Valid Names Results
Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881 (Diaspididae: Parlatoria)Nomenclatural History
- Parlatoria pergandii Comstock 1881a: 327-328. Type data: UNITED STATES: Florida, on Citrus sp.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Parlatoria sinensis Maskell 1897a: 241. Type data: CHINA: Hong Kong, on Citrus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by McKenz1945, 54-55).
- Parlatoria proteus pergandei Comstock, 1881; Cockerell 1899a: 397. change in status (level) Notes: This is also a misspelling of "pergandii."
- Parlatoria pergandei Cockerell, 1899; Hunter 1900: 105. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria pergande Cockerell, 1899; Kuwana 1902: 78. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria (Euparlatoria) pergandii Comstock, 1881; Leonardi 1903a: 31. change of combination
- Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881; Leonardi 1903a: 14. change of combination Notes: Leonardi determined that Syngenaspis was a junior synonym of Parlatoria creating the combination Parlatoria pergandii.
- Parlatorea pergandei Lindinger 1912b: 112. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Syngenaspis pergandei (Cockerell, 1899); MacGillivray 1921: 250. change of combination
- Parlatoria pergandi Comstock, 1881; Melis 1930: 16. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoreopsis pergandii (Comstock, 1881); Kawai 1972: 22. change of combination
- Parlatoria pargandii Comstock, 1881; Kawai 1980: 191. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria pergadii Comstock, 1881; Kalshoven 1981: 165. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria pergandei Cockerell, 1899; Correa, et al. 2016: 640. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- black parlatoria scale MalipaDuSm2000
- chaff scale AAEE1931 Blicke1965 WatsonBe1937
- chaffy scale McDani1924
- Parlatoria gris Foldi2001
- Pergande's scale Borchs1966
- escama paja CoronaRuMo1997
- chermès de Pergand BerryWa2022
- kaf-dopluis BerryWa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 37 | Genera: 64
- Acanthaceae
- Thunbergia | Mamet1943a
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | MerrilCh1923
- Viburnum odoratissimum | Muraka1970 | var. awabuki
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera | MillerDa2005
- Mangifera indica | BerryWa2022
- Apiaceae
- Bupleurum spinosum | BicheArMe2022
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa | MerrilCh1923
- Hoya carnosa | CaliskUl2017
- Nerium oleander | Bodenh1943
- Rauvolfia | MillerDa2005
- Araceae
- Anthurium | Borchs1966
- Dieffenbachia | BugajNJuKa2021
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | Dean1909
- Yucca | McKenz1945 MillerDa2005
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis japonica | Costan1950
- Mahonia japonica | Costan1950
- Boraginaceae
- Tournefortia argentea | WilliaWa1988
- Brassicaceae
- Raphanus | MillerDa2005
- Bromeliaceae
- Tillandsia usneoides | TippinBe1975
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Morris1939a
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis philippensis | Robins1917
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Balach1953g MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Euonymus alatus | Hua2000
- Euonymus japonicus | CaliskUl2017
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia | Borchs1966
- Garcinia morella | Morris1939a
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MerrilCh1923
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | BatsanKaKi2017
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | Morris1939a
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | JansenAl2023
- Croton | Ramakr1919a
- Vernicia fordii | MerrilCh1923 | (= Aleurites fordii)
- Fabaceae
- Ceratonia siliqua | CaliskUl2017
- Inocarpus fagifer | WilliaWa1988
- Parkinsonia | MillerDa2005
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | Hua2000
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba | Fleury1935a MillerDa2005
- Aucuba japonica | Muraka1970
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum cassia | Tao1999
- Laurus | Borchs1966
- Laurus nobilis | CaliskUl2017
- Persea | MillerDa2005
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | HowardOl1985
- Moraceae
- Ficus | Hua2000
- Ficus citrifolia | Takagi1970 | (= Ficus foveolata)
- Ficus recurva | MartinWoCu2022
- Ficus retusa | Takagi1970
- Ficus sarmentosa | Hua2000 | var henryi
- Maclura | MillerDa2005
- Myrtaceae
- Callistemon | Borchs1966
- Eugenia | MerrilCh1923
- Myrtus communis | Morris1939a
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | MillerDa2005 Morris1939a
- Jasminum elongatum | Morris1939a | (= Jasminum undulatum)
- Jasminum sambac | EastonPu1999
- Osmanthus | MillerDa2005
- Osmanthus fragrans | Takaha1929
- Osmanthus heterophyllus | Paik1978 | (= Osmanthus ilicifolius)
- Orchidaceae
- Cymbidium | Takaha1929
- Cymbidium sinense | Takaha1929
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Takagi1970
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Eurya | Takaha1932a
- Eurya japonica | Hua2000
- Pinaceae
- Abies holophylla | Paik1978
- Rosaceae
- Malus domestica | BerryWa2022
- Malus pumila | WilliaWa1988
- Malus sylvestris | UlgentErYa2022
- Photinia | Tao1999
- Prunus domestica | BerryWa2022
- Prunus laurocerasus | Seghat1977
- Prunus salicina | BerryWa2022
- Pyracantha coccinea | CaliskUl2017
- Rutaceae
- Aegle marmelos | Ramakr1930 Sankar1984
- Aeglopsis chevalieri | FDACSB1983
- Atalantia | MillerDa2005
- Atalantia buxifolia | Morris1939a | (= Severinia buxifolia)
- Citrus | Comsto1881a Heu2002 MillerDa2005 | (= Fortunella)
- Citrus aurantiifolia | BerryWa2022
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov2012 Maskel1898 TakahaTa1956 | including var. natsudaidai (= Citrus myrtifolia)
- Citrus bigaradia | MoghadWa2021
- Citrus clementina | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus japonica | ColonFMe1998 CostaL1928 BicheArMe2022 | (= Fortunella margarita),
- Citrus latifolia | MartinWoCu2022
- Citrus limon | BenDov2012 Bodenh1926 Gee1912 | (= Citrus limetta)
- Citrus maxima | GomezM1941 Muraka1970 WilliaWa1988 | including Citrus grandis f. buntan
- Citrus medica | Hua2000 | including ssp. sarcodactylis
- Citrus paradisi | ColonFMe1998
- Citrus reticulata | BatsanKaKi2017 ColonFMe1998 Muraka1970 | (= citrus nobilis)
- Citrus sinensis | HowardOl1985 MifsudMaRu2014
- Citrus swinglei | YunusHo1980
- Citrus trifoliata | BicheArMe2022 | (= Citrus triptera)
- Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
- Pleiospermium alatum | Ramakr1930 Sankar1984
- Poncirus | MillerDa2005
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Hua2000
- Scolopia oldhamii | Takagi1970
- Scrophulariaceae
- Scrophulariaceae | Lindin1910b
- Solanaceae
- Lycium chinense | Hua2000
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Borchs1966 | (= Thea)
- Camellia japonica | Fleury1935a Takaha1929 | (= Thea japonica)
- Camellia sinensis | Tao1999
- Pyrenaria spectabilis | Morris1939a | (= Tutcheria spectabilis)
- Tutcheria | Borchs1966
Foes:
Families: 16 | Genera: 25
- Acaridae
- Thyreophagus | HertinSi1972 | (= Monieziella)
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | Sankar1984 BasheeAsRa2014 CaveMa1994
- Aphytis aonidiae | Hua2000
- Aphytis chilensis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Hua2000
- Aphytis comperei | CaveMa1994 DeBachRo1976a MyartsRu2000
- Aphytis diaspidis | Comsto1883 | (= Aphelinus fuscipennis)
- Aphytis hispanicus | Abbass1975 CaveMa1994 Fulmek1943 HertinSi1972 MyartsRu2000 SmailiAbBo2013 | (= Aphelinus argentinus)
- Aphytis lepidosaphes | BelgueBiBe2017
- Aphytis maculicornis | BasheeAsRa2014 Fulmek1943
- Aphytis melinus | BasheeAsRa2014 BenassOn1975 MalipaDuSm2000
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Hua2000
- Aphytis proclia | HertinSi1972
- Coccophagus lycimnia | MalipaDuSm2000
- Encarsia | GonzalHeSi1991 Statha2001 | (= Aspidiotiphagus)
- Encarsia berlesei | HuangPo1998
- Encarsia citrina | BasheeAsRa2014 HertinSi1972 HuangPo1998 Viggia1987 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia fasciata | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella fasciata)
- Encarsia inquirenda | Abbass1975 Fulmek1943 HuangPo1998 Viggia1987 | (= Prospaltella inquirenda)
- Encarsia lounsburyi | CaveMa1994
- Encarsia perniciosi | Hua2000 | (= Prospaltella perniciosi)
- Marietta carnesi | Hua2000
- Cecidomyiidae
- Lestodiplosis | Gerson1977
- Cheyletidae
- Cheletogenes ornatus | Gerson1977
- Cheletomimus berlesei | Gerson1977
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | WalkerDe1979
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Abbass1975 Gerson1977
- Chilocorus circumdatus | SmithBeBr1997
- Chilocorus schioedtei | WalkerDe1979
- Chilocorus stigma | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Novius pumila | WalkerDe1979
- Rhyzobius chrysomeloides | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Abbass1975 Statha2001 WalkerDe1979 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Rhyzobius pulchellus | Abbass1975 | (= Lindorus pulchellus)
- Sticholotis ruficeps | WalkerDe1979 | (= Sticholotis madegassa)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | HertinSi1972
- Cybocephalus fodori | Statha2001
- Cybocephalus micans | Gerson1977
- Eulophidae
- Horismenus albipes | CostaL1949 | (= Perhymenes schrottkyi)
- Eupalopsellidae
- Eupalopsis maseriensis | Gerson1977
- Saniosulus nudus | Gerson1977
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes coccophagus | Gerson1977
- Ichneumonidae
- Diadromus pulchellus | Abbass1975
- Nectriaceae
- Sphaerostilbe | GonzalHeSi1991
- Phlaeothripidae
- Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | BerryWa2022
- Phytoseiidae
- Typhlodromus | HertinSi1972
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | CaveMa1994
- Trombidiidae
- Allothrombium | HertinSi1972
- Tubeufiaceae
- Podonectria coccicola | XuZeLv2021
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 105
- Algeria | Newste1897a
- Argentina | Crouze1971 Morris1939a
- Buenos Aires | BerryWa2022
- Entre Rios | BerryWa2022
- Santa Fe | BerryWa2022
- Tucuman | NormarOkMo2019
- Australia | Morris1939a
- New South Wales | BerryWa2022
- Queensland | SmithBeBr1997
- Belize | MerrilCh1923
- Bermuda | Morris1939a
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Beards1966
- Brazil | Cocker1902p
- Bahia | Azeved1929a SilvadGoGa1968
- Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | Lepage1938
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Minas Gerais | BerryWa2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | Koszta1963
- Rio de Janeiro | CostaL1928 Hempel1900a
- Sao Paulo | Lepage1938
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1966
- Burma (=Myanmar) | Clause1933
- Cameroon | BerryWa2022
- Canada | Morris1939a
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001 Morris1939a
- Cayman Islands | BerryWa2022
- China
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | EastonPu1999
- Beijing (=Peking) | Tao1999
- Fujian (=Fukien) | ChenWo1936
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | ChenWo1936
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | EastonPu1999
- Hainan | EastonPu1999
- Hebei (=Hopei) | EastonPu1999
- Henan (=Honan) | EastonPu1999
- Hubei (=Hupei) | ChenWo1936
- Hunan | ChenWo1936
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | ChenWo1936
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | EastonPu1999
- Liaoning | EastonPu1999
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999
- Qinghai (=Chinghai) | EastonPu1999
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | EastonPu1999
- Shandong (=Shantung) | ChenWo1936
- Shanghai | EastonPu1999
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | EastonPu1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Tao1999
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Maskel1897a
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Tao1999
- Yunnan | EastonPu1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | ChenWo1936
- Colombia | Mosque1976
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Corsica | CorreaPaDu2016 Foldi2003
- Costa Rica | JansenAl2023
- Croatia | BerryWa2022
- Cuba | GonzalHeSi1991 Houser1918
- Cyprus | Georgh1977
- Czech Republic | BerryWa2022
- Czechoslovakia | DanzigPe1998
- Denmark | Tao1999
- Dominica | Morris1939a
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941
- Ecuador | Morris1939a
- Egypt | GhabboMo1996 Hall1923
- El Salvador | BerryWa2022
- Eritrea | BerryWa2022
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Dumble1954 Takaha1939b
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966 Takaha1939b
- Truk Islands | Beards1966 Takaha1941b
- France | Balach1931a Foldi2001 MerrilCh1923
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Gogibe1938
- Germany | MerrilCh1923
- Greece | Korone1934
- Grenada | Morris1939a
- Guatemala | Morris1939a
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Morris1939a
- Hawaiian Islands | Cocker1899q MillerDa2005
- Oahu | Heu2002 Zimmer1948
- Honduras | MerrilCh1923
- India | MerrilCh1923
- Bihar | BerryWa2022
- Karnataka | Sankar1984
- Kerala | BerryWa2022
- Rajasthan | Fletch1919 PruthiBa1960
- Tamil Nadu | Fletch1919 Sankar1984
- West Bengal | BerryWa2022
- Indonesia
- Irian Jaya | BerryWa2022
- Java | Kalsho1981 Morris1939a
- Sumatra | Morris1939a
- Iran | Kaussa1955 KozarFoZa1996
- Iraq | Bodenh1943
- Ireland | MerrilCh1923
- Israel | Bodenh1924 Bytins1966 Gerson1977
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995 MerrilCh1923
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 Morris1939a
- Jamaica | Maxwel1902
- Japan | Fleury1935a
- Honshu | TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | Kuwana1902 TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Jordan | BenDov2006a
- Kenya | GithaeOnNd2021 | MacharKiHe2021
- Laos | DaoBeWa2023
- Lebanon | Bodenh1926 KfouryEl1998
- Libya | Morris1939a
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malaysia | Clause1933
- Malta | Borg1919 MifsudMaRu2014
- Mexico | MerrilCh1923
- Coahuila | Cocker1899n
- Tamaulipas | NormarOkMo2019
- Montserrat | Ballou1912
- Morocco | LepineMi1931
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- New Zealand | Morris1939a
- Nicaragua | Fleury1935a
- Nigeria | Eguagi1975
- Niue | WilliaWa1988
- Norfolk Island | WilliaWa1988
- Pakistan | BerryWa2022
- Panama Canal Zone | Fleury1935a
- Peru | BerryWa2022
- Philippines
- Luzon | Robins1917
- Poland | LagowsGo2020
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Morris1939a
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Morris1939a
- Russia
- Caucasus | BerryWa2022
- Saint Croix | Nakaha1983
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Saint Kitts | Morris1939a
- Saint Lucia | Morris1939a
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Morris1939a
- Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995 Paoli1915
- Saudi Arabia | DanzigPe1998
- Senegal | Balach1953g
- Seychelles | Mamet1943a MerrilCh1923
- Sierra Leone | BerryWa2022
- Singapore | BerryWa2022
- Slovakia | BerryWa2022
- Slovenia | BerryWa2022
- Somalia | Balach1953g
- South Africa | Bedfor1998a Brain1919
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 Suh2016
- Spain | GomezM1937 MerrilCh1923
- Switzerland | Tao1999
- Syria | Morris1939a
- Taiwan | Takaha1929
- Tanzania | BerryWa2022
- Thailand | Takaha1942b
- Togo | BerryWa2022
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Fleury1935a
- Tunisia | BerryWa2022
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 CaliskUl2017
- United Kingdom
- England | Green1915a
- United States
- Alabama | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- California | Carnes1907 MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Florida | Comsto1881a MillerDa2005
- Georgia | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Illinois | MillerDa2005
- Indiana | Amos1933 MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Kansas | Hunter1900 MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | Barber1910 HowardOl1985 MillerDa2005
- Maryland | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Massachusetts | King1899c
- Mississippi | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Missouri | Hollin1923 MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | Weiss1916
- New York | FeltMo1928 MillerDa2005
- North Carolina | MillerDa2005 Morris1939a
- Ohio | MillerDa2005 Sander1904a
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Trimbl1928
- South Carolina | Gee1912 MillerDa2005
- Texas | McDani1972a MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Virginia | MillerDa2005 Morris1939a
- Washington | MillerDa2005
- Vietnam | DaoBeWa2018 Suh2016
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Yugoslavia | Morris1939a
- Zanzibar | Lindin1910b
Keys
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.188-189 ( Adult (F) ) [Parlatoria in Iran]
- DaoBeWa2018: pp.88-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Citrus diaspidids in Viet Nam]
- Tanaka2010: pp.180-183 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Parlatoria species of Japan]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-33 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.113 ( ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Puerto Rico]
- Gill1997: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Parlatoria]
- Koszta1996: pp.551 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Northeastern North American species of Parlatoria]
- Danzig1993: pp.83 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Chou1985: pp.221 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- HowardOl1985: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Parlatoria species of Louisiana]
- Wang1982c: pp.78 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Paik1978: pp.370 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Beards1966: pp.550 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria known from Micronesia]
- Takagi1960: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Japanese species of Parlatoria]
- Balach1958b: pp.322 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Ezzat1958: pp.250 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Egypt]
- GomezM1956: pp.55 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- McKenz1956: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Balach1953g: pp.779 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- McKenz1952: pp.16 ( ) [Revised key to species of Parlatoria]
- Borchs1950b: pp.171 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Zimmer1948: pp.396 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria] Key as: Parlatoria pergandei
- Hall1946a: pp.528 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Parlatoria species of the Ethiopian Region]
- McKenz1945: pp.80 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:59 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Morris1939a: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Kuwana1925: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Japanese species of Parlatoria]
- Britto1923: pp.380 ( ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Connecticut]
- Hollin1923: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria in Missouri]
- Robins1917: pp.27 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Newste1901b: pp.140 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Cocker1900k: pp.350 ( Adult (F) ) [Table to separate the commoner scales (Coccidae) of the orange] Key as: Parlatoria pergandei
Remarks
- Systematics: Parlatoria pergandii often occurs with Unaspis citri, Aonidiella aurantii and Lepidosaphes beckii, mainly on the limbs and trunks but also on twigs, leaves and fruit. P. pergandii can be distinguished from the other scales by the irregular oval shape of its scale cover and the purple color of its body (Smith et al., 1997). According to Balachowsky (1953g), many records of P. pergandii actually refer to P. theae.
- Structure: Cover of adult female 1.0–2.0 mm long, circular to oval, translucent light tan or grey-brown, with terminal exuviae slightly darker yellow-brown with a longitudinal median stripe. Cover of immature male smaller than that of adult female, elongate, 1.0 mm long, tan to light brown, with yellow-brown terminal exuviae, often marked with a median greenish stripe (Berry & Watson 2022).
- Biology: Adult female produces purple eggs which hatch into crawlers, which develop through two juvenile stages. Life cycle takes about 2 months. In Queensland Australia there are 5-6 generations per year (Smith et al., 1997). Chaff scale is reported to have 3 or 4 generations each year in Israel (Gerson 1967), 4 generations in Florida (Watson 1926), 3 generations in Alabama (English 1933), and 5 or 6 generations in Australia (Smith et al. 1997). This pest overwinters in all stages in Israel (Gerson 1967, Bodenheimer 1951), although it is reported to be predominately in the adult female form in the winter in Italy, with 14 15% of the population in the second instar (Lauricella 1957). Under normal circumstances, field populations have overlapping generations with all stages present at all times during the year (Bodenheimer 1951). Gerson (1967) found higher percentages of ovipositing females at 3 or 4 times during the year and therefore suggested that there were 3 or 4 generations. Extensive overlap of generations probably is caused by the long oviposition period. Bodenheimer (1951) reported a single female that oviposited for a period of 76 days, laying 1 or 2 eggs each day. The average number of eggs laid by each female is about 88, and hatching may require up to 2 weeks. Watson (1926) reported that crawlers were most abundant in Florida in March and April and again in September and October. Population lows occur in the dry summer months in Israel (Bodenheimer 1951, Gerson 1967). Chaff scale prefers well established trees that are 10 years or older. It most often is found on the inner parts of the tree and apparently prefers shady, humid areas on the host. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Although some consider chaff scale to be a relatively minor pest of citrus (Rosen and DeBach 1978), it is included in every table presented by Rose (1990b) summarizing pests of citrus from various areas of the world. It is reported to be a very important pest in southern Japan and Italy, and an important pest in Spain, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Southeast Asia, Central America, Mexico, Florida, and Texas (Talhouk 1975). Under very dry conditions it causes severe twig damage in Texas (Dean 1955) and causes green areas on the ripe fruit of citrus (Gerson 1967) making it unsalable as fresh fruit. This pest apparently is not as much of a problem in young citrus groves but usually is found on trees 10 years and older. Biological control probably will be most successful with Aphytis comperei and A. paramaculicornis; A. hispanicus frequently is collected from chaff scale but it is not always effective (Rosen and DeBach 1979). This species is occasionally considered a pest of hosts other than citrus. In China it causes damage to camphor trees, Cinnamomum camphora (Shen and Liu 1990), and magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora (Chao and Zeng 1997); and in India it is a pest of pepper, Piper nigrum (Koya et al. 1996). Beardsley and González (1975) consider this to be one of 43 major armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) treat this species as a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Williams & Watson (1988). In northern countries (Ireland), it is only found under glass. (O'Connor, et al., 2013) Color photograph in Berry & Watson (2022).
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1931: taxonomy, 1305
- Abbass1975: biological control, ecology, economic importance, life history, 179-184
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 37
- Ali1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- Amos1933: distribution, host, 207
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 996-1003
- Andrie1932: distribution, host, 25
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- AvidovHa1969: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 220-222
- Azeved1929a: distribution, host, 126
- Balach1931a: distribution, host, 98
- Balach1938a: distribution, host, 153
- Balach1946: distribution, 213
- Balach1953g: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 779, 816-817
- Balach1958b: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 322, 330, 333
- Ballou1912: distribution, host, 77
- Ballou1923: distribution, 86
- Barber1910: distribution, host, 425
- BasheeAsRa2014: biological control, distribution, host, 50-52
- BatcheWe1948: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 715-716
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 260
- BazaroSh1970: distribution, taxonomy, 110
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 550, 551
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- Beccar1959: distribution, host, 80
- Bedfor1998a: distribution, host, 159
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 124, 127, 129
- Bellio1929a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 229-232
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 32, 44
- BenassOn1975: biological control, distribution, host, 26
- BerryWa2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 517
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 12
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 509
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 290, 313
- BockTa1995: distribution, host, 360
- Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62
- Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 44
- Bodenh1930: distribution, 14
- Bodenh1943: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10, 28
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147, 152-156
- Bodenh1951a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 321-333
- Bodenh1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 41
- BoratyWi1964a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 104
- Borchs1936: distribution, host, 121
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 86, 88-89
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 171
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 195-196
- Borg1919: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20-21
- Borg1922: distribution, host, taxonomy, 79
- BourijBo1982: distribution, life history, 303-315
- Boyce1950: taxonomy, 744
- BoyeroAnMo2000: economic importance, 673
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 212-213
- Brain1929: distribution, host, 141
- Brick1910: distribution, host, 10
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 380-381
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 300
- BurditBa1981: economic importance, 88
- Butche1959: distribution, host, 364
- Bytins1966: distribution, 29
- CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 344-345
- Cardin1915: distribution, host, 120
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 44-45
- Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 221-222
- CaveMa1994: biological control, 5
- CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 7
- ChapotDe1964: distribution, host, 223
- CharleHe2002: distribution, taxonomy, 590,609
- Chen1936: distribution, host, taxonomy, 211, 227-228
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 102-103
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 101
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 237-239
- Chou1986: illustration, 630
- Clause1933: distribution, host, 17, 26
- Cocker1894d: distribution, 312
- Cocker1897p: taxonomy, 592
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 397
- Cocker1899n: distribution, 31
- Cocker1899q: distribution, 164
- Cocker1900k: distribution, host, 350
- Cocker1902d: taxonomy, 59
- Cocker1902p: distribution, 257
- CockerRo1915a: host, taxonomy, 426
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 116
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 327-328
- Comsto1883: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 113
- Comsto1916: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 476, 574
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- CorreaPaDu2016: biological control, distribution, economic importance, natural enemies, 640
- CostaL1928: distribution, host, 127
- CostaL1936: distribution, host, 196
- CostaL1942: taxonomy, 275
- CostaL1949: biological control, 71, 75
- Costan1950: distribution, host, 14
- Craw1896: chemical control, distribution, host, 41-42
- Crouze1971: distribution, economic importance, 200
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1972: distribution, taxonomy, 219
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 83, 95, 98-99
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 330
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, key, morphology, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: distribution, host, key, phylogeny, 1022, 1029, 1031
- DarvasAbCa1994: taxonomy, 52
- DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 145, 177
- DeBachRo1976a: biological control, distribution, 543
- DeSant1979: distribution, host, 312, 330, 340
- Dean1909: distribution, host, 275
- DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 42
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 13, 106
- Dingle1924: distribution, host, 371
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- Dumble1954: distribution, host, 44
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- EastonPu1999: distribution, host, 103
- Eguagi1975: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 99-107
- Esaki1940: distribution, host, 413
- Esaki1940a: distribution, economic importance, 278
- Essig1909: distribution, host, 33
- Essig1926: distribution, host, 305
- Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 250
- FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 7
- FeltMo1928: distribution, 202
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, structure, 319-321
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-88
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-445:7, SIV-446:5
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 304
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 27-28
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- Foldi2003: distribution, 152
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 14-15,24
- FrankKr1900: distribution, host, 104
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, description, 57, 78
- GarciaRo1995:
- GarciaRo1995: life history, 119
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 243
- Gee1912: distribution, host, 485
- Georgh1977: distribution, host, 152
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- Gerson1967: distribution, host, life history, 872-873
- Gerson1977: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 21-53
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 354
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, taxonomy, 425
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 217, 219-220, 226
- GithaeOnNd2021: distribution, host, 81
- Gogibe1938: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45-46
- GomezC1943: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 312
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 146, 150-154
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 138-139
- GomezM1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55, 66-71
- GomezM1965: distribution, host, 90
- GonzalHeSi1991: distribution, host, 434
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, 35
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 631
- Green1905a: taxonomy, 350
- Green1915a: distribution, host, 184
- Green1916: distribution, host, 30
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173-176
- GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 6
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 201-202, 276
- Hall1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 528, 551
- Hariri1972: distribution, economic importance, 145
- HasemaJo1934: chemical control, 15
- Haywar1944: distribution, host, 7
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 510-511
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 42
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 187
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 47
- Hewitt1943: taxonomy, 267
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 6
- Hollin1923: distribution, taxonomy, 34, 67
- Houser1918: distribution, host, taxonomy, 170-171
- HowardOl1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70-71
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 198
- Hua2000: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859, 1894
- Hunter1900: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105
- Hunter1902: taxonomy, 144
- IzraylGe1995a:
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 27,34
- Kalsho1981: distribution, host, 165
- Kaussa1946a: distribution, host, 8
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 18
- Kaussa1970: distribution, host, 8
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, 22
- Kawai1977: distribution, taxonomy, 22
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 191
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 18
- KfouryEl1998: distribution, 38
- King1899c: distribution, host, 228
- King1902b: distribution, host, 59
- Kiritc1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
- Kiritc1935: distribution, host, 4
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 18
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33-35, 39
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 553, 555-556
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 68
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 78
- Kuwana1925: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 6, 7-10
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 72
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Lal1952: distribution, host, 62
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 248-250
- LeonKo2017: biological control, chemical control, diagnosis, host, illustration, importance, natural enemies, 67-70
- Leonar1899a: taxonomy, 209
- Leonar1903a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 15, 31-36
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, 414
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 248
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 47
- Lindin1911: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 129-130
- Lindin1912b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 112
- Lindin1914: taxonomy, 116, 118
- Lindin1924: taxonomy, 176
- Lindin1928: distribution, host, 105
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 142
- Lindin1936: distribution, 150
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 150
- Liotta1983: biological control, distribution, life history, 553-561
- Lobdel1937: physiology, 78
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
- Lupo1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 41, 67-73
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 250
- MacharKiHe2021: distribution, host, 5
- MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 3, 122
- Malump2012b: distribution, 211
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 77
- Mamet1943a: 164
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 59
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 43
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 6
- Maskel1897a: distribution, host, 241
- Maskel1898: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 228-229
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- Maxwel1902: distribution, 248
- McDani1924: distribution, host, life history, 42
- McDani1972a: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 330
- McKenz1945: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54, 70-71, 80
- McKenz1952: taxonomy, 16
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 140, 143
- Medler1980: distribution, 89
- Melis1930: distribution, host, 16
- Merril1953: distribution, host, 67-68
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 246-247
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 512
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 324
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 4
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 47
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, 189, 196-197, 249
- Morris1939a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-20, 30
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- Mosque1976: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 55, 93
- MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 90
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 67
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 10, 25
- MyartsRuCo2016: economic importance, 82
- Myers1926: distribution, host, 107
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 402
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 67
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 13-14
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 35
- Newste1897a: distribution, host, 99
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 140, 143-147
- Newste1907a: distribution, host, 11
- Newste1907a: distribution, host, 15
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 28, 84, S6
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 40
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 201
- Paik1958: distribution, host, 31
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 370-371
- Palmer1905: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 138
- PanisCaLi1977: distribution, host, 139-143
- Paoli1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 268
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 72
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 122
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 487,503
- PerezG2008: distribution, 214
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- Priore1964: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 155
- PruthiBa1960: distribution, host, 29, 68
- PruthiMa1945: distribution, economic importance, host, 12
- Quayle1938a: distribution, host, 300
- Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 361
- Ramakr1924: distribution, host, 342
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33, 34
- RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8146
- Reyne1961: distribution, 121
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27, 28
- RodrigGa1990:
- RodrigGaRo2004: chemical control, life history, 569-575
- RodrigNaVa2019: host, 468
- RosenDe1973: biological control, distribution, 219
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, host, 117-118
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 762
- RugmanAnMo2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 33,35,36
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, 33
- Ryan1946: distribution, economic importance, 125
- Ryan1946: distribution, 125
- Salaza1999: control, 34
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75-76
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 1, 32, 43
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 19
- SilvadGoGa1968: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 182
- Simant1973: control,
- SmailiAbBo2013: biological control, 157
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 76-77
- SotoCoAl1994: chemical control, 357
- Statha2001: biological control, distribution, host, 207-214
- Suh2016: key, 321
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 2, 4, 6, 14
- SureshMo1996: distribution, host, 256
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70
- Takagi1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 139
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 77
- Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 103
- Takaha1937a: distribution, host, 74
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, 269
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 219
- Takaha1942b: distribution, 44
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 13
- Talhou1973: distribution, 459
- Tanaka2010: taxonomy, 180-181
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 122-123
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 128
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 86
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 106
- TaoChYa2004: biological control, 161-163
- TatemaSoKa2004: description, taxonomy, 145
- TippinBe1975: distribution, host, 50
- TrabouBe1965: biological control, distribution, 2, 5, 9
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 47
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 213
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErKa2008: biological control, host, 253-264
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S121
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 431
- Viggia1987: biological control, 136
- VitoriZaMa2013: description, distribution, host, 176-179
- WalkerDe1979: biological control, distribution, 77
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1982c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78-80
- Wardle1929: taxonomy, 260, 374
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- WatsonBe1937: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 26-28
- Weiss1916: distribution, host, 24
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 229
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 202, 208-209
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, 13-14
- Wilson1921: distribution, host, 25
- Wise1977: distribution, taxonomy, 111
- Wu1935: distribution, host, 244
- XuZeLv2021: entomopathogenic fungi, 1
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 273
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 34
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 169
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 396, 399-400
