Valid Names Results

Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869) (Diaspididae: Hemiberlesia)

Nomenclatural History

Aspidiotus cyanophylli Signoret 1869a: 119. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Garden, on Cyanophyllum magnificum, a plant introduced from Venezuela; collected by Me. Riviere, Chief Gardener of Luxembourg Garden.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name Illustr.
Aspidiotus cyanophylli Signoret 1869: 850. nomen nudum
Aspidiotus cyanophyli Signoret, 1869; Comstock 1883: 57. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) cyanophylli Signoret, 1869; Cockerell 1897i: 29. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) cyanophylli Signoret, 1869; Leonardi 1898c: 53. change of combination
Furcaspis cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869); MacGillivray 1921: 407. change of combination
Furcaspis (Aspidiotus) cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869); Borchsenius 1935a: 30. change of combination
Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869); Ferris 1938a: 237. change of combination Illustr.
Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869); Balachowsky 1948b: 308. change of combination
Diaspidiotus cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869); Bodenheimer 1952: 337. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) cyanophylli Signoret, 1869; Merrill 1953: 18. change of combination
Abgrallaspis cynophylli (Signoret, 1869); Gerson & Zor 1973: 514. misspelling of species epithet
Hemiberlesia (Abgrallaspis) cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869); Takagi & Yamamoto 1974: 39. change of combination
Aspidiotus cyanophlli Signoret, 1869; Chou 1985: 306. misspelling of species epithet
Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869); Normark, Morse, Krewinski & Okusu 2014: 44. revived combination (previously published)
Hemiberlsia cyanophylli; Williams, D.J. 2017a: 221. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

cyanophyllum scale GersonZo1973 McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
Cyanophyllum scale Borchs1966
Queresa arriñonada Nunez2008
Escama de la badea WatsonKo2022
queresa arriñonada WatsonKo2022
shuro-marukaigaramushi WatsonKo2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 73 | Genera: 161

Acanthaceae

Dicliptera | GomezM1962 | (= Brochosiphon)

Aizoaceae

Mesembryanthemum | Green1931a

Amaranthaceae

Alternanthera | Almeid1973b
Chenopodium album | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949

Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllis | BenDov2012

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentale | MartinWoCu2022
Mangifera | McKenz1956
Mangifera indica | Cohic1958 Takagi1969a Takaha1933 WolffCo1993a
Schinus molle | DeLott1967a
Tapirira guianensis | NormarMoKr2014

Annonaceae

Annona | GomezM1962 McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
Annona muricata | GomezM1962 Leonar1920 WilliaWa1988
Annona reticulata | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
Annona squamosa | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988

Aphloiaceae

Aphloia theiformis | Matile1978

Apocynaceae

Carissa macrocarpa | Merril1953 | (= Carissa grandiflora)
Marsdenia floribunda | Merril1953 | (= Stephanotis floribunda)
Nerium | Lepage1938
Pachypodium saundersii | PadillMaNa2016
Plumeria rubra | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988 | (= Plumeria acutifolia)
Thevetia | Merril1953
Thevetia neriifolia | Merril1953

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex latifolia | BesheaTiHo1973

Araceae

Anthurium | GomezM1962 McKenz1956
Spathiphyllum | Merril1953

Araliaceae

Aralia | GomezM1962 Leonar1920

Arecaceae

Arecaceae | BesheaTiHo1973 Green1896e Green1937
Butia capitata | BugajNJuKa2021
Cocos | Balach1932d GomezM1962 Green1916 Lepage1938 McKenz1956
Cocos nucifera | Cohic1958 Leonar1920 Takagi1969a Takaha1932a Takaha1933 WilliaWa1988
Dypsis | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 | (= Chrysalidocarpus)
Dypsis lutescens | McKenz1956 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
Howea | GomezM1962 | (= Kentia)
Hyphaene thebaica | Merril1953 | (= Hyphaene crinita)
Phoenix | GomezM1962
Phoenix dactylifera | ElShafAbAl2017
Sabal | BesheaTiHo1973
Washingtonia filifera | MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917 | (= Pritchardia filifera)

Asparagaceae

Anthericum | McKenz1956 Merril1953
Asparagus | BenDov2012
Cordyline | Leonar1920
Cordyline fruticosa | WilliaWa1988 | (= Cordyline terminalis)
Cordyline indivisa | GomezM1962
Dracaena | Suh2016
Liriope muscari | BesheaTiHo1973
Ophiopogon | McKenz1956 | (= Mondo)
Ruscus aculeatus | BugajNJuKa2021
Yucca | BesheaTiHo1973

Asphodelaceae

Gasteria bicolor | CaliskUl2017 | (= Gasteria bicolor)
Gasteria carinata | CaliskUl2017 UlgentErYa2022 | var. verrucosa (= Gasteria verrucosa)
Haworthia | Suh2016

Asteraceae

Berlandiera | Merril1953
Gazania | BenDov2012
Jacobaea maritima | CaliskUl2017
Synedrella nodiflora | LagowsGoHo2022

Betulaceae

Ostrya virginiana | BesheaTiHo1973

Boraginaceae

Ehretia laevis | Merril1953
Heliotropium curassavicum | LagowsGoHo2022

Bromeliaceae

Billbergia | Merril1953
Billbergia pyramidalis | MerrilCh1923 | (= Billbergia thyrsoidea)
Nidularium | Merril1953

Buxaceae

Buxus | Lepage1938

Cactaceae

Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis | CaliskUl2017
Cactaceae | Bodenh1952
Cactus | Green1931a
Carnegiea gigantea | Komosi1969 | (= Cereus giganteus)
Cereus | Balach1932d GomezM1962 McKenz1956
Cereus hildmannianus | MalumpRe2011
Cereus repandus | BenDov2012 | (= Cereus peruvianus)
Cereus stenogonus | MalumpRe2011
Consolea rubescens | Hender2011
Echinocactus | GomezM1962
Echinopsis | BenDov2012 | (= Lobivia)
Echinopsis candicans | MalumpRe2011
Echinopsis chamaecereus | CaliskUl2017
Echinopsis schickendantzii | MalumpRe2011
Echinopsis smrziana | MalumpRe2011
Echinopsis thelegonoides | MalumpRe2011
Grusonia bradtiana | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 | (= Opuntia cereiformis)
Mammillaria | GomezM1962
Mammillaria compressa | Balach1932d | (= Mammillaria seitziana)
Opuntia | Balach1932d GomezM1962
Opuntia ficus-indica | PellizPoSe2011
Opuntia humifusa | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 | (= Opuntia rafinesquei)
Opuntia quitensis | MalumpRe2011
Pereskia sacharosa | MalumpRe2011
Pilosocereus royenii | MalumpRe2011

Calophyllaceae

Mammea americana | DonesEv2011

Cannabaceae

Celtis sinensis | Takagi1969a Takaha1932a Takaha1933

Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus caryophyllus | CaliskUl2017

Clusiaceae

Clusia fluminensis | MartinWoCu2022

Combretaceae

Combretum | Merril1953
Terminalia arjuna | Merril1953

Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea | GomezM1962 Leonar1920 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917

Cornaceae

Cornus | BesheaTiHo1973

Crassulaceae

Crassula | BenDov2012
Echeveria | Suh2016

Cycadaceae

Cycas | Green1896e Green1937 Lepage1938
Cycas revoluta | Borchs1966 GomezM1962 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Merril1953 Wilson1917

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea alata | WilliaWa1988

Ebenaceae

Diospyros kaki | BenDov2012

Ericaceae

Leucothoe | BesheaTiHo1973
Rhododendron | McKenz1956
Vaccinium | Merril1953

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha | GomezM1962
Acalypha hispida | WilliaWa1988
Euphorbia milii | Balach1932e GomezM1962 Merril1953 | (= Euphorbia splendens, Euphorbia bojeri)
Hevea brasiliensis | Green1911
Jatropha | BenDov2012
Jatropha curcas | WilliaWa1988
Manihot carthaginensis | Balach1956 EtiennMa1993 Maleno1916a | (= Manihot glazioui),ssp. glaziovii
Manihot esculenta | WilliaWa1988

Fabaceae

Acacia | Almeid1973
Bauhinia | WilliaWa1988
Ceratonia siliqua | Hall1922
Inga | Ferris1942
Senna spectabilis | MatileNo1984 | (= Cassia spectabilis)
Wisteria | Zimmer1948

Fagaceae

Quercus | BesheaTiHo1973

Hernandiaceae

Hernandia bivalvis | Merril1953 MerrilCh1923

Hypericaceae

Harungana madagascariensis | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 | (= Haronga madagascariensis)
Hypericum aegypticum | MifsudMaRu2014

Lamiaceae

Clerodendrum | WilliaWa1988
Coleus | WilliaWa1988
Oxera | MilleHeCa2016

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum verum | Leonar1920 WilliaWa1988 | (= Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
Laurus | Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
Laurus nobilis | MifsudMaRu2014
Machilus japonica | Takagi1969a Tang1984 | (= Machilus kusanoi)
Persea | BesheaTiHo1973
Persea americana | Borchs1966 DeLott1967a Dekle1965c Mamet1943a Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988 | (= Persea gratissima)
Persea palustris | Merril1953 | (= Tamala pubescens)

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia | WilliaWa1988

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia | Ferris1938a GomezM1962 McKenz1956

Malvaceae

Ceiba pentandra | WilliaWa1988
Hibiscus syriacus | WilliaWa1988
Theobroma cacao | Green1904a Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988

Marantaceae

Calathea picturata | Merril1953 | (= Calathea vandenheckei)

Melastomataceae

Miconia calvescens | Cocker1899n DelageMaBa1972 Green1896e Leonar1920 Signor1869b McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 | (= Cyanophyllum magnificum),(= Miconia magnifica)

Meliaceae

Swietenia macrophylla | WilliaWa1988
Toona ciliata | WilliaWa1988 | (= Cedrela toona)

Moraceae

Artocarpus altilis | Beards1966 WilliaWa1988
Ficus | McKenz1956 GomezM1962 Green1896e Kuwana1933 Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988
Ficus amplissima | Wilson1917 | (= Ficus indica)
Ficus brachypoda | Wilson1917 | (= Ficus laurifolia)
Ficus sycomorus | Hall1923

Musaceae

Musa | GomezM1962 Green1915c Ramakr1919a WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
Musa paradisiaca | Cohic1958 | (= Musa sapientum)

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus | Ferris1938a GomezM1962 McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923
Eugenia | Ferris1942 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
Mosiera longipes | Ahmed2019
Plinia cauliflora | MartinWoCu2022
Psidium guajava | Cohic1958 Hall1922 Houser1918 WilliaWa1988
Syzygium jambos | DeLott1967a Zimmer1948 | (= Eugenia jambos)

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillea | MerrilCh1923

Oleaceae

Fraxinus | PadillMaNa2016
Jasminum | Hall1923
Jasminum mesnyi | BenDov2012
Ligustrum | Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
Olea europaea | Wolff2014

Orchidaceae

Cattleya | Stalaz2021
Orchidaceae | Balach1932d Balach1937c

Pandanaceae

Pandanus | Cohic1958 Dekle1965c McKenz1956

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus | Hall1922

Piperaceae

Piper majusculum | WilliaWa1988

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum | Ferris1938a GomezM1962 McKenz1956
Pittosporum tobira | BenDov2012

Plantaginaceae

Globularia alypum | BenDovSa2015
Globularia punctata | KozarKoFe2013
Russelia | Ferris1942 McKenz1956

Polygonaceae

Coccoloba uvifera | Takagi1969a Tang1984 WilliaWa1988

Polypodiaceae

Polypodium | Leonar1920

Primulaceae

Maesa | Takagi1969a Takaha1932a Takaha1933
Maesa perlarius | MartinLa2011

Proteaceae

Leucadendron | BenDov2012
Leucospermum | BenDov2012
Macadamia tetraphylla | WilliaWa1988
Protea | BenDov2012

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya japonica | Borchs1966 Mamet1959a WilliaWa1988
Rosa | Houser1918

Rubiaceae

Cinchona | Green1896e Green1937 Lepage1938 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
Coffea | Ferris1938a GomezM1962 McKenz1956
Coffea arabica | Cohic1958
Gardenia | Takagi1969a Takaha1934
Guettarda speciosa | WilliaWa1988
Ixora coccinea | MyartsRuCo2016
Morinda citrifolia | Merril1953
Psychotria serpens | Takagi1969a Takaha1934
Serissa | Merril1953

Rutaceae

Citrus | DaoBeWa2018
Citrus maxima | DaoBeWa2023

Salicaceae

Dovyalis caffra | Hall1923 | (= Aberia caffra )

Santalaceae

Phoradendron | Lepage1938

Smilacaceae

Smilax | McKenz1956

Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Capsicum ovatum)
Solanum | Ferris1942 McKenz1956

Strelitziaceae

Strelitzia reginae | McKenz1956

Theaceae

Camellia | Ferris1938a GomezM1962 | (= Thea)
Camellia japonica | Takagi1969a Takaha1933 | (= Thea japonica)
Camellia sinensis | Green1896e Takagi1969a WilliaWa1988 Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Lepage1938 Merril1953 Takaha1929 Takaha1932a | (=Camellia thea, Thea sinensis)

Vitaceae

Vitis vinifera | MartinWoCu2022

Zamiaceae

Zamia | Merril1953

Zingiberaceae

Elettaria cardamomum | WilliaWa1988

Zygophyllaceae

Guaiacum officinale | GomezM1962 Leonar1908a Leonar1920
Porlieria angustifolia | Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Tetraena fontanesii | LagowsGoHo2022

Foes:

Families: 4 | Genera: 9

Aphelinidae

Aphytis chrysomphali | Zimmer1948
Aphytis holoxanthus | LazaroGoRo2023
Aphytis maculicornis | AbdRab2001a
Aphytis margaretae | RosenDe1979
Aphytis melinus | LazaroGoRo2023
Aphytis mytilaspidis | PriesnHo1940
Coccobius averini | LazaroGoRo2021
Coccobius juliae | LazaroGoRo2021
Coccobius mariae | LazaroGoRo2021
Encarsia aurantii | LazaroGoRo2023
Encarsia citrina | AbdRab2001a Zimmer1948 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia gaonae | LazaroGoRo2021
Encarsia juanae | LazaroGoRo2023
Encarsia lounsburyi | AbdRab2001a
Encarsia titillata | LazaroGoRo2023
Paraphytis costalimai | RosenDe1979

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus nigritus | PonsonCo2000
Telsimia nitida | Chazea1984 | ssp. gemmosa

Encyrtidae

Metaphycus | LazaroGoRo2023
Plagiomerus diaspidis | LazaroGoRo2021 LazaroGoRo2023

Signiphoridae

Signiphora aspidioti | Zimmer1948
Signiphora falcata | LazaroGoRo2021
Signiphora fax | Woolle1990
Signiphora flavella | Woolle1990
Signiphora mexicana | LazaroGoRo2021
Signiphora perpauca | Woolle1990

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 76

Angola | Almeid1973b

Argentina

Buenos Aires | GranarCl2003
Catamarca | GranarCl2003
Cordoba | Lizery1936
Jujuy | GranarCl2003
La Rioja | GranarCl2003
Salta | GranarCl2003
Santiago del Estero | GranarCl2003
Tucuman | GranarCl2003

Australia | Suh2016

Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Kawai1987

Brazil | WolffCo1993a

Bahia | Lepage1938
Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | Lepage1938
Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
Minas Gerais | MartinWoCu2022
Paraiba | MartinWoCu2022
Parana | MartinWoCu2022
Rio Grande do Sul | AlmeidPeMa2018
Rio de Janeiro | Lepage1938 RosenDe1979
Sao Paulo | Hempel1900a Lepage1938

Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1968

Cameroon | MatileNo1984 Vayssi1913

Canary Islands | GomezM1962 MatileOr2001

Cape Verde | LagowsGoHo2022

Chile | Gonzal2016

China | Suh2016

Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993
Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011

Colombia | Kondo2001 Kondo2008a

Comoros | Matile1978

Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988

Costa Rica | Suh2016

Crete | PellizPoSe2011

Cuba | DonesEv2011 Houser1918

Czech Republic | Zahrad1953 Zahrad1977 Zahrad1990b

Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Ezzat1958 Hall1922 Hall1923

Fiji | Green1915c Newste1917b WilliaWa1988

France | Balach1932d Balach1932e Balach1937c Ferris1938a FoldiGe2018

French Polynesia

Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
Tahiti | WilliaWa1988

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017

Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936

Germany | Lindin1909b

Greece | Korone1934

Guadeloupe | Balach1957c MatileEt2006

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | Zimmer1948

Hungary | KozarKoFe2013

India | Green1919c

Indonesia

Java | Green1904a Kalsho1981
Sumatra | Green1937

Ireland | Green1934d

Israel | GersonZo1973

Italy | Leonar1908a Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995

Sicily | WatsonKo2022

Japan | Green1937 Kawai1980 Kuwana1907 Kuwana1917a Kuwana1933

Honshu | WatsonKo2022

Kenya | DeLott1967a

Kiribati | WilliaWa1988

Laos | DaoBeWa2023

Latvia | Stalaz2021

Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1950 Mamet1954 Mamet1959a

Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011

Malta | Borg1932 MifsudMaRu2014

Marshall Islands | Beards1966

Martinique | Balach1957c MatileEt2006

Mauritius | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949

Mexico | SchneiOkNo2018

Chihuahua | PadillMaNa2016
Ciudad de México | LazaroVa2021
Colima | PadillMaNa2016
Jalisco | LazaroGoRo2023
Mexico State | LazaroGoRo2021
Michoacan | LazaroGoRo2023
Morelos | PadillMaNa2016
Nayarit | LazaroGoRo2023
Nuevo Leon | PadillMaNa2016
Queretaro | PadillMaNa2016
Queretaro | LazaroGoRo2023
San Luis Potosi | PadillMaNa2016
Sonora | PadillMaNa2016
Tabasco | PadillMaNa2016
Veracruz | PadillMaNa2016

Mozambique | Almeid1973

New Caledonia | Cohic1958

New Zealand | Hender2011

Panama | Ferris1942 SchneiOkNo2018

Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988

Peru | Nunez2008 VasqueDeCo2002

Philippines | Velasq1971

Luzon | Velasq1971

Poland | Dziedz1989 Komosi1969

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998

Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957

Saint Helena | Matile1976 | Watson2022

Sardinia | Pelliz2011

Senegal | EtiennMa1993

Seychelles | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

Somalia | Maleno1916a

Spain | BenDovSa2015 Suh2016

Sri Lanka | Green1896e Green1911 Green1937 Ramakr1921a

Taiwan | Takagi1969a Takaha1929 Takaha1932a WongChCh1999

Tanzania | WatsonKo2022

Thailand | Suh2016

Tonga | WilliaWa1988

Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 KaydanUlEr2007

Tuvalu | WilliaWa1988

U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983

Uganda | Gowdey1917 Newste1910c Newste1917b

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
California | McKenz1956
Florida | Dekle1965c Ferris1938a Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973
Mississippi | Herric1911
Missouri | Hollin1923
Texas | Ferris1938a

Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988

Vietnam | DaoBeWa2018

Western Samoa | Laing1927 WilliaWa1988

Zanzibar | Green1916

Keys

LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [17-23]
Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
LiuFe2018: pp.584 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in China]
WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
Hender2011: pp.44-45 ( ) [Key to Genera of Diaspididae in New Zealand]
EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Gill1997: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
Koszta1996: pp.410-411 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
Danzig1993: pp.169 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
Chou1985: pp.306 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
GersonZo1973: pp.516 ( Adult (F) ) [Israel]
Velasq1971: pp.110 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
Komosi1969: pp.76-78 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
McDani1969: pp.101 ( Adult (F) ) [ U.S.A.: Texas]
Beards1966: pp.520 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia ]
Davids1964: pp.639-640 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Ezzat1958: pp.240 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
Balach1956: pp.16 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
McKenz1956: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
Balach1948b: pp.308 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
Lupo1948: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Zimmer1948: pp.358 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii ]
Ferris1942: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Kuwana1933: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Fullaw1932: pp.97, 107 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
Britto1923: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
Hollin1923: pp.7-8 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
Leonar1920: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Lawson1917: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
DietzMo1916a: pp.289-290 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
Newste1901b: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
Green1896e: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Sri Lanka]
Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]

Remarks

Systematics: Cyanophyllum scale is similar to latania scale except it lacks strongly sclerotised interlobular paraphyses. It is similar to oleander scale except it has a prominent eye spur, slender and longer macroducts, and the median lobes are broader and squarely notched. (Henderson, 2011) Hemiberlesia cyanooophylli is a problematic species within the Diaspidiotus clade illustrated in Schneider, et al., 2018.
Structure: Scale of the female flat, elongate oval, whitish or gray, exuviae central; that of the male similar in the form, the exuvia near one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph by Gill (1997), Wong et al. (1999) and Watson & Kondo (2022). Scale cover of female pale yellow to beige, flat; cover of male smaller, elongate, rounded at either end. (Henderson, 2011)
Biology: This species was reported to have uniparental as well as biparental populations (Gerson & Zor, 1973).
Economic Importance: The cyanophyllum scale is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is highly polyphagous causing damage to various ornamentals (Davidson & Miller, 1990). Economic importance on avocado trees in Israel discussed by Gerson & Zor (1973). Lever (1945) recorded this species doing damage to Psidium guajava in Fiji. Greve & Ismay (1983) and Williams & Watson (1988) reported on damage to tea in Western Highlands Province (W.H.P.), Papua New Guinea.
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1933), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1948b, 1956), Zimmerman (1948), McKenzie (1956), Komosinska (1969), Takagi (1969a), Velasquez (1971), Chou (1985, 1986), Dziedzicka (1989), Zahradnik (1990b), Danzig (1993), Kosztarab (1996), Gill (1997), Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998) and by Zamudio & Claps (2005).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 175,176
AbdRab2004b: biological control, distribution, 334-335
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 34
AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
Almeid1973: distribution, host, 3
Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 7
AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 4
AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 99,105
Balach1932e: distribution, host, 236
Balach1937c: distribution, host, 2
Balach1948b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 322-325
Balach1953k: taxonomy, 113
Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 16-18
Balach1957c: distribution, host, 199
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
Beards1966: distribution, host, 520
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 103
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 28, 43
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 19-27
BenDovSa2015: distribution, host, 314
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 4
BiezanSe1940: distribution, host, 67-68
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50-52
Bodenh1952: distribution, host, structure, 337
Bondar1930: distribution, economic importance, host, 343-348
Bondar1930a: distribution, economic importance, host, 17-19
Borchs1934: distribution, host, 28
Borchs1935a: taxonomy, 30
Borchs1936: distribution, host, 131
Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 125-126
Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46,47
Borchs1939: taxonomy, 9, 22
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 219,224
Borchs1966: catalog, 314-315
Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371,373
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 340
CanaleVa1999: biological control,
Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
CharleHe2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 587-615
Chazea1984: biological control, distribution, host, 9-10
Chiesa1948: distribution, economic importance, host,
Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 306-307
Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 687
ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
ClapsDe2001: distribution, host, 80
ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 15-16
ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10
Cocker1896b: distribution, 334
Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20,27,29
Cocker1897q: taxonomy, 703
Cocker1899d: distribution, host, 168
Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 21-22
Cohic1956: distribution, host,
Cohic1958: distribution, host, 12
ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32-34
Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-61
Costan1938: distribution, host, 25-44
CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 652
Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 206
Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 170-171
Danzig1995: life history, structure, taxonomy, 19-24
DanzigPe1998: catalog, 271
DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, phylogeny, 83-95
DaoBeWa2023: distribution, host, phylogeny, 1022, 1025, 1030, 1031
Davids1964: taxonomy, 639
DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
DeBachRo1976a: biological control, distribution, host, 541-545
DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 114
DeSant1979: biological control,
Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 68
Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 22
DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 294-295
DonesEv2011: distribution, host, 2
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
Dozier1926: biological control, distribution, host, 267-277
Dzhash1971: distribution, host, 325-326
Dziedz1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 95-96
EfromRoWo2019: distribution, host, 126
Ehrhor1913: distribution, host, 101
ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
EtiennMa1993: distribution, host, 257
EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
Ezzat1958: distribution, 240
EzzatNa1987: distribution, 86
FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 6-8
FDACSB1988: distribution, host, 5-6
Fernal1903b: 255
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 237
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 42
Ferris1942: distribution, host, 445:10;446:33
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
FonsecAu1932a: distribution, host, 202-214
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 12,24
Frank2020: ecology, life history, natural enemies, 8
Fullaw1932: taxonomy, 97,107
Gaprin1975: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 29-33
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
Gavalo1936: distribution, host, 80
Gavril2018: reproduction, 233
Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
GermaiMa2005: distribution, host, 34
GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 22
Gerson1990: taxonomy, 130,132
GersonZo1973: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 513-533
Ghauri1962: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 98,211
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33,35
GomezM1962: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 163-165
Gonzal2016: description, distribution, host, illustration, 33 ,116 132-133
Gowdey1913: distribution, host, 247-249
Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 189
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24-25
Green1896e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-52
Green1904a: distribution, host, 208
Green1907: distribution, host, 203
Green1911: distribution, host, 28
Green1915c: distribution, host, 44
Green1916: distribution, host, 376
Green1919c: distribution, host, 439
Green1931a: distribution, host, 105
Green1934d: distribution, 114
Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 329
GreenMa1907: distribution, taxonomy, 343
GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 6
Hadzib1983: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 232-234
Halber1996: distribution, host, 4-10
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24-25
Hall1923: distribution, host, 42
Hargre1937: distribution, economic importance, host, 505-520
HeBaLu1998: ecology, life history, 1-3
HeCuBa1991: life history, 58-60
Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 498
Hender2011: description, distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 7,13,24-25,44-46,99
Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9,15,48
Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
Hodgso2020: key, 147
HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 22
Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-11
Houser1918: distribution, host, 165
Hunt1939: distribution, host, 548-566
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 124
JiSu2012: distribution, host, 1-5
Kalsho1981: distribution, economic importance, 170
Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 220
Kawai1987: distribution, host, 78
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 93
Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 245
Komosi1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 224-226
Komosi1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 56-58
Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
KondoLoQu2010: biological control, 7-13
KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 5-6
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2-3
Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 412-413
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 195
Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 174
Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3,7-8
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 6
LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 10
Laing1927: distribution, host, 39
Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 222-223
LazaroGoRo2021: distribution, host, natural enemies,
LazaroGoRo2023: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, key, natural enemies, phenology, taxonomy, 247, 255-256
LazaroVa2021: distribution, host,
Leonar1897: taxonomy, 285
Leonar1898a: taxonomy, 75
Leonar1898c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53-55
Leonar1908a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 188
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44-47
Lepage1938: catalog, 393-394
Lepesm1947: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 208-210
LiLi1990: biological control, host, 68-70
Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 149
Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 34
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 119,240
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 128,147
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 543
LiuFe2018: distribution, key, 584
Lizery1936: distribution, host, 113
LondonKoCa2014: distribution, host, illustration, 265, 266
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 125
Lupo1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 139,169-173
MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 397,407
Maleno1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 326
MalumpRe2011: distribution, host, 108
Mamet1943a: 160
Mamet1949: catalog, 59,60
Mamet1950: distribution, host, 22
Mamet1954: distribution, host, 17
Mamet1957: distribution, 369
Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 387
Mansfi1920: distribution, host, 145-155
MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 37
MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 5
Maskew1916: distribution, host, 308-309
Matile1976: distribution, host, 310-311
Matile1978: distribution, host, 60
MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 167
MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 64
MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 189
MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
McDani1969: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103
McKenz1943: taxonomy, 153
McKenz1946: taxonomy, 30
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-68
Mead1983: distribution, host, 1-5
Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 17-20
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 199
MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
Meurge2011: distribution, 80
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 509
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 140
Miller1983: distribution, host, 4-6
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 300
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 38-41
MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
Moreir1921b: distribution, host, 182
MorrisMo1966: taxonomy, 1
MoutiaMa1947: distribution,
MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
Muraka1970: distribution, host, 69
MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, host, natural enemies, 82-89
NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-562
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 1
Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 8
Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82,124-126
Newste1910c: distribution, host, 198-199
Newste1914: distribution, host, 307
Newste1917b: distribution, host, 131
NormarMoKr2014: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39, 44
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 22, S4, S6
Nunez2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 325-326
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 37
PadillMaNa2016: distribution, host, 557
Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,72
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,297
PonsonCo2000: biological control, life history, 295-310
PorcelPe2019: distribution, host, 186
PriesnHo1940: biological control, 58-70
Ramakr1919a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 356
Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 22-23
RibeirCoFe2003: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 99-107
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 244-247,545-548
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
Saakya1954: distribution, economic importance, host,
Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55,59
Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 134-136
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 59
Schmut1969: distribution, host, 116
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 477
SchmutKlLu1959: taxonomy, 374
SchneiClWe2020: key, 70
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogenetics, phylogeny,
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 106
Shen1993: distribution, host, 57
Shiao1979: distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 267-276
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 850
Signor1869b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 119
Silva1944: distribution, host, 8-14
Soares1942: distribution, economic importance, host, 54-56
Soares1945: distribution, economic importance, host, 49-81
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 474
Strong1922: distribution, host, 775-780
Sugimo1994: distribution, host, 115-121
SugimoKaTa1996: distribution, host, 99-101
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 323, 326
Swirsk1976b: distribution, economic importance, host, 555-559
SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 101-102
Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-79,101
Takaha1929: distribution, host, 79
Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 103
Takaha1933: distribution, host, 27
Tang1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52-53
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
TavareLiGo2018: host, 324
TelhadEsCo2010: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 849-855
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 17-18
VasqueDeCo2002: distribution, host, 331
Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
Velasq1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-117
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2021: distribution, 523
WatsonKo2022a: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 482-483
WeiScNo2021: key, 19
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 221
WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 94
WilliaGr1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 563-578
WilliaWa1988: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8,22-24
Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21
Wolff2014: distribution, host, 3
WolffCo1993a: distribution, host, 153
WolffEfDa2018: distribution, host, key, 2-3, 6
WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18,57
Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
Wysoki1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 805-811
Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 37-39
Zahrad1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 131,134-136
Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 119
Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-78
ZamudiCl2005: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 257
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 165
ZchoriBePo2005: Cardinium, endosymbionts, 211-221
Zimmer1948: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 358,360