Valid Names Results
Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893) (Pseudococcidae: Ferrisia)Nomenclatural History
- Dactylopius virgatus Cockerell 1893n: 178. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Williams (1985) thought that the original type material was probably lost, but that was incorrect. Kaydan & Gullan (2012, p. 51) designated a lectotype and list paralectotypes: adult female on slide with 4 other adult females and 3 nymphs (mostly in poor condition), lectotype farthest from original label and clearly indicated, slide label: “Dactylopius / virgatus / Ckll. / Part of type / from Jamaica. / 7”(USNM). Paralectotypes: 4 adult females, 1 second-instar nymph & 2 first-instar nymphs, on same slide as lectotype (USNM) 17 adult females or part of, 1 pharate adult female in cuticle of third instar, 2 adult males, several damaged nymphs (distributed among 3 slides), one slide with 2 labels: “Dactylopius / virgatus, Ckll MS / BM / On ? 1945, 121 / Kingston Jamaica / 1892. T.D.A. Ckll. col.”
- Dactylopius segregatus Cockerell 1893j: 254. Type data: JAMAICA: East Street, on grass. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by WilliaGr1992, 183). Notes: Type material probably lost (see Wiliams & Granara de Willink, 1992).
- Dactylopius virgatus farinosus Cockerell 1893n: 178. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Propsis juliflora. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1950, 93).
- Dactylopius virgatus humilis Cockerell 1893n: 179. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Tribulus cistoides. Syntypes, nymphal stages, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1950, 93).
- Dactylopius ceriferus Newstead 1894c: 24. Type data: INDIA: Nungumbaukum, on Croton sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988a,79). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1898r, 240).
- Dactylopius talini Green 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Talinum. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988a,79). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899a, 391).
- Dactylopius setosus Hempel 1900a: 386. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Ficus sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaGr1992,183). Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; junior synonym (discovered by CostaL1939, 3).
- Pseudococcus magnolicida (King, 1902); Cockerell 1902p: 252. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil; change of combination
- Pseudococcus virgatus (Cockerell, 1893); Kirkaldy 1902: 103. change of combination
- Pseudococcus virgatus farinosus (Cockerell, 1893); Cockerell 1902p: 252. change of combination
- Dactylopius magnolicida King 1902g: 616. Type data: BRAZIL: Location and hostplant not indicated. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by WilliaGr1992, 183). Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams and Granara de Willink (1992).
- Pseudococcus segregatus (Cockerell, 1893); Fernald 1903b: 109. change of combination
- Pseudococcus virgatus humilis (Cockerell, 1893); Fernald 1903b: 111. change of combination
- Dactylopius virgatus madagascariensis Newstead 1908: 7. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tamatave, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Mamet1951, 216). Illustr.
- Pseudococcus marchali Vayssiere 1912: 366. Type data: GUINEA: on mango. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1950, 93).
- Pseudococcus virgatus madagascariensis (Newstead, 1908); Lindinger 1913: 68. change of combination
- Pseudococcus bicaudatus Keuchenius 1915: 49. Type data: JAVA: on coffee. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Green1916d, 51). Notes: Type material probably lost according to D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.
- Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893); Fullaway 1923: 308. change of combination
- Ferrisiana virgata (Cockerell, 1893); Takahashi 1929a: 429. change of combination
- Heliococcus malvastrus; McKenzie 1967: 181. incorrect synonymy (discovered by Nur1977, 69-84).
- Ferrisiana setosus (Hempel, 1900); Ali 1970a: 108. change of combination
- Ferrisia neovirgata Khalid & Shafee 1988b: 71. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Dispur, on Psidium guajava. Holotype, female, Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India; junior synonym (discovered by Willia2004a, 268). Illustr.
- Dactylopius cerciferus Newstead, 1894; Tao 1999: 14. misspelling of species epithet
- Ferreisia virgata; Dowell, et al. 2016: 119. misspelling of genus name
- Ferrisia virgate (Cockerell, 1893); Sahu, et al., 2019. misspelling of species epithet
- Ferisia virgata; Supartha, et al. 2020: 4546. misspelling of genus name
- Ferrissia virgata; Ahmed, et al. 2023: 743. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- grey mealybug LitCa1994a LitCaCa1998
- guava mealybug Schmut1969
- striped mealybug BenDov1994 Koszta1996 McKenz1967
- white-tailed mealybug Gautam1988
- Chinche harinosa rayada PachecKaKo2022
- cochenille rayée PachecKaKo2022
- futasuji-konakaigaramushi PachecKaKo2022
- gestreepte witluis PachecKaKo2022
- lamtoroluis PachecKaKo2022
- Weisse lamtoro-laus PachecKaKo2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 82 | Genera: 228
- Acanthaceae
- Eranthemum | Willia2005
- Graptophyllum | BenDov1994 CockerRo1915
- Ruellia simplex | Malump2014a
- Alismataceae
- Aquarius grisebachii | JansenAl2023
- Amaranthaceae
- Achyranthes aspera | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992 | var. indica
- Alternanthera bettzickiana | BenDov1994 James1933a | (= Althernanthera amabilis)
- Alternanthera pulchella | Beards1966 BenDov1994 | (= Alternanthera versicolor)
- Amaranthus | BenDov1994 Willia1985 Willia2004a
- Amaranthus blitum | Willia2004a
- Amaranthus caudatus | Willia2004a
- Amaranthus dubius | MirabaGaCa2018
- Amaranthus viridis | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Cyathula prostrata | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Iresine | Willia2004a
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a
- Mangifera indica | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Granar1991 KinjoNaHi1996 Vayssi1912 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Rhoeidium microphyllum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Spondias purpurea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Toxicodendron radicans | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Annonaceae
- Annona | WilliaWa1988a
- Annona cherimola | BenDov1994
- Annona muricata | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Annona reticulata | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Annona squamosa | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Strick1947a Willia1985 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a SiriseWaHe2013
- Apiaceae
- Centella asiatica | Willia2004a | (= Hydrocotyle asiatica)
- Hydrocotyle eriantha | Willia2004a
- Apocynaceae
- Cascabela thevetia | Willia2004a
- Holarrhena pubescens | Willia2004a | (= Holarrhena antidysenterica)
- Hoya | Willia2004a
- Mandevilla | BenDov1994 James1933a
- Nerium indicum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Plumeria alba | Willia2004a
- Plumeria rubra | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a | (= Plumaria acutifolia)
- Thevetia neriifolia | Willia2004a
- Araceae
- Alocasia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Alocasia cuprea | AbdRabEv2021
- Anthurium | Willia2005
- Colocasia esculenta | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Cyrtosperma merkusii | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Cyrtosperma chamissonis)
- Dieffenbachia | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Willia2004a
- Nephthytis | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Spathiphyllum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Syngonium | Willia2004a
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium | BenDov1994 CockerRo1915 Strick1947a Willia2004a
- Araliaceae
- Heptapleurum actinophyllum | PadillMaNa2016 | (= Schefflera actinophylla)
- Arecaceae
- Areca catechu | Willia2004a
- Cocos nucifera | Beards1966 BenDov1994 LitCaLa2006 WilliaGr1992
- Dypsis | JansenAl2023
- Dypsis lutescens | JansenAl2023
- Elaeis guineensis | KondoRaVe2008
- Phoenix dactylifera | BenDov1994 Matile1988
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Asparagus setaceus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Asparagus plumosus)
- Cordyline fruticosa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a | (= Cordyline terminalis)(= Dracaena terminalis)
- Dasylirion wheeleri | BenDov1994 Cocker1896o
- Dracaena reflexa | JansenAl2023 | var. angustifolia
- Polianthes tuberosa | Willia2004a
- Asteraceae
- Ageratum houstonianum | Willia2004a | (= Ageratum mexicanum)
- Gochnatia pulchra | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hymenopappus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Parthenium hysterophorus | BenDov1994 Willia1985 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Synedrella nodiflora | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Tagetes minuta | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Basellaceae
- Basella alba | Saxena1974
- Bignoniaceae
- Amphilophium paniculatum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Crescentia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Jacaranda | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Spathodea campanulata | BenDov1994 James1933a | (= Spathodea nilotica)
- Tabebuia | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Bixaceae
- Bixa orellana | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Boraginaceae
- Boraginaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Coldenia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Cordia myxa | Moghad2013a
- Tiquilia darwinii | LincanHoCa2010
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica oleracea | Saxena1974
- Bromeliaceae
- Ananas comosus | Beards1966 BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Burseraceae
- Bursera graveolens | LincanHoCa2010
- Cactaceae
- Cactaceae | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Hylocereus | RezekiHaSa2021
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | Willia2004a
- Cannaceae
- Canna indica | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina equisetifolia | BenDov1994 Strick1947a Takaha1928
- Casuarina oligodon | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Cleomaceae
- Cleome rutidosperma | LitCaCa1998
- Combretaceae
- Laguncularia racemosa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Terminalia catappa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Terminalia superba | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Commelinaceae
- Murdannia nudiflora | BenDov1994 Strick1947a | (= Commelina nudiflora)
- Convolvulaceae
- Cuscuta | Willia2004a
- Ipomoea hederacea | Ali1968
- Ipomoea pes-caprae | LincanHoCa2010
- Crassulaceae
- Echeveria | JiSu2012
- Cucurbitaceae
- Coccinia | LitCaCa1998
- Coccinia grandis | Willia2004a | (= Coccinia indica)
- Cucumis melo | Saxena1974
- Cucurbita maxima | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Cucurbita pepo | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Luffa cylindrica | WangZhTi2018
- Trichosanthes dioica | Willia2004a
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus rotundus | Saxena1974
- Rhynchospora cephalotes | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Didiereaceae
- Portulacaria | JansenAl2023
- Dilleniaceae
- Dilleniaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea esculenta | Saxena1974
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros melanoxylon | Willia2004a
- Erythroxylaceae
- Erythroxylum tortuosum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | BenDov1994 James1933a Laing1933 Strick1947a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Acalypha grandis | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Acalypha hispida | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Acalypha indica | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Codiaeum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Laing1933 WilliaWa1988a
- Codiaeum variegatum | BenDov1994 CockerRo1915 Willia2004a
- Croton | BenDov1994 Granar1991 McKenz1967 Takaha1928 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Euphorbia pulcherrima | DeLott1964 Willia1985 Willia2004a | (= Poinsettia)
- Hevea brasiliensis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Hippomane | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hippomane mancinella | LincanHoCa2010
- Jatropha | BenDov1994 Strick1947a Willia2004a
- Macaranga heudelotii | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Manihot aesculifolia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Manihot carthaginensis | BenDov1994 CouturMaRi1985 WilliaGr1992 | (= Manihot glaziovii)
- Manihot esculenta | BenDov1994 James1933a Willia1985 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Ricinodendron heudelotii | BenDov1994 Strick1947a | ssp. africanum
- Fabaceae
- Acacia farnesiana | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 Willia2004a
- Acacia pennata | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Albizia | Ali1968 Moghad2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Albizia lebbeck | Willia2004a
- Albizia niopoides | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Albizia caribaea)
- Albizia saman | BenDov1994 James1933a Willia2004a | (= Pithecellobium saman)
- Amphimas pterocarpoides | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Andira inermis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Arachis hypogaea | Willia2004a
- Bauhinia | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Takaha1928
- Bauhinia galpinii | PadillMaNa2016
- Caesalpinia crista | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Caesalpinia pulcherrima | BenDov1994 CockerRo1915
- Cajanus cajan | AvasthSh1987 BenDov1994 GautamSa1986 Willia2004a
- Calliandra haematocephala | BenDov1994 Takaha1928
- Calpurnia | BenDov1994 James1933a
- Canavalia lineata | WilliaMi2010
- Cassia | Willia2004a
- Cassia fistula | Willia2004a
- Desmodium abyssinicum | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Erythrina fusca | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Erythrina variegata | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Gleditsia | BugajNJuKa2021
- Gliricidia sepium | Willia2004a
- Glycine max | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 BenDov1994 Granar1991 Saxena1974 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Indigofera hirsuta | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Inga | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Inocarpus fagifer | BenDov1994 Takaha1928 | (= Inocarpus edulis)
- Lablab purpureus | Willia2004a | (= Dolichos lablab)(= Dryopteris tablana)
- Leucaena leucocephala | BenDov1994 MilleHeCa2016 Strick1947a Willia1960 Willia1985 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a | (= Leucaena glauca)
- Medicago sativa | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Millettia pinnata | Willia2004a MangalSuNa2012
- Mimosa pudica | BenDov1994 LitCaCa1998 WilliaGr1992
- Phaseolus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Pithecellobium dulce | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Pongamia pinnata | Willia2004a | (= Pongamia glabra)
- Prosopis juliflora | BenDov1994
- Robinia pseudoacacia | BugajNJuKa2021
- Samanea saman | BenDov1994 Willia1985 Willia2004a
- Senna gaudichaudii | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | (= Cassia gaudichaudi)
- Sesbania | BenDov1994 James1933a
- Sophora tomentosa | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Tephrosia purpurea | AvasthSh1987 BenDov1994
- Vigna unguiculata | BenDov1994 | (= Vigna sinensis)
- Geraniaceae
- Pelargonium | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Hypericaceae
- Vismia baccifera | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Iridaceae
- Gladiolus | Willia2004a
- Iris | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Lamiaceae
- Premna serratifolia | Willia2004a | (= Premna obtusifolia)
- Salvia reflexa | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Lauraceae
- Persea americana | BenDov1994 Takaha1928 | (= Persea gratissima)
- Lecythidaceae
- Lecythis | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Lythraceae
- Lawsonia inermis | BenDov1994 Matile1984c
- Punica granatum | BenDov1994 Foldi2000 Takaha1942d Willia2004a SiriseWaHe2013
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Malvaceae
- Abelmoschus esculentus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Hibiscus esculenta)
- Abutilon mauritianum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Ceiba pentandra | MilleHeCa2016
- Cola | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Dombeya | PadillMaNa2016
- Durio kutejensis | Willia2004a
- Gossypium | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Strick1947a Willia2004a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Gossypium barbadense | WilliaMa2009b
- Gossypium hirsutum | Willia2004a
- Guazuma ulmifolia | MartinBlSu2005 | (= Guazuma tomentosa)
- Herrania nitida | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hibiscus mutabilis | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | BenDov1994 Strick1947a WilliaGr1992
- Hibiscus syriacus | FallahJa2017 | (= Althea)
- Hibiscus tiliaceus | LincanHoCa2010
- Malvastrum | BenDov1994 McDani1962
- Nesogordonia papaverifera | BenDov1994 Strick1947a | (= Cistanthera papaverifera)
- Pachira aquatica | JansenAl2023
- Patinoa paraensis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Matisia paraensis)
- Sterculia tragacantha | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Theobroma cacao | BenDov1994 Campbe1983 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Theobroma subincanum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Waltheria ovata | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Marantaceae
- Marantochloa leucantha | BenDov1994 Strick1947a | (= Clinogyne leucantha)
- Melastomataceae
- Medinilla magnifica | GermaiDeLa2016
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | MartinLa2011 | (= Azadiractha indica)
- Menispermaceae
- Cocculus laurifolius | Willia2004a
- Cocculus orbiculatus | MartinLa2011
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | AriasCRoHe2022
- Ficus benghalensis | Willia2004a
- Ficus carica | Moghad2013a
- Ficus lacor | AvasthSh1987 BenDov1994 | (= Ficus infectoria)
- Ficus macbridei | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Ficus membranacea | MartinBlSu2005
- Ficus palmeri | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992
- Ficus petiolaris | PadillMaNa2016
- Ficus religiosa | Willia2004a
- Maclura | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Morus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Morus alba | Willia2004a
- Musaceae
- Musa | KondoRaVe2008 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Musa paradisiaca | BenDov1994 Granar1991 Strick1947a WilliaGr1992
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtus communis | Moghad2004a
- Psidium guajava | Ali1968 BenDov1994 BenDovCa2006 DeLott1964 James1933a KhalidSh1988b Willia2004a WilliaGr1992 SiriseWaHe2013
- Syzygium samarangense | BenDov1994 Takaha1928 | (= Eugenia javanica)
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Jasminum | Willia2004a
- Olea | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Orchidaceae
- Orchidaceae | Willia2004a
- Phyllanthaceae
- Phyllanthus emblica | Willia2004a | (= Emblica officinalis)
- Phyllanthus niruri | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Phyllanthus pulcher | Willia2004a
- Piperaceae
- Piper betle | Willia2004a
- Piper chaba | Willia2004a
- Piper guineense | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Piper nigrum | RohmahHiMu2023 Willia2004a
- Poaceae
- Cynodon dactylon | Saxena1974
- Echinochloa colona | Saxena1974
- Oryza sativa | Willia2004a
- Saccharum officinarum | FoldiKo2006
- Zea mays | TongaAtBa2021
- Polygonaceae
- Coccoloba uvifera | Beards1966 BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Rheum rhaponticum | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Portulacaceae
- Portulaca | BenDov1994 Strick1947a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Primulaceae
- Primula | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a
- Proteaceae
- Grevillea robusta | BenDov1994 James1933a
- Rhamnaceae
- Sageretia | JansenAl2023
- Ziziphus spina-christi | BenDov1994
- Rosaceae
- Malus domestica | Ali1968 | (= Pyrus malus)
- Malus pumila | Willia2004a
- Rosa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Rubiaceae
- Augusta rivalis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Lindenia rivalis)
- Coffea | Willia2004a
- Coffea arabica | DeLott1964 James1933a WilliaGr1992
- Coffea canephora | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a | (= Coffea robusta)
- Fleroya stipulosa | BenDov1994 Strick1947a | (= Mitragyna stipulosa)
- Gardenia jasminoides | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Guettarda speciosa | Beards1966 BenDov1994 WilliaMa2009b WilliaMi2010
- Ixora | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Ixora microphylla | Willia2004a | (= Ixora parvifolia)
- Morinda citrifolia | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Mussaenda | Malump2014a
- Nauclea subdita | BenDov1994 Strick1947a | (= Mitragyna situlosa)
- Polysphaeria multiflora | WilliaMa2009b
- Psydrax subcordata | BenDov1994 Strick1947a | (= Canthium glabriflorum)
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Ali1968 KondoRaVe2008 Willia2004a
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1994 Granar1979 Granar1991 WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus limon | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus maxima | Willia2004a
- Citrus microcarpa | PadillMaNa2016
- Citrus paradisi | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Citrus reticulata | PadillMaNa2016
- Salvadoraceae
- Salvadora persica | BenDov1994
- Sapindaceae
- Dodonaea viscosa | BaderAl2020
- Litchi chinensis | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | (= Nephelium litchi)
- Nephelium lappaceum | Willia2004a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | Willia2004a
- Mimusops | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Mimusops elengi | Ali1968
- Pouteria sapota | PadillMaNa2016
- Solanaceae
- Cestrum | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Cestrum latifolium | JansenAl2023
- Datura metel | BenDov1994 LitCaCa1998 Strick1947a
- Nicotiana tabacum | Willia2004a
- Solanum dianthophorum | LitCaCa1998 | (= Solanum biflorum)
- Solanum lycopersicum | BenDov1994 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Solanum macrocarpon | JansenAl2023
- Solanum melongena | LitCaCa1998 Matile1988 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Solanum tuberosum | LitCaCa1998
- Talinaceae
- Talinum | Willia2004a
- Theaceae
- Camellia japonica | BenDov1994 Takaha1928 | (= Thea japonica)
- Thuidiaceae
- Thuidium | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Urticaceae
- Urera | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Verbenaceae
- Duranta erecta | BenDov1994 Strick1947a Willia2004a | (= Duranta repens)
- Lantana | Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Lantana aculeata | Willia2004a
- Lantana camara | BenDov1994 Willia1985 Willia2004a
- Violaceae
- Viola | BenDov1994 Strick1947a
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | BenDov1994 TrjapiTr1999
- Vochysiaceae
- Vochysia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia | JansenAl2023
- Zingiberaceae
- Zingiber officinale | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Zygophyllaceae
- Tribulus cistoides | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Tribulus terrestris | Willia2004a
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 32
- Cecidomyiidae
- Coccodiplosis coffeae | Barnes1939
- Diadiplosis coccidivora | BalakrSrVe1991
- Coccinellidae
- Cheilomenes sexmaculata | SahuJoGa2019
- Coccinella septempunctata | CatzimCuJu2024
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | CatzimCuJu2024
- Diomus ochroderus | BennetSi1964 | (= Scymnus ochroderus)
- Exochomus melanocephalus | LePell1968
- Exochomus nigromaculatus | JalilvShFa2014 MayneGh1934
- Hyperaspis | Mangou2008
- Nephus regularis | RawatMo1968 RawatMo1970
- Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus | Mangou2008
- Scymnus coccivora | RawatMo1970 VidyaBh2017 | (= Pullus coccidivora)
- Scymnus spicatus | PooranAnTh2024
- Tenuisvalvae notata | SantosCaPe2017
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | LeeLeSe2024
- Encyrtidae
- Acerophagus texanus | MejiaONoIn2022
- Aenasius advena | BalakrSrVe1991 Comper1937a RawatMo1968a RawatMo1970 TangaGhTo2021 | (= Aenasius ianthinus)
- Aenasius caeruleus | GilCoMa2023
- Aenasius chilecito | TrjapiTr1999
- Anagyrus argyrus | Burks1952 | (= Anathrix argyrus)
- Anagyrus coccidivorus | Dozier1932a
- Anagyrus kamali | AbdRab2001d GarciaHeCi2022
- Anagyrus qadrii | BalakrSrVe1991
- Anagyrus subproximus | Risbec1949
- Anicetus annulatus | BalakrSrVe1991
- Anusioptera aureocincta | Rosen1981b
- Blepyrus insularis | AbdRab2001d AwadalIbMo1999 BalakrSrVe1991 ManiKr1991b
- Cheiloneurus | AriasCRoHe2022
- Cirrhencyrtus aeoles | CastilViCi2021
- Cirrhencyrtus pertius | CastilViCi2021
- Cirrhencyrtus silvia | CastilViCi2021
- Gyranusoidea citrina | Comper1938
- Gyranusoidea indica | AbdRab2001d
- Homalotylus vicinus | AbdRab2001d
- Leptomastidea abnormis | AbdRab2001d
- Leptomastix dactylopii | AbdRab2001d Risbec1949 | (= Leptomastix longipennis)
- Paranathrix tachikawai | FallahJa2017
- Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus | AbdRab2001d Risbec1949 | (= Achrysopophagus aegyptiacus)
- Pseudaphycus debachi | Rosen1981a
- Pseudaphycus ferrisianae | Bennet1955 Rosen1981a
- Geocoridae
- Geocoris tricolor | RawatMo1970
- Lycaenidae
- Spalgis epius | DineshVe2016 PatilPaPa2011
- Pteromalidae
- Promuscidea unfasciativentris | WyckhuGrBu2017
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus subaeneus | AbdRab2001d
- Syrphidae
- Allograpta javana | BalakrSrVe1991 RawatMo1970 | (= Xanthogramma javanna)
Associates:
Families: 4 | Genera: 4
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022
- Caulimoviridae
- BSV | PalmaJBlGu2019 | B
- Banana Streak Virus | PooranAnTh2024
- Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus | PuigWuSu2021
- Cacao swollen shoot virus | GyamweDoAk2023
- PYMoV | RohmahHiMu2023
- Closteroviridae
- Areca palm velarivirus 1 | ZhangZhCa2022
- Formicidae
- Oecophylla longinoda | VayssiGrSi2020
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 122
- Andaman Islands | Willia2004a
- Angola | CABI1966b
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Barbuda | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Argentina
- Catamarca | GranarCl2003
- Cordoba | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- La Rioja | TrjapiTr1999
- Tucuman | BenDov1994 Granar1979 Granar1991 WilliaGr1992
- Australia
- Northern Territory | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Queensland | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Bahamas | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Bangladesh | Willia2004a
- Barbados | PachecKaKo2022
- Belize | PachecKaKo2022
- Benin | GermaiVaMa2010
- Bermuda | BenDov1994 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991
- Bolivia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Brazil | BenDov1994 Hempel1900a WilliaGr1992
- Amazonas | FoldiKo2006
- Bahia | MartinFoCu2015
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaGu2006 CulikMaVe2007
- Para | MartinFoCu2015
- Paraiba | MartinFoCu2015
- Pernambuco | PachecKaSi2019
- Rio Grande do Norte | MartinFoCu2015
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinFoCu2015
- Sao Paulo | MartinFoCu2015
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | BenDov1994 Mamet1941a
- Brunei | Willia2004a
- Burma (=Myanmar) | Crowe1985 Willia2004a
- Cameroon | PachecKaKo2022
- Canary Islands | JansenAl2023
- Cape Verde | SchmutPiKl1978 VanHarCoWi1990
- Cayman Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- China
- Hainan | WangZhTi2018
- Hunan | HuHeWa1992
- Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016
- Cocos (=Keeling) Islands | Willia2004a
- Colombia | BenDov1994 DownieGu2004 Kondo2001 Kondo2008a KondoKa1995 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaGr1992
- Comoros | BenDov1994 Matile1978
- Cook Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Costa Rica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | BenDov1994 CouturMaRi1985
- Cuba | BenDov1994 MartinBlSu2005 WilliaGr1992
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 | PachecKaKo2022
- Dominica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Dominican Republic | JansenAl2023
- Ecuador | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Egypt | AbdRab2001d
- El Salvador | JansenAl2023
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Truk Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Takaha1942d
- Yap | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Fiji | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- France | Foldi2000
- French Polynesia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Galapagos Islands | BenDov1994 CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010 WilliaGr1992
- Ghana | BenDov1994 Campbe1983 Strick1947a | PachecKaKo2022
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guatemala | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Guinea | BenDov1994 KaydanGu2012 Vayssi1912 Willia1996DJ
- Guinea-Bissau | BenDovCa2006
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Honduras | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- India | BenDov1994 KhalidSh1988b
- Assam | Ali1970a Willia2004a
- Bihar | Ali1970a Willia2004a
- Gujarat | Willia2004a
- Karnataka | Ali1970a MangalSuNa2012 Willia2004a
- Kerala | Willia2004a
- Madhya Pradesh | Ali1970a RawatMo1968 RawatMo1968a Willia2004a
- Maharashtra | Ali1970a DorgeMu1970 GodseBh2003 Willia2004a
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Willia2004a
- Rajasthan | Willia2004a
- Tamil Nadu | Ali1970a Willia2004a
- Tripura | Willia2004a
- Uttar Pradesh | Ali1970a Willia2004a
- West Bengal | Ali1970a Willia2004a
- Indonesia | Willia2004a
- Irian Jaya | Gavril2013 WilliaWa1988a
- Java | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Keuche1915 Mohamm1963 NurkomTrAi2021 Willia2004a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | Willia2004a
- Sumatra | ZarkanErAp2023
- Iran | Moghad2004a Moghad2009
- Italy | MazzeoLoPe2014 PellizPo2014
- Jamaica | KaydanGu2012
- Japan | BenDov1994 Kawai1980 KinjoNaHi1996
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | BenDov1994 Takaha1942d Willia2004a
- Kenya | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 James1933a
- Kiribati | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Gilbert Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Laos | GrazioMiAl2015
- Madagascar | BenDov1994 Mamet1950
- Malawi | PachecKaKo2022
- Malaysia | Willia2004a
- Sabah | Willia2004a
- Sarawak | Willia2004a
- Maldives | WatsonOoGi1995 Willia2004a
- Mali | MuniapWaVa2012
- Marshall Islands | BenDov1994 Takaha1939b
- Martinique | Balach1957c BenDov1994 MatileEt2006
- Mauritius | PachecKaKo2022
- Mexico | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992
- Chiapas | CastilViCi2021 PadillMaNa2016
- Guerrero | PadillMaNa2016
- Michoacan | PadillMaNa2016
- Morelos | PadillMaNa2016
- Nayarit | AriasCRoHe2022
- Nuevo Leon | Rosen1981a
- Sonora | Rosen1981a
- Tamaulipas | PadillMaNa2016
- Veracruz | Rosen1981a
- Mozambique | PachecKaKo2022
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Netherlands Antilles | PachecKaKo2022
- New Caledonia | BenDov1994 Laing1933 MilleHeCa2016
- Nicaragua | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Nigeria | PachecKaKo2022
- Northern Mariana Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Pakistan | Willia2004a
- Palau | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Panama | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Papua New Guinea | BenDov1994 Gavril2013 Reyne1961 Willia1987c WilliaWa1988a
- Paraguay | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Peru | BenDov1994 Salaza1972 WilliaGr1992
- Philippines | Willia2004a
- Luzon | Ali1968 LitCa1994a LitCaCa1998
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | BenDov1994 Martor1976 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992
- Republic of the Congo | PachecKaKo2022
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014
- Rodriques Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1949
- Saint Croix | Beatty1944
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Nevis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Kitts | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy
- Saint Martin | MatileEt2006
- Sao Tome and Principe | PachecKaKo2022
- Saudi Arabia | Beccar1971 BenDov1994 Matile1984c
- Senegal | MuniapWaVa2012
- Seychelles | BenDov1994 Mamet1943a
- Aldabra Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1943a
- Sierra Leone | PachecKaKo2022
- Singapore | Willia2004a Willia2005
- Solomon Islands | BenDov1994 Willia1960 WilliaWa1988a
- Somalia | PachecKaKo2022
- South Africa | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Sri Lanka | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Green1896 Willia2004a
- Sudan | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Suriname | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Taiwan | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Takaha1928 WongChCh1999
- Tanzania | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Thailand | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Takaha1942d Willia2004a Willia2005
- Togo | PachecKaKo2022
- Tonga | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tobago | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Trinidad | BenDov1994 Bennet1957 Rosen1981a WilliaGr1992
- Tunisia | KamelBMdZo2018
- Tuvalu | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1994 Koteja1974b WilliaGr1992 | PachecKaKo2022
- Uganda | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- United States
- Alabama | PachecKaKo2022
- California | PachecKaKo2022
- District of Columbia | BenDov1994 Koszta1996
- Florida | PachecKaKo2022
- Louisiana | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Maryland | Koszta1996
- Massachusetts | Koszta1996
- New Jersey | Koszta1996
- New Mexico | PachecKaKo2022
- New York | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Ohio | Koszta1996
- Pennsylvania | Koszta1996
- Texas | BenDov1994 McDani1962
- Virginia | Koszta1996
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Venezuela | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 Willia2004a
- Wake Island | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Western Samoa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Yemen | PorcelPe2019
- Zambia | PachecKaKo2022
- Zanzibar | WilliaMa2005a
- Zimbabwe | PachecKaKo2022
Keys
- EvansAb2023: pp.8-13 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococccidae of Egypt]
- RezekiHaSa2021: pp.3115-3116 ( Adult (F) First instar ) [Species on dragon fruit in Indonesia]
- JoshiSuRe2021: pp.118-119 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Characters of mealybugs in Cassava]
- JoshiSuRe2021: pp.119-120 ( Adult (F) ) [Microscopic characters of mealybugs in cassava]
- Hodgso2020: pp.32-34 ( Adult (M) ) [higher groups of Pseudococcidae]
- ZarkanApTu2020: pp.98 ( Adult (F) ) [Ferrisia in southern Asia]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs intercepted in S. Korea]
- MoghadEs2014: pp.59 ( Adult (F) ) [Species on Ficus in Iran]
- SiriseWaHe2013: pp.78-80 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybugs on Fruit Crops in Sri Lanka]
- KaydanGu2012: pp.11-12 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- WilliaMa2009a: pp.97-101 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]
- Willia2004a: pp.266 ( Adult (F) ) [Ferrisia species of southern Asia]
- LitCaCa1998: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- Koszta1996: pp.124 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North USA]
- Tang1992: pp.209 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]
- WilliaWa1988a: pp.77 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region ]
- Willia1970DJ: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1967: pp.179 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- Beards1960: pp.211 ( Adult (M) ) [Hawaii]
- Ferris1953a: pp.360 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1950b: pp.88 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Biparental populations of this species have been reported from U.S.A., Maryland (Highland, 1956), Hawaii (Beardsley, 1960), Egypt (Afifi, 1968) and India (Sinha & Sayeed, 1983; Sinha et al., 1985b; Paul & Ghose, 1989). Sinha & Sayeed (1983) reported on a wide range in sex ratio (1:2.5-4 up to 1:16-17) in India. Copulatory behaviour of the male and female described by Sinha et al. (1985a). Ferrisia virgata is most similar to F. dasylirii as both species have more than one size of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts, with clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the last 2-3 abdominal segments, and a minute discoidal pore usually near rim of each enlarged dorsal tubular duct and most ventral oral-collar tubular ducts but never touching the rim of the duct opening. F. virgata can be distinguished readily from F. dasylirii by the following features: (i) discoidal pores associated with the sclerotised area around the rim of the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts (Fig. 4Aa) on the abdomen usually not touching the outer margin of the sclerotised area and almost never projecting out from margin (in F. dasylirii most discoidal pores are on the outer margin of the sclerotised area and often each pore and its surrounding sclerotisation projects out from the margin); (ii) small oral-collar tubular ducts in clusters on the posterior abdomen with distal end of each duct rounded (in F. dasylirii the distal end of each duct is slightly tapered towards the attachment of inner ductile); (iii) antennae usually =600 µm long with apical segment 105-125 µm long (usually =600 µm long with apical segment 120-150 µm (usually >125 µm) long in F. dasylirii); (iv) usually =15 multilocular disc pores on the venter of abdominal segment VI, typically forming at least a partial double row medially (in F. dasylirii usually =15 pores and typically forming a single, sometimes irregular, row); (v) translucent pores present on dorsal surface of hind coxa, especially posterolaterally, although often few in number (usually absent in F. dasylirii); (vi) one or both anal lobes sometimes with an extra 1-2 conical cerarian seta that are more slender than the other 2 setae (in F. dasylirii only 2 cerarian setae except some specimens from Dasylirion). F. virgata also is similar to F. cristinae, F. kondoi and F. williamsi (which all have at least two sizes of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts as well as clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the last 2-3 abdominal segments). However, F. virgata can be readily distinguished from the other three species by the position of the minute discoidal pores associated with ducts which, in F. virgata, are always near the enlarged tubular ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts but never touch the rim of the duct opening (discoidal pores always adjacent to duct openings in F. kondoi and F. williamsi and mostly adjacent in F. cristinae). F. virgata shows some similarity to F. milleri and F. ecuadorensis but can be separated easily from these two species by the absence of ventral marginal clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments (F. milleri has these clusters around the entire body whereas F. ecuadorensis has clusters on all abdominal segments). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)
- Structure: See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967), Lit et al. (1998), Wong et al. (1999). Ferrisia virgata can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: presence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of last 2 or 3 abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts frequently associated with a minute discoidal pore which rarely touches rim of duct, usually distant from rim by at least half length of duct; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 69-101 throughout dorsum, sclerotised area around rim of each duct often with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually not touching outer margin of sclerotised area and almost never projecting out from margin; multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments VI (11-28) (usually more than 15 in double row), VII (22-41) and VIII + IX (14–29); anal lobe cerarii each with 2-3 (generally 3) conical setae; both pairs of ostioles present; antennae usually =600 µm long; hind coxa with translucent pores. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)
- Biology: The first description of F. virgata (Cockerell 1893n) records this mealybug as numerous on a range of host plants in Jamaica. Shortly afterwards, this mealybug was described (under several different names) from India (Newstead 1894c), Sri Lanka (Green 1896), Madagascar (Newstead 1908), West Africa (Vayssière 1912) and Java (Keuchenius 1915). This pattern of spread and abundance at new localities is typical for newly invading insect species (Liebhold & Tobin 2008) and suggests that F. virgata was carried around the world within about 10 years of its first discovery in Jamaica. However, the high abundance of F. virgata in Jamaica in 1892 suggests that it was not native to that island. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) Awadallah et al. (1979b) found that F. virgata produced five generations per year if maintained on sprouting potato tubers at temperatures ranging from 16-29°C and 54-71% RH. These authors reported production of males if the mealybugs were maintained at high density on either potato sprouts or on Acalypha foliage, and claimed the occurrence of parthenogenetic reproduction for females maintained singly (but not isolated). Parthenogenesis is highly unlikely, especially as Ghose & Paul (1972) found that isolated virgin females did not produce any eggs. Adult females do not produce a definite ovisac but rest upon a pad of cottony white filaments on which they deposit eggs. Ferrisia virgata is clearly ovoviparous because eggs hatch usually within 30 minutes of being laid (Ghose & Paul 1972). Fecundity per adult female has been reported as 64-78 eggs (Awadallah et al. 1979b) to 222-737 eggs (Ghose & Paul 1972) under similar rearing conditions in the laboratory. In nature, the lower surface of leaves and the junction of the petiole with the stem were preferred oviposition sites on its main host plant in Egypt, A. macrophylla [this may refer to the cultivar A. wilkesiana "macrophylla"] (Awadallah et al. 1979b). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)
- Economic Importance: This species is one of the mealybug vectors of "swollen shoot" virus disease of cacao in West Africa (Strickland, 1951, 1951a; Hanna et al., 1952, 1955, 1956; Hanna & Heatherington, 1957, 1959). Ferrisia virgata has been reported to transmit citrus tristeza virus (reported as lime dieback) on Citrus aurantifolia in Ghana (Hughes & Lister 1953). In Africa, F. virgata has been shown to prefer cocoa leaf and reproductive parts (flowers and pods) to stem tissue, and although it has been reported to produce honeydew, it is rarely ant attended (Entwistle 1972), probably because its stylets reach the phloem infrequently (Entwhistle & Longworth 1963). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) F. virgata transmits several stains of Cacao swollen shoot virus, with the exception of the Kpeve and Mampong strains. (Gyamera, et al., 2023)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Lit et al. (1998). Description and illustration of adult male (from population in Hawaii) by Beardsley (1960). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988b).
Descriptions and illustrations prior to 1980 appear to contain a combination of the diagnostic characters of both F. virgata and the very similar species F. malvastra.
In 2016, Dowell, R.V., Gill, R.J., Jeske, D.R., & Hoddle, M.S reported that >i>Ferrisia virgata had been found in California.. Kaydan & Gullan 2012 did not report this species from California, and all the specimens in our collection which were considered back then to represent F. virgata (including the ones on which the 1989 record was based) were actually either Ferrisia dasylirii, F. gilli or F. malvastra. CDFA does not have any bona fide records of Ferrisia virgata from California at the present time. (pers. comment, Natalia von Ellenrieder)
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 41
- AbrokwDzGa2016: vector, virus,
- Adegbo1971: economic importance, life history, 75-82
- Afifi1968: description, illustration, taxonomy, 122-126
- AhmedApKa2023: virus transmission, 743
- AlamHo1965: distribution, host, life history, 211-217
- Ali1968: distribution, host, taxonomy, 125-126
- Ali1970a: catalog, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 107, 108
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 356
- Angele2001: distribution, host, 68
- AriasCRoHe2022: ant association, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, 87-92
- ArunkuBaGo2018: chemistry, wax, 145-152
- ArunkuBaGo2021: bacteria, control,
- AvasthSh1987: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-20
- AwadalIbMo1999: biological control, life history, 133-143
- BaderAl2020: distribution, host, 4
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 207
- BalakrSrVe1991: biological control, distribution, host, 11-19
- Barnes1939: biological control, distribution, host,
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 143, 144
- BasheeJa1964: distribution, host, 261-266
- BaskarLaUt1999a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 28-31
- Beards1960: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 218-219
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 414-415
- Beatty1944: distribution, host, 114-172
- Beccar1971: distribution, host, 194
- BellotSc1985: distribution, economic importance, host, 341-392
- BeltraAdAv2015: distribution, host, 5
- BenDov1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
- BenDov1991b: distribution, host, 85, 86
- BenDov1994: catalog, 164-167
- BenDovCa2006: distribution, host, 325-326
- Bennet1955: biological control, distribution, host, 413-416
- Bennet1957: biological control, distribution, host, 569
- BennetSi1964: biological control, 81-94
- Betrem1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-88
- BhuiyaChKa2000: biological control, 417-420
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 172-173
- Brain1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 134-137
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 182
- BruntKe1971: disease transmission, economic importance, host, 591-602
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 307
- Burks1952: biological control, distribution, host, 179-182
- Butani1976: distribution, host, 27
- Butani1979: economic importance, 36-40
- CABI1966b: distribution,
- Campbe1983: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 137-150
- CastilViCi2021: natural enemies,
- CatzimCuJu2024: biological control, natural enemies,
- CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 138
- ChackoKr1976: biological control, distribution, host, 56-57
- ChoiLe2022: phylogeny, 358,359
- ChongOe2006a: biological control,
- Cocker1893j: distribution, host, 254
- Cocker1893n: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 178, 179
- Cocker1896o: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 203
- Cocker1898r: taxonomy, 240
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 391
- Cocker1902p: taxonomy, 252
- Cocker1929d: biological control, distribution, host, 271
- Cocker1937: economic importance, taxonomy, 123-124
- Comper1937a: biological control, distribution, host, 393,394
- Comper1938: biological control, 315-337
- Comper1939: biological control, 57-73
- CostaL1939: 3
- CouturMaRi1985: distribution, host, 281
- Crowe1985: distribution,
- CulikMaGu2006: distribution, host, 1-12
- CulikMaVe2007: distribution, host, 1-5
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 40
- DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
- DeLott1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 352-353
- DineshVe2016: biological control, natural enemies,
- DivyaKa2019: chemistry, wax,
- DorgeMu1970: chemical control, distribution, host, 40-46
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- Dozier1932a: biological control, 7-9
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 512
- Dutt1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 59-71
- ElangoSr2017: ecology, illustration, 378
- ElangoSrVi2021: distribution, host, 127
- Esaki1940a: distribution, host, 274-280
- EvansAb2023: distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 6, 7, 10, 17-18, 46
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 88
- FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 25, 34
- Fernal1903b: 109,111
- Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 93-95
- Ferris1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 362,495
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 78
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 12
- FoldiKo2006: distribution, host, 308
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 254
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Fullaw1923: 308
- Fullaw1924: distribution, host, 97
- Fullaw1946: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
- GarciaHeCi2022: biological control, natural enemies,
- Gautam1988: biological control, distribution, 196-199
- GautamNaSr1988: biological control, distribution, host, 12-13
- GautamSa1986: distribution, host, 39-40
- Gavril2013: distribution, 74
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 221
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 4
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, host, 24
- GermaiVaMa2010: distribution, host, 126
- GodseBh2003: distribution, host, 1
- Goot1928: distribution, host, 1
- GovindJoSr2003: biological control, 96-102
- Granar1979: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 132-137
- Granar1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 262-263
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- GrazioMiAl2015: climate change, distribution, economic importance, host, 1071-1073
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1896:
- Green1916a: distribution, host, 375
- GullanKaHa2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 329-339
- GyamweDoAk2023: virus transmission, 12
- HannaHe1957: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 473-480
- HannaHeJu1952: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 334-335
- HannaJuHe1955: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 669-710
- HannaJuHe1956: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 219-227
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HarishAr2022: Wolbachia, endosymbionts, resistance,
- Hattin1993: economic importance, 20-22
- Hempel1900a: 386
- Highla1956: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 276-277
- Hodgso2012: taxonomy, 64
- Hodgso2020: key, 34
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 4
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 143
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 28
- HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 178
- JalilKa1971: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 237-240
- JalilvShFa2014: distribution, host, natural enemies, 5
- James1933a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 435
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 29
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 35
- JiSu2012: distribution, host, 1-5
- JoseKrGa2020: ecology, endosymbionts, phylogeny,
- JoshiSuRe2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 118
- KamelBMdZo2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, 583–585
- KaydanGu2012: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 50-55
- Keuche1915: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 49-53
- KhalidSh1988b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 71, 72
- King1902g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 616,617
- KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 126
- Kirkal1902: distribution, host, 103
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 57-58
- KondoRaVe2008: distribution, host, 35
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 23
- KoradaNaEd2010: distribution, economic importance, host, 379
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-126
- Koteja1974b: distribution, taxonomy, 74,99
- KumarMaSe2016: distribution, host, 643
- KumarShSa2002: distribution, host, 177
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 11
- Laing1933: distribution, host, 676
- LePell1968: distribution, economic importance, host,
- LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
- Leefma1929: distribution, host, 1
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 6
- Lindin1913: distribution, host, 68
- LitCa1994a: distribution, host, 390-391
- LitCaCa1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 35-39
- LitCaLa2006: distribution, host, 11
- LiuNiLu2022: phylogenetics,
- Malump2012b: distribution, 213
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 80
- Mamet1941a: distribution, host, 40
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 145,146
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
- Mamet1951: description, taxonomy, 215, 216
- MangalSuNa2012: description, distribution, ecology, host, 110-116
- Mangou2008: biological control, distribution, 294
- ManiJoKa2013: molecular data, 244
- ManiKr1990d: biological control, 122-123
- ManiKr1991b: biological control, ecology, life history, 275-277
- MartinBlSu2005: distribution, host, 125-127
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 47,119
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 18,75,144,201,257
- Matile1976a: economic importance, 2
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 49,50
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 225
- Matile1988: distribution, host, 35
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 178
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- McCorqHo2017: biology, control, description, distribution, honeydew, host, illustration, nymph, virus transmission,
- McDani1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 323-327
- McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 179-182
- MdelleAdZo2019: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, phenology,
- MealybSt1987: control, economic importance, life history, 24-30
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- Millar2002: illustration, 210
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 149
- MirabaGaCa2018: distribution, host, 194
- Moghad2004a: distribution, host, 23,142
- Moghad2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 155-156
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, 19
- Moghad2013: description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 26-28, 99
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 65
- MoghadEs2014: key, 59-60
- MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 10, 60-61, 145
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 125-126
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 155
- MohandKo1988: biological control, distribution, economic importance,
- MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 102-103
- MorganLuAm2013: illustration, physiology, 6, 8-10
- MuniapWaVa2012: distribution, 1-5
- MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 93
- NGuessYaNg2019: distribution, host, 3. 4
- Nalini2015: biological control, natural enemies, 189-193
- Nalini2016: host, natural enemies, 673
- NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, 173-174
- NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
- Newste1894c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4,5
- Newste1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-9
- Newste1911a: distribution, host, 166
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 127
- Nicol1952: chemical control, 120
- NurBrBe1987: chromosomes, taxonomy, 53-59
- NurkomTrAi2021: distribution, host,
- ObodjiNGNG2015: virus, virus transmission,
- OliveiSaOl2023: DNA, phylogeny, 6
- OtanesBu1939: distribution, economic importance, host, 341-371
- PachecBeBl2014: molecular data, 5,6
- PachecKaKo2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 143-145
- PachecKaSi2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 530, 535
- PadillMaNa2016: distribution, host, 558
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution, host, 290
- ParidaMo1982: chromosomes, taxonomy, 18-20
- ParsaKoWi2012: taxonomy, 8
- PaulGh2004: chemical control, 729-732
- Peacoc1913: distribution, host, 209
- PellizPo2014: distribution, 3
- PengPoBo2023: natural enemies, 100
- PerezG2008: distribution, 216
- PillaiGoSa1991: distribution, host, 253-260
- PooranAnTh2024: economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies, virus transmission, 526, 529, 534
- PooranJoTh2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
- Posnet1947a: distribution, economic importance, host, 388-402
- PuigWuSu2021: virus transmission,
- Ramakr1919: distribution, host, 626
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 343
- Ramakr1941: distribution, host, 107-113
- RawatMo1968: biological control, distribution, host, 85
- RawatMo1968a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 277-282
- RawatMo1969b: biological control, distribution, host, 953-956
- RawatMo1970: biological control, distribution, host, 516-517
- Reboul1976: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 4, 6
- Reyne1961: distribution, host, 125
- RezekiHaSa2021: diagnosis, host, illustration, key, morphology, 3114-3115
- Risbec1949: biological control, distribution, host, 578-581
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 469
- RohmahHiMu2023: virus, virus transmission,
- RosadeMo2021: distribution, host,
- Rosen1981a: biological control, distribution, host, 251-263
- Rosen1981b: biological control, distribution, host, 53-59
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Ryan1946: distribution, host, 124-125
- Ryan1946: distribution, 125
- SahuJoGa2019: host, natural enemies, 94 , 95
- SahuJoGa2019: biological control, distribution, natural enemies,
- Sakimu1935a: biological control, 76-82
- Salaza1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 289-290
- SaminaJa2001: biological control, chemical control, 535-537
- SantosCaPe2017: natural enemies,
- Saraiv1939: distribution, host, 103
- Sassce1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
- Saxena1974: distribution, host, 367
- Schmut1964: distribution, host, 105
- Schmut1969: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 100-101
- Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
- SchmutPiKl1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 328
- SheraKaSh2017: natural enemies,
- ShuklaTa1984a: distribution, host, 31
- SilvaSSoCo2016: natural enemies, 124, 128
- SinhaSa1983: life history, 140-146
- SinhaSaDi1985: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13,14
- SinhaSaDi1985a: life history, 141-144
- SinhaSaSi1985: life history, 1-5
- SiriseWaHe2013: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 71,72,73,74,77,78
- Smee1963: distribution, economic importance, host, 12
- Smyth1920: distribution, economic importance, host, 124
- SodanoOuSc2023: ant association, morphology, 5
- Sohi1964: distribution, host, 111
- SosanAjUd2020: distribution, ecology, host,
- Strick1947a: distribution, host, 509
- Suh2019a: key, 2
- SupartYuWi2020: natural enemies, 4546
- Takaha1928: distribution, host, 335
- Takaha1929a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 429
- Takaha1942d: distribution, host, 353
- Tang2001: 3
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 4
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- TataHa1991: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- TokunaSeUt2018: distribution, host, 143
- TrjapiTr1999: biological control, distribution, host, 174-179
- UlgentKaSi2015: distribution, host, 1
- VaissaFr2001: economic importance, host, 41-43
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 132
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 52, 53
- Vayssi1912: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 366-368
- Vayssi1913: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 428
- VayssiGrSi2020: ant association,
- VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- VidyaBh2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 214-215
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 16
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- WangZhTi2018: distribution, host, 2
- WaqasShCh2019: reproduction,
- Watson2021: distribution, 526
- WatsonOoGi1995: distribution, host, 43
- Willia1958: taxonomy, 214
- Willia1960: distribution, host, 398
- Willia1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 165-167
- Willia1985c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51-52
- Willia1996DJ: distribution, host, taxonomy, 6
- Willia1996DJ: distribution, host, taxonomy, 8-9
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 268-272
- Willia2005: distribution, host, 167
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 251
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 91
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 183-186
- WilliaMa2005a: distribution, host, 146
- WilliaMa2009a: taxonomy, 97-101
- WilliaMa2009b: distribution, host, 119
- WilliaMa2012: illustration, 84
- WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 47
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-81
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 5,42
- YaylaKaCa2024: distribution, host plant, 60
- Zacher1913: distribution, economic importance, host, 121
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 179
- ZarkanErAp2023: distribution, 165
- ZarkanFeDj2023: distribution, host,
- ZhangZhCa2022: virus transmission,
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 271-274
- vanden2001c: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 196-208
