Valid Names Results
Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coccidae: Pulvinaria)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus vitis Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: on Vitis vinifera.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material lost; D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
- Coccus carpini Linnaeus 1758: 455. Type data: EUROPE: on Carpinus.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 51). Notes: Type material lost (D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov).
- Coccus oxyacanthae Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: on Crataegus oxyacantha.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 51). Notes: Type material lost (D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
- Coccus betulae Linnaeus 1758: 455. nomen nudum (discovered by Willia2007b, 441).
- Coccus crataegi Fabricius 1775. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Willia2007b, 449).
- Coccus betulae Fabricius 1776: 304. Type data: EUROPE: on Betula alba. EUROPE: on Betula alba.. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Willia2007b, 441). Notes: Type material lost.
- Coccus mespili Goeze 1778: 345. junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 31).
- Coccus mespili Gmelin 1790: 2221. junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 130).
- Chermes carpini (Linnaeus, 1758); Olivier 1792: 441. change of combination
- Chermes crataegi (Fabricius, 1775); Olivier 1792: 442. change of combination
- Calypticus spumosus Costa 1829: 10. Type data: ITALY: San Jorio, on Quercus sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1869a, 875). Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov).
- Coccus salicis Fitch 1851: 69. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem at the footbridge.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA; New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1910, 60).
- Lecanium crataegi (Fabricius, 1775); Walker 1852: 1073. change of combination
- Lecanium maclurae Fitch 1855: 38. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, on Maclura aurantiaca.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909, 433).
- Lecanium americanum Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 731. replacement name that is unjustified Replacement name for Coccus salicis Fitch
- Pulvinaria betulae (Fabricius, 1776); Signoret 1873a: 31. change of combination
- Pulvinaria carpini (Linnaeus, 1758); Signoret 1873a: 34. change of combination
- Pulvinaria oxyacanthae (Linnaeus, 1758); Signoret 1873a: 40. change of combination
- Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus, 1758); Signoret 1873a: 45. change of combination
- Pulvinaria populi Signoret 1873: 42. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, on Populus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 55).
- Pulvinaria ribesiae Signoret 1873a: 43. Type data: FRANCE: Clamart, on 'grosseillier sanguin' [=currant].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 55).
- Pulvinaria betulae alni Douglas 1891b: 100. Type data: ENGLAND: Lewisham, on Alnus glutinosa.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912, 375).
- Pulvinaria maclurae (Fitch, 1855); Cockerell 1894a: 32. change of combination
- Pulvinaria innumerabilis tiliae King & Cockerell 1898: 286. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Methuen, Lawrence and Andover, on Tilia americana.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 433).
- Pulvinaria tiliae King & Cockerell, 1898; King 1901i: 314. change of combination
- Pulvinaria hunteri King 1901c: 144. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Kansas City, and Lawrence, on maple and on honey locust [=Gleditsia triacanthos].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 433).
- Pulvinaria vitis opacus King in Reh 1903: 461. nomen nudum (discovered by BenDov1993, xxiv).
- Pulvinaria vitis sorbusae Reh 1903: 461. nomen nudum (discovered by BenDov1993, xxiv).
- Pulvinaria vitis sorbusae King 1903: 461. nomen nudum (discovered by BenDov1993, xxiv).
- Pulvinaria vitis verrucosae Reh 1903: 461. nomen nudum (discovered by BenDov1993, xxiv).
- Pulvinaria vitis verrucosae King 1903: 461. nomen nudum (discovered by BenDov1993, xxiv).
- Pulvinaria (Pulvinaria) betulae; Danzig 1980b: 263. subsequent use
- Pulvinaria vites (Linnaeus, 1758); Tang 1984b: 127. misspelling of species epithet
- Pulvinaria vitis; Malumphy 1991: 5. subsequent use
- Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus, 1758); Ben-Dov 1993: 288. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- cottony grape scale BenDov1993
- cottony vine scale BenDov1993 Gill1988
- The Coccus of Vitis vinifera Linnae1758
- Bag tobali kosnili KondoWaGa2022a
- cocciniglia cotonosa della vite KondoWaGa2022a
- cochinilla algodonosa de la vid KondoWaGa2022a
- cochonilha-vermelha-da-vinha KondoWaGa2022a
- Johannisbeerwollaus KondoWaGa2022a
- подушечница виноградная KondoWaGa2022a
- vinskjoldlus KondoWaGa2022a
- wijngaarddopluis KondoWaGa2022a
- tok yostiqsimon qurti SobiroZoQa2024
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 16 | Genera: 35
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | Balach1934a KozarzRe1975 TerGri1956
- Alnus alnobetula | Danzig1978a | ssp. fruticosa (= Alnaster fruticosa)
- Alnus glutinosa | GomezM1958b Terezn1963a
- Alnus incana | KotejaZa1966
- Alnus maximowiczii | Danzig1980b
- Betula | KozarzRe1975 TerGri1956
- Betula ermanii | Danzig1980b
- Betula glandulosa | Danzig1978a | (= Betula exilis)
- Betula nana | Gertss2005
- Betula pendula | Danzig1980b Hodgso1994a Koteja1983a KozarGuBa1994 KozarPaPa1991 | including ssp. mandshurica (= Betula mandshurica) (= Betula tauschii) (= Betula verrucosa)
- Betula platyphylla | Danzig1980b
- Betula pubescens | GomezM1948 GomezM1958b Terezn1963a | (= Betula alba)
- Carpinus | KosztaKo1988F Linnae1758 TerGri1962
- Carpinus betulus | Kozar1980
- Corylus | KosztaKo1988F MalumpKa2011a
- Corylus avellana | KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 ZakOgaKo1964
- Ostrya carpinifolia | UlgentErYa2022
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus europaeus | KozarOrKo1977
- Fabaceae
- Robinia | Moghad2013a
- Fagaceae
- Fagus | KosztaKo1988F
- Quercus | UlgentDo2019
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | Danzig1994 Green1928 TerGri1956 | (= Grossularia)
- Ribes meyeri | Mateso1968
- Ribes nigrum | Hodgso1994a HodgsoHe2000 Mateso1968
- Ribes rubrum | Danzig1978a Kozar1985a Kozar1986 KozarGuBa1994
- Ribes sachalinense | Danzig1980b
- Ribes spicatum | Mateso1968 | ssp. hispidulum (= Ribes hispidulum )
- Ribes uva-crispa | Koteja1964 KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1983 KozarzRe1975 | (= Ribes grossularia)
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans | KosztaKo1988F
- Juglans regia | Kozar1980 TerGri1954
- Malvaceae
- Tilia | KosztaKo1988F
- Moraceae
- Ficus carica | Moghad2013a
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus mandshurica | Danzig1980b
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | UlgentErYa2022
- Rosaceae
- Armeniaca | Bodenh1944b
- Cotoneaster | Danzig1994
- Crataegus | Bazaro1971c Canard1965 TerGri1956
- Crataegus chlorosarca | Danzig1980b
- Crataegus laciniata | Rungs1948
- Crataegus monogyna | Kozar1980
- Crataegus rhipidophylla | GomezM1958b Green1928 Kozar1980 KozarSu1979 Linnae1758 | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
- Cydonia | KosztaKo1988F
- Cydonia oblonga | Potaev1993
- Malus | KosztaKo1988F
- Malus domestica | UlgentErYa2022 | (-= Malus communis)
- Mespilus | KosztaKo1988F
- Prunus | HodgsoHe2000 KosztaKo1988F
- Prunus armeniaca | HodgsoHe2000
- Prunus domestica | Kozar1980
- Prunus persica | HodgsoHe2000 Kozar1980
- Pyracantha coccinea | KozarPaPa1991
- Pyrus | KosztaKo1988F
- Pyrus communis | HodgsoHe2000 | including ssp. caucasia
- Rosa | KosztaKo1988F
- Sorbus | KozarzRe1975
- Sorbus aucuparia | Green1921 Green1931a Danzig1994 Koteja1971a Koteja1983a ZakOgaKo1964
- Sorbus commixta | Danzig1980b
- Spiraea hypericifolia | Mateso1968
- Spiraea media | Danzig1978a
- Spiraea salicifolia | Danzig1980b
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Archan1930 HodgsoHe2000 TerGri1954 TerGri1956 TerGri1962
- Populus nigra | UlgentDo2019
- Populus tremula | GomezM1958b Koteja1971a Koteja1983a Stalaz2021
- Salix | Archan1930 Danzig1977a Koteja1971a KotejaZa1966 Kozar1983a KozarWa1986 KozarzRe1975
- Salix alba | UlgentDo2019
- Salix arenaria | Koteja1971a
- Salix caprea | Danzig1980b Koteja1983a ZakOgaKo1964
- Salix cinerea | Gertss2000
- Salix pentandra | KozarOrKo1977
- Salix rosmarinifolia | KozarWa1986
- Salix sachalinensis | Danzig1980b
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | KosztaKo1988F
- Aesculus | KosztaKo1988F
- Aesculus hippocastanum | Kozar1980 KozarSu1979
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix gallica | Balach1937
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | UlgentDo2019
- Vitaceae
- Ampelopsis vitifolia | Moghad2013a | (= Vitis persica
- Vitis | Granar1999 KozarzRe1975 Potaev1993
- Vitis vinifera | Argyri1983 Balach1927 GomezM1958b Hodgso1994a Kozar1980 Linnae1758 TerGri1956
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 16
- Anthribidae
- Brachytarsus fasciatus | Pelliz1997a
- Brachytarsus nebulosus | Pelliz1997a
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus gigas | Pelliz1997a
- Coccophagus insidiator | Pelliz1997a Schmut1955b Schmut1972a
- Coccophagus lycimnia | ArgyriStMo1976 DemiroKaJa2005 Pelliz1997a
- Coccophagus piceae | Bolu2012
- Coccophagus scutellaris | Pelliz1997a Schmut1972a
- Coccophagus shillongensis | DervisStGr2021
- Chamaemyiidae
- Leucopis albipuncta | Pelliz1997a | (= Leucopis nigricornis)
- Leucopis annulipes | Pelliz1997a
- Leucopis silesiaca | Pelliz1997a Schmut1972a
- Leucopomyia silesiaca | DervisDrGr2024
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysoperla carnea | Pelliz1997a
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | GiurcaToMu2024
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | GiurcaToMu2024
- Encyrtidae
- Cheiloneurus paralia | Pelliz1997a Schmut1972a | (= Cheiloneurus formosus)
- Encyrtus albitarsis | Pelliz1997a Schmut1955b Schmut1972a
- Metaphycus dispar | GuerriNo2000
- Metaphycus insidiosus | Pelliz1997a
- Microterys cneus | FallahJa2017
- Microterys duplicatus | Pelliz1997a Schmut1972a
- Microterys lunatus | FallahJa2017
- Trichomasthus cyaneus | FallahJa2017
- Heterorhabditidae
- Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | GiurcaToMu2024
- Pteromalidae
- Eunotus obscurus | DervisStMi2024
- Pachyneuron muscarum | DervisStMi2024
- Steinernematidae
- Steinernema carpocapsae | GiurcaToMu2024
- Steinernema feltiae | GiurcaToMu2024
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Betaflexiviridae
- GVA virus | HerrbaAlPr2017 HommayAlRe2021
- Closteroviridae
- GLRaV-1 | HommayAlRe2021
- GLRaV-3 | BahderPoAl2013 HerrbaAlPr2017 HommayAlRe2021
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 55
- Algeria | Balach1927
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | Granar1999
- Armenia | TerGri1954 TerGri1956 TerGri1962
- Austria | KosztaKo1988F Malump2011a
- Azerbaijan | BugajNJuKa2021
- Brazil | BenDov1993
- Bulgaria | Tsalev1968 Tschor1939
- Canada
- Alberta | NewtonGlMa2011
- Ontario | Koszta1996 Philli1955
- China | Tang1991
- Corsica | Foldi2003
- Crete | Argyri1983 KozarPaPa1991
- Croatia | Masten2007 Masten2007a MastenIvSi2009
- Czech Republic | Sulc1912
- Denmark | Gertss2001
- Finland | BenDov1993
- France | Balach1934a Balach1937 Foldi2000 Germai2011
- Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1993
- Germany | SchmutHo2016
- Greece | ArgyriStMo1976
- Hungary | Kozar1980 Kozar1991 KozarDr1991 KozarKiSa2004 KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979 KozarWa1986
- Iran | Bodenh1944b Kaussa1957 KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009
- Ireland | BenDov1993 OConnoGeMa2013
- Israel | BenDovZaOp2000
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | KondoWaGa2022a
- Japan | BenDov1993
- Jordan | BenDov1993
- Kazakhstan | BenDov1993
- Latvia | Rasina1955
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009
- Luxembourg | BenDov1993 | GertssSc2020
- Malta | Borg1932
- Moldova | KozarOs1987
- Mongolia | BenDov1993
- Morocco | Rungs1948
- Netherlands | Jansen1995 Jansen2000
- New Zealand | HodgsoHe2000
- Norway | BenDov1993
- Poland | Kaweck1935 Koteja1964 Koteja1971a KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 KotejaZa1983 ZakOgaKo1964
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Teodor2018
- Russia
- Altay Kray | BenDov1993
- Irkutsk Oblast | BenDov1993
- Primor'ye Kray | BenDov1993
- Sakhalin Oblast | BenDov1993
- Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR | Kozar1985a
- Volgograd Oblast | Gavril2004
- Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a
- Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR | BenDov1993
- Sardinia | Melis1930 Pelliz2011
- Serbia | DervisDrGr2024
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Spain | GomezM1946 GomezM1958b
- Sweden | Gertss2000 Gertss2001 Gertss2005
- Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | Bazaro1971c
- Turkey | CebeciSe2004 DemiroKaJa2005 KaydanUlEr2007 UlgentTo2001
- Turkmenistan | Archan1930 Potaev1993
- Ukraine | BenDov1993
- Odessa Oblast | KosztaKo1983
- United Kingdom
- Channel Islands | Green1925b
- England | Green1920 Green1921 Green1928 Green1931a Hodgso1994a Newste1900a
- Scotland | Green1927a
- United States
- California | Ferris1920b
- Kansas | BenDov1993
- Massachusetts | KingCo1898
- New York | Barnes1988 Koszta1996
- Oregon | SchuhMo1948
- Uzbekistan | SobiroZoQa2024
- Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a
Keys
- TanakaKa2022a: pp.447-448 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria species in Japan]
- CaoFe2020: pp.233-234 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in China]
- Lagows2020: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Poland]
- LagowsGoMi2018: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Poland]
- HodgsoHe2000: pp.212 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
- Jansen2000: pp.2-3 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands]
- Granar1999: pp.144 ( Adult (F) ) [Argentina]
- Koszta1996: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Tang1991: pp.253 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Gill1988: pp.85 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
- Borchs1957: pp.228 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Remarks
- Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae A, Pulvinarini (Choi & Lee, 2019) Williams (2007b) provided a most detailed study of the nomenclature of this species. Until the 1990's varying interpretation were recognized in Coccidae taxonomy as to the taxonomic and biological identity of the nominal species Pulvinaria vitis and its junior synonyms. Borchsenius (1957) and Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) regarded each of P. vitis, P. betulae, P. oxyacanthae, P. populi and P. ribesiae as a distinct species. The biological and morphometric studies by Malumphy (1991) and Lagowska (1996, 1997) have settled this issue and confirmed that Pulvinaria vitis is the senior synonym of one species exhibiting a wide intraspecific morphological variation, which is affected by environmental parameters such as host plant and temperature.
- Structure: The wrinkled adult female scale is dark brown, 5-7 mm long and ranging from round to heart-shaped convex shape (see Appendix, The adult male is only 1.5 mm in length, pink to red in colour and winged. The first-instar nymphs are only 0.5 mm in length, elongated oval in shape and range in colour from brown to dark yellow. (Mitchell, et al., 2011) (See colour photograph in Gill (1988) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).
- Biology: Develops one annual generation in Europe on its natural host plants, as well as on others onto which it was transferred (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988; Malumphy, 1991; Lagowska, 1996); in Ontario, Canada (Phillips, 1962, 1963). In England, when reared at 25oC in insectary a second generation developed in January (Malaumphy, 1991, Lagowska (1996). Lagowska (1996) observed in Poland, both bisexual and unisexual populations. In bisexual populations the sex ratio is affected by the host plant (Lagowska, 1996). Phillips (1962, 1963) observed that it is parthenogentic in Ontario, Canada.
- Economic Importance: A pest of grapevine in Europe (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988), peaches in Canada, Ontario (Phillips, 1955, 1963). The infestation rate on fruit trees in Lublin, Poland studied by Lagowska (1984). Natural enemies on peach in Canada, Ontario studied by Phillips (1963). Chemical control studied by Smith & Phillips (1961) and Phillips & Smith (1963). Belli et al. (1994) proved in Italy that under laboratory conditions this species transmitted Grapevine Leafroll Virus (GLRaV-III). Fortusini et al. (1999) found in Italy that this species was present, together with several other soft scale species, in vineyeards were natural spread of Grapevine Lefroll Disease was recorded. Natural populations of parasitic wasps do not constitute a significant or reliable regulatory mechanism. Thiacloprid has been found by U.K. growers to be the most effective insecticide of those approved for use. Timing is critical, with the best results occurring when sprays are applied in late June or early July when most or all of the eggs have hatched but when a maximum proportion of the populations is at the first instar (early crawler) stage. (Mitchell, et al., 2011)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996), Lagowska (1996), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description and illustration of first instar nymph by Phillips (1962) and by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of second instar female nymph by Phillips (1962) and by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of third instar female nymph by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of second instar male nymph by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of male prepupa and pupa Lagowska (1996).
Illustrations
Citations
- Alford1985: chemical control, 2-3
- AlmeidDaBe2013: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 3
- Archan1930: distribution, host, 80
- Argyri1983: distribution, host, 365
- ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 24
- BahderPoAl2013: economic importance, 1293
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 185
- Balach1932d: distribution, host, LVIII
- Balach1934a: distribution, host, 72
- Balach1937: distribution, host, 339
- BalachMe1935: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 727-728
- Barnes1988: distribution, host, 104
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
- Bazaro1971c: distribution, host, 90
- BelliFoCa1994: distribution, economic importance, host, 105-108
- BenDov1993: catalog, 288-290
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 27, 44
- BenDovZaOp2000: distribution, host, 142-143
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 88
- Bolu2012: biological control, 110
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229-239,243-245
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 15
- Bouron1987: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 34
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
- CamachCh2015: distribution, host, 8, 13
- Canard1965: distribution, host, 170
- CaoFe2020: key, 233
- CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 213
- CharleCoMu2005: distribution, host, 1-4
- ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 329
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 394
- Cocker1901c: taxonomy, 90
- Cocker1902p: distribution, 255
- CorseuBa1971: distribution, host, 239
- Danzig1967: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 145
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 204
- Danzig1977a: distribution, host, 200
- Danzig1978: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 16-17
- Danzig1978a: distribution, host, 78
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 263-265
- Danzig1985: distribution, host, 111
- Danzig1994: distribution, host, 47
- Danzig1995: ecology, structure, taxonomy, 19-24
- DemiroKaJa2005: biological control, distribution, host, 223-230
- DervisDrGr2024: biological control, natural enemies, 255-257
- DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 19,20,25
- DeveliMuKa2018: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 240-241
- Dougla1890b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 238-240
- Dougla1891a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 100
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
- DumasVa1950: chemical control, 235-245
- Egger1990: biological control, 27-28
- FallahJa2017: distribution, natural enemies, 22, 29, 33
- Fernal1903b: catalog, 129,130-131,133,136
- Ferris1920b: distribution, host, 36
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, host, 299
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 82
- Foldi2003: distribution, host, 151
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FortusScPr1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 121-122
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 7,23
- Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 112
- Gavril2004: distribution, host, 527
- GavrilTr2008a: chromosomes, taxonomy, 131-138
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
- Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
- Gertss2005: distribution, host, 39
- Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 55-58
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 134
- Giliom1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 100-104
- Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85,92,102
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- GiurcaToMu2024: climate change, control, economic importance, illustration, life cycle, male, taxonomy, virus transmission,
- Goeze1778: taxonomy, 338
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 279-282
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 88
- GomezM1948: distribution, host, 88
- GomezM1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 102-106
- Granar1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 150-152
- Green1915a: distribution, host, 182
- Green1920: distribution, host, 125
- Green1921: distribution, host, 198
- Green1925b: distribution, host, 518
- Green1927a: distribution, host, 56
- Green1928: distribution, host, taxonomy, 6
- Green1931a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 104-105
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-108,110-111
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 86
- HerrbaAlPr2017: GVA virus, 485, 489
- Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 503-506
- Hoffma2002: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-164
- HommayAlRe2021: illustration, virus transmission,
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
- Jansen1995: distribution, host, 141
- Jansen2000: distribution, host, life history, 1-5
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 32
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 63
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 1
- Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 89
- Kaweck1938: distribution, host, life history, 205-206
- KaydanKo2010: distribution, host, 210-211
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
- Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 114
- Kiritc1931: distribution, host, 316
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 265-266
- Kiritc1936: distribution, host, 72
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
- KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 164
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 15
- KondoGaWa2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 328-330
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 12
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 375,386-387
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 121
- KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 239-244
- Koteja1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 182
- Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 324
- Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 81
- Koteja1984e: distribution, host, 676
- Koteja2000a: distribution, host, 172
- KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 326
- KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 367
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 482
- Kozar1975: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-24
- Kozar1976a: distribution, economic importance, host, 35-47
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 68
- Kozar1983a: distribution, host, 147
- Kozar1985a: distribution, host, 312
- Kozar1986: distribution, host, 176
- Kozar1987: distribution, host, 100
- Kozar1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 176-177
- Kozar1991: distribution, host, 82
- Kozar1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 317
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 140
- KozarDr1991: distribution, 363
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 65
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 59
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 73
- KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
- KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 65
- KozarSu1979: distribution, host, 235
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 96, 111, 130, 147, 167
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, host, 78
- KozarWa1986: taxonomy, 116
- Kozarz1992: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 95-100
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 27
- KuntzmGe2013: distribution, host,
- LafonCoHu1961: economic importance, 37-43
- Lagows1984: distribution, economic importance, host, 9-17
- Lagows1986: distribution, host, 477
- Lagows1986a: distribution, host, 174-175
- Lagows1987: biological control, distribution, host, 383-398
- Lagows1987a: distribution, ecology, host, 131-144
- Lagows1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-119
- Lagows1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 17-25
- Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
- Lagows2020: distribution, key, 201, 202
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsGoMi2018: distribution, key, 371
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 188-189
- LeMaguFuCh2013: economic importance, host, 416
- Lellak1966: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 305
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 64,84,147,151
- Linnae1758: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 456
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 124
- Malump1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-270
- Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 51-53
- MalumpBa2012: biological control, distribution, 25,38
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 51,53
- MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 123
- Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 75
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- Masten2007a: distribution, host, life history, 33-38
- Masten2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 357-368
- MastenIvSi2009: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 267-278
- MastenSiKo2007: distribution, host, life history, 326-329
- Mateso1968: distribution, host, 120-121
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 355
- McCabeJo1980: taxonomy, 8
- Melis1930: distribution, host, 17
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 505
- MitcheBrCr2011: biological control, chemical control, description, economic importance, host, life history, 227-228
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, 11
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 12
- MoghadWa2024: distribution, history, 15, 18
- Neves1936: distribution, host, 206
- Newste1900a: distribution, host, life history, 24-26
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 33, 36
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 61
- Pelliz1997a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 324-327
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,67
- Philli1955: distribution, host, 245
- Philli1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 497-499
- Philli1963: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 372-407
- Potaev1993: distribution, host, 34-37
- QaxxorZoSo2024a: behavior, distribution, economic importance, host,
- RakimoBeWh2013: economic importance, 371
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 71
- Reh1903: distribution, host, taxonomy, 460-463
- Reh1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 461
- Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40-41
- Reyne1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 16
- Rungs1948: distribution, host, 115
- SalisbMa2017: distribution, host, illustration, structure, 145
- Sander1906: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
- Sander1906: catalog, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7
- Sander1909: taxonomy, 433-435
- Savesc1960: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 45-46
- Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 270-274
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, 554
- Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 20
- Schmut1955b: biological control, distribution, host, 520
- Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 417
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 46
- SchuhMo1948: biology, distribution, host, 37
- Seabra1941: distribution, host, 7
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 106
- SentenKu2003: distribution, host, 247-252
- SforzaGr2000: distribution, economic importance, host, 46-50
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 844,847,850,868,872
- Signor1873: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34,40-47
- Simon2012: description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy, 269-281
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
- SobiroZoQa2024: distribution, host, 129
- Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453. 461
- Steinw1946: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 13-14,28
- Sulc1912: distribution, host, 35
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
- Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
- Szulcz1949: distribution, host, 219-224
- TanakaAm2004: taxonomy, 270
- TanakaKa2020: diagnosis, 419
- TanakaKa2022a: key,
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 127
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 254-255,264-265
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
- TerGri1954: distribution, host, 64
- TerGri1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 134
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 185
- Terezn1963a: distribution, host, 52
- Terezn1963b: distribution, host, 154
- Terezn1963c: distribution, host, 1528
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 29
- Terezn1981: distribution, host, 137-142
- Trembl1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 248
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- Tschor1939: distribution, host, 89
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 485
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
- UlgentKaKo2013: distribution, host, 28
- UlgentTo2001: distribution, host, 213-217
- VarnerMaLu2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 143-150
- Walker1852: distribution, taxonomy, 1072-1073
- Wang1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 32-33
- Wang1981TC: distribution, host, 289
- Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 226
- Willia2007b: taxonomy, 448, 427-490
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 579, 580, 582
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 207, 211, 216
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 11,14,18,31,35,42,48
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 33
- Wunn1937: distribution, host, 23
- Xie1998: distribution, host, 67-68
- XieXuZh2006a: morphology, wax secretion, 21-112
- YangLiXu2008: distribution, host, key, 276-278, 281
- ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 428
