomy, 217
- SancheCa2024: chemical control, distribution, host, illustration, record,
- Sander1904a: distribution, host, 31
- Sander1909: distribution, host, 430
- SassceWe1922: chemical control, 200
- SassceWe1923: chemical control, 85
- SassceWe1924: chemical control, 216, 218
- Schmid1939: distribution, host, 23, 79
- Schmut1969: distribution, host, 98
- SchneiLa2020: ant association, 288
- SchneiPo2026: distribution, economic importance, list, 24
- Schuma1918b: biological control, taxonomy, 374, 379-384
- SchutzGoGu2026: distribution, 5, 9, 24
- ScottBoSu1932: chemical control, description, host, 10, 23-24, 44-45, 55
- Seabra1917: distribution, host, 22
- Seabra1921: distribution, host, 96
- Seabra1922: distribution, host, 8, 16
- Seabra1942: distribution, host, 2
- SeabraVa1918: distribution, host, 163
- Shirak1913: taxonomy, 104
- ShivakLa2001: life history, 197
- ShivakRaLa1996: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 679-681
- SiddapSrPu1986: host, 29-30
- Sikes1928: taxonomy, 272, 200, 302
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 189
- Silves1939: distribution, host, 632-633
- Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 11
- Simmon1969: distribution, host, 21
- Smith1910: distribution, host, 122
- Soares1942: taxonomy, 54
- Soares1945: taxonomy, 56, 64
- SolisATeGo1992: biological control, distribution, host, 8
- Soukup1945: distribution, host, 279
- SrikanReMa1988: distribution, host, 185-186
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 475
- Step1929: distribution, 183
- Strong1922: distribution, host, 776
- Subram1932: distribution, host, 30
- SureshMo1996: distribution, host, 261
- Swezey1921b: biological control, distribution, 521
- Swezey1925: biological control, distribution, 366
- Swezey1936d: biological control, host, 136
- Szita2022: diagnosis, dispersal, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 55-57
- Takaha1928: distribution, host, 344
- Takaha1939a: distribution, 403
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 7
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 45
- Terezn1970: distribution, host, 23
- Terezn1975: distribution, host, 9, 44, 73, 110, 112
- Theoba1907: taxonomy, 158
- Torres1923: taxonomy, 43
- Torres1959: distribution, taxonomy, 78
- Townse1896: distribution, 21-23
- Townse1928: distribution, 18
- TownseWi1939: distribution, 26
- Trabut1910: distribution, host, 72
- Trabut1911: distribution, host, 52
- Traver1935: description, 57, 157
- Trembl1989b: physiology, 148, 164, 165, 167
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 66
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 42
- Tryon1919: distribution, taxonomy, 122
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 206
- USDAAPH2003: host, 15
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 132
- Varshn1984a: distribution, host, 138
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- VastraLiGo1990: distribution, host, 127-130
- Vayssi1924: taxonomy, 28
- Vea2014: description, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 9-11,14, 15
- VeaGi2012: taxonomy, 762
- VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 62
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- Verril1902: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 806-807
- Vieira1943: taxonomy, 64
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 139, 140
- VonEll2025: distribution, 28
- Walczu1932: taxonomy, 635, 647, 658
- Wang1980: description, distribution, host, 225
- Wang1982TC: description, distribution, 39, 40
- Ward1890: ecology, economic importance, 304
- Waters1941: distribution, host, 16
- Waters1949: distribution, host, 7
- Watson2021: distribution, 525
- Watson2022: distribution, economic importance, illustration, 338,339,340
- WattMa1903: distribution, host, 310
- WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 110
- Weglar1966: taxonomy, 78
- Weigel1923: description, host, illustration, 18-19
- WeigelSa1923: chemical control, host, illustration, 31
- Weiss1916: distribution, host, 23
- Wheele1961: biological control, distribution, host, 750
- Whelan1964: distribution, host, 25, 27
- Whitne1926: distribution, taxonomy, 109
- Whitne1927c: distribution, host, 23
- Wilkin1937: distribution, host, 53
- Willan1961: biological control, distribution, host, 2-3
- Wille1925: taxonomy, 420
- Wille1935: taxonomy, 51
- Wille1935a: taxonomy, 7
- Wille1937: taxonomy, 6
- Wille1940: taxonomy, 374
- Wille1943: taxonomy, 112, 237, 239
- Willia1931: distribution, taxonomy, 369
- Willia1977ML: distribution, host, 89
- Willia1991DJ: distribution, illustration, 459, 460
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 244
- WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43-44
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, economic importance, host, 47
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 29
- Wilson1938: host, 113
- Winkle1920: taxonomy, 125
- Wolcot1933: distribution, host, 409
- Wolcot1936: catalog, distribution, host, 121
- Wolcot1948: distribution, host, 159-160
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution, taxonomy, 108
- Woods1908: chemical control, host, 3
- WoodwaEvEa1970: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 427, 428
- Woodwo1909: distribution, host, 359
- Wu1935: distribution, host, 173
- Wunn1925c: distribution, host, 435
- XuReLu2025: distribution, 68
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 16, 359
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 46
- Zagain1956: distribution, host, 86
- Zahrad1953a: taxonomy, 201-203
- Zahrad1968: distribution, host, 22
- Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 118
- Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, illustration, 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 20, 22
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 175
- Zimmer1946: taxonomy, 657-8
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, 139-140
