Valid Names Results
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus ulmi Linnaeus 1758: 455. Type data: on Ulmus campestris. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost.
- Coccus amygdali Schrank 1801: 147. Type data: GERMANY: on "peach". Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1932f, 201).
- Coccus berberidis Schrank 1801: 146. Type data: on "barberry". Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1932f, 199). Notes: Types presumed lost.
- Diaspis linearis; Costa 1829: 21-22. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 44).
- Aspidiotus conchiformis Curtis 1843: 735-736. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, on apple and pear trees. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Melbourne: National Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia; junior synonym
- Aspidiotus falciformis Baerensprung 1849: 168. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on fruit trees. Unknown type status, female, junior synonym (discovered by Morgan1890a, 226-228). Notes: Type material presumed lost.
- Aspidiotus pomorum Bouché 1851: 110. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Cornus sp. and other fruit trees. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899j, 275). Notes: Types presumed lost.
- Aspidiotus juglandis Fitch 1855: 739. Type data: UNITED STATES: New York, on Ribes floridum. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Morgan1890a, 226-228).
- Aspidiotus conchiformis; Fitch 1855: 735-742. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 45).
- Mytilococcus communis Amerling 1858a: 103. Type data: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Prague. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 148). Notes: Borchsenius (1966) treats Mytilococcus communis Amerling as an incertae sedis. Type material presumed lost.
- Lepidosaphes conchiformis; Shimer 1868: 373. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 45).
- Mytilaspis juglandis (Fitch, 1855); Signoret 1870: 95. change of combination
- Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouché, 1851); Signoret 1870: 98. change of combination
- Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley 1873: 73-74. Type data: UNITED STATES: Missouri, on apple. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 37). Illustr.
- Mytilaspis ulmicorticis Riley 1874: 246. Type data: UNITED STATES: Iowa, on "red elm". Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 37).
- Aspidious fraxini Altum 1882: 364-365. Type data: EUROPE:. Syntypes, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 315). Notes: Types presumed lost. Illustr.
- Fiorinia grossulariae Maskell 1884: 123. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Amberly, on "gooseberry," by Dr. Morris. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by CharleHe2002, 603). Illustr.
- Mytilaspis vitis Goethe 1884: 118. Type data: GERMANY: Reine. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1928, 107). Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown. Illustr.
- Mytilaspis ulicis Douglas 1886: 249-250. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Blackheath, on Ulex europaeus, 14/12/188?. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by BoratyWi1964, 104).
- Aspidiotus pyrus-malus Cockerell 1894: 33. nomen nudum (discovered by Cocker1894, 33). Notes: Cockerell lists this name as authored by "Kenn." Fernald (1903b) gives the author as Kennicott, 1854, but we have been unable to track down any descriptions or publications by Kennicott and so here consider the name to be a placed nomen nudum.
- Mytilaspis ceratoniae Gennadius 1895: cclxxvii. Type data: CYPRUS: on "Caroubier". Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by GomezM1937, 180).
- Mytilaspis ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Cockerell 1899j: 275. change of combination
- Mytilaspis pomorum ulicis Douglas, 1886; Newstead 1901b: 200-201. change in status (level)
- Mytilaspis pomorum candidus Newstead 1901a: 82. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Sussex, Petworth, Halfway Bridge, on "Hawthorn," by E.E. Green. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by BoratyWi1964, 104).
- Lepidosaphes pomorum (Bouché, 1851); Kirkaldy 1902: 111. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes ceratoniae (Gennadius, 1895); Fernald 1903b: 307. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes juglandis (Fitch, 1855); Fernald 1903b: 310. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes ulmi candida (Newstead, 1901); Fernald 1903b: 317. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes ulmi ulicis (Douglas, 1886); Fernald 1903b: 317. change of combination and rank
- Lepidosaphes ulmi vitis (Goethe, 1884); Fernald 1903b: 317. change of combination and rank
- Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) bicolor Newstead 1906: 72. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, Gizeh, on unknown host, by F. Willcocks. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia2002a,156). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia2002a, 156). Notes: Although Hall (1923) thought that Newstead's material was never described and probably lost in a fire and Borchsenius (1966) treated Lepidosaphes bicolor as incertae sedis, Williams (2002a) found original slides in the BMNH and determined that Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) bicolor was a junior synonym of L. ulmi. Additionally, part of the original Newstead material described is a misidentification of Salicicola kermanensis (Williams, 2002a).
- Mytilaspis pomorum vitis Goethe, 1884; Newstead 1907a: 10. change in status (level)
- Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) pomorum (Bouché, 1851); Lindinger 1907: 6. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes beckii oleae Leonardi 1908a: 190-191. Type data: SICILY: on Olea sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 40). Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes bicolor (Newstead, 1906); Sanders 1909a: 57. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Girault 1909: 357. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes pinniformis; Lindinger 1912b: 228. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 44).
- Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis oleae Leonardi, 1908; Leonardi 1920: 157. change in status (level)
- Lepidosaphes (Mytilaspis) ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Hall 1922: 39. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes ulmi bisexualis Thiem 1933a: 641-642. Type data: GERMANY: Naumburg; Kösen, Rothenstein, on Betula sp., Corylus avellana, Fagus silvatica, Quercus spp., Buxus sempervirens, Acer spp., Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 37). Notes: Type depository unknown.
- Lepidosaphes ulmi unisexualis Thiem 1933a: 640. Type data: GERMANY: on Rosa sp., Cydonia vulgaris, Pyrus communis, Sorbus aucuparia, S. torminalis, S. intermedia, Malus sp. and Cotoneaster lucida. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Schmut1952, 576). Notes: Type depository unknown.
- Lepidosaphes vulva Nel 1933: 441, 443. nomen nudum (discovered by Lindin1936b, 286).
- Lepidosaphes ulmi cotini Koroneos 1934: 61-64. Type data: GREECE: Promyri, Arghalasti, on Cotinus coggygria. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 159). Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown. Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes ulmi oleae Koroneos 1934: 64-65. Type data: GREECE: Méghara and Spata, on Olea europaea. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 159). Notes: Type depository unknown. Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes ulmi rosae Koroneos 1934: 65-67. Type data: GREECE: Volos, on Platanus orientalis and Rosa spp.; Edipsos-Bain, on Pyrus amygdaliformis; Melissiatika, on Pyrus communis. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 159). Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown. Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes linearis (Costa, 1829); Lindinger 1936: 149. change of combination
- Mytilococcus ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Lindinger 1936a: 444. change of combination
- Coccus conchiformis; Ferris 1936: 22, 65. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 44).
- Mytilococcus saliceti; Lindinger 1936: 149. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 46).
- Mytilococcus oleae (Leonardi, 1908); Lupo 1939: 72, 86. change of combination
- Aspidiotus saliceti; Ferris 1941e: 48. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 46).
- Lepidosaphes oleae Leonardi, 1908; Balachowsky 1954e: 40. change of combination
- Mytilococcus linearis (Costa, 1829); Lindinger 1954: 617. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes fici Lindinger 1954: 617. nomen nudum Notes: Lindinger (1954) lists "Lepidosaphes fici Condit." as a junior synonym of Mytilococcus linearis (Costa), which is in turn now considered a junior synonym of L. ulmi. We are unable to determine who described this species and thus consider it a nomen nudum.
- Lepidosaphes populi Savescu 1955: 915-925. Type data: ROMANIA: Ploesti, Valenii de Munte, on Populus pyramidalis, P. tremula, Salix viminalis, Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia pseudocacia. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 252). Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes tiliae Savescu 1955: 915-920. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucharest, on Tilia europaea. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 252). Illustr.
- Mytilococcus ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Monti 1956: 154-164. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes mesasiatica Borchsenius 1962: 861. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Chimaent Oblast, Dzhambul, on Persica sp., 07/09/1939, by N. Borchsenius; UZEBEKISTAN: Denau, on Salix sp., 2/06/1944; Tashkent on Populus sp., 16/09/1961; TAJIKISTAN: Dushanbe, on Malus sp., 09/09/1939. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 252). Illustr.
- Mytilaspis fraxini (Altum, 1882); Borchsenius 1966: 373. change of combination Notes: Borchsenius (1966) treats Lepidosaphes fraxini as an incertae sedis.
- Mytilococcus populi (Savescu, 1955); Zahradník 1972: 426. change of combination
- Mytilococcus tiliae (Savescu, 1955); Zahradník 1972: 426. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes (Lepidosaphes) ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758); Danzig 1980b: 302. change of combination
- Lepidosaphis ulmi; Aligeydar 2016. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- apple oystershell scale Danzig1980b
- appletree bark louse Borchs1966 Lintne1895
- butternut bark-louse Fitch1855
- cochenille virgule du pommier Foldi2001 MawFoHa2000
- linden oystershell scale KosztaKo1988F
- mussel scale Borchs1966
- oyster-shell bark-louse Jarvis1906
- oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple Riley1873
- oyster-shell scale Borchs1966
- oystershell scale DeBach1964
- poplar oystershell scale KosztaKo1988F
- vine mussel scale Newste1907a
- apple mussel scale CharleHe2002
- oyster shell mango scale AbdRabEv2021
- Apfel-kommaschildlaus WatsonKo2022a
- cocciniglia a virgola WatsonKo2022a
- cochinilla coma del manzano WatsonKo2022a
- kommaschildluis WatsonKo2022a
- kommaskjoldlus WatsonKo2022a
- kommasköldlus WatsonKo2022a
- almaen WatsonKo2022a
- pilkkukilpikirva WatsonKo2022a
- ringo-kaki-kaigaramushi WatsonKo2022a
- virgul kosnili WatsonKo2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 74 | Genera: 169
- Adoxaceae
- Sambucus | Yasar2020
- Viburnum | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Altingiaceae
- Liquidambar orientalis | IspartYa2020
- Amaranthaceae
- Beta | MillerDa2005
- Anacardiaceae
- Cotinus | MillerDa2005
- Cotinus coggygria | ArgyriStMo1976 Korone1934
- Pistacia | MillerDa2005
- Pistacia lentiscus | Balach1933e PellizPoSe2011
- Spondias | MillerDa2005
- Apocynaceae
- Araujia | McKenz1956
- Nerium oleander | ErlerKoTu1996
- Vinca majör | Yasar2020
- Vincetoxicum | DanzigPe1998
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | UlgentDo2019
- Ilex aquifolium | McKenz1956
- Ilex crenata | QuaintSa1916
- Araliaceae
- Panax | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Panax quinquefolius | QuaintSa1916
- Arecaceae
- Cocos nucifera | QuaintSa1916
- Asparagaceae
- Yucca | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Yucca filamentosa | Yasar2020
- Yucca glauca | Yasar2020
- Asteraceae
- Artemisia | MillerDa2005
- Fitchia | MillerDa2005
- Helianthus | QuaintSa1916
- Mikania sagittifera | QuaintSa1916
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Berberis vulgaris | BognarVi1979
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | Balach1933a
- Alnus alnobetula | Balach1933a | var. suaveolens (= Alnus viridis suaveolens)
- Alnus glutinosa | Moghad2013a
- Alnus incana | QuaintSa1916 | (= Alnus rugosa)
- Alnus viridis | NormarOkMo2019 | subsp. sinuata
- Betula | MillerDa2005 Thiem1933a
- Betula ermanii | Thiem1933a
- Betula nigra | Thiem1933a
- Betula papyrifera | NormarOkMo2019
- Betula pendula | Rasina1960 Thiem1933a | (= Betula verrucosa)
- Betula populifolia | QuaintSa1916
- Betula pubescens | Thiem1933a
- Carpinus | DanzigPe1998
- Corylus | QuaintSa1916
- Corylus avellana | Moghad2013a Thiem1933a
- Bignoniaceae
- Catalpa | MillerDa2005
- Catalpa bignonioides | Yasar2020
- Catalpa speciosa | Jorgen1934
- Brassicaceae
- Arabis | MillerDa2005
- Lepidium graminifolium | QuaintSa1916 | (= Lepidium suffruticosum)
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Lawson1917 MillerDa2005
- Buxus sempervirens | Thiem1933a
- Pachysandra | MillerDa2005
- Pachysandra terminalis | QuaintSa1916
- Sarcococca | MillerDa2005
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis | MillerDa2005
- Celtis occidentalis | QuaintSa1916
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Symphoricarpos | DanzigPe1998
- Symphoricarpos albus | Yasar2020
- Celastraceae
- Celastrus | MillerDa2005
- Celastrus scandens | QuaintSa1916
- Euonymus | DanzigPe1998
- Euonymus japonicus | Suh2020
- Cistaceae
- Helianthemum nummularium | Green1925 QuaintSa1916 | (= Helianthemum chamaecistus, Helianthemum vulgare)
- Commelinaceae
- Cyanotis | DanzigPe1998
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | Bouche1851 MillerDa2005
- Cornus alba | QuaintSa1916 | inc. ssp. sibirica (= Thelycrania tatarica)
- Cornus alternifolia | QuaintSa1916 | (= Cornus alterna)
- Cornus controversa | Takagi1960
- Cornus mas | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cornus sanguinea | QuaintSa1916
- Cornus sericea | Cocker1895x NormarOkMo2019 QuaintSa1916 | (= Cornus stolonifera, Cornus californica, Cornus californicus)
- Cupressaceae
- Chamaecyparis | MillerDa2005
- Cupressus | Bodenh1953
- Platycladus orientalis | BicheArMe2022 | (= Biota orientalis)
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | MillerDa2005
- Diospyros kaki | Takaha1955e
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | MillerDa2005
- Elaeagnus angustifolia | GomezM1960G QuaintSa1916 Yasar2020 | (= Elaeagnus argentea),
- Elaeagnus rhamnoides | MoglanMo1997b | (= Hippophae rhamnoides)
- Ericaceae
- Andromeda polifolia | Danzig1959
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi | Danzig1959
- Calluna | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Calluna vulgaris | Thiem1933a
- Chamaedaphne calyculata | QuaintSa1916
- Chimaphila | DanzigPe1998
- Empetrum nigrum | BugajNJuKa2021
- Erica | QuaintSa1916
- Erica tetralix | Green1925
- Oxydendrum | MillerDa2005
- Rhododendron | MillerDa2005 Tao1999
- Rhododendron ponticum | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rhododendron tomentosum | Danzig1959 | (= Ledum palustre)
- Vaccinium | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916 | (= Oxycoccus)
- Vaccinium arctostaphylos | BatsanKaKi2017
- Vaccinium macrocarpum | Frankl1952
- Vaccinium myrtillus | Thiem1933a
- Vaccinium oxycoccos | Danzig1959 | (= Oxycoccus quadripetalus)
- Vaccinium uliginosum | Danzig1959
- Vaccinium vitis-idaea | Danzig1959
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia verrucosa | Danzig1959a
- Ricinus communis | Bodenh1924
- Triadica sebifera | QuaintSa1916 Wilson1917 | (= Sapium sebiferum, Stillingia sebifera)
- Fabaceae
- Amorpha | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Astragalus siculus | MazzeoNuRu2016
- Bauhinia | Yasar2020
- Caesalpinia | DanzigPe1998
- Caesalpinia insolita | DanzigPe1998
- Cajanus cajan | Hall1922 | (= Cajanus indicus)
- Ceratonia | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Ceratonia siliqua | GugliuMaMa2019
- Cercis | MillerDa2005
- Cercis siliquastrum | ErlerKoTu1996
- Cytisus | GomezM1960G Martin1983 MillerDa2005 | (= Sarothamnus)
- Cytisus scoparius | Martin1983 QuaintSa1916 | (= Sarothamnus scoparius)
- Cytisus supranubius | CarnerPe1986 QuaintSa1916 | (= Cytisus nubigensus, Spartocytisus supranubius)
- Genista | Balach1954e
- Gleditsia | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
- Gleditsia aquatica | QuaintSa1916
- Gleditsia triacanthos | Hadzib1941
- Laburnum | DanzigPe1998
- Lupinus | MillerDa2005
- Maackia | DanzigPe1998
- Retama | BenDov2013
- Robinia | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
- Robinia pseudoacacia | QuaintSa1916
- Sesbania | Hall1922
- Spartium | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005
- Spartium junceum | BenDov2012 UlgentDo2019
- Ulex | Bodenh1953
- Ulex europaeus | Dougla1886
- Fagaceae
- Castanea | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Castanea dentata | QuaintSa1916 | (= Castanea americana)
- Castanea sativa | BatsanKaKi2017
- Fagus | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
- Fagus grandifolia | QuaintSa1916 | (= Fagus atropunicea)
- Fagus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Fagus sylvatica | Thiem1933a
- Quercus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Quercus hartwissiana | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1941
- Quercus petraea | Thiem1933a | (= Quercus sessilis)
- Quercus robur | QuaintSa1916 Thiem1933a | (= Quercus pedunculata )
- Quercus tuneri | BognarVi1979 | ssp. pseudoturneri
- Gentianaceae
- Centaurium | MillerDa2005
- Geraniaceae
- Geranium | DanzigPe1998
- Pelargonium | Hall1922
- Ginkgoaceae
- Ginkgo | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | Kuwana1925a Maskel1884 MillerDa2005
- Ribes alpinum | QuaintSa1916
- Ribes americanum | Fitch1855 | (= Ribes floridum)
- Ribes cynosbati | QuaintSa1916
- Ribes nigrum | Danzig1959a
- Ribes rubrum | Danzig1959a
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea | MillerDa2005
- Hydrangea arborescens | MalumpOsPy2009
- Philadelphus caucasicus | Danzig1959a
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005
- Iridaceae
- Gladiolus | McKenz1956
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Juglans cinerea | QuaintSa1916
- Juglans regia | QuaintSa1916
- Pterocarya pterocarpa | BatsanKaKi2017
- Lamiaceae
- Thymus vulgaris | MatilePe2002
- Lardizabalaceae
- Holboellia | MillerDa2005
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum camphora | QuaintSa1916
- Lindera triloba | Wilson1917
- Persea | MillerDa2005
- Sassafras | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Sassafras albidum | QuaintSa1916 | (= Sassafras officinalis)
- Loranthaceae
- Loranthus | MillerDa2005
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | Bodenh1924
- Magnoliaceae
- Liriodendron tulipifera | QuaintSa1916
- Magnolia | MillerDa2005
- Magnolia tripetala | QuaintSa1916
- Michelia | MillerDa2005
- Malvaceae
- Tilia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Tilia americana | QuaintSa1916
- Tilia cordata | Danzig1959
- Tilia rubra | BatsanKaKi2017
- Tilia x europaea | Savesc1955
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | Yasar2020
- Moraceae
- Ficus | MillerDa2005
- Ficus carica | QuaintSa1916
- Maclura | MillerDa2005
- Myricaceae
- Myrica | DanzigPe1998
- Myrica gale | BugajNJuKa2021
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtus | QuaintSa1916
- Oleaceae
- Chionanthus | MillerDa2005
- Forsythia | MillerDa2005
- Fraxinus | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Fraxinus americana | QuaintSa1916
- Fraxinus excelsior | Savesc1955
- Fraxinus ornus | BognarVi1979
- Fraxinus pennsylvanica | Jorgen1934
- Ligustrum | MillerDa2005
- Ligustrum japonicum | ArgyriStMo1976
- Ligustrum vulgare | Rasina1960
- Olea | MillerDa2005
- Olea europaea | Korone1934
- Syringa | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Syringa komarowii | Rasina1960 | (= Syringa reflexa)
- Syringa persica | QuaintSa1916
- Syringa vulgaris | QuaintSa1916
- Paeoniaceae
- Paeonia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Phyllanthaceae
- Flueggea | GomezM1960G | (= Colmeiroa)
- Pinaceae
- Abies | MillerDa2005
- Abies firma | QuaintSa1916
- Picea | MillerDa2005
- Pinus brutia | UlgentDo2019
- Pinus nigra | Yasar2020
- Pinus pinaster | BicheArMe2022 | (= Pinus maritima)
- Pinus sylvestris | BugajNJuKa2021
- Tsuga | MillerDa2005
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | QuaintSa1916
- Platanus orientalis | GomezM1937
- Plumbaginaceae
- Armeria | DanzigPe1998
- Poaceae
- Melica | DanzigPe1998
- Polemoniaceae
- Phlox | MillerDa2005
- Polygonaceae
- Eriogonum parvifolium | McKenz1956
- Ranunculaceae
- Clematis | MillerDa2005
- Clematis paniculata | QuaintSa1916
- Clematis vitalba | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rhamnaceae
- Ceanothus | MillerDa2005
- Ceanothus americanus | QuaintSa1916
- Frangula | CrouchGrWi2021
- Hovenia | QuaintSa1916
- Hovenia dulcis | QuaintSa1916
- Rhamnus cathartica | QuaintSa1916
- Ziziphus | Bodenh1924 Hall1922
- Rosaceae
- Amelanchier | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Amelanchier alnifolia | NormarOkMo2019
- Amygdalus | Borchs1962b | (= Persica)
- Aruncus dioicus | QuaintSa1916 | (= Aruncus sylvester)
- Cotoneaster | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Cotoneaster horizontalis | Yasar2020
- Cotoneaster integerrimus | Danzig1959
- Cotoneaster lucidus | Thiem1933a
- Cotoneaster melanocarpus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Crataegus | Kuwana1925a MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Crataegus ambigua | Moghad2013a
- Crataegus crus-galli | QuaintSa1916
- Crataegus cuneata | QuaintSa1916 | (= Mespilus cuneata)
- Crataegus laevigata | BugajNJuKa2021
- Crataegus monogyna | BognarVi1979 QuaintSa1916 | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
- Cydonia oblonga | Thiem1933a | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Geum | MillerDa2005
- Heteromeles arbutifolia | McKenz1956 | (= Photinia arbutifolia)
- Malus | BognarVi1979 MillerDa2005 Thiem1933a
- Malus baccata | Danzig1959a
- Malus domestica | Danzig1959 GomezM1937 LepineMi1931 | (= Pyrus malus)
- Malus floribunda | Yasar2020
- Malus mandshurica | Danzig1980b
- Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Malus prunifolia | LepineMi1931
- Malus pumila | MatilePe2002 Muraka1970
- Malus sylvestris | BatsanKaKi2017 QuaintSa1916 | (= Malus communis)
- Mespilus | MillerDa2005
- Mespilus germanica | Moghad2013a
- Potentilla erecta | Danzig1959a
- Prunus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916 Rasina1960 GomezM1954 MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916 | (= Cerasus)
- Prunus armeniaca | QuaintSa1916
- Prunus avium | Yasar2020
- Prunus cerasifera | BognarVi1979 GomezM1937
- Prunus cerasus | Korone1934 | (= Amygdalus cerasus
- Prunus davidiana | Martin1983 | (= Amygdalus communis)
- Prunus domestica | QuaintSa1916
- Prunus dulcis | Martin1983 McKenz1956 | (= Prunus amygdalus)
- Prunus emarginata | McKenz1956
- Prunus laurocerasus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Prunus maackii | Danzig1959a | (= Padus maackii)
- Prunus mahaleb | Yasar2020
- Prunus padus | Danzig1959a | (= Padus racemosa)
- Prunus persica | Korone1934 LepineMi1931 QuaintSa1916 | ssp. nectarina (= Amygdalus persica nectarina) (= Amygdalus persica)
- Prunus salicina | Muraka1970
- Prunus sargentii | QuaintSa1916
- Prunus serrulata | Suh2020
- Prunus spinosa | QuaintSa1916
- Pyrus | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
- Pyrus communis | MoglanMo1997b Thiem1933a | (= Pyrus sativus)
- Pyrus pyrifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Pyrus serotina)
- Rosa | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
- Rosa canina | Danzig1959a
- Rosa multiflora | Suh2020
- Rosa rugosa | QuaintSa1916
- Rosa × damascena | UlgentDo2019
- Rubus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Rubus idaeus | Danzig1959
- Sorbaria | MillerDa2005
- Sorbaria sorbifolia | Danzig1959a
- Sorbus | MillerDa2005 Takagi1960
- Sorbus americana | QuaintSa1916
- Sorbus aucuparia | Thiem1933a
- Sorbus intermedia | Thiem1933a
- Sorbus torminalis | Thiem1933a
- Spiraea | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Spiraea salicifolia | BognarVi1979
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Citrus aurantium | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus limon | JansenAl2023
- Phellodendron | MillerDa2005
- Ptelea trifoliata | QuaintSa1916
- Salicaceae
- Populus | BenDov2012 GomezM1937 Hall1922 MillerDa2005
- Populus alba | BenDov2011 QuaintSa1916
- Populus balsamifera | QuaintSa1916
- Populus berolinensis | Danzig1959a
- Populus canadensis | Tsalev1967 | (= Populus euramericana)
- Populus deltoides | QuaintSa1916
- Populus gracilis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Populus nigra | Borchs1938 LepineMi1931 LepineMi1931 QuaintSa1916 | (= Populus pyramidalis),var. lombardy,var. italica
- Populus simonii | BognarVi1979 Newste1907a | var. fastigiata
- Populus tremula | Savesc1955
- Populus tremuloides | CrouchGrWi2021
- Salix | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924 MillerDa2005
- Salix aegyptiaca | QuaintSa1916
- Salix alba | Tsalev1967
- Salix amygdaloides | Jorgen1934
- Salix babylonica | QuaintSa1916
- Salix canariensis | QuaintSa1916
- Salix caprea | QuaintSa1916
- Salix elaeagnos | Danzig1959a | (= Salix linearis)
- Salix matsudana | DanzigPe1998
- Salix mucronata | Yasar2020
- Salix nigra | Yasar2020
- Salix pedicellata | QuaintSa1916
- Salix purpurea | Tsalev1967
- Salix viminalis | QuaintSa1916
- Santalaceae
- Viscum | DanzigPe1998
- Viscum albüm | Yasar2020
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | Borchs1962b MillerDa2005
- Acer circinatum | NormarOkMo2019
- Acer negundo | Danzig1959a Jorgen1934 | (= Negundo aceroides)
- Acer pensylvanicum | QuaintSa1916
- Acer platanoides | Thiem1933a
- Acer rubrum | QuaintSa1916
- Acer saccharum | QuaintSa1916
- Acer spicatum | QuaintSa1916
- Acer tataricum | Danzig1959a | (= Acer ginnala)
- Aesculus | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005 | (= {Pavia)
- Aesculus glabra | QuaintSa1916
- Aesculus hippocastanum | QuaintSa1916 Yasar2020
- Koelreuteria | MillerDa2005
- Simaroubaceae
- Ailanthus altissima | QuaintSa1916 Tao1999 | (= Ailanthus cacodendron, Ailanthus glandulosa)
- Solanaceae
- Lycium | DanzigPe1998
- Staphyleaceae
- Staphylea | MillerDa2005
- Staphylea trifolia | QuaintSa1916
- Styracaceae
- Styrax officinalis | BenDov2012 ErlerKoTu1996
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | Bodenh1953
- Tamarix africana | QuaintSa1916
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | MillerDa2005
- Taxus baccata | BatsanKaKi2017
- Theaceae
- Camellia | QuaintSa1916
- Thymelaeaceae
- Dirca palustris | QuaintSa1916
- Ulmaceae
- Planera | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Ulmus | MillerDa2005
- Ulmus glabra | Linnae1758 QuaintSa1916 | (= Ulmus scabra purpurea, Ulmus campestris)
- Ulmus minor | McKenz1956 | (= Ulmus carpinifolia)
- Zelkova carpinifolia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Urticaceae
- Urtica dioica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Vitaceae
- Parthenocissus | ErlerKoTu1996
- Parthenocissus quinquefolia | QuaintSa1916 | (= Ampelopsis quinquefolia)
- Vitis | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Vitis vinifera | BenDov2012 QuaintSa1916
Foes:
Families: 10 | Genera: 24
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus atomon | Aligey2016
- Ablerus celsus | UlgentErKa2008 | (= Azotus celsus
- Aphytis abnormis | Balach1954e Morley1909 | (= Aphelinus abnormis)
- Aphytis aonidiae | ArgyriStMo1976 | (= Aphytis dubius)
- Aphytis diaspidis | Morley1909 | (= Aphelinus fuscipennis)
- Aphytis maculicornis | AbdRab2001a
- Aphytis moldavicus | Aligey2016
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Balach1954e Morley1909 Ruhl1913 | (= Aphelinus mytaspidis)
- Aphytis proclia | Balach1954e
- Archenomus longiclavae | Aligey2016
- Coccobius testaceus | Balach1954e MoglanMo1997b PriesnHo1940 | (= Physcus testaceus),(= Physcus testaceus)
- Coccophagus lycimnia | MoghadWa2021
- Coccophagus obscurus | Balach1954e | (= Coccophagus niger)
- Diaspiniphagus moeris | Aligey2016 | (= Diaspiniphagus similis)
- Encarsia citrina | Aligey2016 Balach1954e HuangPo1998 Viggia1987 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus),
- Encarsia fasciata | Aligey2016
- Encarsia gigas | Aligey2016
- Encarsia herndoni | Viggia1987
- Encarsia perniciosi | HuangPo1998
- Marietta picta | KaydanJa2010
- Pteroptrix lauri | Aligey2016 | (= Hispaniella lauri )
- Pteroptrix longiclava | Balach1954e | (= Apteroptrix longiclava)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Borg1919
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Muraka1970 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Chilocorus stigma | WatsonKo2022a
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017 | (= Lindorus lophantae)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus rufifrons | PriesnHo1940 | ssp. flaviceps
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus intersectus | Balach1954e Danzig1959 MoglanMo1997b | (= Anabrolepis zetterstedtii) (= Epitetracnemus zetterstedtii) (= Habrolepis zetterstedtii)
- Anagyrus matritensis | Balach1954e | (= Gyranusa matritensis)
- Metaphycus chermis | FallahJa2017
- Microterys | Balach1954e
- Pseudorhopus testaceus | Balach1954e | (= Rhopus testaceus)
- Zaomma lambinus | Balach1954e Danzig1959 GomezM1937 MoglanMo1997b Morley1909 | (= Metallonoidea britannica) (= Apterencyrtus microphagus) (= Chiloneurinus microphagus) (= Chiloneurus diaspidinarum)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | Balach1954e Whitco1974
- Mymaridae
- Erythmelus gracilis | Morley1909 | (= Anaphes gracilis)
- Phlaeothripidae
- Karnyothrips flavipes | PriesnHo1940
- Procotrupoidea
- Procotrupoidea | MoglanMo1997b
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora flavella | AmouroCrCo2019
- Tubeufiaceae
- Podonectria tenuispora | XuZeLv2021
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 72
- Algeria | Merril1953
- Argentina | Tao1999
- Rio Negro | WatsonKo2022a
- Armenia | TerGri1956
- Australia | Kirkal1902
- New South Wales | WatsonKo2022a
- South Australia | WatsonKo2022a
- Tasmania | Balach1954e
- Victoria | WatsonKo2022a
- Western Australia | WatsonKo2022a
- Austria | Merril1953
- Azerbaijan | Aligey2016
- Brazil | Hempel1900a
- Rio Grande do Sul | WatsonKo2022a
- Rio de Janeiro | WatsonKo2022a
- Sao Paulo | WatsonKo2022a
- Bulgaria | Tsalev1968 Tschor1939
- Canada | Tao1999 TurnbuCh1961
- Alberta | MawFoHa2000
- British Columbia | Treher1914a Venabl1939
- Manitoba | WatsonKo2022a
- New Brunswick | Koszta1996
- Nova Scotia | Koszta1996 PicketPa1953
- Ontario | Jarvis1906
- Prince Edward Island | Koszta1996
- Quebec | WatsonKo2022a
- Canary Islands | BenDov2013 CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- Chile | Balach1954e
- Antofagasta | WatsonKo2022a
- Atacama | WatsonKo2022a
- Biobio | WatsonKo2022a
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- La Araucania | WatsonKo2022a
- Los Lagos | WatsonKo2022a
- Maule | WatsonKo2022a
- O'Higgins | WatsonKo2022a
- Santiago | WatsonKo2022a
- Tarapaca | WatsonKo2022a
- Valparaiso | WatsonKo2022a
- China | Kirkal1902
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | Hua2000
- Aomen (=Macau) | Merril1953
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
- Gansu (=Kansu) | Tao1999
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tao1999
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Hebei (=Hopei) | Tao1999
- Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) | Tao1999
- Henan (=Honan) | Tao1999
- Hubei (=Hupei) | Tao1999
- Hunan | Tao1999
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Hua2000
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Tao1999
- Jilin (=Kirin) | Tao1999
- Liaoning | Tao1999
- Ningxia (=Ningsia) | Tao1999
- Shandong (=Shantung) | Hua2000
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Tao1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Tao1999
- Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | LiangAiZh1999 Tao1999
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Tao1999
- Yunnan | Tao1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Tao1999
- Colombia | WatsonKo2022a
- Corsica | Balach1933a
- Crete | PellizPoSe2011
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Czech Republic | WatsonKo2022a
- Czechoslovakia | DanzigPe1998
- Denmark | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986
- Egypt | AbdRab2001a Hall1922 Newste1906 Newste1907a
- Estonia | Stalaz2021
- Finland | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986
- France | Balach1933e Foldi2001
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1941
- Germany | SchmutHo2016 Schran1801
- Greece | Korone1934
- Hawaiian Islands | Kirkal1902
- Hungary | KozarOrKo1977
- India
- Tamil Nadu | SureshMo1996
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996
- Iraq | DanzigPe1998
- Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- Israel | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Japan | Tao1999
- Hokkaido | Takagi1960
- Honshu | Shinji1936b
- Kazakhstan | Danzig1980b
- Chimkent Oblast | Borchs1962b
- Latvia | Rasina1960
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009
- Luxembourg | Gertso2016 GertssSc2020
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malta | Borg1919 MifsudMaRu2014
- Mexico | Balach1954e
- Montenegro | BugajNJuKa2021
- Morocco | LepineMi1931
- Netherlands | HelsenBlTr1996
- New Zealand | Hender2011 Kirkal1902
- South Island | Maskel1884
- Norway | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986
- Peru | WatsonKo2022a
- Poland | KotejaZa1983 SimonKa2011 Szulcz1926
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941
- Romania | Savesc1955 Teodor2018
- Russia | Merril1953
- Primor'ye Kray | Danzig1980b
- St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | Danzig1959
- Sardinia | PellizFo1996
- Saudi Arabia | Matile1984c Shalab1961
- Serbia | WatsonKo2022a
- Slovakia | WatsonKo2022a
- Slovenia | WatsonKo2022a
- South Africa | Balach1954e
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 Suh2016
- Spain | GomezM1937
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Tullgr1906
- Switzerland | KozarHi1996
- Taiwan | Hua2000
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | Borchs1962b
- Tunisia | MansouMkGr2011
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 NormarOkMo2019
- Turkmenistan | Lashin1956
- United Kingdom
- England | Dougla1886 MalumpBa2012 Newste1907a
- Northern Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- United States
- Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
- Arkansas | MillerDa2005
- California | Cocker1895x MillerDa2005
- Colorado | MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
- Delaware | Hought1904 MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Florida | MillerDa2005 Wilson1917
- Georgia | MillerDa2005 Starne1897
- Idaho | MillerDa2005
- Illinois | Glenn1920 MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Indiana | Dougla1912 MillerDa2005
- Iowa | DrakeGu1931 MillerDa2005
- Kansas | Lawson1917 MillerDa2005
- Kentucky | MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | Miller2005
- Maine | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Maryland | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Massachusetts | MillerDa2005
- Michigan | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Minnesota | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Mississippi | WatsonKo2022a
- Missouri | MillerDa2005 Riley1873
- Montana | MillerDa2005
- Nebraska | MillerDa2005
- New Hampshire | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- New York | Fitch1855 MillerDa2005
- North Carolina | MillerDa2005 Sherma1913
- North Dakota | MillerDa2005
- Ohio | MillerDa2005 Sander1904a
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005
- Oregon | MillerDa2005 SchuhMo1948
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Stimme1980b
- Rhode Island | MillerDa2005
- South Dakota | MillerDa2005 Severi1920
- Tennessee | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Utah | Jorgen1934 MillerDa2005
- Vermont | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Virginia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Washington | MillerDa2005
- West Virginia | MillerDa2005 QuaintSa1916
- Wisconsin | MillerDa2005
- Wyoming | MillerDa2005
- Uruguay | WatsonKo2022a
- Uzbekistan | Borchs1962b
- Vietnam | DaoBeWa2023
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Lepidosaphes in Iran]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- Hender2011: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Lepidosaphes adult females in New Zealand]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Ghabbo2001: pp.78 ( First instar ) [Key to first-instar nymphs of three species of Lepidosaphes]
- Gill1997: pp.168 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes]
- Koszta1996: pp.517 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Northeastern North American Lepidosaphes]
- Danzig1993: pp.247 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- KosztaKo1988F: pp.347 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Danzig1986a: pp.355 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes (Lepidosaphes) ulmi
- Chou1982: pp.156 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]
- Paik1978: pp.338 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- McDani1972a: pp.323 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Lepidosaphes]
- Danzig1971d: pp.841 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]
- Takagi1960: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Bustsh1958: pp.185 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of the tribe Diaspidini]
- Ezzat1958: pp.245 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes ulmi
- GomezM1956: pp.73 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes of Spain] Key as: Lepidosaphes ulmi v. oleae
- McKenz1956: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Takaha1955e: pp.69 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Balach1954e: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:56 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Borchs1938: pp.138 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes in the Fareastern Region of the SSSR]
- Kuwana1925a: pp.4 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Britto1923: pp.378 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Connecticut species of Lepidosaphes]
- MacGil1921: pp.374 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Leonar1906c: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Leonar1903: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mytilaspis] Key as: Mytilaspis nivea M. pomorum
- Cocker1899f: pp.14 ( Adult (F) ) [Australian species of Mytilaspis] Key as: Mytilaspis pomorum
Remarks
- Systematics: The list of synonyms for L. ulmi is very extensive and it is often difficult to know if all are correct. We have synthesized the listings given by Borchsenius (1966) and Danzig & Pellizzari (1998). Lepidosaphes ulmi can be told from L. salicina by its absence of the row of dorsal tubes beginning from second notch of pygidium (Danzig, 1980b). In New Zealand, The presence of abdominal dorsal bosses and spinose spurs distinguishes L ulmi from other Lepidosaphes species in New Zealand. L. ulmi is most similar to L. beckii in possessing numerous dorsal ducts and the ventral band of ducts between the posterior spiracles, but L. beckii has the lateral double head bosses (absent on L. ulmi). (Henderson, 2011)
- Structure: Female body milky white, as are eggs (Danzig, 1980b). Female scales light brown or yellow, 2.5-3.0 mm long. Scales of male nymphs lighter than female scales about 1 mm long. Adult female body elongate-pear shaped (Borchsenius, 1962b). The position of the spiracles in all feeding instars is summarized by Podsiadlo (2002). Female scale cover elongate mussel shell-shaped, rich mahogany brown with a pale section at posterior end, terminal exuvia more goldenbrown; female body pale with yellow pygidium, eggs white. (Henderson, 2011)Female puparium irregularly oval, formed mainly by the 2nd exuviae, with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion. Exuviae dark yellow. Adult female with cephalic end slightly prolonged into a compressed cylinder (Maskell, 1884). Scale cover of immature male (when present) paler than that of female, smaller, slenderer and more parallel-sided, but smaller and with only 1 exuviae.
- Biology: Jarvis (1906) states that "this insect is one-brooded and winters over in the egg stage. The eggs can be easily seen if at any time in the fall or winter the old scales be lifted up and examined beneath. Numbers of very small whitish yellow eggs will be seen. Here beneath this oyster-shaped scale they remain until early in the summer. The first instars escape from the eggs during the last week in May and the first week in June. They wander for a few hours, or a few days, on the limb, then settle down and secrete a scale. The larvae moult, or shed their skins, twice in the course of their growth during the summer. The adult female dies soon after the laying of the eggs, about 60 in number, in the fall." Griswold (1925), Danzig (1959), Samarasenghe & ReRoux (1966) and Garrett (1972) also discuss life history. In North America, Griswold (1925), Samarasinghe and LeRoux (1966), and Garrett (1972) made detailed life history studies of oystershell scale. Griswold (1925) noted an apple and a lilac form in New York. The former has longer, more narrow scale covers which are uniformly brown, has fewer pores, and develops about 2 weeks earlier than the lilac form. The latter has shorter, wider scale covers which are banded when new and pale gray when old, has more perivulvar pores, and develops about 2 weeks later than the apple form. She found the lilac or banded form on more different host plants, particularly shade trees, than the apple or brown form. She was able to induce apple forms to develop on lilac but the reverse host transfers failed. In Quebec, Canada Samarasinghe and LeRoux (1966), studied a brown form on apple which was unisexual and univoltine. Females laid 20-110 eggs each from late August to early September. These hatched from early May to mid June. Second instars occurred from mid June to late July. Adults appeared from early August to late September. They found Hemisarcoptes malus and Aphelinus mytilaspidus to be the 2 most important mortality factors in the egg and adult stages of oystershell scale. In Maryland, Garrett (1972) worked with a yellow banded, unisexual, univoltine form on poplar and willow which produced 20-101 eggs per female and hatched in late May. He also studied a gray, bisexual, bivoltine form on maple, lilac, and boxwood. Females of the latter produced 16-94 eggs which hatched from late April to mid May. In addition, the eggs and second instars were larger than in the univoltine form. There was no significant difference in perivulvar pore numbers between the uni and bivoltine forms. Apple was an unacceptable host to both forms studied by Garrett. The following egg hatching dates have been observed in North America: June and July, British Columbia (Madsen and Arrand 1971); , May, Oregon (Schuh and Mote 1948); late June to early July, Wyoming (Spackman 1980); early May to early June, North Dakota (McBride 1975); one week after apple petal fall, generally late May to early June, Minnesota, (Hodson and Lofgren 1970); May and July, Indiana, (Sadof 1992); about apple blossom time, Wisconsin (McDowell 1960); late May, Illinois (English 1970); late May to early June, Pennsylvania (Heller 1977); mid May to late May, Vermont (Nielsen 1970); late May to mid June, Connecticut (Schread 1970); between silver tip and pre pink of apple, first week of April to first week of May with second generation crawlers in July, North Carolina (Turnipseed and Smith 1953). Kozár (1990) found that eggs begin to hatch when there has been an accumulation of >130.8 C day- degrees, and this event closely coincides with the appearance of apple blossoms. In Russia Danzig (1959) found a unisexual, univoltine form on apple, barberry, pear, cotoneaster, and walnut and a bisexual, bivoltine form on poplar, willow, lilac, boxwood, and a few others. The latter form was more tolerant of low temperatures. Schmutterer (1951) noted a bisexual, bivoltine form in Germany (L. ulmi bisexualis). In Japan, Murakami (1970) recorded 1 generation a year with egg hatch in May. In Chile, it is reported to have a single generation each year and overwinter in the egg stage (Carrillo et al. 1995). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Not considered a serious pest of cranberry vines (Franklin 1952). Griswold (1925) summarized numerous references in the early literature about the destructive nature of oystershell scale. The most serious of these outbreaks was noted by Sterrett (1915) in northern Ohio where entire stands of ash trees were killed. Garrett (1972) also discussed the economic importance of oystershell scale in the U.S. Spackman (1980) described oystershell scale as "probably the insect pest most destructive to lilacs in Wyoming." He noted that heavy infestations kill entire lilac bushes as well as ash and willow trees. Turnipseed and Smith (1953) state that oystershell scale is a serious pest of apples at higher elevations in western North Carolina. Recent literature discussing economic damage to specific hosts are as follows: Apples (Aleksidze 1995, Erol and Yasar 1996); olives (Agryriou 1990, Katsoyannos 1992); ornamentals (Davidson and Miller 1990); and walnut (Chua and Wood 1990). It appears that this pest is not as abundant today as it was in the early 1900s. In many situations the large diversity of natural enemies prevents the oystershell scale from becoming a pest (Kozár 1990a). An interesting discovery by Mendel et al. (1992) is that if this species feeds on alkaloid-containing plants, the predators that feed on the scale have significantly diminished levels of survival. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this to be one of 43 major armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris (1937) and Borchsenius (1962b). Color photograph in Watson & Kondo (2022a).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab1999: biological control, distribution, 1120
- AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 175
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 35
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 58
- Altum1882: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 364-365
- AlvareLiLu2020: phylogeny, 5
- Amerli1858a: host, 103
- AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
- AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 69, 71-72
- ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 26
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- AyazUlOz2015: distribution,
- Babaev1980: distribution, host, 59
- Baeren1849: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 168
- Balach1933a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40-41
- Balach1933e: distribution, host, 4
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33, 37-42
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-57
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 128
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 31, 43
- BenDov2013: distribution, host, 72
- Berles1895b: taxonomy, 85, 168
- Berles1896: distribution, host, taxonomy, 214, 297
- BerlesLe1898a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 132
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 12
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 507
- Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53-54
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, 86, 96
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 122, 133-135
- Bodenh1953: distribution, host, life history, 24
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 17
- Boraty1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 467-468
- Boraty1970a: taxonomy, 66-67
- BoratyWi1964a: taxonomy, 104
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 73, 77, 107
- Borchs1938: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 139
- Borchs1949d: distribution, taxonomy, 204
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 181
- Borchs1962b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 861, 870
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 44-47,144,373-374
- Borg1919: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 18-19
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 12
- Bouche1851: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 110
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 2
- Britta1915: description, economic importance, life history, 42
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 378, 379
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 300
- BurgesGa1982: distribution, host, 108
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185, 191-192
- Bustsh1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 220
- CarrilCiMu1995: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 5-8
- Charle1998: distribution, economic importance, 51
- CharleAlWe1998: biological control, distribution, host, 93, 97
- CharleHe2002: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 589-595,603-604
- Charli1972: distribution, 215
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156-159
- Chou1986: illustration, 570, 594
- Cocker1894: taxonomy, 33
- Cocker1895x: distribution, host, 259-260
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 337
- Cocker1899f: distribution, taxonomy, 14
- Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 275
- Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 118-121, 124
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 474-475, 579-582, 58
- Costa1829: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21-22
- CrouchGrWi2021: biology, control, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle,
- CrouchHoGr2024: biology, dispersal, economic importance,
- Curtis1843e: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 735-736
- Danzig1959: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 449
- Danzig1959a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 879-886
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 841
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 302-303
- Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 356, 358
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 247, 248, 251-254
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 293-295
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, phylogeny, 82
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1029
- DeBach1964: biological control, distribution, host, 679
- DeBach1964d: biological control, distribution, host, 12, 13
- DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 38
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 282-283
- Dingle1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 369-370
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 12
- Dougla1886: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 249-250
- Dougla1886a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27, 28
- Dougla1886c: description, 152
- Dougla1912: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 222-225
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- DrakeGu1931: chemical control, distribution, host, illustration, 13
- Draper1907: distribution, 15
- DumasVa1950: biological control, 235
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- ErlerKoTu1996: distribution, host, 57
- ErolYa1999: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 151
- Ezzat1958: distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
- FallahJa2017: distribution, natural enemies, 19, 34
- Farooq1998: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 509-513
- Fassot2003: life history, 24
- Fassot2003a: life history, 60
- Felt1901: distribution, host, taxonomy, 297-298
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 248,307,310,314-317
- Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 22, 65
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-76
- Ferris1937a: taxonomy, 5
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 43, 48
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446: 56
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
- Fitch1855: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 735-742
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 18-19
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- Foldi2003: distribution, 152
- Foldi2003a: 7
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FowjhaKo1999: distribution, host, 122
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 13,24
- FrankKr1900: distribution, host, 90, 99
- Frankl1952: economic importance, host, 12
- Frogga1907: distribution, host, 374
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-46
- Gennad1895: description, distribution, host, cclxxvii
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
- Gertss1997: distribution, host, illustration, 115, 116
- Gertss2000: distribution, host, 152
- Gertss2001: distribution, 127
- Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 56
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 135
- Ghabbo2001: taxonomy, 78
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 349
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 11
- Ghauri1962: distribution, host, taxonomy, 119, 212
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168, 175-176, 188
- Giraul1909: life history, 357
- Glenn1920: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 173-177
- Goethe1884: 188
- GomesCRe1947: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 173-174
- GomezM1937: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164, 180-184
- GomezM1954: distribution, host, 121
- GomezM1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 73, 94-95
- GomezM1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 49, 90-94
- GomezM1960G: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 169-170
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle, natural enemies, taxonomy, 101, 105, 132, 182-186
- Graora1997: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 127-137
- Green1921: taxonomy, 199-200
- Green1925: distribution, host, 44
- Green1929: distribution, host, 378
- Griswo1922: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 184-191
- Griswo1925: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 5-55
- GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 5
- Hadzib1941: distribution, host, 187
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39-40
- Hall1923: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- HelsenBlTr1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, 145-149
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 512-513
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,11,33,105,106,111,
- Heriot1931: life history, 6-13
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 41-42
- Hill1989a: economic importance, 177
- Hodgso2020: key, 146
- Hofer1903: description, distribution, host, 480-481
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 33, 34, 69
- Hought1904: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 44-47
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 197
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 154
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860, 1934
- Hudson1967: distribution, host, 92
- Hunter1899: distribution, host, 14
- Ibraim1961: distribution, host, 210
- IspartYa2020: distribution, host, 57
- IukhneMaMi1958: distribution, host, 19
- Jansen2001: distribution, 201
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 27,34
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 65
- JaposhCe2010: distribution, 134
- Jarvis1906: description, distribution, illustration, life history, 289-290
- Jorgen1934: distribution, host, 278
- Karsem1973: biological control, 122
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, 35
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 246-247
- KaydanJa2010: host, natural enemies, 468
- KeskinOzCi2022: distribution, host, taxonomy, 248
- Kirkal1902: distribution, host, 111
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, 158
- Komosi1974: taxonomy, 361
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
- KonstaKo1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103-106
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61-67, 80-83
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 517, 526-528
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 351-355
- Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
- Koteja2000d: distribution, 243
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 483
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 69
- Kozar1985: distribution, 203
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 141
- Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
- KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 95
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
- KozarKoSa2002: catalog, distribution, 39
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 74
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
- Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 308
- Kuwana1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4, 21-23
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
- Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69, 72
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 32
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 128
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 254, 256-258
- Leonar1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29, 60-63
- Leonar1906c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18, 37-38
- Leonar1908a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 190-191
- Leonar1908b: description, distribution, host, 43
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 151, 157, 158
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 248
- Lindin1907: taxonomy, 6
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 212, 228, 371, 372,
- Lindin1933c: taxonomy, 168
- Lindin1934e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 154-155
- Lindin1936: distribution, taxonomy, 149, 159
- Lindin1936a: taxonomy, 444
- Lindin1936b: taxonomy, 286
- Lindin1954: taxonomy, 617
- Linnae1758: description, host, 455
- Lintne1895: distribution, host, taxonomy, 269
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 144
- Lupo1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 72, 73-80, 86-91
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 284-285,374
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, 29
- MalumpHaSa2012: distribution, host, 7
- MalumpHaSa2012: distribution, host, 7
- MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 120-127
- MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 253,260
- MansouMkGr2011: distribution, economic importance, 315-322
- Martin1983: distribution, host, 55
- Maskel1879: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 192-194
- Maskel1884: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 123
- Maskel1887a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-53,59
- MastenSeSi2016: distribution, host, 321-325
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MastenSiMa2014: distribution, host, list,
- Mateso1955a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92-99
- MatesoMiIu1962: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34-35
- MatesoMiIu1962a: taxonomy, 121
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 221
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 357
- MawFoHa2000: distribution, taxonomy, 45
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 127, 129-130
- McLeod1954: biological control, distribution, host, 24
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-60
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 244
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 511
- Miller1999: illustration, taxonomy, 14
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 266
- MillerDe2018: history, 7
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 306
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 39
- MoghadTa2010: distribution, 36
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 11, 139, 158-160, 247
- MoglanMo1997b: biological control, distribution, 51-52
- MoraalJa2011: ecology, 53, 57
- Morgan1888a: taxonomy, 45
- Morgan1888b: illustration, taxonomy, 119
- Morgan1890a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 226-228
- Morley1909: biological control, 277
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
- Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 85
- Myers1922: distribution, 200
- Myers1927LE: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 344-345
- NarzikLu1966: taxonomy, 33
- Newste1901a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 82
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 194, 200-201
- Newste1906: distribution, taxonomy, 72
- Newste1907a: description, distribution, host, 10, 15
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 24,59
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 39
- OzgokcYaKa2001: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 318-320
- Paik1958: distribution, host, 31
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 359-361
- Paoli1915: distribution, host, 266
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,68
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 122
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,298
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- Picket1960: biological control, distribution, host, 202
- PicketPa1953: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 474
- PicketPuLe1958: biological control, 170
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 121
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
- Podsia2002: structure, 159
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 350
- QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 7
- QuaintSa1916: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2-6
- Rasina1959: 133
- Rasina1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- Reh1904: distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-22
- Reyne1957: taxonomy, 33
- Riley1873: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 73
- Riley1874: description, distribution, 246
- RileyHo1890a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 89
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Ruhl1913: biological control, 80
- Sachtl1944: taxonomy, 74
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 74-75
- Sander1909a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 56, 57
- Sander1910: taxonomy, 60
- Savesc1955: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 915-922
- Savesc1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 197-200
- Schmut1951: distribution, host, taxonomy, 129
- Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 576-577
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 158-161
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 63, 94
- Schran1801: description, host, 146-147
- SchuhMo1948: biology, chemical control, diagnosis, distribution, host, 47
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- Severi1920: distribution, 10
- Shalab1961: distribution, host, 216
- Sherma1913: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, 1-23
- ShiLi1991: host, 164
- Shimer1868: distribution, host, taxonomy, 373
- Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 94
- Signor1870: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 95-96, 98-99
- Signor1877: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 605-606
- Silves1902: distribution, host, 146
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
- Smirno1950a: biological control, economic importance, 190
- SmirnoPo1934: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 29-40
- SmirnoPo1934a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 311-332, 406-414
- SoriaMoVi2000: distribution, host, 338, 339
- SrivasSi1966b: structure, 129
- Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
- Stalaz2021: distribution, 453, 463-465
- Starne1897: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 26-27
- Stimme1980b: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17-18
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 319, 328
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 8, 12, 16, 17, 19
- SureshMo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 253
- Suter1932: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 347, 394-415
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137, 140
- Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 82, 93
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, 318
- Takaha1955e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 69, 77
- Tang1986: distribution, illustration, 275
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 96
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 43, 50
- TerGri1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 47-48
- TerGri1962: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 142
- Thiem1933a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 638-657
- TorabiVaHo2010: distribution, host, 156
- Treher1914a: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 24-25
- Treher1915: distribution, 35
- TrenchGoTr2008: distribution, host, 137-141
- TrenchGoTr2009: distribution, host, 216, 221
- TrenchPa1981: biological control, distribution, 35-37
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- Tsalev1967: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 59-66
- Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86
- Tschor1939: distribution, 90
- Tullgr1906: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-87
- TurnbuCh1961: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 703-704, 725
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErKa2008: biological control, host, 253-264
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
- UlgentKaKo2013: distribution, host, 28
- Valent1963: biological control, distribution, 7, 8, 11
- Valent1967: biological control, distribution, 1119, 1122, 1167
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 51
- Venabl1939: distribution, host, 24
- Viggia1987: biological control, 136,147
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Webste1915: description, distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 371-375
- Whitco1974: biological control, distribution, 154
- Willia2002a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 156
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 580
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 220, 234
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 8,11,12,17,29,44,46,
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, illustration, 45
- Wise1977: distribution, 110
- Xie1998: description, distribution, taxonomy, 116-117
- YadavaCh1968: taxonomy, 605
- Yasar2020: distribution,
- YigitTu2020: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Zahrad1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 162
- Zahrad1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 426-427
