Valid Names Results

Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus ulmi Linnaeus 1758: 455. Type data: on Ulmus campestris. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost.
Coccus amygdali Schrank 1801: 147. Type data: GERMANY: on "peach". Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1932f, 201).
Coccus berberidis Schrank 1801: 146. Type data: on "barberry". Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1932f, 199). Notes: Types presumed lost.
Diaspis linearis; Costa 1829: 21-22. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 44).
Aspidiotus conchiformis Curtis 1843: 735-736. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, on apple and pear trees. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Melbourne: National Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia; junior synonym
Aspidiotus falciformis Baerensprung 1849: 168. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on fruit trees. Unknown type status, female, junior synonym (discovered by Morgan1890a, 226-228). Notes: Type material presumed lost.
Aspidiotus pomorum Bouché 1851: 110. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Cornus sp. and other fruit trees. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899j, 275). Notes: Types presumed lost.
Aspidiotus juglandis Fitch 1855: 739. Type data: UNITED STATES: New York, on Ribes floridum. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Morgan1890a, 226-228).
Aspidiotus conchiformis; Fitch 1855: 735-742. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 45).
Mytilococcus communis Amerling 1858a: 103. Type data: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Prague. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 148). Notes: Borchsenius (1966) treats Mytilococcus communis Amerling as an incertae sedis. Type material presumed lost.
Lepidosaphes conchiformis; Shimer 1868: 373. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 45).
Mytilaspis juglandis (Fitch, 1855); Signoret 1870: 95. change of combination
Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouché, 1851); Signoret 1870: 98. change of combination
Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley 1873: 73-74. Type data: UNITED STATES: Missouri, on apple. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 37). Illustr.
Mytilaspis ulmicorticis Riley 1874: 246. Type data: UNITED STATES: Iowa, on "red elm". Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 37).
Aspidious fraxini Altum 1882: 364-365. Type data: EUROPE:. Syntypes, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 315). Notes: Types presumed lost. Illustr.
Fiorinia grossulariae Maskell 1884: 123. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Amberly, on "gooseberry," by Dr. Morris. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by CharleHe2002, 603). Illustr.
Mytilaspis vitis Goethe 1884: 118. Type data: GERMANY: Reine. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1928, 107). Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown. Illustr.
Mytilaspis ulicis Douglas 1886: 249-250. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Blackheath, on Ulex europaeus, 14/12/188?. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by BoratyWi1964, 104).
Aspidiotus pyrus-malus Cockerell 1894: 33. nomen nudum (discovered by Cocker1894, 33). Notes: Cockerell lists this name as authored by "Kenn." Fernald (1903b) gives the author as Kennicott, 1854, but we have been unable to track down any descriptions or publications by Kennicott and so here consider the name to be a placed nomen nudum.
Mytilaspis ceratoniae Gennadius 1895: cclxxvii. Type data: CYPRUS: on "Caroubier". Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by GomezM1937, 180).
Mytilaspis ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Cockerell 1899j: 275. change of combination
Mytilaspis pomorum ulicis Douglas, 1886; Newstead 1901b: 200-201. change in status (level)
Mytilaspis pomorum candidus Newstead 1901a: 82. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Sussex, Petworth, Halfway Bridge, on "Hawthorn," by E.E. Green. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by BoratyWi1964, 104).
Lepidosaphes pomorum (Bouché, 1851); Kirkaldy 1902: 111. change of combination
Lepidosaphes ceratoniae (Gennadius, 1895); Fernald 1903b: 307. change of combination
Lepidosaphes juglandis (Fitch, 1855); Fernald 1903b: 310. change of combination
Lepidosaphes ulmi candida (Newstead, 1901); Fernald 1903b: 317. change of combination
Lepidosaphes ulmi ulicis (Douglas, 1886); Fernald 1903b: 317. change of combination and rank
Lepidosaphes ulmi vitis (Goethe, 1884); Fernald 1903b: 317. change of combination and rank
Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) bicolor Newstead 1906: 72. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, Gizeh, on unknown host, by F. Willcocks. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia2002a,156). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia2002a, 156). Notes: Although Hall (1923) thought that Newstead's material was never described and probably lost in a fire and Borchsenius (1966) treated Lepidosaphes bicolor as incertae sedis, Williams (2002a) found original slides in the BMNH and determined that Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) bicolor was a junior synonym of L. ulmi. Additionally, part of the original Newstead material described is a misidentification of Salicicola kermanensis (Williams, 2002a).
Mytilaspis pomorum vitis Goethe, 1884; Newstead 1907a: 10. change in status (level)
Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) pomorum (Bouché, 1851); Lindinger 1907: 6. change of combination
Lepidosaphes beckii oleae Leonardi 1908a: 190-191. Type data: SICILY: on Olea sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 40). Illustr.
Lepidosaphes bicolor (Newstead, 1906); Sanders 1909a: 57. change of combination
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Girault 1909: 357. change of combination
Lepidosaphes pinniformis; Lindinger 1912b: 228. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 44).
Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis oleae Leonardi, 1908; Leonardi 1920: 157. change in status (level)
Lepidosaphes (Mytilaspis) ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Hall 1922: 39. change of combination
Lepidosaphes ulmi bisexualis Thiem 1933a: 641-642. Type data: GERMANY: Naumburg; Kösen, Rothenstein, on Betula sp., Corylus avellana, Fagus silvatica, Quercus spp., Buxus sempervirens, Acer spp., Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 37). Notes: Type depository unknown.
Lepidosaphes ulmi unisexualis Thiem 1933a: 640. Type data: GERMANY: on Rosa sp., Cydonia vulgaris, Pyrus communis, Sorbus aucuparia, S. torminalis, S. intermedia, Malus sp. and Cotoneaster lucida. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Schmut1952, 576). Notes: Type depository unknown.
Lepidosaphes vulva Nel 1933: 441, 443. nomen nudum (discovered by Lindin1936b, 286).
Lepidosaphes ulmi cotini Koroneos 1934: 61-64. Type data: GREECE: Promyri, Arghalasti, on Cotinus coggygria. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 159). Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown. Illustr.
Lepidosaphes ulmi oleae Koroneos 1934: 64-65. Type data: GREECE: Méghara and Spata, on Olea europaea. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 159). Notes: Type depository unknown. Illustr.
Lepidosaphes ulmi rosae Koroneos 1934: 65-67. Type data: GREECE: Volos, on Platanus orientalis and Rosa spp.; Edipsos-Bain, on Pyrus amygdaliformis; Melissiatika, on Pyrus communis. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 159). Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown. Illustr.
Lepidosaphes linearis (Costa, 1829); Lindinger 1936: 149. change of combination
Mytilococcus ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Lindinger 1936a: 444. change of combination
Coccus conchiformis; Ferris 1936: 22, 65. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 44).
Mytilococcus saliceti; Lindinger 1936: 149. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 46).
Mytilococcus oleae (Leonardi, 1908); Lupo 1939: 72, 86. change of combination
Aspidiotus saliceti; Ferris 1941e: 48. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 46).
Lepidosaphes oleae Leonardi, 1908; Balachowsky 1954e: 40. change of combination
Mytilococcus linearis (Costa, 1829); Lindinger 1954: 617. change of combination
Lepidosaphes fici Lindinger 1954: 617. nomen nudum Notes: Lindinger (1954) lists "Lepidosaphes fici Condit." as a junior synonym of Mytilococcus linearis (Costa), which is in turn now considered a junior synonym of L. ulmi. We are unable to determine who described this species and thus consider it a nomen nudum.
Lepidosaphes populi Savescu 1955: 915-925. Type data: ROMANIA: Ploesti, Valenii de Munte, on Populus pyramidalis, P. tremula, Salix viminalis, Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia pseudocacia. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 252). Illustr.
Lepidosaphes tiliae Savescu 1955: 915-920. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucharest, on Tilia europaea. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 252). Illustr.
Mytilococcus ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Monti 1956: 154-164. change of combination
Lepidosaphes mesasiatica Borchsenius 1962: 861. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Chimaent Oblast, Dzhambul, on Persica sp., 07/09/1939, by N. Borchsenius; UZEBEKISTAN: Denau, on Salix sp., 2/06/1944; Tashkent on Populus sp., 16/09/1961; TAJIKISTAN: Dushanbe, on Malus sp., 09/09/1939. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 252). Illustr.
Mytilaspis fraxini (Altum, 1882); Borchsenius 1966: 373. change of combination Notes: Borchsenius (1966) treats Lepidosaphes fraxini as an incertae sedis.
Mytilococcus populi (Savescu, 1955); Zahradník 1972: 426. change of combination
Mytilococcus tiliae (Savescu, 1955); Zahradník 1972: 426. change of combination
Lepidosaphes (Lepidosaphes) ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Danzig 1980b: 302. change of combination
Lepidosaphis ulmi; Aligeydar 2016. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

apple oystershell scale Danzig1980b
appletree bark louse Borchs1966 Lintne1895
butternut bark-louse Fitch1855
cochenille virgule du pommier MawFoHa2000
cochenille virgule du pommier Foldi2001
linden oystershell scale KosztaKo1988F
mussel scale Borchs1966
oyster-shell bark-louse Jarvis1906
oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple Riley1873
oyster-shell scale Borchs1966
oystershell scale DeBach1964
poplar oystershell scale KosztaKo1988F
vine mussel scale Newste1907a
apple mussel scale CharleHe2002
oyster shell mango scale AbdRabEv2021

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 74 | Genera: 168

Adoxaceae

Sambucus | Yasar2020
Viburnum | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916

Altingiaceae

Liquidambar orientalis | IspartYa2020

Amaranthaceae

Beta | MillerDa2005

Anacardiaceae

Cotinus | MillerDa2005
Cotinus coggygria | ArgyriStMo1976 Korone1934
Pistacia | MillerDa2005
Pistacia lentiscus | Balach1933e PellizPoSe2011
Spondias | MillerDa2005

Apocynaceae

Araujia | McKenz1956
Nerium oleander | ErlerKoTu1996
Vinca majör | Yasar2020
Vincetoxicum | DanzigPe1998

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex | UlgentDo2019
Ilex aquifolium | McKenz1956
Ilex crenata | QuaintSa1916

Araliaceae

Panax | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Panax quinquefolius | QuaintSa1916

Arecaceae

Cocos nucifera | QuaintSa1916

Asparagaceae

Yucca | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Yucca filamentosa | Yasar2020
Yucca glauca | Yasar2020

Asteraceae

Artemisia | MillerDa2005
Fitchia | MillerDa2005
Helianthus | QuaintSa1916
Mikania sagittifera | QuaintSa1916

Berberidaceae

Berberis | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Berberis vulgaris | BognarVi1979

Betulaceae

Alnus | Balach1933a
Alnus alnobetula | Balach1933a | var. suaveolens (= Alnus viridis suaveolens)
Alnus glutinosa | Moghad2013a
Alnus incana | QuaintSa1916 | (= Alnus rugosa)
Alnus viridis | NormarOkMo2019 | subsp. sinuata
Betula | MillerDa2005 Thiem1933a
Betula ermanii | Thiem1933a
Betula nigra | Thiem1933a
Betula papyrifera | NormarOkMo2019
Betula pendula | Rasina1960 Thiem1933a | (= Betula verrucosa)
Betula populifolia | QuaintSa1916
Betula pubescens | Thiem1933a
Carpinus | DanzigPe1998
Corylus | QuaintSa1916
Corylus avellana | Moghad2013a Thiem1933a

Bignoniaceae

Catalpa | MillerDa2005
Catalpa bignonioides | Yasar2020
Catalpa speciosa | Jorgen1934

Brassicaceae

Arabis | MillerDa2005
Lepidium graminifolium | QuaintSa1916 | (= Lepidium suffruticosum)

Buxaceae

Buxus | Lawson1917 MillerDa2005
Buxus sempervirens | Thiem1933a
Pachysandra | MillerDa2005
Pachysandra terminalis | QuaintSa1916
Sarcococca | MillerDa2005

Cannabaceae

Celtis | MillerDa2005
Celtis occidentalis | QuaintSa1916

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Symphoricarpos | DanzigPe1998
Symphoricarpos albus | Yasar2020

Celastraceae

Celastrus | MillerDa2005
Celastrus scandens | QuaintSa1916
Euonymus | DanzigPe1998
Euonymus japonicus | Suh2020

Cistaceae

Helianthemum nummularium | Green1925 QuaintSa1916 | (= Helianthemum chamaecistus, Helianthemum vulgare)

Commelinaceae

Cyanotis | DanzigPe1998

Cornaceae

Cornus | Bouche1851 MillerDa2005
Cornus alba | QuaintSa1916 | inc. ssp. sibirica (= Thelycrania tatarica)
Cornus alternifolia | QuaintSa1916 | (= Cornus alterna)
Cornus controversa | Takagi1960
Cornus mas | BatsanKaKi2017
Cornus sanguinea | QuaintSa1916
Cornus sericea | Cocker1895x NormarOkMo2019 QuaintSa1916 | (= Cornus stolonifera, Cornus californica, Cornus californicus)

Cupressaceae

Chamaecyparis | MillerDa2005
Cupressus | Bodenh1953
Platycladus orientalis | BicheArMe2022 | (= Biota orientalis)

Ebenaceae

Diospyros | MillerDa2005
Diospyros kaki | Takaha1955e

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus | MillerDa2005
Elaeagnus angustifolia | GomezM1960G QuaintSa1916 Yasar2020 | (= Elaeagnus argentea),
Elaeagnus rhamnoides | MoglanMo1997b | (= Hippophae rhamnoides)

Ericaceae

Andromeda polifolia | Danzig1959
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi | Danzig1959
Calluna | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Calluna vulgaris | Thiem1933a
Chamaedaphne calyculata | QuaintSa1916
Chimaphila | DanzigPe1998
Empetrum nigrum | BugajNJuKa2021
Erica | QuaintSa1916
Erica tetralix | Green1925
Oxydendrum | MillerDa2005
Rhododendron | MillerDa2005 Tao1999
Rhododendron ponticum | BatsanKaKi2017
Rhododendron tomentosum | Danzig1959 | (= Ledum palustre)
Vaccinium | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916 | (= Oxycoccus)
Vaccinium arctostaphylos | BatsanKaKi2017
Vaccinium macrocarpum | Frankl1952
Vaccinium myrtillus | Thiem1933a
Vaccinium oxycoccos | Danzig1959 | (= Oxycoccus quadripetalus)
Vaccinium uliginosum | Danzig1959
Vaccinium vitis-idaea | Danzig1959

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia verrucosa | Danzig1959a
Ricinus communis | Bodenh1924
Triadica sebifera | QuaintSa1916 Wilson1917 | (= Sapium sebiferum, Stillingia sebifera)

Fabaceae

Amorpha | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Astragalus siculus | MazzeoNuRu2016
Bauhinia | Yasar2020
Caesalpinia | DanzigPe1998
Caesalpinia insolita | DanzigPe1998
Cajanus cajan | Hall1922 | (= Cajanus indicus)
Ceratonia | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
Ceratonia siliqua | GugliuMaMa2019
Cercis | MillerDa2005
Cercis siliquastrum | ErlerKoTu1996
Cytisus | GomezM1960G Martin1983 MillerDa2005 | (= Sarothamnus)
Cytisus scoparius | Martin1983 QuaintSa1916 | (= Sarothamnus scoparius)
Cytisus supranubius | CarnerPe1986 QuaintSa1916 | (= Cytisus nubigensus, Spartocytisus supranubius)
Genista | Balach1954e
Gleditsia | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
Gleditsia aquatica | QuaintSa1916
Gleditsia triacanthos | Hadzib1941
Laburnum | DanzigPe1998
Lupinus | MillerDa2005
Maackia | DanzigPe1998
Retama | BenDov2013
Robinia | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
Robinia pseudoacacia | QuaintSa1916
Sesbania | Hall1922
Spartium | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005
Spartium junceum | BenDov2012 UlgentDo2019
Ulex | Bodenh1953
Ulex europaeus | Dougla1886

Fagaceae

Castanea | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
Castanea dentata | QuaintSa1916 | (= Castanea americana)
Castanea sativa | BatsanKaKi2017
Fagus | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
Fagus grandifolia | QuaintSa1916 | (= Fagus atropunicea)
Fagus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
Fagus sylvatica | Thiem1933a
Quercus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Quercus hartwissiana | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1941
Quercus petraea | Thiem1933a | (= Quercus sessilis)
Quercus robur | QuaintSa1916 Thiem1933a | (= Quercus pedunculata )
Quercus tuneri | BognarVi1979 | ssp. pseudoturneri

Gentianaceae

Centaurium | MillerDa2005

Geraniaceae

Geranium | DanzigPe1998
Pelargonium | Hall1922

Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgo | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005

Grossulariaceae

Ribes | Kuwana1925a Maskel1884 MillerDa2005
Ribes alpinum | QuaintSa1916
Ribes americanum | Fitch1855 | (= Ribes floridum)
Ribes cynosbati | QuaintSa1916
Ribes nigrum | Danzig1959a
Ribes rubrum | Danzig1959a

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea | MillerDa2005
Hydrangea arborescens | MalumpOsPy2009
Philadelphus caucasicus | Danzig1959a

Hypericaceae

Hypericum | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005

Iridaceae

Gladiolus | McKenz1956

Juglandaceae

Juglans | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Juglans cinerea | QuaintSa1916
Juglans regia | QuaintSa1916
Pterocarya pterocarpa | BatsanKaKi2017

Lamiaceae

Thymus vulgaris | MatilePe2002

Lardizabalaceae

Holboellia | MillerDa2005

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum camphora | QuaintSa1916
Lindera triloba | Wilson1917
Persea | MillerDa2005
Sassafras | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Sassafras albidum | QuaintSa1916 | (= Sassafras officinalis)

Loranthaceae

Loranthus | MillerDa2005

Lythraceae

Punica granatum | Bodenh1924

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendron tulipifera | QuaintSa1916
Magnolia | MillerDa2005
Magnolia tripetala | QuaintSa1916
Michelia | MillerDa2005

Malvaceae

Tilia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Tilia americana | QuaintSa1916
Tilia cordata | Danzig1959
Tilia rubra | BatsanKaKi2017
Tilia x europaea | Savesc1955

Meliaceae

Melia azedarach | Yasar2020

Moraceae

Ficus | MillerDa2005
Ficus carica | QuaintSa1916
Maclura | MillerDa2005

Myricaceae

Myrica | DanzigPe1998
Myrica gale | BugajNJuKa2021

Myrtaceae

Myrtus | QuaintSa1916

Oleaceae

Chionanthus | MillerDa2005
Forsythia | MillerDa2005
Fraxinus | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
Fraxinus americana | QuaintSa1916
Fraxinus excelsior | Savesc1955
Fraxinus ornus | BognarVi1979
Fraxinus pennsylvanica | Jorgen1934
Ligustrum | MillerDa2005
Ligustrum japonicum | ArgyriStMo1976
Ligustrum vulgare | Rasina1960
Olea | MillerDa2005
Olea europaea | Korone1934
Syringa | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
Syringa komarowii | Rasina1960 | (= Syringa reflexa)
Syringa persica | QuaintSa1916
Syringa vulgaris | QuaintSa1916

Paeoniaceae

Paeonia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916

Phyllanthaceae

Flueggea | GomezM1960G | (= Colmeiroa)

Pinaceae

Abies | MillerDa2005
Abies firma | QuaintSa1916
Picea | MillerDa2005
Pinus brutia | UlgentDo2019
Pinus nigra | Yasar2020
Pinus pinaster | BicheArMe2022 | (= Pinus maritima)
Pinus sylvestris | BugajNJuKa2021
Tsuga | MillerDa2005

Platanaceae

Platanus | QuaintSa1916
Platanus orientalis | GomezM1937

Plumbaginaceae

Armeria | DanzigPe1998

Poaceae

Melica | DanzigPe1998

Polemoniaceae

Phlox | MillerDa2005

Polygonaceae

Eriogonum parvifolium | McKenz1956

Ranunculaceae

Clematis | MillerDa2005
Clematis paniculata | QuaintSa1916
Clematis vitalba | BatsanKaKi2017

Rhamnaceae

Ceanothus | MillerDa2005
Ceanothus americanus | QuaintSa1916
Hovenia | QuaintSa1916
Hovenia dulcis | QuaintSa1916
Rhamnus cathartica | QuaintSa1916
Ziziphus | Bodenh1924 Hall1922

Rosaceae

Amelanchier | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Amelanchier alnifolia | NormarOkMo2019
Amygdalus | Borchs1962b | (= Persica)
Aruncus dioicus | QuaintSa1916 | (= Aruncus sylvester)
Cotoneaster | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
Cotoneaster horizontalis | Yasar2020
Cotoneaster integerrimus | Danzig1959
Cotoneaster lucidus | Thiem1933a
Cotoneaster melanocarpus | BatsanKaKi2017
Crataegus | Kuwana1925a MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
Crataegus ambigua | Moghad2013a
Crataegus crus-galli | QuaintSa1916
Crataegus cuneata | QuaintSa1916 | (= Mespilus cuneata)
Crataegus laevigata | BugajNJuKa2021
Crataegus monogyna | BognarVi1979 QuaintSa1916 | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
Cydonia oblonga | Thiem1933a | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
Geum | MillerDa2005
Heteromeles arbutifolia | McKenz1956 | (= Photinia arbutifolia)
Malus | BognarVi1979 MillerDa2005 Thiem1933a
Malus baccata | Danzig1959a
Malus domestica | Danzig1959 GomezM1937 LepineMi1931 | (= Pyrus malus)
Malus floribunda | Yasar2020
Malus mandshurica | Danzig1980b
Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
Malus prunifolia | LepineMi1931
Malus pumila | MatilePe2002 Muraka1970
Malus sylvestris | BatsanKaKi2017 QuaintSa1916 | (= Malus communis)
Mespilus | MillerDa2005
Mespilus germanica | Moghad2013a
Potentilla erecta | Danzig1959a
Prunus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916 Rasina1960 GomezM1954 MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916 | (= Cerasus)
Prunus armeniaca | QuaintSa1916
Prunus avium | Yasar2020
Prunus cerasifera | BognarVi1979 GomezM1937
Prunus cerasus | Korone1934 | (= Amygdalus cerasus
Prunus davidiana | Martin1983 | (= Amygdalus communis)
Prunus domestica | QuaintSa1916
Prunus dulcis | Martin1983 McKenz1956 | (= Prunus amygdalus)
Prunus emarginata | McKenz1956
Prunus laurocerasus | BatsanKaKi2017
Prunus maackii | Danzig1959a | (= Padus maackii)
Prunus mahaleb | Yasar2020
Prunus padus | Danzig1959a | (= Padus racemosa)
Prunus persica | Korone1934 LepineMi1931 QuaintSa1916 | ssp. nectarina (= Amygdalus persica nectarina) (= Amygdalus persica)
Prunus salicina | Muraka1970
Prunus sargentii | QuaintSa1916
Prunus serrulata | Suh2020
Prunus spinosa | QuaintSa1916
Pyrus | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
Pyrus communis | MoglanMo1997b Thiem1933a | (= Pyrus sativus)
Pyrus pyrifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Pyrus serotina)
Rosa | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
Rosa canina | Danzig1959a
Rosa multiflora | Suh2020
Rosa rugosa | QuaintSa1916
Rosa × damascena | UlgentDo2019
Rubus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Rubus idaeus | Danzig1959
Sorbaria | MillerDa2005
Sorbaria sorbifolia | Danzig1959a
Sorbus | MillerDa2005 Takagi1960
Sorbus americana | QuaintSa1916
Sorbus aucuparia | Thiem1933a
Sorbus intermedia | Thiem1933a
Sorbus torminalis | Thiem1933a
Spiraea | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Spiraea salicifolia | BognarVi1979

Rutaceae

Citrus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Citrus aurantium | BicheArMe2022
Phellodendron | MillerDa2005
Ptelea trifoliata | QuaintSa1916

Salicaceae

Populus | BenDov2012 GomezM1937 Hall1922 MillerDa2005
Populus alba | BenDov2011 QuaintSa1916
Populus balsamifera | QuaintSa1916
Populus berolinensis | Danzig1959a
Populus canadensis | Tsalev1967 | (= Populus euramericana)
Populus deltoides | QuaintSa1916
Populus gracilis | BatsanKaKi2017
Populus nigra | Borchs1938 LepineMi1931 LepineMi1931 QuaintSa1916 | (= Populus pyramidalis),var. lombardy,var. italica
Populus simonii | BognarVi1979 Newste1907a | var. fastigiata
Populus tremula | Savesc1955
Populus tremuloides | CrouchGrWi2021
Salix | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924 MillerDa2005
Salix aegyptiaca | QuaintSa1916
Salix alba | Tsalev1967
Salix amygdaloides | Jorgen1934
Salix babylonica | QuaintSa1916
Salix canariensis | QuaintSa1916
Salix caprea | QuaintSa1916
Salix elaeagnos | Danzig1959a | (= Salix linearis)
Salix matsudana | DanzigPe1998
Salix mucronata | Yasar2020
Salix nigra | Yasar2020
Salix pedicellata | QuaintSa1916
Salix purpurea | Tsalev1967
Salix viminalis | QuaintSa1916

Santalaceae

Viscum | DanzigPe1998
Viscum albüm | Yasar2020

Sapindaceae

Acer | Borchs1962b MillerDa2005
Acer circinatum | NormarOkMo2019
Acer negundo | Danzig1959a Jorgen1934 | (= Negundo aceroides)
Acer pensylvanicum | QuaintSa1916
Acer platanoides | Thiem1933a
Acer rubrum | QuaintSa1916
Acer saccharum | QuaintSa1916
Acer spicatum | QuaintSa1916
Acer tataricum | Danzig1959a | (= Acer ginnala)
Aesculus | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005 | (= {Pavia)
Aesculus glabra | QuaintSa1916
Aesculus hippocastanum | QuaintSa1916 Yasar2020
Koelreuteria | MillerDa2005

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus altissima | QuaintSa1916 Tao1999 | (= Ailanthus cacodendron, Ailanthus glandulosa)

Solanaceae

Lycium | DanzigPe1998

Staphyleaceae

Staphylea | MillerDa2005
Staphylea trifolia | QuaintSa1916

Styracaceae

Styrax officinalis | BenDov2012 ErlerKoTu1996

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix | Bodenh1953
Tamarix africana | QuaintSa1916

Taxaceae

Taxus | MillerDa2005
Taxus baccata | BatsanKaKi2017

Theaceae

Camellia | QuaintSa1916

Thymelaeaceae

Dirca palustris | QuaintSa1916

Ulmaceae

Planera | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Ulmus | MillerDa2005
Ulmus glabra | Linnae1758 QuaintSa1916 | (= Ulmus scabra purpurea, Ulmus campestris)
Ulmus minor | McKenz1956 | (= Ulmus carpinifolia)
Zelkova carpinifolia | BatsanKaKi2017

Urticaceae

Urtica dioica | BatsanKaKi2017

Vitaceae

Parthenocissus | ErlerKoTu1996
Parthenocissus quinquefolia | QuaintSa1916 | (= Ampelopsis quinquefolia)
Vitis | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
Vitis vinifera | BenDov2012 QuaintSa1916

Foes:

Families: 10 | Genera: 24

Aphelinidae

Ablerus atomon | Aligey2016
Ablerus celsus | UlgentErKa2008 | (= Azotus celsus
Aphytis abnormis | Balach1954e Morley1909 | (= Aphelinus abnormis)
Aphytis aonidiae | ArgyriStMo1976 | (= Aphytis dubius)
Aphytis diaspidis | Morley1909 | (= Aphelinus fuscipennis)
Aphytis maculicornis | AbdRab2001a
Aphytis moldavicus | Aligey2016
Aphytis mytilaspidis | Balach1954e Morley1909 Ruhl1913 | (= Aphelinus mytaspidis)
Aphytis proclia | Balach1954e
Archenomus longiclavae | Aligey2016
Coccobius testaceus | Balach1954e MoglanMo1997b PriesnHo1940 | (= Physcus testaceus),(= Physcus testaceus)
Coccophagus lycimnia | MoghadWa2021
Coccophagus obscurus | Balach1954e | (= Coccophagus niger)
Diaspiniphagus moeris | Aligey2016 | (= Diaspiniphagus similis)
Encarsia citrina | Aligey2016 Balach1954e HuangPo1998 Viggia1987 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus),
Encarsia fasciata | Aligey2016
Encarsia gigas | Aligey2016
Encarsia herndoni | Viggia1987
Encarsia perniciosi | HuangPo1998
Marietta picta | KaydanJa2010
Pteroptrix lauri | Aligey2016 | (= Hispaniella lauri )
Pteroptrix longiclava | Balach1954e | (= Apteroptrix longiclava)

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | Borg1919
Chilocorus renipustulatus | Muraka1970 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017 | (= Lindorus lophantae)

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus rufifrons | PriesnHo1940 | ssp. flaviceps

Encyrtidae

Adelencyrtus intersectus | Balach1954e Danzig1959 MoglanMo1997b | (= Anabrolepis zetterstedtii) (= Epitetracnemus zetterstedtii) (= Habrolepis zetterstedtii)
Anagyrus matritensis | Balach1954e | (= Gyranusa matritensis)
Metaphycus chermis | FallahJa2017
Microterys | Balach1954e
Pseudorhopus testaceus | Balach1954e | (= Rhopus testaceus)
Zaomma lambinus | Balach1954e Danzig1959 GomezM1937 MoglanMo1997b Morley1909 | (= Metallonoidea britannica) (= Apterencyrtus microphagus) (= Chiloneurinus microphagus) (= Chiloneurus diaspidinarum)

Hemisarcoptidae

Hemisarcoptes malus | Balach1954e Whitco1974

Mymaridae

Erythmelus gracilis | Morley1909 | (= Anaphes gracilis)

Phlaeothripidae

Karnyothrips flavipes | PriesnHo1940

Procotrupoidea

Procotrupoidea | MoglanMo1997b

Signiphoridae

Signiphora flavella | AmouroCrCo2019

Tubeufiaceae

Podonectria tenuispora | XuZeLv2021

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 65

Algeria | Merril1953

Argentina | Tao1999

Armenia | TerGri1956

Australia | Kirkal1902

Tasmania | Balach1954e

Austria | Merril1953

Azerbaijan | Aligey2016

Brazil | Hempel1900a

Bulgaria | Tsalev1968 Tschor1939

Canada | Tao1999 TurnbuCh1961

Alberta | MawFoHa2000
British Columbia | Treher1914a Venabl1939
New Brunswick | Koszta1996
Nova Scotia | Koszta1996 PicketPa1953
Ontario | Jarvis1906
Prince Edward Island | Koszta1996

Canary Islands | BenDov2013 CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001

Chile | Balach1954e

Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020

China | Kirkal1902

Anhui (=Anhwei) | Hua2000
Aomen (=Macau) | Merril1953
Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
Gansu (=Kansu) | Tao1999
Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tao1999
Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
Hebei (=Hopei) | Tao1999
Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) | Tao1999
Henan (=Honan) | Tao1999
Hubei (=Hupei) | Tao1999
Hunan | Tao1999
Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Hua2000
Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Tao1999
Jilin (=Kirin) | Tao1999
Liaoning | Tao1999
Ningxia (=Ningsia) | Tao1999
Shandong (=Shantung) | Hua2000
Shanxi (=Shansi) | Tao1999
Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Tao1999
Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | LiangAiZh1999 Tao1999
Xizang (=Tibet) | Tao1999
Yunnan | Tao1999
Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Tao1999

Corsica | Balach1933a

Crete | PellizPoSe2011

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Czechoslovakia | DanzigPe1998

Denmark | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986

Egypt | AbdRab2001a Hall1922 Newste1906 Newste1907a

Estonia | Stalaz2021

Finland | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986

France | Balach1933e Foldi2001

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1941

Germany | SchmutHo2016 Schran1801

Greece | Korone1934

Hawaiian Islands | Kirkal1902

Hungary | KozarOrKo1977

India

Tamil Nadu | SureshMo1996

Iran | KozarFoZa1996

Iraq | DanzigPe1998

Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

Israel | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924

Italy | LongoMaPe1995

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Japan | Tao1999

Hokkaido | Takagi1960
Honshu | Shinji1936b

Kazakhstan | Danzig1980b

Chimkent Oblast | Borchs1962b

Latvia | Rasina1960

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009

Luxembourg | Gertso2016 GertssSc2020

Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011

Malta | Borg1919 MifsudMaRu2014

Mexico | Balach1954e

Montenegro | BugajNJuKa2021

Morocco | LepineMi1931

Netherlands | HelsenBlTr1996

New Zealand | Hender2011 Kirkal1902

South Island | Maskel1884

Norway | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986

Poland | KotejaZa1983 SimonKa2011 Szulcz1926

Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941

Romania | Savesc1955 Teodor2018

Russia | Merril1953

Primor'ye Kray | Danzig1980b
St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | Danzig1959

Sardinia | PellizFo1996

Saudi Arabia | Matile1984c Shalab1961

South Africa | Balach1954e

South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 Suh2016

Spain | GomezM1937

Sweden | Gertss2001 Tullgr1906

Switzerland | KozarHi1996

Taiwan | Hua2000

Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | Borchs1962b

Tunisia | MansouMkGr2011

Turkey | Bodenh1949 NormarOkMo2019

Turkmenistan | Lashin1956

United Kingdom

England | Dougla1886 MalumpBa2012 Newste1907a
Northern Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
Arkansas | MillerDa2005
California | Cocker1895x MillerDa2005
Colorado | MillerDa2005
Connecticut | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
Delaware | Hought1904 MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
District of Columbia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Florida | MillerDa2005 Wilson1917
Georgia | MillerDa2005 Starne1897
Idaho | MillerDa2005
Illinois | Glenn1920 MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Indiana | Dougla1912 MillerDa2005
Iowa | DrakeGu1931 MillerDa2005
Kansas | Lawson1917 MillerDa2005
Kentucky | MillerDa2005
Louisiana | Miller2005
Maine | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Maryland | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Massachusetts | MillerDa2005
Michigan | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Minnesota | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Missouri | MillerDa2005 Riley1873
Montana | MillerDa2005
Nebraska | MillerDa2005
New Hampshire | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
New Jersey | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
New York | Fitch1855 MillerDa2005
North Carolina | MillerDa2005 Sherma1913
North Dakota | MillerDa2005
Ohio | MillerDa2005 Sander1904a
Oklahoma | MillerDa2005
Oregon | MillerDa2005 SchuhMo1948
Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Stimme1980b
Rhode Island | MillerDa2005
South Dakota | MillerDa2005 Severi1920
Tennessee | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Utah | Jorgen1934 MillerDa2005
Vermont | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Virginia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
Washington | MillerDa2005
West Virginia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
Wisconsin | MillerDa2005
Wyoming | MillerDa2005

Uzbekistan | Borchs1962b

Vietnam | DaoBeWa2023

Keys

DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
MoghadWa2021: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Lepidosaphes in Iran]
Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
Hender2011: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Lepidosaphes adult females in New Zealand]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
Ghabbo2001: pp.78 ( First instar ) [Key to first-instar nymphs of three species of Lepidosaphes]
Gill1997: pp.168 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes]
Koszta1996: pp.517 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Northeastern North American Lepidosaphes]
Danzig1993: pp.247 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
KosztaKo1988F: pp.347 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Danzig1986a: pp.355 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes (Lepidosaphes) ulmi
Chou1982: pp.156 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]
Paik1978: pp.338 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
McDani1972a: pp.323 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Lepidosaphes]
Danzig1971d: pp.841 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]
Takagi1960: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Bustsh1958: pp.185 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of the tribe Diaspidini]
Ezzat1958: pp.245 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes ulmi
GomezM1956: pp.73 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes of Spain] Key as: Lepidosaphes ulmi v. oleae
McKenz1956: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Takaha1955e: pp.69 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Balach1954e: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes]
Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:56 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Borchs1938: pp.138 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes in the Fareastern Region of the SSSR]
Kuwana1925a: pp.4 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Britto1923: pp.378 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Connecticut species of Lepidosaphes]
MacGil1921: pp.374 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
Leonar1906c: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
Leonar1903: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mytilaspis] Key as: Mytilaspis nivea M. pomorum
Cocker1899f: pp.14 ( Adult (F) ) [Australian species of Mytilaspis] Key as: Mytilaspis pomorum

Remarks

Systematics: The list of synonyms for L. ulmi is very extensive and it is often difficult to know if all are correct. We have synthesized the listings given by Borchsenius (1966) and Danzig & Pellizzari (1998). Lepidosaphes ulmi can be told from L. salicina by its absence of the row of dorsal tubes beginning from second notch of pygidium (Danzig, 1980b). In New Zealand, The presence of abdominal dorsal bosses and spinose spurs distinguishes L ulmi from other Lepidosaphes species in New Zealand. L. ulmi is most similar to L. beckii in possessing numerous dorsal ducts and the ventral band of ducts between the posterior spiracles, but L. beckii has the lateral double head bosses (absent on L. ulmi). (Henderson, 2011)
Structure: Female body milky white, as are eggs (Danzig, 1980b). Female scales light brown or yellow, 2.5-3.0 mm long. Scales of male nymphs lighter than female scales about 1 mm long. Adult female body elongate-pear shaped (Borchsenius, 1962b). The position of the spiracles in all feeding instars is summarized by Podsiadlo (2002). Female scale cover elongate mussel shell-shaped, rich mahogany brown with a pale section at posterior end, terminal exuvia more goldenbrown; female body pale with yellow pygidium, eggs white. (Henderson, 2011)Female puparium irregularly oval, formed mainly by the 2nd exuviae, with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion. Exuviae dark yellow. Adult female with cephalic end slightly prolonged into a compressed cylinder (Maskell, 1884).
Biology: Jarvis (1906) states that "this insect is one-brooded and winters over in the egg stage. The eggs can be easily seen if at any time in the fall or winter the old scales be lifted up and examined beneath. Numbers of very small whitish yellow eggs will be seen. Here beneath this oyster-shaped scale they remain until early in the summer. The first instars escape from the eggs during the last week in May and the first week in June. They wander for a few hours, or a few days, on the limb, then settle down and secrete a scale. The larvae moult, or shed their skins, twice in the course of their growth during the summer. The adult female dies soon after the laying of the eggs, about 60 in number, in the fall." Griswold (1925), Danzig (1959), Samarasenghe & ReRoux (1966) and Garrett (1972) also discuss life history. In North America, Griswold (1925), Samarasinghe and LeRoux (1966), and Garrett (1972) made detailed life history studies of oystershell scale. Griswold (1925) noted an apple and a lilac form in New York. The former has longer, more narrow scale covers which are uniformly brown, has fewer pores, and develops about 2 weeks earlier than the lilac form. The latter has shorter, wider scale covers which are banded when new and pale gray when old, has more perivulvar pores, and develops about 2 weeks later than the apple form. She found the lilac or banded form on more different host plants, particularly shade trees, than the apple or brown form. She was able to induce apple forms to develop on lilac but the reverse host transfers failed. In Quebec, Canada Samarasinghe and LeRoux (1966), studied a brown form on apple which was unisexual and univoltine. Females laid 20-110 eggs each from late August to early September. These hatched from early May to mid June. Second instars occurred from mid June to late July. Adults appeared from early August to late September. They found Hemisarcoptes malus and Aphelinus mytilaspidus to be the 2 most important mortality factors in the egg and adult stages of oystershell scale. In Maryland, Garrett (1972) worked with a yellow banded, unisexual, univoltine form on poplar and willow which produced 20-101 eggs per female and hatched in late May. He also studied a gray, bisexual, bivoltine form on maple, lilac, and boxwood. Females of the latter produced 16-94 eggs which hatched from late April to mid May. In addition, the eggs and second instars were larger than in the univoltine form. There was no significant difference in perivulvar pore numbers between the uni and bivoltine forms. Apple was an unacceptable host to both forms studied by Garrett. The following egg hatching dates have been observed in North America: June and July, British Columbia (Madsen and Arrand 1971); , May, Oregon (Schuh and Mote 1948); late June to early July, Wyoming (Spackman 1980); early May to early June, North Dakota (McBride 1975); one week after apple petal fall, generally late May to early June, Minnesota, (Hodson and Lofgren 1970); May and July, Indiana, (Sadof 1992); about apple blossom time, Wisconsin (McDowell 1960); late May, Illinois (English 1970); late May to early June, Pennsylvania (Heller 1977); mid May to late May, Vermont (Nielsen 1970); late May to mid June, Connecticut (Schread 1970); between silver tip and pre pink of apple, first week of April to first week of May with second generation crawlers in July, North Carolina (Turnipseed and Smith 1953). Kozár (1990) found that eggs begin to hatch when there has been an accumulation of >130.8 C day- degrees, and this event closely coincides with the appearance of apple blossoms. In Russia Danzig (1959) found a unisexual, univoltine form on apple, barberry, pear, cotoneaster, and walnut and a bisexual, bivoltine form on poplar, willow, lilac, boxwood, and a few others. The latter form was more tolerant of low temperatures. Schmutterer (1951) noted a bisexual, bivoltine form in Germany (L. ulmi bisexualis). In Japan, Murakami (1970) recorded 1 generation a year with egg hatch in May. In Chile, it is reported to have a single generation each year and overwinter in the egg stage (Carrillo et al. 1995). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Not considered a serious pest of cranberry vines (Franklin 1952). Griswold (1925) summarized numerous references in the early literature about the destructive nature of oystershell scale. The most serious of these outbreaks was noted by Sterrett (1915) in northern Ohio where entire stands of ash trees were killed. Garrett (1972) also discussed the economic importance of oystershell scale in the U.S. Spackman (1980) described oystershell scale as "probably the insect pest most destructive to lilacs in Wyoming." He noted that heavy infestations kill entire lilac bushes as well as ash and willow trees. Turnipseed and Smith (1953) state that oystershell scale is a serious pest of apples at higher elevations in western North Carolina. Recent literature discussing economic damage to specific hosts are as follows: Apples (Aleksidze 1995, Erol and Yasar 1996); olives (Agryriou 1990, Katsoyannos 1992); ornamentals (Davidson and Miller 1990); and walnut (Chua and Wood 1990). It appears that this pest is not as abundant today as it was in the early 1900s. In many situations the large diversity of natural enemies prevents the oystershell scale from becoming a pest (Kozár 1990a). An interesting discovery by Mendel et al. (1992) is that if this species feeds on alkaloid-containing plants, the predators that feed on the scale have significantly diminished levels of survival. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this to be one of 43 major armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris (1937) and Borchsenius (1962b).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRab1999: biological control, distribution, 1120
AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 175
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 35
Ali1969a: distribution, host, 58
Altum1882: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 364-365
AlvareLiLu2020: phylogeny, 5
Amerli1858a: host, 103
AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
Archan1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 69, 71-72
ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 26
Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
AyazUlOz2015: distribution,
Babaev1980: distribution, host, 59
Baeren1849: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 168
Balach1933a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40-41
Balach1933e: distribution, host, 4
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33, 37-42
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-57
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 128
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 31, 43
BenDov2013: distribution, host, 72
Berles1895b: taxonomy, 85, 168
Berles1896: distribution, host, taxonomy, 214, 297
BerlesLe1898a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 132
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 12
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 507
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53-54
Bodenh1944b: distribution, 86, 96
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 122, 133-135
Bodenh1953: distribution, host, life history, 24
BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 17
Boraty1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 467-468
Boraty1970a: taxonomy, 66-67
BoratyWi1964a: taxonomy, 104
Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 73, 77, 107
Borchs1938: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 139
Borchs1949d: distribution, taxonomy, 204
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 181
Borchs1962b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 861, 870
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 44-47,144,373-374
Borg1919: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 18-19
Borg1932: distribution, host, 12
Bouche1851: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 110
BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 2
Britta1915: description, economic importance, life history, 42
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 378, 379
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 300
BurgesGa1982: distribution, host, 108
Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185, 191-192
Bustsh1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
Carnes1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 220
CarrilCiMu1995: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 5-8
Charle1998: distribution, economic importance, 51
CharleAlWe1998: biological control, distribution, host, 93, 97
CharleHe2002: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 589-595,603-604
Charli1972: distribution, 215
Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156-159
Chou1986: illustration, 570, 594
Cocker1894: taxonomy, 33
Cocker1895x: distribution, host, 259-260
Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 337
Cocker1899f: distribution, taxonomy, 14
Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 275
Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 118-121, 124
Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 474-475, 579-582, 58
Costa1829: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21-22
CrouchGrWi2021: biology, control, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle,
Curtis1843e: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 735-736
Danzig1959: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 449
Danzig1959a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 879-886
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 841
Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 302-303
Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 356, 358
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 247, 248, 251-254
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 293-295
DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, phylogeny, 82
DaoBeWa2023: key, 1029
DeBach1964: biological control, distribution, host, 679
DeBach1964d: biological control, distribution, host, 12, 13
DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 38
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 282-283
Dingle1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 369-370
DooleySm2013: catalog, 12
Dougla1886: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 249-250
Dougla1886a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27, 28
Dougla1886c: description, 152
Dougla1912: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 222-225
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
DrakeGu1931: chemical control, distribution, host, illustration, 13
Draper1907: distribution, 15
DumasVa1950: biological control, 235
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
ErlerKoTu1996: distribution, host, 57
ErolYa1999: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 151
Ezzat1958: distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
FallahJa2017: distribution, natural enemies, 19, 34
Farooq1998: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 509-513
Fassot2003: life history, 24
Fassot2003a: life history, 60
Felt1901: distribution, host, taxonomy, 297-298
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 248,307,310,314-317
Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 22, 65
Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-76
Ferris1937a: taxonomy, 5
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 43, 48
Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446: 56
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
Fitch1855: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 735-742
Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 18-19
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
Foldi2003: distribution, 152
Foldi2003a: 7
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
FowjhaKo1999: distribution, host, 122
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 13,24
FrankKr1900: distribution, host, 90, 99
Frankl1952: economic importance, host, 12
Frogga1907: distribution, host, 374
Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-46
Gennad1895: description, distribution, host, cclxxvii
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
Gertss1997: distribution, host, illustration, 115, 116
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 152
Gertss2001: distribution, 127
Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 56
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 135
Ghabbo2001: taxonomy, 78
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 349
Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 11
Ghauri1962: distribution, host, taxonomy, 119, 212
Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168, 175-176, 188
Giraul1909: life history, 357
Glenn1920: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 173-177
Goethe1884: 188
GomesCRe1947: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 173-174
GomezM1937: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164, 180-184
GomezM1954: distribution, host, 121
GomezM1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 73, 94-95
GomezM1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 49, 90-94
GomezM1960G: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 169-170
Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle, natural enemies, taxonomy, 101, 105, 132, 182-186
Graora1997: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 127-137
Green1921: taxonomy, 199-200
Green1925: distribution, host, 44
Green1929: distribution, host, 378
Griswo1922: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 184-191
Griswo1925: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 5-55
GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 5
Hadzib1941: distribution, host, 187
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39-40
Hall1923: distribution, taxonomy, 54
HelsenBlTr1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, 145-149
Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 512-513
Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,11,33,105,106,111,
Heriot1931: life history, 6-13
Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 41-42
Hill1989a: economic importance, 177
Hodgso2020: key, 146
Hofer1903: description, distribution, host, 480-481
Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 33, 34, 69
Hought1904: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 44-47
HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 197
Hua2000: distribution, host, 154
HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860, 1934
Hudson1967: distribution, host, 92
Hunter1899: distribution, host, 14
Ibraim1961: distribution, host, 210
IspartYa2020: distribution, host, 57
IukhneMaMi1958: distribution, host, 19
Jansen2001: distribution, 201
JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 65
JaposhCe2010: distribution, 134
Jarvis1906: description, distribution, illustration, life history, 289-290
Jorgen1934: distribution, host, 278
Karsem1973: biological control, 122
Kawai1972: distribution, host, 35
Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 246-247
KaydanJa2010: host, natural enemies, 468
KeskinOzCi2022: distribution, host, taxonomy, 248
Kirkal1902: distribution, host, 111
Kirkal1904b: distribution, 158
Komosi1974: taxonomy, 361
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
KonstaKo1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103-106
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61-67, 80-83
Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 517, 526-528
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 351-355
Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
Koteja2000d: distribution, 243
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 483
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 69
Kozar1985: distribution, 203
Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 141
Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 95
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
KozarKoSa2002: catalog, distribution, 39
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 74
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 308
Kuwana1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4, 21-23
KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69, 72
LagowsKo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 32
LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 128
Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 254, 256-258
Leonar1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29, 60-63
Leonar1906c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18, 37-38
Leonar1908a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 190-191
Leonar1908b: description, distribution, host, 43
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 151, 157, 158
LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 248
Lindin1907: taxonomy, 6
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 212, 228, 371, 372,
Lindin1933c: taxonomy, 168
Lindin1934e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 154-155
Lindin1936: distribution, taxonomy, 149, 159
Lindin1936a: taxonomy, 444
Lindin1936b: taxonomy, 286
Lindin1954: taxonomy, 617
Linnae1758: description, host, 455
Lintne1895: distribution, host, taxonomy, 269
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 144
Lupo1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 72, 73-80, 86-91
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 284-285,374
MalumpBa2012: distribution, 29
MalumpHaSa2012: distribution, host, 7
MalumpHaSa2012: distribution, host, 7
MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 120-127
MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 253,260
MansouMkGr2011: distribution, economic importance, 315-322
Martin1983: distribution, host, 55
Maskel1879: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 192-194
Maskel1884: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 123
Maskel1887a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-53,59
MastenSeSi2016: distribution, host, 321-325
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
MastenSiMa2014: distribution, host, list,
Mateso1955a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92-99
MatesoMiIu1962: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34-35
MatesoMiIu1962a: taxonomy, 121
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 221
MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 357
MawFoHa2000: distribution, taxonomy, 45
McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 127, 129-130
McLeod1954: biological control, distribution, host, 24
Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-60
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 244
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 511
Miller1999: illustration, taxonomy, 14
Miller2005: distribution, 487
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 266
MillerDe2018: history, 7
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 306
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 39
MoghadTa2010: distribution, 36
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 11, 139, 158-160, 247
MoglanMo1997b: biological control, distribution, 51-52
MoraalJa2011: ecology, 53, 57
Morgan1888a: taxonomy, 45
Morgan1888b: illustration, taxonomy, 119
Morgan1890a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 226-228
Morley1909: biological control, 277
MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 85
Myers1922: distribution, 200
Myers1927LE: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 344-345
NarzikLu1966: taxonomy, 33
Newste1901a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 82
Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 194, 200-201
Newste1906: distribution, taxonomy, 72
Newste1907a: description, distribution, host, 10, 15
Nishid2002: catalog, 142
NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 24,59
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 39
OzgokcYaKa2001: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 318-320
Paik1958: distribution, host, 31
Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 359-361
Paoli1915: distribution, host, 266
Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,68
PellizFo1996: distribution, 122
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,298
PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
Picket1960: biological control, distribution, host, 202
PicketPa1953: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 474
PicketPuLe1958: biological control, 170
Pierce1917: economic importance, 121
PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
Podsia2002: structure, 159
PooleGe1997: distribution, 350
QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 7
QuaintSa1916: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2-6
Rasina1959: 133
Rasina1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
Reh1904: distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-22
Reyne1957: taxonomy, 33
Riley1873: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 73
Riley1874: description, distribution, 246
RileyHo1890a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 89
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
Ruhl1913: biological control, 80
Sachtl1944: taxonomy, 74
Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 74-75
Sander1909a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 56, 57
Sander1910: taxonomy, 60
Savesc1955: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 915-922
Savesc1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 197-200
Schmut1951: distribution, host, taxonomy, 129
Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 576-577
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 158-161
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 63, 94
Schran1801: description, host, 146-147
SchuhMo1948: biology, chemical control, diagnosis, distribution, host, 47
Seabra1941: distribution, 8
Severi1920: distribution, 10
Shalab1961: distribution, host, 216
Sherma1913: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, 1-23
ShiLi1991: host, 164
Shimer1868: distribution, host, taxonomy, 373
Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 94
Signor1870: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 95-96, 98-99
Signor1877: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 605-606
Silves1902: distribution, host, 146
SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
Smirno1950a: biological control, economic importance, 190
SmirnoPo1934: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 29-40
SmirnoPo1934a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 311-332, 406-414
SoriaMoVi2000: distribution, host, 338, 339
SrivasSi1966b: structure, 129
Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
Stalaz2021: distribution, 453, 463-465
Starne1897: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 26-27
Stimme1980b: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17-18
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 319, 328
Suh2020: distribution, host, 8, 12, 16, 17, 19
SureshMo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 253
Suter1932: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 347, 394-415
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137, 140
Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 82, 93
TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, 318
Takaha1955e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 69, 77
Tang1986: distribution, illustration, 275
Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
Tao1999: distribution, host, 96
Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 43, 50
TerGri1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 47-48
TerGri1962: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 142
Thiem1933a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 638-657
TorabiVaHo2010: distribution, host, 156
Treher1914a: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 24-25
Treher1915: distribution, 35
TrenchGoTr2008: distribution, host, 137-141
TrenchGoTr2009: distribution, host, 216, 221
TrenchPa1981: biological control, distribution, 35-37
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
Tsalev1967: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 59-66
Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86
Tschor1939: distribution, 90
Tullgr1906: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-87
TurnbuCh1961: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 703-704, 725
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
UlgentErKa2008: biological control, host, 253-264
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
UlgentKaKo2013: distribution, host, 28
Valent1963: biological control, distribution, 7, 8, 11
Valent1967: biological control, distribution, 1119, 1122, 1167
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 51
Venabl1939: distribution, host, 24
Viggia1987: biological control, 136,147
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
Webste1915: description, distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 371-375
Whitco1974: biological control, distribution, 154
Willia2002a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 156
Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 580
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 220, 234
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 8,11,12,17,29,44,46,
Wilson1917: distribution, host, illustration, 45
Wise1977: distribution, 110
Xie1998: description, distribution, taxonomy, 116-117
YadavaCh1968: taxonomy, 605
Yasar2020: distribution,
YigitTu2020: distribution, economic importance, host,
Zahrad1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 162
Zahrad1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 426-427