Valid Names Results
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret, 1875) (Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus farinosus alni De Geer 1776: 442. unavailable name that is placed
- Coccus farinosus Gmelin 1790: 2220. unavailable name that is placed
- Pseudococcus aceris Signoret 1875c: 329. Type data: FRANCE: Chambery (Savoie) on Carpinus, Tilia and Aesculus; on 'sycomore' or 'erable' (= Acer pseudoplatanus), no locality indicated. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Pseudococcus aesculi Signoret 1875c: 330. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Aesculus hippocastanum. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (BenDovMa1995,251). Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 250). Illustr.
- Pseudococcus hederae Signoret 1875c: 332. Type data: FRANCE: Herault, Montpellier, on 'lierres' (= Hedera helix). Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 251). Illustr.
- Pseudococcus mespili Signoret 1875b: 333. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Mespilus germanica. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (BenDovMa1995,251). Type depository: Santiago, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 251). Illustr.
- Pseudococcus platani Signoret 1875c: 334. Type data: FRANCE: Haute-Savoie, Annecy, on Platanus orientalis. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (BenDovMa1995,252). Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 251). Illustr.
- Gossyparia farinosus Signoret 1875b: 21. unavailable name that is placed
- Pseudococcus aceris; Comstock 1881a: 345. subsequent use Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors since 1758, until De Lotto (1958) clarified that it was wrongly applied and associated with the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti).
- Pseudococcus ulicis Douglas 1888a: 88. Type data: ENGLAND: Exeter, probably on furze [= Ulex]. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 176). Notes: Type material probably lost, see Ben-Dov, 1994. Cited as Pseudococcus vitis (Niediel.) - Unavailabale Name.
- Pseudococcus ulmi Douglas 1888b: 124. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on Ulex europaeus. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 176).
- Pseudococcus quercus Douglas 1890a: 154. Type data: ENGLAND: Hereford, on Quercus robur. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 176).
- Pulvinaria ribesiae; Douglas 1890b: 240. misidentification (discovered by Newste1903, ).
- Pseudococcus socius Newstead 1892: 144. Type data: ENGLAND: Yorkshire, Wakefield, on black currant. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 177).
- Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
- Phenacoccus aesculi (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
- Phenacoccus hederae (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
- Phenacoccus platani (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
- Phenacoccus quercus (Douglas, 1890); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
- Phenacoccus socius (Newstead, 1892); Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
- Phenacoccus ulicis (Douglas, 1888); Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
- Phenacoccus ulmi (Douglas, 1888); Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
- Phenacoccus mespili (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1899j: 264. change of combination
- Phenacoccus ? farinosus Cockerell 1899j: 264. unavailable name that is placed Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
- Phenacoccus (Paroudablis) socius; Cockerell 1900f: 87. subsequent use
- Dactylopius vagabundus Reh 1903: 305. Type data: GERMANY: on apple. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912b, 366).
- Phenacoccus ? farinosus Fernald 1903b: 91. unavailable name that is placed
- Dactylopius vagabundus; Reh 1904: 36. subsequent use
- Phaenacoccus aceris; Kiritchenko 1932a: 260. misspelling of genus name
- Phenacoccus perillustris Borchsenius 1949: 215. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Gissarsk Ridge, on Lonicera sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 16.vii.1944.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig2003,337). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by DanzigGa2014, 280).
- Phenacoccus polyphagus Borchsenius 1949: 213. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Vladivostok, on ash tree [= Fraxinus excelsior]. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1980b,124). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1016).
- Phenacoccus mespili; Borchsenius 1949: 220. subsequent use
- Phenacoccus aceris; Ter-Grigorian 1956: 35. subsequent use
- Phenacoccus mespili; Ter-Grigorian 1956: 35. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of author.
- Phenacoccus gorgasalicus Hadzibejli 1960b: 304. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, Botanical Gardens, on Quercus hartwissiana and Q. iberica. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig2003, 331). Illustr.
- Phenacoccus prunicola Borchsenius 1962a: 232. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Dali, on Armeniaca sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1016). Illustr.
- Phenacoccus aceris; Schmutterer 1980: 50. subsequent use
- Spinococcus gorgasalicus (Hadzibejli, 1960); Tang 1992: 559. change of combination
- Spinococcus gorgosalicus (Hadzibejli, 1960); Tang 1992: 554. misspelling of species epithet
- Phenacoccus gorgasalicus Hadzibejli, 1960; Ben-Dov 1994: 320. revived combination (previously published)
- Phenacoccus mespili; Ben-Dov 1994: xxx. subsequent use
- Phenacoccus perilustris Borchsenius, 1949; Danzig 2006a: 201. misspelling of species epithet
- Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam 2013: 46,52-53. Type data: IRAN: Esfahan, Kashan, Ghamsar, Sheikh Bahaii Dam, on Berberis vulgaris, 5/15/2011, by M. Moghaddam. Holotype, female, by original designation Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran; junior synonym (discovered by DanzigGa2014, 278). Illustr.
- Phenococcus aceris (Signoret, 1875); Dowell, et al. 2016: 119. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- apple mealybug Bartle1978e Koszta1996
- polyphagous tree mealybug KosztaKo1988F
- cochinilla harinosa de la manzana KondoWaTa2022
- cochinilla harinosa del arce KondoWaTa2022
- maple leaf mealybug KondoWaTa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 36 | Genera: 66
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum odoratissimum | Suh2020
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus | KondoWaTa2022
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Hedera | Tranfa1976
- Hedera colchica | Hadzib1983
- Hedera helix | BenDov1994 BenDovMa1995 Marott1987a Signor1875b
- Hedera pastuchovii | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1983
- Asteraceae
- Echinops ritro | Moghad2010
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis vulgaris | Moghad2010 Moghad2013
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | Suh2020
- Alnus glutinosa | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Schmut1952
- Alnus incana | BenDov1994 Danzig1959
- Betula | KaydanKiKo2005 Koszta1996
- Betula pendula | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 TerGri1962 | (= Betula verrucosa)
- Betula pubescens | BenDov1994 Danzig1959
- Carpinus betulus | BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 Schmut1952 TerGri1973 Willia1962 BugajNJuKa2021 | (= Carpinus caucasica),
- Corylus avellana | BenDov1994 KotejaZa1966 Marott1987a Schmut1952
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis bungeana | WangWu2017
- Celtis sinensis | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Celtis willdenowiana)
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera caprifolium | BenDov1994 TerGri1962
- Lonicera tatarica | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Danzig1959 Wu2000a
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | BenDov1994 Danzig1978a KaydanKiKo2005
- Euonymus japonicus | UlgentDo2019
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | Koszta1996
- Cornus mas | BenDov1994 TerGri1962
- Cornus sanguinea | BenDov1994 TerGri1962 | ssp.. australis (= Thelycrania australis)
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus unedo | Foldi2000 PellizFo1996
- Rhododendron stenopetalum | SloneBoSc2024
- Fabaceae
- Caragana | Tsalev1968
- Caragana arborescens | BenDov1994 Danzig1959
- Cytisus | BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F
- Laburnum | BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F
- Robinia pseudoacacia | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Kozar1980
- Ulex minor | BenDov1994
- Fagaceae
- Castanea sativa | BenDov1994 Goux1931a Willia1962
- Fagus sylvatica | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- Quercus | BenDov1994 Dougla1890a Hadzib1983
- Quercus cerris | Kozar1999a
- Quercus chrysolepis | Essig1909a
- Quercus hartwissiana | BenDov1994 Hadzib1960b
- Quercus hispanica | KozarGuBa1994 | (= Quercus turneri)
- Quercus ilex | PellizFo1996
- Quercus petraea | BenDov1994 Hadzib1960b | ssp. iberica (= Quercus iberica)
- Quercus pubescens | BenDov1994 LongoMaRu1989
- Quercus robur | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 KozarGuBa1994 Schmut1952 | (= Quercus logipes)
- Quercus suber | MazzeoLoRu1994
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes aureum | BugajNJuKa2021
- Ribes nigrum | BenDov1994 Kozar1980
- Ribes rubrum | MalumpOsPy2010
- Ribes spicatum | Stalaz2021
- Ribes uva-crispa | BugajNJuKa2021 | ssp. grossularia
- Hamamelidaceae
- Corylopsis spicata | SloneBoSc2024
- Hamamelis | SloneBoSc2024
- Iridaceae
- Iris pallida | Schmut1952
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 TerGri1962
- Magnoliaceae
- Malvaceae
- Tilia | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Kozar1985a
- Tilia cordata | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Komosi1986 Koteja1971a
- Tilia euchlora | BenDov1994 Komosi1986
- Tilia mongolica | Wu2000a
- Tilia platyphyllos | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 KotejaZa1966 KozarGuBa1994 Schmut1952
- Tilia rubra | BenDov1994 TerGri1962 | ssp.caucasica (= Tilia caucasica)
- Moraceae
- Ficus carica | KaydanKiKo2005
- Ficus sycomorus | BenDov1994
- Morus alba | Moghad2010
- Myricaceae
- Myrica gale | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtus communis | UlgentDo2019
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | BenDov1994 TerGri1969 Tsalev1968
- Fraxinus americana | KaydanKiKo2005
- Fraxinus excelsior | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 Koteja1971a Schmut1952 Tsalev1968
- Fraxinus pennsylvanica | BenDov1994 Komosi1986
- Fraxinus rhynchophylla | BenDov1994 Paik1978 Suh2020
- Jasminum nudiflorum | Wu2000a
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Eurya japonica | BenDov1994 Paik1978 Suh2020 | (= Eurya japonica montana)
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | BenDov1994 Bodenh1943 KaydanKiKo2005
- Poaceae
- Poa | BugajNJuKa2021
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles sinensis | Suh2020
- Chaenomeles speciosa | KaydanKiKo2005 Tsalev1968 | (= Cydonia japonica)
- Cotoneaster | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Koszta1996 TerGri1973
- Crataegus | KaydanKiKo2005 Tsalev1968
- Crataegus azarolus | Moghad2010 MoghadTa2010
- Crataegus rhipidophylla | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Schmut1952 | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
- Cydonia | Tsalev1968
- Cydonia oblonga | BatsanKaKi2017
- Malus | Koszta1996
- Malus asiatica | Suh2020
- Malus domestica | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Hadzib1983 KaydanKiKo2005 Kozar1980 | (= Malus communis)
- Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017 BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 TerGri1973
- Malus pumila | BenDov1994 KozarGuBa1994 Paik1978
- Malus sylvestris | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- Mespilus germanica | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Signor1875b TerGri1973
- Prunus | BenDov1994 Kozar1985a KozarHuFo1989 Schmut1952 | (= Padus)
- Prunus armeniaca | BatsanKaKi2017 BenDov1994 Borchs1962b | (= Armeniaca)
- Prunus cerasus | BenDov1994 Marcha1908 | (= Cerasus vulgaris)
- Prunus domestica | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 KotejaZa1966 KozarGuBa1994 Schmut1952 | (= Prunus communis)
- Prunus dulcis | BenDov1994 Kozar1980 | (= Amygdalus communis)
- Prunus padus | Stalaz2021 | (= Padus avium)
- Prunus persica | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Schmut1952 Willia1962 | (= Persica vulgaris)
- Prunus serrulata | Suh2020
- Prunus spinosa | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 TerGri1973
- Prunus yedoensis | SloneBoSc2024
- Pseudocydonia sinensis | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Cydonia sinensis)
- Pyrus communis | KaydanKiKo2005
- Rosa | Koszta1996
- Rubus | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Sorbaria | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Sorbus | UlgentDo2019
- Sorbus aucuparia | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 Willia1962
- Spiraea | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Rutaceae
- Tetradium daniellii | WangWu2017
- Salicaceae
- Salix | Danzig1978a
- Salix arenaria | BenDov1994 Koteja1971a
- Salix caprea | Schmut1952
- Salix pentandra | BenDov1994 KozarDr1991
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 Koszta1996 KozarHuFo1989 Marott1987a Tsalev1968 UygunSeEr1998
- Acer campestre | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 TerGri1962
- Acer negundo | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Komosi1986a Paik1978
- Acer platanoides | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Komosi1986 KotejaZa1969 Schmut1952
- Acer pseudoplatanus | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 Schmut1952
- Acer saccharinum | BenDov1994 Komosi1986
- Aesculus hippocastanum | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 KozarGuBa1994 KozarOrKo1977 Marcha1908 Schmut1952 Signor1875b
- Aesculus pavia | Schmut1952 | (= Pavia rubra)
- Koelreuteria paniculata | WangWu2017
- Sapindaceae | Moghad2013
- Theaceae
- Camellia japonica | Suh2020
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Koszta1996 KozarHuFo1989
- Ulmus glabra | Schmut1952 | (= Ulmus campestris)
- Ulmus laevis | BenDov1994 KozarDr1991
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | BenDov1994 Foldi2000 Kozar1980 Schmut1952
Foes:
Families: 4 | Genera: 15
- Chamaemyiidae
- Leucopis silesiaca | Tsalev1972
- Coccinellidae
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BenDov1994 Tsalev1972
- Encyrtidae
- Acerophagus clavatus | KondoWaTa2022
- Acerophagus coccois | KondoWaTa2022
- Acerophagus phenacocci | KondoWaTa2022
- Anagyrus aligarhensis | KondoWaTa2022
- Anagyrus bohemanni | KondoWaTa2022
- Anagyrus fujikona | Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus pseudococci | KondoWaTa2022
- Anagyrus schoenherri | BixbyBBeTr2017 Hadzib1983 Tsalev1972
- Aphycus apicalis | Hadzib1983 Trjapi1989 Yasnos2001
- Aphycus hadzibejliae | KosztaKo1988F Trjapi1989 Yasnos2001
- Aphycus shutovae | Trjapi1989
- Cerapteroceroides japonicus | Trjapi1989
- Cheiloneurus claviger | KondoWaTa2022
- Cheiloneurus phenacocci | Trjapi1989
- Isodromus flaviceps | KondoWaTa2022
- Leptomastidea bifasciata | Trjapi1989
- Leptomastix flava | FallahJa2017
- Leptomastix mayri | KondoWaTa2022
- Metaphycus zebratus | KondoWaTa2022
- Microterys chalcostomus | BenDov1994 GuerriFoNo2020 Schmut1955b Tsalev1972 | (= Encyrtus chalcostomus)
- Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis | Trjapi1989
- Pseudaphycus clavatus | Trjapi1989
- Pseudaphycus phenacocci | KosztaKo1988F Trjapi1989 Yasnos2001
- Platygastridae
- Allotropa ashmeadi | Mueseb1939
- Allotropa utilis | MarshaPi1944 Moore1988
Associates:
Families: 4 | Genera: 3
- Betaflexiviridae
- GVA virus | HerrbaAlPr2017
- GVB Virus | HerrbaAlPr2017
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya phenacola | ChoiLe2022
- Closteroviridae
- GLRaV-1 | LeMaguBeHe2012
- GLRaV-3 | LeMaguBeHe2012
- GLRaV-4 | HerrbaAlPr2017
- GLRaV-5 | SchmutHo2016
- GLRaV-6 | SchmutHo2016
- GLRaV-9 | SchmutHo2016
- Closterovirus
- LChV-2 | EFSA2017 LeMaguBeHe2012
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 45
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996
- Armenia | BenDov1994 TerGri1956 TerGri1969
- Austria | BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F
- Bulgaria | Grigor1964 KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968
- Canada
- British Columbia | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b KozarHuFo1989
- Nova Scotia | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Gillia1935
- China | BenDov1994 Borchs1962a Wu2000a
- Beijing (=Peking) | Wu2000a
- Gansu (=Kansu) | WangWu2017
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | Wu2000a
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Wu2001b
- Corsica | Foldi2003
- Croatia | MastenSiMa2015
- Czech Republic | BenDov1994 Sulc1943
- Denmark | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975
- Estonia | Stalaz2021
- France | BenDov1994 Foldi2000 Foldi2001 Goux1931 Goux1933a Signor1875b
- Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1994 Hadzib1960b Hadzib1983 Yasnos2001
- Germany | BenDov1994 Schmut1952 Schmut1980
- Greece | SzitaFeBe2017
- Hungary | BenDov1994 Kozar1999a KozarDr1991 KozarKiSa2004 KozarOrKo1977
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009 Moghad2010 Moghad2013 MoghadTa2010
- Iraq | BenDov1994 Bodenh1943
- Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- Italy | BenDov1994 LongoMaPe1995 LongoMaRu1989 LongoRuMa1991 Marott1987a PellizFo1996 Tranfa1976
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 RussoMa1997
- Kazakhstan | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Mateso1968
- Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) | Danzig2003
- Latvia | BenDov1994 Rasina1955 Rasina1959
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009 MalumpOsPy2010
- Luxembourg | Gertso2016
- Moldova | BenDov1994 KozarOs1987
- Mongolia | Danzig2006a
- Netherlands | BenDov1994 Reyne1957
- North Korea | BenDov1994 Danzig1978 Kanda1941a
- Poland | Komosi1986 Komosi1986a Komosi1987 Koteja1974b KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1979 KotejaZa1983
- Romania | Danzig1978 FetykoKoDa2010
- Russia
- Kuril Islands | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Primor'ye Kray | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Sakhalin Oblast | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
- Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR | BenDov1994 Kozar1985a
- Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a
- Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR | BenDov1994 Danzig1978a
- Sardinia | PellizFo1996
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonDaPa2003
- Sweden | BenDov1994 Gertss2000 Gertss2001 Ossian1959
- Switzerland | KosztaKo1988F KozarGuBa1994
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BenDov1994 Borchs1949
- Turkey | BenDov1994 Bodenh1953a KaydanKiKo2005 KaydanUlEr2007 KaydanUlZe2004 UygunSeEr1998
- Turkmenistan | Danzig2003
- Ukraine | BenDov1994 Terezn1975
- United Kingdom
- England | BenDov1994 Dougla1888a
- Northern Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- Scotland | BenDov1994 Willia1962
- United States
- California | BenDov1994 Essig1909a
- Maine | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- New York | SloneBoSc2024
- Oregon | BixbyBBeTr2017
- Pennsylvania | Clagho2003
- Washington | BixbyBBeTr2017
- Uzbekistan
- Tashkent Oblast | Danzig2003
- Yugoslavia | Masten2007
Keys
- MoghadWa2022: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species in Iran]
- Moghad2019: pp.454 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in Iran]
- KaydanKiKo2015: pp.272-273 ( ) [Key to the instars of Phenacoccus aceris]
- DanzigGa2014: pp.269-277 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic Phenacoccus species]
- ZhaoWaSu2014: pp.116-117 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in China]
- ZhaoWaSu2014: pp.116-117 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in China] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
- Moghad2013: pp.46 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]
- Moghad2013: pp.46 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
- Malump2011: pp.168 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Phenacoccus native to Britain]
- Moghad2010: pp.67 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]
- MoghadAl2010: pp.16-17 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]
- Moghad2010: pp.67 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
- Danzig2006a: pp.197-200 ( Adult (F) ) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]
- Danzig2006a: pp.197-200 ( Adult (F) ) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
- KwonDaPa2003: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- Wu2000a: pp.69-70 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of China]
- Wu2000a: pp.69-70 ( Adult (F) ) [PHenacoccus species of China] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
- Moghad1999: pp.46 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran] Key as: Phenacoccus karkasicus
- MarottRuMa1997: pp.438 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Koszta1996: pp.155 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North USA]
- Tang1992: pp.529, 530, 554 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Tang1992: pp.530 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
- KosztaKo1988F: pp.123 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Europe]
- Danzig1980b: pp.124 ( Adult (F) ) [Far East of Russia]
- BazaroNu1975b: pp.55 ( Adult (F) ) [Tajikistan]
- Terezn1975: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- BazaroNu1975b: pp.55 ( Adult (F) ) [Tajikistan] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
- TerGri1973: pp.135 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
- McKenz1967: pp.214 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- McKenz1964: pp.238 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Willia1962: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
- McKenz1961: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1960: pp.713 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1953a: pp.395 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1950b: pp.120 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Borchs1949: pp.210 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
- Borchs1949: pp.210 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
Remarks
- Systematics: Reh (1903: 305) introduced the binomen Dactylopius vagabundus for the description of a scale insect named 'Zottenschildlausen' by Schilling, 1897: 248. Wide distribution and individual and geographic variability of Phenacoccus aceris encouraged some authors to describe numerous similar nominal species; the borders between these "species" disappear in larger series of females collected from different regions of the Palearctic. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014) Danzig (2003) showed that the number of circuli increases from the west to the east and often demonstrates individual variability. Therefore, Danzig and Gavrilov (2014) concluded that this character could not be used for species separation. Phenacoccus aceris (=Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam) is similar to P. capensis Ferris (recorded in the Nearctic Region) in having: (i) medial and submedial dorsal cerarii, (ii) no dorsal multilocular disc pores, and (iii) ventral multilocular disc pores not reaching margins. P. karkasicus differs from P. capensis in having (character states on P. capensis in brackets): (i) oral collar ducts in wide bands across of all dorsal segments (distributed sparsely); (ii) ventral multilocular disc pores on anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments V-VII (posterior edges of abdominal segments V-VII only); and (iii) anal lobe and preocular cerarii each with 4 lanceolate setae (2 lanceolate setae). (Moghaddam, 2013) Wang & Wu, 2017 found four divergent lineages (>2% COI divergence), not separated by host specificity, recovered from samples identified as ,Phenacoccus aceris species-group in North China. These sexual lineages were also found to be morphologically different from each other, thus representing distinct species under biological and evolutionary genetic species concepts. Specimens that keyed morphologically to P. aceris contained three putative species that are probably new to science. The results in thist study suggest that the number of circuli alone is not a good character for species separation in the P. aceris species-group. However, the circuli could still provide some useful information for delimitation, such as the width of the circulus on abdominal segment I and its ratio to that of the circulus on segment III; and the possession of five circuli, with the first one large (exceeding the width of the third one by one third), is a stable diagnostic character of one of these lineages. In addition, the number of circuli combined with the location of the largest circulus could distinguish putative species.
- Structure: Adult female elongate oval, greenish-brown to purplish-brown, covered with fine white powdery wax, with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. Feeds on the leaves and branches of its tree host. When matured, it produces a complete ovisac which covers the entire body except the apex of the head; ovisac about 7 mm long. First-instar nymph elongate oval and yellow when alive. Settled nymphs covered by a thin layer of white powdery wax. For settlement, first-instar nymphs prefer mid veins of leaves and other hidden places on the leaf surface, such as under old ovisacs, and areas where two leaves touch and overlap, etc. Second-instar female nymph elongate oval and yellowish green; covered by a thin layer of fine white powdery wax, with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. Feeds on leaf surfaces generally along midvein (like first-instar nymphs) during the vegetative season and then individuals migrate into crevices on the bark and tree trunk for hibernation. When the individuals reach the overwintering places they settled down and the nymphs produce small amounts of mealy secretion. Second-instar male nymph elongate oval and yellowish green; covered in a thin layer of fine white powdery wax, with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. Feeds on leaves during the vegetative season and then moves into crevices on the bark and tree trunk for hibernation. In the overwintering places, settled second-instar males produce a small amount of mealy secretion. Female third-instar nymph elongate oval and light green, covered by fine white powdery wax produced by trilocular pores; with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. The third-instar female overwinters in a felt-like test in bark cavities and other hidden places on its tree host.
- Biology: Green (1915a) observed fully developed females (with their conspicuous ovisacs) in England at June; the reproducing female were observed to migrate from the host plant, upon which they developed, to surrounding plants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F). Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978). Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Biology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992). Kosztarab (1996) reported that in Northeastern North America it is a bisexual species; develops one annual generation; second instar nymphs overwinter in bark crevices; migrate to leaves in early spring; adults appear in late spring to early summer; first instars appear in July, feed and leaves; second instar nymphs migrate in fall to the bark. Occuring on the bark of trunk and branches of the host plant.
- Economic Importance: This mealybug is supposed to be of European origin where occasionally becomes a pest on ornamental or fruit trees (Newstead, 1903; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F). Has been introduced into North America at the beginning of the 20th century, and became established as a pest of rosaceous fruit trees in Maine, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and California (Turnbull & Chant, 1961; Bartlett, 1978). Komosinska (1986a, 1986b, 1987a, 1987b) quantified the distribution and occurence on various ornamental and forest trees in Warsaw, Poland. Occasionally a pest of Malus and Fraxinus (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).The Apple mealybug Phenacoccus aceris was verified as the vector of the Little Cherry Virus 2 (LChV-2) in Baden-Wuerttemberg. (Petruschke, et al., 2011) Recent experiments have demonstrated that P. aceris efficiently transmits six distinct GLRaV species, Grapevine virus A and Grapevine virus B (GVA and GVB). (Le Maguet, et al., 2013)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Marchal (1908), Ferris (1950b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Paik (1978), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (2003). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Sulc (1943), Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Records of this species prior to 1902 from North America probably refer to P. acericola King (see Ferris, 1950b). Fernald (1903b:93) indicates that Douglas' (1890b) record of Pulvinaria ribesiae Signoret (family Coccidae), is a misidentification of P. aceris. De Geer (1776: 442, Plate 28, Figs. 16-22) described Coccus farinosus alni from alder in Europe. Subsequent authors (Signoret, 1875a; Cockerell, 1898c) accepted it as mealybug, but disputed its identity. However, De Geer (1776) contains many polynominals, and is hence an unvailable work for nomenclatural purposes. Lindinger (1912) suggested that De Geer's species is conspecific with Ph. aceris Signoret. Signoret attributed Pseudococcus mespili to Geoffroy, but Opinion 228 (1954) placed the book by Geoffroy (1762) on the Official List of invalid works in zoology. Consequently, Chermes mespili Geoffroy is an unvailable name, and Pseudococcus mespili Signoret is the senior synonym of this species. In addition, Cockerell (1899j) noted that Geoffroy's description refers to a Coccidae.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1960b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Detailed description and illustration of junior synonym, Phenacoccus karkasicus in Moghaddam, 2013.
Illustrations
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