Valid Names Results
Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell, 1879) (Pseudococcidae: Pseudococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Dactylopius calceolariae Maskell 1879: 218. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Traversia sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; accepted valid name (discovered by WilliaBo1973, 241). Illustr.
- Dactylopius similans Lidgett 1898: 91. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on roots of Daphne sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by CharleFrHe2000, 285). Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell, 1879); Fernald 1903b: 98. change of combination
- Pseudococcus similans (Lidgett, 1898); Fernald 1903b: 109. change of combination
- Pseudococcus fragilis Brain 1912: 186. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Constantia, on oranges.. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBo1973, 241).
- Pseudococcus citrophilus Clausen 1915: 30. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on citrus. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Riverside: UCR Entomological Teaching and Research Collection, University of California, California, USA; junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBo1973, 241). Illustr.
- Pseudococcus gahani Green 1915a: 179. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on currant [= Ribes sanguinea]. Lectotype, , by subsequent designation Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBo1973, 241). Illustr.
- Erium calceolariae (Maskell, 1879); Lindinger 1935a: 122. change of combination
Common Names
- citrophilus mealybug Betrem1937 Cox1987 McKenz1967 SmithBeBr1997
- Cochinilla harinosa citrófila WatsonKoLa2022
- currant mealybug WatsonKoLa2022
- scarlet mealybug WatsonKoLa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 46 | Genera: 89
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia chinensis | GranarGo2018
- Amaranthaceae
- Chenopodium | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Anacardiaceae
- Schinus molle | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Apiaceae
- Apium graveolens | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Conium maculatum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Daucus carota | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium oleander | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Marott1992a Tsalev1968 Willia1985
- Araliaceae
- Hedera helix | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Polyscias | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Asteraceae
- Cynara scolymus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Gymnanthemum appendiculatum | BenDov1994 Mamet1951 | (= Vernonia appendiculata)
- Helianthus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Helianthus tuberosus | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Schizogyne sericea | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Senecio | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Sonchus oleraceus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Traversia | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Boraginaceae
- Heliotropium arborescens | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Gonzal2011
- Celastraceae
- Maytenus boaria | Gonzal2011
- Crassulaceae
- Aeonium balsamiferum | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Kalanchoe beharensis | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Cucurbitaceae
- Sechium edule | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Fabaceae
- Arachis hypogaea | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Laburnum | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Green1928
- Medicago sativa | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Melilotus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Pisum sativum | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Senna siamea | KondoRaVe2008 | (= Cassia siamea)
- Sophora | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Sophora microphylla | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Trifolium | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Trifolium fragiferum | GoughChSa2024
- Trifolium incarnatum | GoughChSa2024
- Trifolium repens | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Trifolium subterraneum | GoughChSa2024
- Vicia faba | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Wisteria sinensis | Malump2016 | (= Wisteria chinensis)
- Geraniaceae
- Geranium | BenDov1994
- Pelargonium | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes sanguineum | BenDov1994 Green1928 McKenz1967
- Ribes uva-crispa | BenDov1994 Willia1985 | (= Ribes grossularis)
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum perforatum | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | BenDov1994 Cox1987 McKenz1967
- Lamiaceae
- Lavandula stoechas | BenDov1994 Rungs1948
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | JansenAl2023
- Phoebe indica | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986
- Lythraceae
- Punica | Gonzal2011
- Malvaceae
- Abutilon | Balach1935b BenDov1994 Martin1985
- Brachychiton | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Hibiscus | Balach1935b BenDov1994 Martin1985
- Malva | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Theobroma cacao | BenDov1994 Campbe1983
- Moraceae
- Ficus | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Ficus americana | GranarGo2018 | (= Ficus andicola)
- Myrtaceae
- Eugenia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Melaleuca irbyana | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus excelsior | GranarGo2018
- Ligustrum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Nestegis lanceolata | BenDov1994 Cox1987 | (= Gymnelaea lanceolata)
- Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche minor | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Pinaceae
- Pinus radiata | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Pittosporaceae
- Hymenosporum | JansenAl2023
- Pittosporum tobira | BenDov1994 Marott1992a
- Pittosporum undulatum | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Plantaginaceae
- Digitalis | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Hebe | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Plantago coronopus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Poaceae
- Lolium | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Polygonaceae
- Rheum rhaponticum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Rumex | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Rumex obtusifolius | FoldiKo2006
- Polypodiaceae
- Platycerium | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Proteaceae
- Grevillea banksii | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Ranunculaceae
- Aquilegia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Ficaria verna | BenDov1994
- Rhamnaceae
- Ceanothus | BenDov1994 Green1928
- Rosaceae
- Crataegus | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Cydonia oblonga | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Fragaria | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Malus pumila | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Malus sylvestris | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Prunus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Pyracantha | Gonzal2011
- Pyrus communis | BenDov1994 Cox1987 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992
- Rosa | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Rubus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Rubus ellipticus | GuptaBiPr2022
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea | JansenAl2023
- Coprosma lucida | BenDov1994 Cox1987 | (= Coprosma australis)
- Rutaceae
- Choisya ternata | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 Willia1985
- Citrus | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Citrus medica | BenDov1994 Willia1985c
- Citrus paradisi | BenDov1994 Cox1987 SmithBeBr1997
- Citrus sinensis | JansenAl2023
- Santalaceae
- Exocarpos | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Sapindaceae
- Dodonaea viscosa | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Scrophulariaceae
- Buddleja madagascariensis | BenDov1994 Mamet1951
- Solanaceae
- Solanum | BenDov1994 Cox1987
- Solanum tuberosum | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Willia1985
- Thymelaeaceae
- Daphne | Lidget1898
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Willia1985
- Welwitschiaceae
- Welwitschia mirabilis | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 9
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus gurneyi | Blumbe1997 Comper1929 Moore1988 ParkesWa2001 SmithCo1931
- Chamaemyiidae
- Leucopis | GaimarGoEl2024
- Leucopis cortesi | GaimarGoEl2024
- Coccinellidae
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | Armita1929 LaudonVi1987
- Nephus binaevatus | Moore1988 | (= Scymnus binaevatus)
- Encyrtidae
- Anagyrus almoriensis | GuptaBiPr2022
- Anagyrus fusciventris | LaudonVi1987 Trjapi1989
- Leptomastix dactylopii | Blumbe1997
- Tetracnemoidea brevicornis | Flande1953a LaudonVi1987 Moore1988 SmithCo1931 Trjapi1989 | (= Arhopoideus pretiosus)(= Tetracnemus pretiosus)
- Tetracnemoidea mediterranea | Trjapi1989
- Tetracnemoidea peregrina | LaudonVi1987
- Tetracnemoidea sydneyensis | WatsonKoLa2022
- Hemerobiidae
- Sympherobius amicus | Moore1988
- Pteromalidae
- Ophelosia charlesi | ShawChWa2017
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Closteroviridae
- GLRaV-3 | BahderPoAl2013
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 35
- Algeria | KhaladBoMa2024
- Argentina | GranarGo2018
- Australia
- Australian Capital Territory | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- New South Wales | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Queensland | BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- South Australia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Tasmania | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Victoria | BenDov1994 Lidget1898 SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985
- Azores | CarvalFrAg1996 FrancoRuMa2011
- Belgium | Malump2016
- Brazil | GranarGo2018
- Rio Grande do Sul | FoldiKo2006
- Bulgaria | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968
- Canary Islands | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- Chile | BenDov1994 RipaLaLu2008a WilliaGr1992
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- China | BenDov1994 Tang1992 TangHaTa1992
- Colombia | KondoRaVe2008
- Corsica | GermaiKrRo2009
- Czech Republic | BenDov1994 Zahrad1957 Zahrad1990b
- France | GermaiKrRo2009
- Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1994 Yasnos1995 Yasnos2001
- Ghana | BenDov1994 Campbe1983
- Greece | KozarPaPa1991 PellizChMi2015
- Indonesia
- Java | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Italy | BenDov1994 LongoMaPe1995 Marott1992 Viggia1970a
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 RussoMa1997
- Madagascar | BenDov1994 Mamet1951
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Mexico | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Morocco | BenDov1994 Rungs1948
- Namibia (=South West Africa) | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Netherlands | WatsonKoLa2022
- New Zealand | BenDov1994 Cox1987 Maskel1879 Maskel1887a
- Portugal | BenDov1994 CarvalFrAg1996 FrancoPa1991
- Saint Croix | Beatty1944
- Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995 PellizFo1996
- Slovenia | Seljak2010
- South Africa | BenDov1994 Brain1912 DeLott1964
- Spain | Balach1935b BenDov1994 Martin1985
- Ukraine | BenDov1994 Terezn1975 | WatsonKoLa2022
- United Kingdom
- Channel Islands | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- England | BenDov1994 Green1915a
- Scilly Isles | Willia1985c
- Scotland | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- Wales | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- United States
- California | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b McKenz1967
- Louisiana | WatsonKoLa2022
Keys
- Caball2021: pp.360 ( Adult (F) ) [New World Pseudococcus]
- Hodgso2020: pp.32-34 ( Adult (M) ) [higher groups of Pseudococcidae] Key as: Pseudococcus fragilis
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs intercepted in S. Korea]
- VonEllWa2016: pp.74-76 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species present in the New World]
- DanzigGa2015: pp.289 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species found in Europe]
- GranarDu2012: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus affecting forage crops]
- WangWu2010: pp.245 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]
- Tang1992: pp.235 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- WilliaGr1992: pp.427 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
- Cox1987: pp.76 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
- Willia1985: pp.281 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
- TerGri1973: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
- McKenz1967: pp.289 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- McKenz1964: pp.255 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1962: pp.655 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Willia1962: pp.39 ( Adult (F) ) []
- McKenz1960: pp.725 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1953a: pp.418 ( Adult (F) ) [North America ]
- Ferris1950b: pp.173 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Borchs1949: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Remarks
- Systematics: Charles et al. (2000) studied the morphological characters and mating compatibility of populations of P. calceolariae and P. similans from two widely separated regions in New Zealand, and concluded that P. similans is a junior synonym of P. calceolariae. The adult female of P. calceolariae is very similar to P. hypergaeus Williams. However, it lacks an oral rim duct behind each frontal cerarius, has only 0–5 translucent pores on each hind coxa, and many of the dorsal setae have up to 3 trilocular pores associated with each setal base (whereas in P. hypergaeus there is no association between the dorsal setal bases and trilocular pores). (Watson, et al., 2022)
- Structure: Colour photograph of adult female by Ripa et al. (2008) and by Germain et al. (2009). Adult female up to 5 mm long; mealy wax coarse and white, usually with 2 darker dorsal longitudinal submedian lines of reduced wax cover. Posteriormost wax filaments grow to about 0.3× body length; body contents dark purplish red; the ostiolar fluid released when disturbed is scarlet. An ovisac is produced. Slide-mounted adult females highly polymorphic, with its morphology being determined by ambient microenvironmental conditions; this makes the species difficult to identify. ( (Watson, et al., 2022))
- Biology: James (1937a) showed (as P. gahani) that reproduction is sexual (in laboratory population in England) and evaluated its sex ratio. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975a) reported on attractivity of the virgin females to hymenopterous parasites. Rotundo (1978) described a method for mass collection of virgin females. Rotundo & Tremblay (1980a) evaluated the daily release of female sex pheromone. Male flight activity was studied by Rotundo & Tremblay (1976) and by Rotundo et al. (1980). Rotundo & Tremblay (1981) observed scent trailing by the virgin female. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Franco & Pereira (1992) described a method for studying the fecundity and fertility of the female. On citrus, in Australia - New South Wales and Victoria - develops 3-4 generations per year (Smith et al., 1997). Rotundo & Tremblay (1975a) reported on attractivity of the virgin females to hymenopterous parasites. Rotundo (1978) described a method for mass collection of virgin females. Rotundo & Tremblay (1980a) evaluated the daily release of female sex pheromone. Male flight activity was studied by Rotundo & Tremblay (1976) and by Rotundo et al. (1980). Rotundo & Tremblay (1981) observed scent trailing by the virgin female. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Franco & Pereira (1992) described a method for studying the fecundity and fertility of the female. El-Sayed et al. (2010) identified the female sex pheromone "Headspace volatiles collected from virgin females of the citrophilous mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae, contain three compounds not present in the headspace of control samples. The main female-specific compound is identified as [2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropyl]methyl 2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate (chrysanthemyl 2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate). The other two compounds are identified as [2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropyl]methanol (chrysanthemol) and [2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropyl]methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (chrysanthemyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate). Traps baited with 100 ?g and 1000 ?g of chrysanthemyl 2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate captured 4- and 20-fold more males than traps baited with virgin females. Often found on roots or at ground level of the host plants.
- Economic Importance: Natural enemies discussed by Barlett (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). This is a highly polyhagous species, reported as a citrus pest in California, Chile, Italy and Crimea. The history of its successful biological control in California, by introduced natural enemies from Australia, discussed by Smith & Armitage (1931), Smith & Compere (1931) and by Compere & Smith (1932).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1925), Ferris (1950b), Tereznikova (1975), McKenzie (1967), Williams (1985) (both as P. calceolariae and P. similans), Cox (1987), Zahradnik (1990) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Description and illustration of adult male given by Giliomee (1961) as P. fragilis and Beardsley (1962) as P. calceolariae. See colour illustration in McKenzie (1967). See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967).Good description and distribution of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).
Illustrations
Citations
- Aldric1996: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology, 205-206
- AlmeidDaBe2013: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 3
- Armita1919: biological control, 257-260
- Armita1929: biological control, 910-915
- BahderPoAl2013: economic importance, 1293
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 11
- BallesRoCa2021: control, reproduction,
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- BartleLl1958: distribution, economic importance, host, 90-93
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 265
- Beards1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 94-97
- Beatty1944: distribution, host, 114-172
- BellHePi2018: GLRV, control,
- BenDov1994: catalog, 381-382, 410
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- BergmaTaBr2018: chemistry, control,
- BergmaTaBr2019: chemistry,
- Betrem1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36-38
- BeuninMuWu1999: chemistry, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 463-472
- Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 158-160
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 99-102
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- BoyceFa1947: biological control, 702-705
- BrahmaKoGu2018: genetics, molecular biology,
- Branig1916: distribution, host, 304-306
- Brock1927: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 342-344
- BugilaFrSi2014: behavior, biological control, evolution, 439–453
- Caball2021: key, 360
- CaballPaKa2021: distribution, 10
- CaballRaKo2017: distribution, host, 498
- Campbe1983: distribution, host, 137
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, 58
- CarvalFrAg1996: distribution, economic importance, host, 614
- Cendan1937: biological control, 337-339
- CharleFrHe2000: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 285-294
- CharleFrHe2001: taxonomy, 165
- CharleWaBe2008: GLRV, Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, distribution, 293
- Clause1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 30-35
- Clause1958: biological control, economic importance, 291-310
- Clause1958a: biological control, distribution, host, 443-447
- Comper1928b: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 318,346-349
- Comper1929: biological control, 1-3
- Comper1939: biological control, 57-73
- Comper1969: biological control, economic importance, 755-764
- ComperSm1932: biological control, economic importance, 585-618
- CongdoMo1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 481-487
- CorreaAgGe2011: distribution, host, 46
- Cox1977a: distribution, host, 165-166
- Cox1987: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78,80-81,197,200-201
- DanzigGa2014: illustration, 13
- DanzigGa2015: biology, diagnosis, distribution, key, 289
- DeLott1964: distribution, host, 380
- DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 53
- Delucc1969: biological control, 871-874
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 119
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- Drea1983: biological control,
- Dunkel1999: chemical ecology, chemistry, 251-276
- ElSayeUnTw2010: chemical ecology, chemistry, 1075-1078
- Fernal1903b: taxonomy, 98,109
- Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 180-182
- Flande1937: biological control, 401-422
- Flande1940b: biological control, ecology, 245-253
- Flande1951b: biological control, 93-98
- Flande1953a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 266-269
- Flande1959b: biological control, 125-142
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 13
- FoldiKo2006: distribution, host, 309
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 254
- FrancoMa2001: distribution, host, 191-196
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 20,25
- FrancoSiCa2000: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-142
- FrancoSuBo2004: biological control, 507-522
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- GaimarGoEl2024: host, natural enemies, 561
- GatehoSuFo2012: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, endosymbiont,
- GermaiKrRo2009: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42-44
- Giliom1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 263-267, 292-295
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 343
- Gonzal1969: biological control, 839-847
- Gonzal2003a: distribution, economic importance, host, 89-98
- Gonzal2008a: distribution, economic importance, host, 5-17
- Gonzal2011: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 92-103
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, history, host, illustration, reproduction, taxonomy, 44, 233, 237, 247, 269-276
- GonzalVo2004: distribution, economic importance, host, 41-62
- Gordh1994: biological control, 188-205
- GoughChSa2024: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, control, host plant,
- GranarDu2012: key, 35
- GranarGo2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, 4-14, 17-18
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1915a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 179-180
- Green1920: description, taxonomy, 120, 121
- Green1928: distribution, host, 11
- Gullan2000: description, taxonomy, 160-166
- GuptaBiPr2022: host, illustration, natural enemies, 599
- GutierCaMe1999: biological control, 243-252
- HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HerrbaAlPr2017: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 487
- Hodgso2012: taxonomy, 64
- Hodgso2020: key, 33
- HoffmaRiSh1998: biological control, 268-293
- HosseiHa2011: molecular data, 46
- HuffakMeDe1971: biological control, 16-67
- HuffakSiLa1976: biological control, 41-78
- James1937a: life history, 446-449
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 30,35
- KhaladBoMa2024: distribution, species richness, survey,
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 265
- Kiritc1936: distribution, host, 71
- KondoRaVe2008: distribution, host, 42
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 24
- LaflinGuPa2004: distribution, host, 475-477
- LaudonVi1987: biological control, chemical control, life history, 167-171
- Lidget1898: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 91
- Lindin1935a: taxonomy, 122
- Lloyd1958: biological control, 450-468
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 120
- LuckFo2003: biological control, distribution, host, 231-246
- LynchHoBa2001: biological control, 99-125
- MalanKn2024: host, 339
- MalausFeWa2011: distribution, molecular data, phylogeny, 142-155
- MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, 61,97,98,99,100
- Malump2016: distribution, host, 245-251
- MalumpHa2012: distribution, host, 195
- MalumpSa2014: distribution, 23
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 222-223
- ManohaDaJe2018: biological control, host,
- Marco1959: biological control, distribution, host, 25-30
- Marott1992a: distribution, host, 96-97
- Martin1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 97
- Maskel1879: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218-219
- Maskel1887a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 100
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 195
- McGreaSaGo2021: ecology, virus transmission,
- McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 295-298
- McKnig1983: control, economic importance,
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Miller1935: control, life history, 1-2
- MillerWi1997DR: taxonomy, 310
- Moore1988: biological control, 212-213, 216
- Morris1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 492-494
- Myers1922: 198
- Olivei2019: natural enemies,
- OzodbeKhKo2024: molecular biology, phylogenetics, 3
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution,
- ParkesWa2001: biological control, life history, 74-78
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 313
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 64,72
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 120
- PieterMuVu2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 23-28
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 28
- PizarrAlMu2021: distribution,
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 5, 6
- RicciaLuBe2019: biological control, chemistry,
- RiehlBrMc1980: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 319
- RipaLaLu2008a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 198-202
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Rotund1975a: structure, 3-9
- Rotund1978a: life history, 162-168
- RotundTr1975a: life history, 172-179
- RotundTr1976: life history, 108-112
- RotundTr1980: structure, 431-435
- RotundTr1980a: life history, 167-170
- RotundTrGi1979: life history, 266-274
- RotundTrPa1980: life history, 31-37
- Rungs1948: distribution, host, 116
- RussoMa1997: distribution, 51
- SandanJeDa2022: natural enemies,
- Sassce1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 102
- ShawChWa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 1-6
- SilvaBrMe2013: behavior,
- SilvaFrMe2008: life history, reproduction, 274-275
- SilvaMeFr2010: life history, reproduction, 19-21
- SilvaMoBr2018: behavior, reproduction,
- Simmon1969a: biological control, 765-767
- Smetni1991: chemistry, 92-129
- Smith1917a: biological control, distribution, host, 108-114
- Smith1931: biological control, 427,448
- SmithAr1931: biological control, economic importance, 1-74
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 78-80
- SmithCo1928b: biological control, distribution, host, 5
- SmithCo1929: biological control, 214-218
- SmithCo1931: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 942-945
- Suh2019a: key, 3
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- TacoliBeCa2018: chemical control,
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 239-240
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- Terezn1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 233-235
- TremblTrRo1977: structure, taxonomy, 113-135
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 66, 67
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 130, 159
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 206
- UneliuElTw2011: molecular data, physiology, 166-172
- UrbinaVeLo2018: chemical ecology, natural enemies, 1996–1999
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 47-55
- Viggia1971a: distribution, economic importance, host, 55-59
- Viggia1979: biological control, distribution, host, 193-296
- VonEllWa2016: key, 78
- WakgarGi2004b: biological control, distribution, host, 7-11
- WaqasShCh2019: reproduction,
- WatsonKoLa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 192-194
- Whitne1923: distribution, 90-95
- Willia1962: distribution, host, 40
- Willia1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 289-292, 327-331
- Willia1985c: distribution, host, 136
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 245, 246, 247
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 163, 167
- WilliaBo1973: taxonomy, 241
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 432-434
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, taxonomy, 85, 86
- Yasnos1995: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 247-251
- Yasnos2001: biological control, distribution, host, 435-440
- YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 295-302
- Zahrad1957: distribution, host, 47
- Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-37
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 185
- ZouChMi2013: chemistry, 136
- vanLen2006: biological control, 115-118
