Podsiadlo, E. 2002 A note on the position of thoracic spiracles in Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccinea).. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 71: 159-164.

Notes: The paper presents results of the study on position of thoracic spiracles in Lepidosaphes ulmi and Quadraspidiotus zonatus. It is demonstrated that in feeding instars of Diaspididae, the mesothoracic spiracles are positioned on the prothorax. Such a migration of the anterior spiracles from the mesothorax was probably a result of degeneration of thoracic muscles following a loss of legs. The approach of the thoracic anterior spiracles to the mouthparts would help in supplying the highly active mandibulo-maxillary muscles with oxygen, and thus increases the intensity of gas exchange.