Valid Names Results
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) (Pseudococcidae: Dysmicoccus)Nomenclatural History
- Dactylopius bromeliae; Signoret 1875b: 310. misidentification
- Dactylopius brevipes Cockerell 1893n: 267. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on pineapples. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Pseudococcus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893); Fernald 1903b: 98. change of combination
- Pseudococcus bromeliae; Fernald 1903b: 98. misidentification
- Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) ananassae Kuwana 1909a: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, on pineapple. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Kawai1980, 104).
- Pseudococcus missionum Cockerell 1910: 113. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santa Ana Misiones, No. 13. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaGr1992,141). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by WilliaGr1992, 141).
- Pseudococcus bromeliae; Hempel 1912: 24. misidentification
- Pseudococcus bromeliae; Green 1922: xxx. misidentification
- Pseudococcus palauensis Kanda 1933a: 135. Type data: PALAU ISLAND: on pineapple. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan; junior synonym (discovered by Takaha1936c, 109).
- Pseudococcus cannae Green 1934e: 162. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on rhizomes of Canna sp. and roots of Impatiens sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia2004a,168). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1958, 213).
- Pseudococcus cannae Green 1934e: 162. replacement name that is unjustified Replacement name for Pseudoccous bromeliae sensu Green (non: Bouche), 1922
- Pseudococcus longirostralis James 1936: 207. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on Coffea arabica. Lectotype, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1957b, 197).
- Pseudococcus defluiteri Betrem 1937: 43. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Djember, on Coffea robusta. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Willia2004a, 170). Notes: Type material apparently lost.
- Pseudococcus pseudobrevipes Mamet 1941b: 58. Type data: MAURITIUS: Montagne Longue, on Ananas comosus. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Beards1965c, 58). Illustr.
- Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893); Ferris 1950b: 59. change of combination
- ysmicoccus brevipes; Moghaddam 2009: 34. misspelling of genus name Notes: Misspelling of ysmicoccus for Dysmicoccus.
- Dysmioccus brevipes; Sapak, et al. 2021. misspelling of genus name
- Dysmicoccus brevipens (Cockerell, 1893); Ülgentürk, et al. 2022: 123. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- chanchito blanca de la pina Gonzal1972
- pineapple mealybug Bartle1978e McKenz1967 Tryon1901
- pink pineapple mealybug HeLiZh2014
- Ananasschmierlaus SirisenSaKo2022
- cochenille farineuse de l’ananas SirisenSaKo2022
- cochonilha do abacaxizeiro SirisenSaKo2022
- painappuru-kona-kaigaramushi SirisenSaKo2022
- pymappel wolluis SirisenSaKo2022
- piojo harinoso de la piña SirisenSaKo2022
- بق األناناس الدقيقى AbdRab2012
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 68 | Genera: 169
- Amaranthaceae
- Achyranthes aspera | MirabaGaCa2018
- Amaranthus | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Amaranthus hybridus | BenDov1994 Granar1991a | ssp. quitensis (= Amaranthus kitensis)
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Mangifera indica | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 KinjoNaHi1996 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992
- Annonaceae
- Annona muricata | Beards1966 BenDov1994 McKenz1967 Willia1960 WilliaWa1988a
- Annona squamosa | BenDov1994 Hamble1935 Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988a
- Apiaceae
- Apium | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Apium graveolens | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Apocynaceae
- Araujia sericifera | BenDov1985a BenDov1994
- Asclepias curassavica | MoraRaBa2018
- Hoya | JansenAl2023
- Araceae
- Colocasia esculenta | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Epipremnum pinnatum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Rhaphidophora vitiensis)
- Arecaceae
- Adonidia merrillii | ViorenSaMa2025 | (=Adenium arabicum)
- Archontophoenix alexandrae | JansenAl2023
- Areca | Willia2004a
- Areca catechu | BenDov1994 Takaha1955 Willia2004a
- Arecaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Bactris | CouturTaIn1996
- Carpentaria acuminata | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Caryota mitis | JansenAl2023
- Caryota urens | Willia2004a
- Chamaedorea costaricana | MilleHeCa2016
- Chamaedorea seifritzii | MirabaGaCa2018
- Cocos | HodgsoHi1990
- Cocos nucifera | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 GhoshGh1984 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Dypsis lutescens | MilleHeCa2016 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis guineensis | Almeid1973b BenDov1994 CouturMaRi1985 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Geonoma | McKenz1967 | (= Roebelia)
- Howea forsteriana | Willia2004a | (= Kentia)
- Hyophorbe | Beards1966
- Hyophorbe indica | McKenz1967 | (= Areca lutescens)
- Livistona | Willia2004a
- Phoenix dactylifera | BenDov1985a BenDov1994 SumaMaLa2015
- Phoenix roebelenii | JansenAl2023
- Ptychosperma macarthurii | Willia2004a
- Rhapis | BenDov1994 Borchs1949
- Rhapis excelsa | daLuzBoSa2005
- Roystonea | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Sabal bermudana | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Syagrus comosa | BenDov2012 | (= Cocos plumosa)
- Asparagaceae
- Agave sisalana | BenDov1994 Zimmer1948
- Asparagus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Beaucarnea recurvata | MazzeoSuRu2008
- Cordyline | MilleHeCa2016
- Dracaena | JansenAl2023
- Aspleniaceae
- Asplenium nidus | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Asteraceae
- Emilia sonchifolia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Fitchia speciosa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Struchium sparganophorum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Sparganophorus vaillantii)
- Taraxacum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Balsaminaceae
- Impatiens | Betrem1937 Green1934c Lepage1938 Willia2004a | (= Balsamina)
- Bignoniaceae
- Crescentia cujete | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Boraginaceae
- Cordia alliodora | Morris1929
- Cordia nodosa | BenDov1994 Morris1922
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica rapa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Brassica chinensis)
- Bromeliaceae
- Aechmea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Ananas | HodgsoHi1990 WilliaWa1988a
- Ananas comosus | Almeid1973b Balach1957b Betrem1937 Kuwana1909a Marott1987a Willia1985 WilliaWa1988a Beards1959a Beards1966 Borchs1949 CarnerPe1986 DanzigKo1990 Fernal1903b Green1937 Mamet1941b BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Lepage1938 Morris1920 WilliaGr1992 SiriseWaHe2013
- Bromelia | Willia2004a
- Bromeliaceae | McKenz1967
- Cactaceae
- Opuntia | JansenAl2023
- Selenicereus megalanthus | MedinaKo2012
- Calophyllaceae
- Mammea americana | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Cannaceae
- Canna | BenDov1994 Green1934c McKenz1967 Willia2004a
- Canna indica | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | SosanAjUd2020
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina equisetifolia | ChoudhGoJo2023
- Cleomaceae
- Cleome rutidosperma | UmmerKuMa2018
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia subelliptica | TanakaKa2022
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Commelinaceae
- Commelina diffusa | MoraRaBa2018
- Convolvulaceae
- Cressa cretica | BenDov1994 Hall1926
- Ipomoea batatas | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 WilliaWa1988a
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucumis sativus | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Cucurbita | Willia2004a
- Cucurbita maxima | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Cucurbita pepo | BenDov1994 CulikGu2005 Willia1985
- Lagenaria | SudiarDeWi2025
- Cupressaceae
- Juniperus chinensis | McKenz1967 | var. torulosa
- Thuja | BenDov1994 Granar1991a WilliaGr1992
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperaceae | Willia2004a
- Cyperus | Borchs1949 GranarScTe1997 Lepage1938 WilliaWa1988a
- Cyperus anderssonii | LincanHoCa2010
- Cyperus dentatus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Cyperus elegans | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Cyperus haematodes | BenDov1994 MoraRaBa2018 WilliaGr1992 | (= Cyperus ferax)
- Cyperus rotundus | BenDov1985a BenDov1994 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Fimbristylis | WilliaWa1988a
- Fimbristylis cymosa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Kyllinga | MilleHeCa2016
- Rhynchospora cephalotes | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Rhynchospora colorata | UmmerKuMa2018 | (= Cyperus kyllingia)
- Scleria | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea alata | MirabaGaCa2018
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Hamble1935 Lepage1938
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum variegatum | JansenAl2023
- Euphorbia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Euphorbia drummondii | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Jatropha curcas | MartinBlSu2005
- Manihot esculenta | BenDov1994 Willia1970DJ
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987
- Arachis | WilliaWa1988a
- Arachis hypogaea | BenDov1994 Lepage1938 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Cajanus cajan | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Desmodium | BenDov1994 Granar1991a WilliaGr1992
- Dipteryx odorata | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Erythrina | WilliaWa1988a
- Erythrina variegata | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Erythrina indica
- Gliricidia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 Zimmer1948
- Glycine max | BenDov1994 Granar1991a Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Inocarpus fagifer | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Medicago sativa | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Melilotus indicus | Beards1959a
- Pisum sativum | ChoudhGoJo2023
- Saraca declinata | Willia2004a
- Tachigali paniculata | BenDov1994 Morris1922
- Tipuana tipu | BenDov1994 Granar1991a
- Trifolium | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Trifolium pratense | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Trifolium repens | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia latispatha | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Hydnoraceae
- Prosopanche americana | BenDov1994 Granar1991a WilliaGr1992
- Iridaceae
- Watsonia | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Juncaceae
- Juncus | BenDov1994 Hall1926
- Lamiaceae
- Coleus scutellarioides | MilleHeCa2016 | (= Coleus blumei)
- Lauraceae
- Ocotea atirrensis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Ocotea sassafras | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Persea americana | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | MirabaGaCa2018
- Malvaceae
- Gossypium | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Hamble1935 Lepage1938 McKenz1967
- Herrania camargoana | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hibiscus | Borchs1949
- Sida | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Theobroma bicolor | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Theobroma cacao | BenDov1994 Bennet1957 DeLott1964 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaWa1988a KoffiBaDe2025
- Theobroma subincanum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Marantaceae
- Calathea | Willia2004a
- Melastomataceae
- Mouriri myrtilloides | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Meliaceae
- Xylocarpus | Willia2004a
- Menyanthaceae
- Nymphoides indica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Nymphoides humboltiana)
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Ficus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Ficus maxima | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Ficus rubricosta)
- Morus | Borchs1949
- Morus alba | Lepage1938
- Musaceae
- Musa | KondoRaVe2008 MatileWi1996 McKenz1967 Morris1920 WilliaWa1988a
- Musa paradisiaca | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Marott1987a Willia1985 WilliaWa1988a | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myrtaceae
- Myrciaria dubia | WolffKoPe2016
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Syzygium aqueum | Willia2004a | (= Eugenia malaccensis)
- Syzygium aromaticum | Willia2004a | (= Eugenia caryophyllata)
- Nymphaeaceae
- Nymphaeaceae | Willia2004a
- Orchidaceae
- Euanthe sanderiana | Willia2004a | (= Vanda sanderiana)
- Orchidaceae | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Paphiopedilum ciliolare | Willia2004a | (= Cryptopetalum ciliare)
- Phalaenopsis | JansenAl2023
- Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche | Willia2004a
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | GhoshGh1984
- Pandanus antaresensis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Pandanus tectorius | Beards1966 | (= Pandanus fragrans)
- Pandanus utilis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Pandanus odoratissimus)
- Phyllanthaceae
- Phyllanthus | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Piperaceae
- Piper betle | BenDov1994 Takaha1942b Willia2004a
- Piper majusculum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Piper nigrum | Willia2004a MardinSaMi2025
- Plantaginaceae
- Plantago major | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Poaceae
- Aristida adoensis | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Brachiaria mutica | BenDov1994 Willia1985 | (= Panicum muticum)
- Brachiaria plantaginea | Hamble1935 Lepage1938
- Cenchrus | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Chloris barbata | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | (= Chloris inflata)
- Chloris gayana | BenDov1994 Willia1985 Willia2004a
- Cynodon dactylon | BenDov1994 Hall1926
- Echinochloa polystachya | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Panicum spectabile)
- Eleusine indica | MilleHeCa2016
- Melinis repens | BenDov1994 FoldiKo2006 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992 | (= Rhynchelytrum repens)(= Tricholaena repens)
- Oryza sativa | BenDov1994 Hamble1935 Lepage1938 Willia1970DJ
- Panicum | HodgsoHi1990 McKenz1967
- Paspalum millegrana | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Paspalum notatum | MoraRaBa2018
- Pennisetum purpureum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 McKenz1967
- Poaceae | Balach1939
- Saccharum | HodgsoHi1990 WilliaWa1988a
- Saccharum officinarum | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Granar1991a Mamet1957 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Setaria palmifolia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Sorghum arundinaceum | BenDov1994 Willia1985 | (= Sorghum verticilliflorum)
- Sporobolus spicatus | BenDov1994 Hall1926
- Zea mays | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Granar1991a Hamble1935 Lepage1938 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Polygonaceae
- Rheum rhaponticum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia1985
- Rumex acetosa | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Hamble1935 Lepage1938
- Rumex crispus | MoraRaBa2018
- Triplaris cumingiana | Morris1929
- Portulacaceae
- Portulaca | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Ranunculaceae
- Anemone | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Rosaceae
- Eriobotrya japonica | Willia2004a
- Fragaria vesca | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Malus sylvestris | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Prunus armeniaca | BenDov2012
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea | KondoRaVe2008 McKenz1967 WilliaWa1988a
- Coffea arabica | BenDov1994 DeLott1957b GhoshGh1984 James1936 KondoRaVe2008 WilliaWa1988a CarmonNaBe2025
- Coffea canephora | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 DeLott1964 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a | including var.robusta
- Gardenia jasminoides | BenDov1994 Takaha1955 | (= Gardenia florida)
- Guettarda speciosa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Pavetta triflora | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Ixora triflora)
- Psychotria | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | (= Straussia)
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | BenDov1985a BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Borchs1956d KondoRaVe2008
- Citrus aurantium | JansenAl2023
- Citrus limon | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Murraya | BenDov2012
- Sapindaceae
- Nephelium lappaceum | Willia2004a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | Willia2004a
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Solanum lycopersicum | JansenAl2023
- Solanum nigrum | MoraRaBa2018
- Solanum tuberosum | BenDov1994 Hamble1935 Lepage1938 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix nilotica | BenDov1985a BenDov1994
- Urticaceae
- Cecropia | BenDov1994 KondoRaVe2008 Morris1922 Morris1929
- Vitaceae
- Leea rubra | MirabaGaCa2018
- Vitis vinifera | Willia2004a
- Zingiberaceae
- Curcuma | BenDov2012
- Curcuma alismatifolia | MilleHeCa2016
- Curcuma longa | Willia2004a
- Hedychium flavum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Zingiber officinale | Willia2004a
Foes:
Families: 13 | Genera: 29
- Aphelinidae
- Myiocnema comperei | MilleHeCa2016
- Cecidomyidae
- Kalodiplosis pseudococci | Barnes1935 Felt1933 Moore1988
- Cecidomyiidae
- Diadiplosis koebelei | Moore1988 | (= Kalodiplosis koebelei)
- Diadiplosis pseudococci | GilCoMa2023
- Dicrodiplosis guatemalensis | Moore1988
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysoperla externa | GoncalSa2001
- Clavicipitaceae
- Beauveria bassiana | AhmedApKa2023
- Metarhizium anisopliae | AhmedApKa2023
- Coccinellidae
- Cyrea ormanceayi | BennetSi1964 | (= Hyperaspis distinguenda)
- Diomus ochroderus | BennetSi1964 | (= Scymnus ochroderus)
- Hyperaspis billoti | BennetSi1964
- Hyperaspis distinguenda | BennetSi1964
- Hyperaspis jocunda | BennetSi1964
- Hyperaspis silvestrii | Moore1988
- Scymnus bilucernarius | BennetSi1964
- Scymnus coccivora | ManjusChSu2019
- Scymnus margipallens | Moore1988
- Slipinskiscymnus saciformis | PooranAnTh2024
- Tenuisvalvae bromelicola | SantosCaPe2017
- Zagloba aenipennis | BennetSi1964 | (= Scymnus aenipennis)
- Cordycipitaceae
- Lecanicillium lecanii | AhmedApKa2023
- Drosophilidae
- Cacoxenus perspicax | ManjusChSu2019
- Pseudiastata | KondoWoCa2022
- Pseudiastata brasiliensis | Sabros1951
- Pseudiastata pseudococcivora | Sabros1951
- Pseudiastata vorax | Sabros1951
- Encyrtidae
- Aenasius | ChirinAnCa2021
- Aenasius tachigaliae | GilCoMa2023
- Anagyrus ananatis | Gahan1949 GonzalPaJo2005 Moore1988 Pandey2002 PandeyJo2006b
- Anagyrus coccidivorus | Bartle1939
- Anagyrus dactylopii | Gahan1949
- Anagyrus pseudococci | AbdRab2001d
- Anagyrus schoenherri | Gahan1949
- Anagyrus yuccae | Gahan1949
- Cheiloneurus | ChirinAnCa2021
- Cirrhencyrtus aeoles | CastilViCi2021
- Cirrhencyrtus pertius | CastilViCi2021
- Hambletonia pseudococcina | Bartle1939 Comper1936b KondoWoCa2022 Moore1988 SharkoWo1997
- Leptomastidea abnormis | AbdRab2001d
- Leptomastix dactylopii | AbdRab2001d | (= Leptomastidea dactylopii)
- Metaphycus | ChirinAnCa2021
- Heterorhabditidae
- Heterorhabditis amazonensis | AhmedApKa2023
- Heterorhabditis indica | NamadaUtRa2025
- Lycaenidae
- Spalgis epeus | ManjusChSu2019
- Pseudococcidae
- Dysmicoccus brevipes | LiShWe2025
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus subaeneus | AbdRab2001d
Associates:
Families: 7 | Genera: 9
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022
- Boletinellaceae
- Phlebopus beniensis | CarmonNaBe2025
- Callistosporiaceae
- Pseudolaccaria pachyphylla | CarmonNaBe2025
- Caulimoviridae
- BSV | PalmaJBlGu2019
- Banana Streak Virus | SisonCuPo2017
- Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus | PuigWuSu2021
- Cacao swollen shoot virus | GyamweDoAk2023 KoffiBaDe2025
- Cocoa Trinidad Virus | WilliaGr1992
- Closteroviridae
- PMWaV-1 | JahnBeGo2003 OchoaMUrRo2016
- PMWaV-2 | OchoaMUrRo2016
- PMWaV-3 | OchoaMUrRo2016
- Enterobacteraceae
- Candidatus Moranella endobia | NamadaUtRa2025
- Formicidae
- Camponotus mitis | ManjusChSu2019
- Pheidole megacephala | SapakMoNu2021
- Solenopsis geminata | CarabaWyMo2013
- Solenopsis saevissima | GuindaNoWo2017
- Technomyrmex albipes | ManjusChSu2019
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 138
- American Samoa | WilliaWa1988a
- Andaman Islands | Willia2004a
- Angola | Almeid1973b BenDov1994
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Barbuda | BenDov1994 CABI1972b WilliaGr1992
- Argentina
- Chaco | GranarCl2003
- Misiones | BenDov1994 Cocker1910
- Salta | BenDov1994 Granar1991 WilliaGr1992
- Santa Fe | GranarCl2003
- Santiago del Estero | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Tucuman | BenDov1994 Granar1991 Granar2009
- Ascension Island | MalumpWhHa2015
- Australia
- New South Wales | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Northern Territory | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Queensland | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Western Australia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Azores | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Bahamas | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Bangladesh | BenDov1994 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
- Barbados | SirisenSaKo2022
- Belize | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Benin | SirisenSaKo2022
- Bermuda | BenDov1994 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991 WilliaGr1992
- Bolivia | BenDov1994 DownieGu2004 WilliaGr1992
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | BenDov1994 Kawai1987 KawaiMaUm1971 Kuwana1909a
- Brazil | BenDov1994 Bennet1957 Hamble1935 Lepage1938
- Bahia | BenDov1994 CABI1972b FoldiKo2006
- Ceara | SirisenSaKo2022
- Espirito Santo | CulikGu2005 CulikMaVe2007
- Mato Grosso | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Minas Gerais | SantaCCh1998 daLuzBoSa2005
- Para | SirisenSaKo2022
- Parana | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Pernambuco | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Rio Grande do Sul | BenDov1994 CABI1972b GomesCRe1949
- Rio de Janeiro | SirisenSaKo2022
- Santa Catarina | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Sao Paulo | BenDov1994 GomesCRe1948 Hamble1935 Lepage1938
- Brunei | Willia2004a
- Burkina Faso | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Burundi | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Cameroon | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Canary Islands | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001 PerezGCa1987
- Cape Verde | SchmutPiKl1978 VanHarCoWi1990
- Cayman Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Chad | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Chile | Gonzal1972
- China | BenDov1994 Tang1992 TangHaTa1992
- Beijing (=Peking) | WangDaTi2019
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | WangZhTi2018
- Hunan | HuHeWa1992
- Xizang (=Tibet) | BenDov1994 Wang1980
- Cocos (=Keeling) Islands | Willia2004a
- Colombia | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Kondo2001 Kondo2008a KondoRaVe2008 WilliaGr1992
- Congo | BenDov1994 Willia1970DJ
- Cook Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Costa Rica | BenDov1994 CABI1972b WilliaGr1992
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | BenDov1994 CouturMaRi1985
- Cuba | BenDov1994 CABI1972b MartinBlSu2005 WilliaGr1992
- Curaçao | JansenAl2023
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Kawai1987 KumarMaSe2016
- Dominica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Dominican Republic | Beards1959a BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Easter Island (=Rapa Nui) | SirisenSaKo2022
- Ecuador | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Egypt | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Hall1926a Willco1922
- El Salvador | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994 ChenWoWu2012
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Truk Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Yap | BenDov1994 Takaha1941b
- Fiji | BenDov1994 VeitchGr1921 WilliaWa1988a
- French Guiana | SirisenSaKo2022
- French Polynesia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010
- Ghana | BenDov1994 MatileWi1996 Willia1970DJ
- Greece | SzitaFeBe2017
- Grenada | BenDov1994 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Guadeloupe | Balach1957b BenDov1994 MatileEt2006
- Guam | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Guatemala | BenDov1994 CABI1972b WilliaGr1992
- Guiana | Remill1988
- Guinea | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | BenDov1994 Morris1920 WilliaGr1992
- Haiti | BenDov1994 PerezG2008 WilliaGr1992
- Hawaiian Islands
- Honduras | BenDov1994 CABI1972b WilliaGr1992
- India | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Green1937
- Andhra Pradesh | SirisenSaKo2022
- Assam | SirisenSaKo2022
- Bihar | Willia2004a
- Jharkhand | ChoudhGoJo2023
- Karnataka | Willia2004a
- Kerala | Willia2004a
- Maharashtra | Willia2004a
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Willia2004a
- Tamil Nadu | Willia2004a
- Tripura | Willia2004a
- West Bengal | SirisenSaKo2022
- Indonesia | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Irian Jaya | WilliaWa1988a
- Java | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Willia2004a
- Kalimantan (=Borneo) | SirisenSaKo2022
- Sumatra | Willia2004a ZarkanErAp2023
- Iran | Moghad2004a Moghad2009
- Israel | BenDov1985a BenDov1994 Borchs1956d
- Italy | MazzeoSuRu2008
- Sicily | RussoMa1997 SumaMaLa2015
- Jamaica | BenDov1994 Cocker1893n Fernal1903b WilliaGr1992
- Japan | BenDov1994 KinjoNaHi1996 Takaha1955f
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Willia2005
- Kenya | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Kiribati | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Gilbert Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Laos | Willia2004a
- Lebanon | BenDov1994 Tranfa1983
- Madagascar | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Madeira Islands | Balach1939 BenDov1994
- Malawi | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Malaysia | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Willia2004a
- Malaya | SirisenSaKo2022
- Sabah | SirisenSaKo2022
- Sarawak | SirisenSaKo2022
- Mali | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Marshall Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Martinique | Balach1957b Beards1959a BenDov1994 MatileEt2006 WilliaGr1992
- Mauritania | JansenAl2023
- Mexico | CABI1972b WilliaGr1992
- Chiapas | CastilViCi2021
- Nayarit | ChamLuRo2019
- Montserrat | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Mozambique | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- New Caledonia | MilleHeCa2016
- Nicaragua | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Niger | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Nigeria | BenDov1994 MatileWi1996 Willia1970DJ
- Niue | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Saipan Island | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Pakistan | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Willia2004a
- Palau | BenDov1994 Kanda1933a Takaha1942 | SirisenSaKo2022
- Panama | BenDov1994 Morris1929 WilliaGr1992
- Papua New Guinea | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Paraguay | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Podtia1944 WilliaGr1992
- Peru | BenDov1994 CouturTaIn1996 Soukup1945 WilliaGr1992
- Philippines | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Willia2004a
- Luzon | LitCa1994a
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | BenDov1994 Martor1976 WilliaGr1992
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957
- Rodriques Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1941b Mamet1954a
- Russia
- Krasnodar Kray | BenDov1994 Borchs1949
- Rwanda | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | SirisenSaKo2022
- Saint Helena | SirisenSaKo2022
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Saint Kitts | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Lucia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Principe | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Sao Tome | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Senegal | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Seychelles | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Sierra Leone | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Singapore | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Willia2004a
- Solomon Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Somalia | BenDov1994 CABI1972b Schmut1964
- South Africa | BenDov1994 DeVillBePe1987
- South Korea | TalibMo2024
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Green1934c Green1937 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
- Sudan | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Suriname | BenDov1994 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Taiwan | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Tanzania | BenDov1994 DeLott1957b DeLott1964 James1936
- Thailand | Willia2004a
- Togo | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Tokelau | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Tonga | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tobago | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Trinidad | BenDov1994 CABI1972b WilliaGr1992
- Tromelin Island | BenDov1994 Mamet1951 Mamet1957
- Turkey | KaydanKo2010a
- Tuvalu | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | SirisenSaKo2022
- Uganda | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- United States
- California | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Florida | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Willia1970DJ
- Louisiana | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b McKenz1967
- Uruguay | GranarScTe1997
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Venezuela | BenDov1994 CABI1972b FoldiKo2006 WilliaGr1992
- Vietnam | BenDov1994 DanzigKo1990 Willia2004a
- Wallis and Futuna Islands | SirisenSaKo2022
- Western Samoa | BenDov1994 Laing1927 Willia1970DJ WilliaWa1988a
- Zambia | BenDov1994 CABI1972b
- Zanzibar | WilliaMa2005a
Keys
- ViorenSaMa2025: pp.1023 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybug species found on ornamental plants in West Java, Indonesia]
- CaballKo2024: pp.12 ( Adult (F) ) [Species associated with coffee roots in Colombia]
- ZhangWaWa2023: pp.129 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus species in China]
- ZarkanErAp2023: pp.164-165 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus in Indonesia]
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- EvansAb2023: pp.8-13 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococccidae of Egypt]
- MoghadWa2022: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus in Iran]
- TanakaSaCh2022: pp.309 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus species in Japan]
- TanakaKa2021: pp.577-578 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus in Japan]
- PachecKaBa2020: pp.504-505 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae in Uruguay]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs interepted in S. Korea]
- CaballRaKo2017: pp.498 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccomorpha of sugarcane from Colombia]
- Tanaka2017a: pp.419 ( Adult (F) ) [Japanese species of Dysmicoccus]
- WolffKoPe2016: pp.275-277 ( Adult (F) ) [Species recorded on Myrciaria dubia in Brazil]
- SiriseWaHe2013: pp.78-80 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybugs on Fruit Crops in Sri Lanka]
- TanakaUe2012: pp.414 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- Granar2009: pp.12-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region.]
- WilliaMa2009a: pp.97-101 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]
- Willia2004a: pp.161-163 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]
- MillerMi2002a: pp.971 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]
- RussoMa1997a: pp.154-155 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]
- Tang1992: pp.193 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]
- WilliaWa1988a: pp.47 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region]
- AvasthSh1987: pp.15 ( Adult (F) ) [India]
- AvasthSh1986a: pp.435 ( Adult (F) ) [India]
- Willia1985: pp.108 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
- Wang1982ZQ: pp.37 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Yang1982: pp.84 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- DeLott1977: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- MillerMc1973: pp.505 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Willia1970DJ: pp.115 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1967: pp.157 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- Beards1966: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- Beards1965c: pp.57 ( Adult (F) ) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]
- McKenz1964: pp.231 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- DeLott1964: pp.349 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1962: pp.644 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ezzat1960b: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- Borchs1956d: pp.866 ( Adult (F) ) [Israel]
- Ferris1953a: pp.332 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1950b: pp.54 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Borchs1949: pp.94 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
- Zimmer1948: pp.176 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
Remarks
- Systematics: The internal transcribed spacer 2 gene sequences of Dysmicoccus brevipes from Brazil from GenBank have accession number GU134673. Four haplotypes were found in China: one from mainland China and three from the island of Hainan. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the haplotype from Hawaii was a lineage of mealybugs living predominantly in Brazil.(He, et al., 2014) Signoret interpreted the species described as Coccus bromeliae by Bouche (1833: 49) as a mealybug, but Lindinger (1932f) showed it to be a soft scale (Coccidae). In several pre-1900 publications, as well as in Fernald (1903b), the pineapple mealybug has been erroneously named Pseudococcus bromeliae (Bouché). Ben-Dov & Cox (1990) and Ben-Dov (1993) have clarified that Bouche's original description of Coccus bromeliae Bouche (1833: 49, 1834: 20) clearly indicate that his species was a soft scale insect (Coccidae), not a mealybug, as erroneously interpreted by subsequent workers, e.g. Fernald (1903b). This point is specefically pointed out because in several pre-1990 publications, D. brevipes has been misidentified as D. bromeliae. Beardsley (1959a) clarified previous indications, e.g. Zimmerman (1948), from Hawaii about the occurrence of more than one species on pineapple, and described the closely related species D. neobrevipes.
- Structure: Body of live adult female pink, coated with white mealy wax and with 17 pairs of slender wax projections around margins, these often rather untidy and all of similar, moderate lengths. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2022) See colour photograph in Kawai (1980). Parida & Moharana (1982), Nur et al. (1987) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10. Slide-mounted adult female oval to broadly oval. Antennae each with 8 segments. Legs well developed; hind leg with translucent pores abundant on dorsal surfaces of femur and tibia. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2022)
- Biology: Infests the roots, leaves natural cavities of the host plant. Pataki (1974, 1975) described the moulting process. As other members of the genus Dysmicoccus reproduce sexually, and only D. brevipes uses obligate parthenogenesis, the common ancestor of the two lineages of D. brevipes would have reproduced sexually. Hence, as an evolutionary consequence of acquiring parthenogenetic reproduction, the asexual mealybugs appear to have abandoned production of the sex pheromone, which had been critical to attracting males among their ancestors. (Tabata, et al., 2017)
- Economic Importance: A widely-distributed pest of pineapple on which it transmits the Pineapple Mealybug Wilt Disease (Zimmerman, 1948; Beardsley, 1965c; Bartlett, 1978e; Beardsley et al., 1982). Effective control has been achieved on pineapple in South Africa by controlling populations of the big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala F. (Petty & Tustin, 1993; Petty & Manicom, 1995). Recorded as a vector of the Cocoa trinidad Virus (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992). In Hawaii, it occurs infrequently on sugarcane and is of but minor economic importance (Beardsley, 1960a). In Hawaii, the tight association of D. brevipes with Solenopsis geminata and three other ant species has reduced the efficacy of several natural enemies, such as cecidomyiid flies, cocinellid beetles, and multiple parasitoid species. (Carabali-Banguero, et al., 2013) Ants were less attendant on mealybugs when sucrose was available. However, the ants did not kill the mealybugs when additional sugar sources could be accessed. These results may have positive implications for managing D. brevipes populations using biological control. More specifically, lower degrees of ant attendance could create a window of opportunity for other D. brevipes natural enemies, such as predators or parasitic wasps. (Carabali-Banguero, et al., 2013)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Betrem (1937), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), Balachowsky (1957b), Mamet (1957), Beardsley (1965c), McKenzie (1967), Ghosh & Ghose (1984), Williams (1970DJ), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink (2009).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2001d: biological control, distribution, 1357
- AbdRab2012: list, 612
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 41
- Afonso1985: distribution, economic importance, host, 1
- AhmedApKa2023: control, virus transmission, 741
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18
- AraujoSiSo2021: economic importance, host, illustration,
- ArellaVeBe2015: biological control, economic importance, 179, 182
- Balach1939: distribution, host, 260
- Balach1957b: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 189-197
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 207
- Barnes1935: biological control, distribution, host, 527
- Bartle1939: biological control, 67-72
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 141-143
- Beards1959a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 29-31
- Beards1960a: distribution, economic importance, host, 954-955
- Beards1965c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 58-60
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 409-410
- BeardsSuMc1982: economic importance, life history, 51-67
- BenDov1985a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 188
- BenDov1993: catalog, taxonomy, 68
- BenDov1994: catalog, 124-126,387
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 35,
- BenDovCo1990: taxonomy, 83
- Bennet1955: biological control, 413-416
- Bennet1957: biological control, distribution, host, 569
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- BennetSi1964: biological control, 81-94
- BertinLeBo2018: biology, ecology, 1-7
- Betrem1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 42-46
- Blumbe2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 421-422
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-131
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 181
- BruntKe1971: disease transmission, economic importance, host, 591-602
- BuaMaAy2024: virus transmission,
- BuangAmAd2025: distribution, host, virus transmission, 11
- CABI1972b: taxonomy, 1, 2
- CaballKo2024: illustration, key, morphology, 12-13
- CaballRaGi2018: distribution, host, 120
- CaballRaKo2017: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, key, 497
- CaldweLe2024: biology, control, diagnosis, host, 4
- Caltag1985: biological control, taxonomy, 189-200
- CarabaWyMo2013: biological control, ecology, 65-73
- CarmonNaBe2025: DNA sequencing, distribution, ecology, host,
- CarnerPe1986: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
- CarrasCaTo2025: control, distribution, illustration, phylogeny, virus,
- CarrilHoAl2024: distribution, host, 562
- Carter1931: chemical control, 1233-1242
- Carter1932: ecology, economic importance, life history, 296-304
- Carter1932a: control, ecology, economic importance, life history, 1027-1030
- Carter1933: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 207-242
- Carter1933a: ecology, economic importance, life history, 243-259
- Carter1934: distribution, host, life history, physiology, 424-426
- Carter1935: structure, 60-71
- Carter1935a: biological control, distribution, host, 1037-1041
- Carter1936: structure, 176-183
- Carter1937: biological control, distribution, 370-372
- Carter1937a: ecology, economic importance, life history, 971-981
- Carter1939: economic importance, host, life history, physiology, 273-326
- Carter1942: distribution, economic importance, 10-15
- Carter1945: economic importance, life history, physiology, 335-338
- Carter1945a: ecology, economic importance, life history, 305-315
- Carter1945b: economic importance, host, life history, physiology, 316-323
- Carter1946: structure, 191-194
- Carter1948: host, life history, 645-657
- Carter1949: distribution, economic importance, host, 761-766
- Carter1951: distribution, host, life history, physiology, 769-780
- Carter1952: chemical control, 981-984
- Carter1960: biological control, ecology, life history, 296-299
- Carter1963: distribution, economic importance, host, 741-747
- Carter1973: distribution, host, 115
- CarterCo1947: control, host, life history, physiology, 322-348
- CarterIt1956: economic importance, host, life history, 662-666
- CarterSc1935: economic importance, host, life history, physiology, 396-403
- CastilViCi2021: natural enemies,
- CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 138
- CeciliRo1991: chemical control, economic importance, 843-848
- CelestSaVi1991: chemical control, economic importance, 1-2
- CelestSaVi1991: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-2
- ChamLuRo2019: distribution, host, 361
- ChenWoWu2012: distribution, taxonomy, 300
- ChirinAnCa2021: natural enemies, 16
- ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, phylogeny, 358,359
- ChoudhGoJo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host,
- Cocker1893n: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 267
- Cocker1910: description, distribution, taxonomy, 113
- Cocker1937: economic importance, taxonomy, 123
- ColenSaMo2000: ecology, life history, 248-252
- Collin1960: economic importance, 1-3
- CollinCa1954: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, physiology, 662-666
- Comper1936b: biological control, 171-174
- CostelWe2014: host, 1194
- CouturTaIn1996: distribution, host, 136
- CulikGu2005: distribution, host, 1-8
- CulikMaVe2007: distribution, host, 1-5
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 40
- DeLott1957b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 197
- DeLott1964: distribution, host, key, taxonomy, 349, 350
- DiazNiPiMe2023: biology, diagnosis, economic control, host, illustration, life cycle, male, morphology, parthenogenesis, 7, 21
- DomingVaAl2018: ecology, economic importance,
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 119
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 512
- ElShaf2012: distribution, host, 518
- ErensoBlMu2022: phylogeny, 4
- Esaki1940a: distribution, host, 274-280
- EvansAb2023: distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 2, 6, 7, 10, 16, 42
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 88
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 88
- FDACS2010: distribution, host, 3
- Felt1933: biological control, distribution, 87-89
- Fernal1903b: 98
- FerreiLuPa1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 176
- FerreiMoSa2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 525-532
- Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-60
- Figuer1952: distribution, host, 205
- FirakeJoKu2025: ant association, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, survey,
- FoldiKo2006: distribution, host, 308
- FoldiKo2006: distribution, host, 312
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 253
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 19,25
- Franss1937: distribution, economic importance, host, 33-34
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Fullaw1924: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 94-98
- Fullaw1946: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
- Gahan1949: biological control, distribution, host, 357-360
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 220
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 3
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 24
- GhoshGh1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 163-173
- GomesCRe1949: distribution, host, 62-63
- GoncalSa2001: biological control, distribution, life history, 387-391
- Gonzal1972: distribution, host, 115
- Gonzal1995: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-128
- Gonzal2016: distribution, illustration, 243, 247
- GonzalPaJo2005: biological control, life history, 93-103
- GotyalChJo2025: distribution, host, molecular biology, nymph, record,
- Granar2009: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24-26
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- GranarScTe1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 97-98
- Gray1952: chemistry, physiology, 129-133
- Green1934c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 162
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 292
- GuindaNoWo2017: ant association,
- Gunasi1989: disease transmission, structure, 1-120
- GunasiGe1987: chemistry, structure, 1776
- GunasiGe1989: chemistry, structure, 1337-1341
- GungooMaKn2021: virus transmission,
- GyamweDoAk2023: virus transmission, 12
- Hall1926a: distribution, taxonomy, 6, 7
- Hamble1935: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 108
- Haque1984: chemistry, host, 291-298
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HeLiZh2014: DNA, cytogenetics, evolution, genebank, 36-44
- HeZhCh2018: distribution, ecology, 397-398
- HernanNiMa2011: host, 379-380
- HodgsoHi1990: host, 2, 6, 16, 19,
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 143
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 27
- HoyHe1985: biological control,
- HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 178
- HuSeMe2000: chemistry, economic importance, structure, S92
- HuangWoCh2002: distribution, host, 141-146
- Illing1931: control, economic importance, life history, 877-889
- JahnBeGo2003: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 9-28
- James1936: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 207, 208
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 29,35
- Kanda1933a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-138
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 102, 103
- Kawai1987: distribution, host, 77
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 15
- KaydanCaUl2013: economic importance, 169
- KaydanKo2010a: distribution, host, 33
- KhooOoTu1991: distribution, economic importance,
- KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 126
- KoffiBaDe2025: DNA, ant association, distribution, host, natural enemies, virus transmission, 10
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
- Kondo2022: distribution, natural enemies,
- KondoLoQu2010: biological control, 7-13
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 11-12
- KondoRaVe2008: distribution, host, 32-34
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 23
- KondoWoCa2022: illustration, natural enemies,
- KubiriLeTu2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 31-36
- KubiriLeTu2001a: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 37-43
- Kuwana1909a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 162
- KwonKiKi2024: fumigation,
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 11
- Laing1927: distribution, host, 35
- Leach1940: life history, 1-3
- Lepage1938: catalog, 384
- Lew1958: chemical control, distribution, host, 114-120
- LiShWe2025: natural enemies, taxonomy, 2
- Lim1972: distribution, economic importance, host, 15-21
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 6
- LitCa1994a: distribution, host, 389
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 118
- LynchHoBa2001: biological control, 99-125
- MalausFeWa2011: distribution, molecular data, phylogeny, 142-155
- Malump2012b: distribution, 211
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 80
- MalumpWhHa2015: distribution, host, 133
- Mamet1941b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 58
- Mamet1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 370-373
- ManjusChSu2019: distribution, natural enemies,
- MardinSaMi2025: distribution, host, 201
- Marott1987a: distribution, host, 108
- MartinBlSu2005: distribution, host, 125-127
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 47
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 11,117,177,219,230
- MasseCaDa2024: disease transmission, host, survey,
- MasseCaHo2021: virus,
- MasseChCa2025: virus,
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 177
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 195
- MatileWi1996: distribution, host, taxonomy, 446
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
- McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 160-162
- MedinaKo2012: host, 44
- Merny1949: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 327-331
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic control, host, natural enemies, 148
- MillerMi2002a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 970-971
- MillerPo1997: taxonomy, 458-459
- MirabaGaCa2018: distribution, host, 194-195
- Model2000: chemical control, distribution, host, 289-302
- Moghad1999: distribution, host, 44
- Moghad2004a: distribution, host, 23,142
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18,34
- Moghad2013: description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 21-22, 23, 99
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 64
- Moghad2018: distribution, host, 180
- MoghadWa2022: description, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 10, 42, 45-46, 48, 145
- MoghadZa2024: distribution, host, 773
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 155
- Mohara1990: life history, taxonomy, 48
- MohdAnNuVa2025: distribution, host, virus, 5
- MonteiWoPe2019: distribution, host, 39
- Moore1988: biological control, 212, 216
- MoraRaBa2018: distribution, host,
- MorandPaGr2015: biology, distribution, host,
- MorenoRoTa2023: virus, virus transmission,
- MorenoTaCa2021: distribution, economic importance, illustration,
- Mori2016: chemistry, 6578-6588
- MoriTa2017: chemistry, 6530-6541
- Morris1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 173-175
- Morris1922: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133-135
- Morris1929: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34-36
- MoutiaMa1946: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 463-464
- MurthyChRa2024a: DNA, 341
- NGuessYaNg2019: distribution, host, 4
- NamadaUtRa2025: control, endosymbiont, host, life cycle, vector,
- NickelChVa2000: chemistry, economic importance, structure, 200-202
- NingruYuAb2025: illustration, phylogeny, vector, virus, virus transmission,
- NurBrBe1987: distribution, life history, taxonomy, 54
- ObodjiNGNG2015: virus, virus transmission,
- OchoaMUrRo2016: virus, 131-141
- OliveiSaOl2023: DNA, phylogeny, 6
- OzodbeKhKo2024: molecular biology, phylogenetics, 3
- PachecBeBl2014: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, phylogeny, 1-13
- PachecBoPr2016: GLRV, biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, natural enemies,
- PachecKaBa2020: key, 505
- PachecKaMa2017: DNA sequencing, distribution, host, illustration, 3
- PachecKaSi2019: DNA, distribution, host, phylogeny, 529, 535
- PalmaJBl2017: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, molecular biology, morphology,
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution, host, virus transmission, 290
- Pandey2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-263
- PandeyJo2005a: biological control, distribution, host, 1-8
- PandeyJo2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 68-74
- PandeyJo2006a: biological control, life history, 389-401
- PandeyJo2006b: biological control, life history, 585-601
- ParidaMo1982: life history, taxonomy, 19
- ParsaKoWi2012: taxonomy, 9
- Pataki1974: life history, 177-182
- Pataki1975: life history, 141-151
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 63,72
- Pember1964: distribution, host, 689
- PerezG2008: distribution, 216
- PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 129
- PerezGaGo2024: control, entomopathogenic fungi,
- PerezPeTe2021: ant association, biological control,
- PerezSeMe2006: economic importance, taxonomy, 23-27
- Petty1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-3
- Petty1987: chemical control, 255-258
- Petty2001a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 197-203
- PettyMa1995: control, economic importance, 343-346
- PettyTu1993: control, economic importance, 387-397
- PlankSm1940: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 49-76
- PooranAnTh2024: virus transmission, 525, 530, 532, 534
- PoornaSiMu2025: control, distribution, host, virus, 2, 13
- RadhakMaPr2003: distribution, host, 53-54
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 343
- Real1959: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-111
- Remill1988: distribution, host, 68-69
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 4, 6
- RochaCaSi2001: biological control, 28
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 469
- RohrbaChHu2000: biological control, economic importance, 111-113
- RosadeMo2021: distribution, host,
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RussoMa1997: distribution, 51
- RussoMa1997a: taxonomy, 154-155
- Sabros1951: biological control, distribution, host, 623-627
- SagarrViSt2001a: biological control, 112-116
- SancheDi1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 220
- SantaCBuPr2004: life history, 1015-1029
- SantaCCh1998: distribution, economic importance, host, 40-57
- SantaCGoSo2001: chemistry, distribution, economic importance, host, 467-470
- SantaCMaCi1992: distribution, ecology, host, 135-145
- SantaCRoMa1989: chemical control, 362
- SantaCSiRo1989: chemical control, 413
- SantaCSoCh1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 363
- SantosCaPe2017: natural enemies,
- SapakMoNu2021: disease transmission, virus,
- SartiaWaRo2016: catalog, distribution, host, 157
- SartiaWaRo2016: DNA, distribution, host, 158
- Sassce1911: 64
- Schmut1964: distribution, host, 105
- Schmut1969: distribution, economic importance, host,
- SchmutPiKl1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 328
- SchneiLa2020: ant association, 288
- Serran1934: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 363-377
- Serran1935: control, economic importance, 111-124
- Sether2002: disease transmission, distribution, economic importance, 1-182
- SetherHu2001: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 31-36
- SetherKaOk2001: chemistry, disease transmission, economic importance, 856-864
- SetherMeBu2005: disease transmission, economic importance, 450-456
- SharkoWo1997: biological control, distribution, host, 191-218
- Signor1875c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 310, 311
- SinghSa1974: distribution, economic importance, host, 298-303
- SiriseWaHe2013: distribution, host, illustration, key, 71,73,74,77,79
- SiriseWaHe2015: SEM,
- SirisenSaKo2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 135-137
- SisonCuPo2017: virus transmission, 203-214
- SodanoOuSc2023: DNA, ant association, morphology, 5
- SolerPoPe2025: biological control, host, virus,
- SongWaTa2024: genome, phylogeny,
- SosanAjUd2020: host,
- SouzaHoAl2023: distribution, host, natural enemies, 3
- SouzaSa2000: ecology, host, life history, 457-460
- SudiarDeWi2025: distribution, host, illustration, morphology, phylogenetics, record,
- Suh2019a: key, 5
- Sulaim2000a: chemical control, 273-288
- SulaimSuCh2000: biological control, economic importance, life history, 221-235
- SulaimSuCh2000a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 273-278
- SumaMaLa2015: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, virus transmission,
- SwirskWyIz2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, 463
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- TabataIcMo2017: chemistry, reproduction,
- Takaha1936c: taxonomy, 109
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 214
- Takaha1942d: distribution, host, 350
- Takaha1955f: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 239
- TalibMo2024: ant association, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life cycle, parthenogenesis, reproduction,
- TanakaKa2021: key, 578
- TanakaKa2022: economic importance, host, illustration,
- TanakaSaCh2022: key, 309
- TanakaUe2012: taxonomy, 414
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 196-198
- Tang2001: distribution, 3
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 4
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
- Thaman2018: ant association, 2
- ThomasHoTh1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 5
- Tranfa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 453, 454
- Trjapi1989: life history, 125
- Tryon1901: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 297, 298
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S123
- UllahAlDa1993: distribution, host, life history, 77-81
- UllmanGeMc1991: chemistry, structure, 859-861
- UmmerKuMa2018: ant association, distribution, host, natural enemies,
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 47
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 132
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 50
- VidyaBh2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 215
- ViorenSaMa2025: distribution, host, illustration, key, morphology, survey, 1020
- VonEll2025: distribution, 30
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 7, 24
- Wang1980: distribution, host, 283
- WangZhTi2018: distribution, host, 2
- Waterh1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 156-171
- Watson2021: distribution, 526
- WeiZhCa2015: DNA, DNA sequencing, 926
- Westga1945: distribution, economic importance, host, 194-196
- Willco1922: distribution, host,
- Willia1958: distribution, host, taxonomy, 213, 214
- Willia1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 397
- Willia1970DJ: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 130-131
- Willia1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 116, 118
- Willia1986c: host, 54
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168-172
- Willia2005: distribution, host, taxonomy, 167
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 245, 248
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 162, 163
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 91
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 141-144
- WilliaMa2005a: distribution, host, 146
- WilliaMa2009a: taxonomy, 97-101
- WilliaMa2009b: distribution, host, 119
- WilliaMa2012: illustration, 84
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 87
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-55
- WinKiTs2018: ant association, 253–258
- Wolfen1949: chemical control, 217-220
- WolffKoPe2016: distribution, host, key, 274-275
- WynneHoCo2025: distribution, list of species, 19
- XuQiGe2012: dispersal, distribution, list of species, A366
- XuReLu2025: control, distribution, list, 66
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 178
- ZarkanErAp2023: distribution, key, 161, 165
- ZarkanHaRe2025: distribution, host, taxonomy, 50
- ZartMaRa2021: control, natural enemies,
- ZhangWaWa2023: key, 129
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176, 189-201
- daLuzBoSa2005: distribution, host, 391-393
