Valid Names Results

Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret, 1875) (Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus farinosus alni De Geer 1776: 442. unavailable name that is placed
Coccus farinosus Gmelin 1790: 2220. unavailable name that is placed
Pseudococcus aceris Signoret 1875c: 329. Type data: FRANCE: Chambery (Savoie) on Carpinus, Tilia and Aesculus; on 'sycomore' or 'erable' (= Acer pseudoplatanus), no locality indicated. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name Illustr.
Pseudococcus aesculi Signoret 1875c: 330. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Aesculus hippocastanum. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (BenDovMa1995,251). Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 250). Illustr.
Pseudococcus hederae Signoret 1875c: 332. Type data: FRANCE: Herault, Montpellier, on 'lierres' (= Hedera helix). Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 251). Illustr.
Pseudococcus mespili Signoret 1875b: 333. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Mespilus germanica. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (BenDovMa1995,251). Type depository: Santiago, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 251). Illustr.
Pseudococcus platani Signoret 1875c: 334. Type data: FRANCE: Haute-Savoie, Annecy, on Platanus orientalis. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (BenDovMa1995,252). Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDovMa1995, 251). Illustr.
Gossyparia farinosus Signoret 1875b: 21. unavailable name that is placed
Pseudococcus aceris; Comstock 1881a: 345. subsequent use Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors since 1758, until De Lotto (1958) clarified that it was wrongly applied and associated with the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti).
Pseudococcus ulicis Douglas 1888a: 88. Type data: ENGLAND: Exeter, probably on furze [= Ulex]. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 176). Notes: Type material probably lost, see Ben-Dov, 1994. Cited as Pseudococcus vitis (Niediel.) - Unavailabale Name.
Pseudococcus ulmi Douglas 1888b: 124. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on Ulex europaeus. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 176).
Pseudococcus quercus Douglas 1890a: 154. Type data: ENGLAND: Hereford, on Quercus robur. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 176).
Pulvinaria ribesiae; Douglas 1890b: 240. misidentification (discovered by Newste1903, ).
Pseudococcus socius Newstead 1892: 144. Type data: ENGLAND: Yorkshire, Wakefield, on black currant. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Newste1903, 177).
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
Phenacoccus aesculi (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
Phenacoccus hederae (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
Phenacoccus platani (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
Phenacoccus quercus (Douglas, 1890); Cockerell 1896b: 324. change of combination
Phenacoccus socius (Newstead, 1892); Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
Phenacoccus ulicis (Douglas, 1888); Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
Phenacoccus ulmi (Douglas, 1888); Cockerell 1896b: 325. change of combination
Phenacoccus mespili (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1899j: 264. change of combination
Phenacoccus ? farinosus Cockerell 1899j: 264. unavailable name that is placed Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Phenacoccus (Paroudablis) socius; Cockerell 1900f: 87. subsequent use
Dactylopius vagabundus Reh 1903: 305. Type data: GERMANY: on apple. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912b, 366).
Phenacoccus ? farinosus Fernald 1903b: 91. unavailable name that is placed
Dactylopius vagabundus; Reh 1904: 36. subsequent use
Phaenacoccus aceris; Kiritchenko 1932a: 260. misspelling of genus name
Phenacoccus perillustris Borchsenius 1949: 215. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Gissarsk Ridge, on Lonicera sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 16.vii.1944.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig2003,337). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by DanzigGa2014, 280).
Phenacoccus polyphagus Borchsenius 1949: 213. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Vladivostok, on ash tree [= Fraxinus excelsior]. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1980b,124). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1016).
Phenacoccus mespili; Borchsenius 1949: 220. subsequent use
Phenacoccus aceris; Ter-Grigorian 1956: 35. subsequent use
Phenacoccus mespili; Ter-Grigorian 1956: 35. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of author.
Phenacoccus gorgasalicus Hadzibejli 1960b: 304. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, Botanical Gardens, on Quercus hartwissiana and Q. iberica. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig2003, 331). Illustr.
Phenacoccus prunicola Borchsenius 1962a: 232. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Dali, on Armeniaca sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1016). Illustr.
Phenacoccus aceris; Schmutterer 1980: 50. subsequent use
Spinococcus gorgasalicus (Hadzibejli, 1960); Tang 1992: 559. change of combination
Spinococcus gorgosalicus (Hadzibejli, 1960); Tang 1992: 554. misspelling of species epithet
Phenacoccus gorgasalicus Hadzibejli, 1960; Ben-Dov 1994: 320. revived combination (previously published)
Phenacoccus mespili; Ben-Dov 1994: xxx. subsequent use
Phenacoccus perilustris Borchsenius, 1949; Danzig 2006a: 201. misspelling of species epithet
Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam 2013: 46,52-53. Type data: IRAN: Esfahan, Kashan, Ghamsar, Sheikh Bahaii Dam, on Berberis vulgaris, 5/15/2011, by M. Moghaddam. Holotype, female, by original designation Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran; junior synonym (discovered by DanzigGa2014, 278). Illustr.
Phenococcus aceris (Signoret, 1875); Dowell, et al. 2016: 119. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

apple mealybug Bartle1978e Koszta1996
polyphagous tree mealybug KosztaKo1988F
cochinilla harinosa de la manzana KondoWaTa2022
cochinilla harinosa del arce KondoWaTa2022
maple leaf mealybug KondoWaTa2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 35 | Genera: 63

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia | BenDov1994 Danzig1978

Adoxaceae

Viburnum odoratissimum | Suh2020

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus | KondoWaTa2022

Araliaceae

Aralia | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
Hedera | Tranfa1976
Hedera colchica | Hadzib1983
Hedera helix | BenDov1994 BenDovMa1995 Marott1987a Signor1875b
Hedera pastuchovii | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1983

Asteraceae

Echinops ritro | Moghad2010

Berberidaceae

Berberis vulgaris | Moghad2010 Moghad2013

Betulaceae

Alnus | Suh2020
Alnus glutinosa | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Schmut1952
Alnus incana | BenDov1994 Danzig1959
Betula | KaydanKiKo2005 Koszta1996
Betula pendula | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 TerGri1962 | (= Betula verrucosa)
Betula pubescens | BenDov1994 Danzig1959
Carpinus betulus | BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 Schmut1952 TerGri1973 Willia1962 BugajNJuKa2021 | (= Carpinus caucasica),
Corylus avellana | BenDov1994 KotejaZa1966 Marott1987a Schmut1952

Buxaceae

Buxus sempervirens | BenDov1994 Willia1962

Cannabaceae

Celtis bungeana | WangWu2017
Celtis sinensis | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Celtis willdenowiana)

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera caprifolium | BenDov1994 TerGri1962
Lonicera tatarica | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Danzig1959 Wu2000a

Celastraceae

Euonymus | BenDov1994 Danzig1978a KaydanKiKo2005
Euonymus japonicus | UlgentDo2019

Cornaceae

Cornus | Koszta1996
Cornus mas | BenDov1994 TerGri1962
Cornus sanguinea | BenDov1994 TerGri1962 | ssp.. australis (= Thelycrania australis)

Ebenaceae

Diospyros kaki | BenDov1994 Paik1978

Ericaceae

Arbutus unedo | Foldi2000 PellizFo1996

Fabaceae

Caragana | Tsalev1968
Caragana arborescens | BenDov1994 Danzig1959
Cytisus | BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F
Laburnum | BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F
Robinia pseudoacacia | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Kozar1980
Ulex minor | BenDov1994

Fagaceae

Castanea sativa | BenDov1994 Goux1931a Willia1962
Fagus sylvatica | BenDov1994 Willia1962
Quercus | BenDov1994 Dougla1890a Hadzib1983
Quercus cerris | Kozar1999a
Quercus chrysolepis | Essig1909a
Quercus hartwissiana | BenDov1994 Hadzib1960b
Quercus hispanica | KozarGuBa1994 | (= Quercus turneri)
Quercus ilex | PellizFo1996
Quercus petraea | BenDov1994 Hadzib1960b | ssp. iberica (= Quercus iberica)
Quercus pubescens | BenDov1994 LongoMaRu1989
Quercus robur | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 KozarGuBa1994 Schmut1952 | (= Quercus logipes)
Quercus suber | MazzeoLoRu1994

Grossulariaceae

Ribes aureum | BugajNJuKa2021
Ribes nigrum | BenDov1994 Kozar1980
Ribes rubrum | MalumpOsPy2010
Ribes spicatum | Stalaz2021
Ribes uva-crispa | BugajNJuKa2021 | ssp. grossularia

Iridaceae

Iris pallida | Schmut1952

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 TerGri1962

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia | Suh2020
Magnolia kobus | Suh2020

Malvaceae

Tilia | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Kozar1985a
Tilia cordata | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Komosi1986 Koteja1971a
Tilia euchlora | BenDov1994 Komosi1986
Tilia mongolica | Wu2000a
Tilia platyphyllos | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 KotejaZa1966 KozarGuBa1994 Schmut1952
Tilia rubra | BenDov1994 TerGri1962 | ssp.caucasica (= Tilia caucasica)

Moraceae

Ficus carica | KaydanKiKo2005
Ficus sycomorus | BenDov1994
Morus alba | Moghad2010

Myricaceae

Myrica gale | BenDov1994 Willia1962

Myrtaceae

Myrtus communis | UlgentDo2019

Oleaceae

Fraxinus | BenDov1994 TerGri1969 Tsalev1968
Fraxinus americana | KaydanKiKo2005
Fraxinus excelsior | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 Koteja1971a Schmut1952 Tsalev1968
Fraxinus pennsylvanica | BenDov1994 Komosi1986
Fraxinus rhynchophylla | BenDov1994 Paik1978 Suh2020
Jasminum nudiflorum | Wu2000a

Pentaphylacaceae

Eurya japonica | BenDov1994 Paik1978 Suh2020 | (= Eurya japonica montana)

Platanaceae

Platanus orientalis | BenDov1994 Bodenh1943 KaydanKiKo2005

Poaceae

Poa | BugajNJuKa2021

Rosaceae

Chaenomeles sinensis | Suh2020
Chaenomeles speciosa | KaydanKiKo2005 Tsalev1968 | (= Cydonia japonica)
Cotoneaster | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Koszta1996 TerGri1973
Crataegus | KaydanKiKo2005 Tsalev1968
Crataegus azarolus | Moghad2010 MoghadTa2010
Crataegus rhipidophylla | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Schmut1952 | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
Cydonia | Tsalev1968
Cydonia oblonga | BatsanKaKi2017
Malus | Koszta1996
Malus asiatica | Suh2020
Malus domestica | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Hadzib1983 KaydanKiKo2005 Kozar1980 | (= Malus communis)
Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017 BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 TerGri1973
Malus pumila | BenDov1994 KozarGuBa1994 Paik1978
Malus sylvestris | BenDov1994 Willia1962
Mespilus germanica | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Signor1875b TerGri1973
Prunus | BenDov1994 Kozar1985a KozarHuFo1989 Schmut1952 | (= Padus)
Prunus armeniaca | BatsanKaKi2017 BenDov1994 Borchs1962b | (= Armeniaca)
Prunus cerasus | BenDov1994 Marcha1908 | (= Cerasus vulgaris)
Prunus domestica | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 KotejaZa1966 KozarGuBa1994 Schmut1952 | (= Prunus communis)
Prunus dulcis | BenDov1994 Kozar1980 | (= Amygdalus communis)
Prunus padus | Stalaz2021 | (= Padus avium)
Prunus persica | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Schmut1952 Willia1962 | (= Persica vulgaris)
Prunus serrulata | Suh2020
Prunus spinosa | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 TerGri1973
Pseudocydonia sinensis | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Cydonia sinensis)
Pyrus communis | KaydanKiKo2005
Rosa | Koszta1996
Rubus | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
Sorbaria | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
Sorbus | UlgentDo2019
Sorbus aucuparia | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 Willia1962
Spiraea | BenDov1994 Danzig1978

Rutaceae

Tetradium daniellii | WangWu2017

Salicaceae

Salix | Danzig1978a
Salix arenaria | BenDov1994 Koteja1971a
Salix caprea | Schmut1952
Salix pentandra | BenDov1994 KozarDr1991

Sapindaceae

Acer | BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 Koszta1996 KozarHuFo1989 Marott1987a Tsalev1968 UygunSeEr1998
Acer campestre | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 TerGri1962
Acer negundo | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Komosi1986a Paik1978
Acer platanoides | BenDov1994 Danzig1959 Komosi1986 KotejaZa1969 Schmut1952
Acer pseudoplatanus | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 Schmut1952
Acer saccharinum | BenDov1994 Komosi1986
Aesculus hippocastanum | BenDov1994 Komosi1986 KozarGuBa1994 KozarOrKo1977 Marcha1908 Schmut1952 Signor1875b
Aesculus pavia | Schmut1952 | (= Pavia rubra)
Koelreuteria paniculata | WangWu2017
Sapindaceae | Moghad2013

Theaceae

Camellia japonica | Suh2020

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | Koszta1996 KozarHuFo1989
Ulmus glabra | Schmut1952 | (= Ulmus campestris)
Ulmus laevis | BenDov1994 KozarDr1991

Vitaceae

Vitis vinifera | BenDov1994 Foldi2000 Kozar1980 Schmut1952

Foes:

Families: 4 | Genera: 15

Chamaemyiidae

Leucopis silesiaca | Tsalev1972

Coccinellidae

Exochomus quadripustulatus | BenDov1994 Tsalev1972

Encyrtidae

Acerophagus clavatus | KondoWaTa2022
Acerophagus coccois | KondoWaTa2022
Acerophagus phenacocci | KondoWaTa2022
Anagyrus aligarhensis | KondoWaTa2022
Anagyrus bohemanni | KondoWaTa2022
Anagyrus fujikona | Trjapi1989
Anagyrus pseudococci | KondoWaTa2022
Anagyrus schoenherri | BixbyBBeTr2017 Hadzib1983 Tsalev1972
Aphycus apicalis | Hadzib1983 Trjapi1989 Yasnos2001
Aphycus hadzibejliae | KosztaKo1988F Trjapi1989 Yasnos2001
Aphycus shutovae | Trjapi1989
Cerapteroceroides japonicus | Trjapi1989
Cheiloneurus claviger | KondoWaTa2022
Cheiloneurus phenacocci | Trjapi1989
Isodromus flaviceps | KondoWaTa2022
Leptomastidea bifasciata | Trjapi1989
Leptomastix flava | FallahJa2017
Leptomastix mayri | KondoWaTa2022
Metaphycus zebratus | KondoWaTa2022
Microterys chalcostomus | BenDov1994 GuerriFoNo2020 Schmut1955b Tsalev1972 | (= Encyrtus chalcostomus)
Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis | Trjapi1989
Pseudaphycus clavatus | Trjapi1989
Pseudaphycus phenacocci | KosztaKo1988F Trjapi1989 Yasnos2001

Platygastridae

Allotropa ashmeadi | Mueseb1939
Allotropa utilis | MarshaPi1944 Moore1988

Associates:

Families: 4 | Genera: 3

Betaflexiviridae

GVA virus | HerrbaAlPr2017
GVB Virus | HerrbaAlPr2017

Betaproteobacteria

Candidatus Tremblaya phenacola | ChoiLe2022

Closteroviridae

GLRaV-1 | LeMaguBeHe2012
GLRaV-3 | LeMaguBeHe2012
GLRaV-4 | HerrbaAlPr2017
GLRaV-5 | SchmutHo2016
GLRaV-6 | SchmutHo2016
GLRaV-9 | SchmutHo2016

Closterovirus

LChV-2 | EFSA2017 LeMaguBeHe2012

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 45

Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996

Armenia | BenDov1994 TerGri1956 TerGri1969

Austria | BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F

Bulgaria | Grigor1964 KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968

Canada

British Columbia | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b KozarHuFo1989
Nova Scotia | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Gillia1935

China | BenDov1994 Borchs1962a Wu2000a

Beijing (=Peking) | Wu2000a
Gansu (=Kansu) | WangWu2017
Shaanxi (=Shensi) | Wu2000a
Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Wu2001b

Corsica | Foldi2003

Croatia | MastenSiMa2015

Czech Republic | BenDov1994 Sulc1943

Denmark | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975

Estonia | Stalaz2021

France | BenDov1994 Foldi2000 Foldi2001 Goux1931 Goux1933a Signor1875b

Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1994 Hadzib1960b Hadzib1983 Yasnos2001

Germany | BenDov1994 Schmut1952 Schmut1980

Greece | SzitaFeBe2017

Hungary | BenDov1994 Kozar1999a KozarDr1991 KozarKiSa2004 KozarOrKo1977

Iran | KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009 Moghad2010 Moghad2013 MoghadTa2010

Iraq | BenDov1994 Bodenh1943

Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

Italy | BenDov1994 LongoMaPe1995 LongoMaRu1989 LongoRuMa1991 Marott1987a PellizFo1996 Tranfa1976

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 RussoMa1997

Kazakhstan | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Mateso1968

Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) | Danzig2003

Latvia | BenDov1994 Rasina1955 Rasina1959

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009 MalumpOsPy2010

Luxembourg | Gertso2016

Moldova | BenDov1994 KozarOs1987

Mongolia | Danzig2006a

Netherlands | BenDov1994 Reyne1957

North Korea | BenDov1994 Danzig1978 Kanda1941a

Poland | Komosi1986 Komosi1986a Komosi1987 Koteja1974b KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1979 KotejaZa1983

Romania | Danzig1978 FetykoKoDa2010

Russia

Kuril Islands | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
Primor'ye Kray | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
Sakhalin Oblast | BenDov1994 Danzig1978
Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR | BenDov1994 Kozar1985a
Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a
Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR | BenDov1994 Danzig1978a

Sardinia | PellizFo1996

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonDaPa2003

Sweden | BenDov1994 Gertss2000 Gertss2001 Ossian1959

Switzerland | KosztaKo1988F KozarGuBa1994

Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BenDov1994 Borchs1949

Turkey | BenDov1994 Bodenh1953a KaydanKiKo2005 KaydanUlEr2007 KaydanUlZe2004 UygunSeEr1998

Turkmenistan | Danzig2003

Ukraine | BenDov1994 Terezn1975

United Kingdom

England | BenDov1994 Dougla1888a
Northern Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
Scotland | BenDov1994 Willia1962

United States

California | BenDov1994 Essig1909a
Maine | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
Oregon | BixbyBBeTr2017
Pennsylvania | Clagho2003
Washington | BixbyBBeTr2017

Uzbekistan

Tashkent Oblast | Danzig2003

Yugoslavia | Masten2007

Keys

MoghadWa2022: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species in Iran]
Moghad2019: pp.454 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in Iran]
KaydanKiKo2015: pp.272-273 ( ) [Key to the instars of Phenacoccus aceris]
DanzigGa2014: pp.269-277 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic Phenacoccus species]
ZhaoWaSu2014: pp.116-117 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in China]
ZhaoWaSu2014: pp.116-117 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in China] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
Moghad2013: pp.46 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]
Moghad2013: pp.46 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
Malump2011: pp.168 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Phenacoccus native to Britain]
Moghad2010: pp.67 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]
MoghadAl2010: pp.16-17 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]
Moghad2010: pp.67 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
Danzig2006a: pp.197-200 ( Adult (F) ) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]
Danzig2006a: pp.197-200 ( Adult (F) ) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
KwonDaPa2003: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
Wu2000a: pp.69-70 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of China]
Wu2000a: pp.69-70 ( Adult (F) ) [PHenacoccus species of China] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
Moghad1999: pp.46 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran] Key as: Phenacoccus karkasicus
MarottRuMa1997: pp.438 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Koszta1996: pp.155 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North USA]
Tang1992: pp.529, 530, 554 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
Tang1992: pp.530 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
KosztaKo1988F: pp.123 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Europe]
Danzig1980b: pp.124 ( Adult (F) ) [Far East of Russia]
BazaroNu1975b: pp.55 ( Adult (F) ) [Tajikistan]
Terezn1975: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
BazaroNu1975b: pp.55 ( Adult (F) ) [Tajikistan] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris
TerGri1973: pp.135 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
McKenz1967: pp.214 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
McKenz1964: pp.238 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Willia1962: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [England]
McKenz1961: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
McKenz1960: pp.713 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Ferris1953a: pp.395 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Ferris1950b: pp.120 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Borchs1949: pp.210 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Borchs1949: pp.210 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region] Key as: Phenacoccus perillustris

Remarks

Systematics: Reh (1903: 305) introduced the binomen Dactylopius vagabundus for the description of a scale insect named 'Zottenschildlausen' by Schilling, 1897: 248. Wide distribution and individual and geographic variability of Phenacoccus aceris encouraged some authors to describe numerous similar nominal species; the borders between these "species" disappear in larger series of females collected from different regions of the Palearctic. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014) Danzig (2003) showed that the number of circuli increases from the west to the east and often demonstrates individual variability. Therefore, Danzig and Gavrilov (2014) concluded that this character could not be used for species separation. Phenacoccus aceris (=Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam) is similar to P. capensis Ferris (recorded in the Nearctic Region) in having: (i) medial and submedial dorsal cerarii, (ii) no dorsal multilocular disc pores, and (iii) ventral multilocular disc pores not reaching margins. P. karkasicus differs from P. capensis in having (character states on P. capensis in brackets): (i) oral collar ducts in wide bands across of all dorsal segments (distributed sparsely); (ii) ventral multilocular disc pores on anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments V-VII (posterior edges of abdominal segments V-VII only); and (iii) anal lobe and preocular cerarii each with 4 lanceolate setae (2 lanceolate setae). (Moghaddam, 2013) Wang & Wu, 2017 found four divergent lineages (>2% COI divergence), not separated by host specificity, recovered from samples identified as ,Phenacoccus aceris species-group in North China. These sexual lineages were also found to be morphologically different from each other, thus representing distinct species under biological and evolutionary genetic species concepts. Specimens that keyed morphologically to P. aceris contained three putative species that are probably new to science. The results in thist study suggest that the number of circuli alone is not a good character for species separation in the P. aceris species-group. However, the circuli could still provide some useful information for delimitation, such as the width of the circulus on abdominal segment I and its ratio to that of the circulus on segment III; and the possession of five circuli, with the first one large (exceeding the width of the third one by one third), is a stable diagnostic character of one of these lineages. In addition, the number of circuli combined with the location of the largest circulus could distinguish putative species.
Structure: Adult female elongate oval, greenish-brown to purplish-brown, covered with fine white powdery wax, with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. Feeds on the leaves and branches of its tree host. When matured, it produces a complete ovisac which covers the entire body except the apex of the head; ovisac about 7 mm long. First-instar nymph elongate oval and yellow when alive. Settled nymphs covered by a thin layer of white powdery wax. For settlement, first-instar nymphs prefer mid veins of leaves and other hidden places on the leaf surface, such as under old ovisacs, and areas where two leaves touch and overlap, etc. Second-instar female nymph elongate oval and yellowish green; covered by a thin layer of fine white powdery wax, with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. Feeds on leaf surfaces generally along midvein (like first-instar nymphs) during the vegetative season and then individuals migrate into crevices on the bark and tree trunk for hibernation. When the individuals reach the overwintering places they settled down and the nymphs produce small amounts of mealy secretion. Second-instar male nymph elongate oval and yellowish green; covered in a thin layer of fine white powdery wax, with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. Feeds on leaves during the vegetative season and then moves into crevices on the bark and tree trunk for hibernation. In the overwintering places, settled second-instar males produce a small amount of mealy secretion. Female third-instar nymph elongate oval and light green, covered by fine white powdery wax produced by trilocular pores; with 18 pairs of wax extensions around body margin. The third-instar female overwinters in a felt-like test in bark cavities and other hidden places on its tree host.
Biology: Green (1915a) observed fully developed females (with their conspicuous ovisacs) in England at June; the reproducing female were observed to migrate from the host plant, upon which they developed, to surrounding plants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F). Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978). Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Biology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992). Kosztarab (1996) reported that in Northeastern North America it is a bisexual species; develops one annual generation; second instar nymphs overwinter in bark crevices; migrate to leaves in early spring; adults appear in late spring to early summer; first instars appear in July, feed and leaves; second instar nymphs migrate in fall to the bark. Occuring on the bark of trunk and branches of the host plant.
Economic Importance: This mealybug is supposed to be of European origin where occasionally becomes a pest on ornamental or fruit trees (Newstead, 1903; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F). Has been introduced into North America at the beginning of the 20th century, and became established as a pest of rosaceous fruit trees in Maine, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and California (Turnbull & Chant, 1961; Bartlett, 1978). Komosinska (1986a, 1986b, 1987a, 1987b) quantified the distribution and occurence on various ornamental and forest trees in Warsaw, Poland. Occasionally a pest of Malus and Fraxinus (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).The Apple mealybug Phenacoccus aceris was verified as the vector of the Little Cherry Virus 2 (LChV-2) in Baden-Wuerttemberg. (Petruschke, et al., 2011) Recent experiments have demonstrated that P. aceris efficiently transmits six distinct GLRaV species, Grapevine virus A and Grapevine virus B (GVA and GVB). (Le Maguet, et al., 2013)
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Marchal (1908), Ferris (1950b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Paik (1978), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (2003). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Sulc (1943), Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Records of this species prior to 1902 from North America probably refer to P. acericola King (see Ferris, 1950b). Fernald (1903b:93) indicates that Douglas' (1890b) record of Pulvinaria ribesiae Signoret (family Coccidae), is a misidentification of P. aceris. De Geer (1776: 442, Plate 28, Figs. 16-22) described Coccus farinosus alni from alder in Europe. Subsequent authors (Signoret, 1875a; Cockerell, 1898c) accepted it as mealybug, but disputed its identity. However, De Geer (1776) contains many polynominals, and is hence an unvailable work for nomenclatural purposes. Lindinger (1912) suggested that De Geer's species is conspecific with Ph. aceris Signoret. Signoret attributed Pseudococcus mespili to Geoffroy, but Opinion 228 (1954) placed the book by Geoffroy (1762) on the Official List of invalid works in zoology. Consequently, Chermes mespili Geoffroy is an unvailable name, and Pseudococcus mespili Signoret is the senior synonym of this species. In addition, Cockerell (1899j) noted that Geoffroy's description refers to a Coccidae.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1960b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Detailed description and illustration of junior synonym, Phenacoccus karkasicus in Moghaddam, 2013.

Illustrations

Citations

AlliauReUz2018: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, illustration, morphology, 1-9
AlmeidDaBe2013: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 3
BahderPoAl2013: economic importance, 1293
Baird1958: biological control, distribution, host, 483-485
Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 148-149
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 264
Beirne1975: biological control, distribution, host, 225-236
BenDov1994: catalog, 304-306, 320, 332. 336
BixbyBBeTr2017: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, virus, virus transmission,
Bodenh1943: distribution, host, 16-17
Bodenh1953: distribution, host, 122
Borchs1937a: taxonomy, 137, 173, 175, 178
Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 212-215, 219-221
Borchs1962a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 232-233
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 309
CebeciAr2006: distribution, host, 139
Chacho1967: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 728-730
ChoiLe2019: illustration, wax, 3
ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, morphology, phylogeny, 358,359,362
Clagho2003: distribution,
Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 324, 325
Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 264
Cocker1900b: taxonomy, 87
Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 345
Danzig1959: distribution, host, 445
Danzig1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 1016-17
Danzig1978: distribution, host, 9-10
Danzig1978a: distribution, host, 74
Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 124-126
Danzig1995: life history, structure, taxonomy, 19-24
Danzig2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 331-333, 337-338
Danzig2006a: taxonomy, 198
DanzigGa2014: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 277-283
DeGeer1776: taxonomy, 442
Demeye2004: disease transmission, distribution, 18-19
Dougla1888a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 88
Dougla1888b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124
Dougla1890a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 154
Dougla1890b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 240
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 119
EFSA2017: virus, virus transmission,
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 111
Essig1909a: distribution, host, 36
FallahJa2017: distribution, natural enemies, 18, 34
FengChYe1999: chemistry, economic importance, 515-518
Fernal1903b: taxonomy, 91
Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 126-128
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 78
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
Foldi2003: distribution, host, 149
FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 12
FrancoZaMe2009: ant association,
Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 109
Gavril2004: distribution, host, 523
GavrilKu2005: distribution, taxonomy, 17-34
GavrilTr2008a: karyology, taxonomy, 74
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
Gertso2016: distribution, host, 153
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 149
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
GertssSc2020: distribution, 136
Gillia1935: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-164
Gillia1936: distribution, host, 133
Gmelin1790: taxonomy, 2220
GolanLaJa2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 229-249
Goux1931: distribution, host, 4
Goux1933a: distribution, host, 235
Green1915a: distribution, host, life history, 180
Grigor1964: distribution, host, 28-33
GuerriFoNo2020: natural enemies,
HabiliKoLi2007: virus, virus transmission,
Hadzib1960b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 304-306
Hadzib1983: biological control, distribution, host, 77-78, 78-79
HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
Hawkin1994: biological control, 3
HerrbaAlPr2017: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 486
Hoffma2002: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-164
HommayBeHe2022a: virus transmission,
HosseiHa2011: molecular data, 46
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 75
KaydanKi2007: distribution, host, life history, 224-230
KaydanKi2008: distribution, host, life history, 274
KaydanKiKo2005: distribution, host, 89
KaydanKiKo2015: biology, description, description of male, distribution, host, illustration, 255–277
KaydanKo2010a: distribution, 30
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 101
KaydanUlZe2004: distribution, host, 221
Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 260-261
Kiritc1936: distribution, host, 72
Kobakh1965: biological control, 323-330
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 24
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 161
Komosi1986: distribution, host, 4
Komosi1986a: distribution, host, 14
Komosi1987: distribution, host, 96
Komosi1987a: distribution, host, 106
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 24
KondoWaTa2022: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, natural enemies, taxonomy, 162-164
Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 155-157
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 123-125, 130-131
Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 321
Koteja1974b: distribution, taxonomy, 73
Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 317
KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 361
KotejaZa1979: distribution, 673
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 473
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 67
Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 138
KozarDr1991: distribution, host, 362
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 64
KozarHuFo1989: distribution, host, 72
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 57
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 71
KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 11
KuntzmGe2013: distribution, host,
KwonDaPa2003: distribution, host, taxonomy, 114-116
KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
Lagows1996: distribution, host, 31
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 70
LeMaguBeHe2012: ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 717-723
LeMaguFuCh2013: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 416-427
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 366
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 119
LongoMaRu1989: distribution, host, 170
LongoRu1990: distribution, host, 114
LongoRuMa1991: distribution, host, 183-184
MacPheCaVa1976: biological control, 337-358
Malump2011: taxonomy, 168
Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 49,52-53
MalumpBa2012: distribution, 19
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 49,53
MalumpOs2008: distribution, host, 108
MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 121
MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 255
Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 239-242
Marott1987a: distribution, host, 110
Marott1992a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-89
MarottTr1995a: taxonomy, 70-71
Marsha1942: chemical control, distribution, host, 727-732
Marsha1952: distribution, economic importance, host, 25-31
Marsha1953: distribution, economic importance, host, 7-11
MarshaPi1944: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 91
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
MastenSiMa2015: host, list of species, 320
Mateso1968: distribution, host, 109-110
MazzeoLoRu1994: distribution, host, 203
McLeod1954: biological control, distribution, host, 19-27
McLeod1962: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-33
MekuriSmBe2013: economic importance, 851
MichalMiGr2019: bacteria, symbionts,
Moghad2009: distribution, host, 23
Moghad2010: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
Moghad2013: distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 6, 46-47, 52-54, 56-57, 99
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 68-69
Moghad2019: key, 454
MoghadAl2010: taxonomy, 16
MoghadTa2010: distribution, host, 40
MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 10, 87-88, 146
Moore1988: biological control, 213
Mueseb1939: biological control, distribution, host, 158-160
Newste1892: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 144-145
Newste1903: taxonomy, 176
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 42
Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
Patter1966: chemical control, distribution, host, 1430-1435
Pelliz2011: distribution, 313
PellizFo1996: distribution, host, 125
PetrusRiSc2011: ecology, host, 11-13
PicketPuLe1958: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 169-174
Podsia1981a: biological control, 159-162
Rasina1955: distribution, host, 68-69
Rasina1959: distribution, host, 110
Reh1903: taxonomy, 305
Reh1904: taxonomy, 36
RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 4, 6
Reyne1957: distribution, host, 18
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
RussoMa1997: distribution, 48
Schmut1952: distribution, host, 396
Schmut1955b: biological control, distribution, host, 517
Schmut1980: taxonomy, 50
SchmutHo2016: GVA virus, distribution, host, illustration, 26-27, 82
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 101
SentenKu2003: biological control, distribution, host, 247-252
SforzaBoGr2003: disease transmission, distribution, economic importance, host, 975-981
SforzaGr2000: distribution, economic importance, host, 46-50
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 852, 861
Signor1875b: taxonomy, 21
Signor1875c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 329-330, 333-334
SimonKa2011: distribution, 235
Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 469
Suh2020: distribution, host, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 22
Sulc1943: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-52
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 473
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
Szulcz1949: distribution, 219-224
Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 530-531, 544-545, 559
TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 9
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 22-23
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 46
TerGri1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 35, 36
TerGri1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 128-130
TerGri1969: distribution, host, 53
TerGri1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136-140, 140-143
Terezn1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214-217, 216-219
Tranfa1976: distribution, host, 137
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 66, 67
Trjapi1989: biological control, 53, 55, 134, 135, 14
Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 207
Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, host, 81
TurnbuCh1961: biological control, economic importance, 697-753
UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 487
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S125
UlgentKaKo2013: distribution, host, 28
UlubasKaKi2007: molecular data, 232-238
UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
Walker1852: taxonomy, 1082
WangWu2017: DNA, distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data, taxonomy, 483–509
Willia1962: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34-35
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 245
WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 168
WilliaMa2012: distribution, 83
Wu2000a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 59-72
Wu2001b: ecology, 252
Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 88-89
Yasnos2001: biological control, distribution, host, 435-440
YasumaNa1957: ecology, life history, 203-219
YerlikBaKa2023: distribution, host, illustration, list, 5, 6
ZhaoWaSu2014: key, 116