Valid Names Results
Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett, 1891) (Diaspididae: Aonidiella)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus citrinus Coquillett 1891: 10. subsequent description Notes: The species was listed as "Aspidiotus citrinus Coquillett" in Craw1891
- Aspidiotus citrinus Coquillett 1891a: 29. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Gabriel Valley, on Citrus.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Aspidiotus aurantii citrinus Coquillett, 1891; Howard 1894: 228. change in status (level)
- Aspidiotus aurantii; Cockerell 1896b: 334. incorrect synonymy Notes: Incorrect synonymy of Aonidiella aurantii citrinus with Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell).
- Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) aurantii citrinus Coquillett, 1891; Cockerell 1897i: 29. change of combination
- Aonidiella aurantii citrina (Howard, 1894); Leonardi 1899: 175. emendation that is justified
- Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus (Coquillett, 1891); Fernald 1903b: 288. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus citrinus (Coquillett, 1891); Lindinger 1914: 118. change in status (level)
- Aonidiella aurantii; Kiritchenko 1929: 173. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 295).
- Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett, 1891); Nel 1933: 417. change of combination
- Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett, 1891), Danzig 1993: 160. lapsus calami Notes: Incorrect citation of "Craw" as author.
- Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett, 1891), Moghaddam 2004: 13. lapsus calami Notes: Incorrect citation of "Craw" as author.
Common Names
- escama amarilla CoronaRuMo1997
- jeltaya pomeranzevaya shitovka Borchs1936
- yellow scale Borchs1966 Dekle1965c McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- kimaru-kaigaramushi WatsonKo2022a
- escama amarilla de los cítricos WatsonKo2022a
- cocciniglia gialla degli agrumi WatsonKo2022a
- cochenille jaune WatsonKo2022a
- الحشرة القشرية الصفراء AbdRab2012
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 41 | Genera: 68
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | McKenz1956
- Amaryllidaceae
- Narcissus | WatsonKo2022a
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | KondoKa1995a
- Annonaceae
- Cananga | WatsonKo2022a
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa macrocarpa | Dekle1965c Merril1953 | (= Carissa grandiflora)
- Nerium | WatsonKo2022a
- Plumeria | WatsonKo2022a
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium | McKenz1956
- Ilex colchica | Hadzib1983
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | McKenz1956
- Hedera helix | McKenz1956
- Schefflera heptaphylla | MartinLa2011
- Arecaceae
- Areca | WatsonKo2022a
- Cocos | Suh2026
- Livistona chinensis | Takagi1969a | (= Livistona subglobosa)
- Phoenix dactylifera | McDani1968
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | Hadzib1983
- Aspidistra | McKenz1956
- Ruscus | WatsonKo2022a
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis aquifolium | McKenz1956 | (= Mahonia aquifolium)
- Boraginaceae
- Cordia | WatsonKo2022a
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Hadzib1983 McKenz1956 | (= Buxus colchica)
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- Euonymus japonicus | IspartYa2020
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia | WatsonKo2022a
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | Moghad2013a
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | McKenz1956
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus unedo | McKenz1956
- Fabaceae
- Acacia saligna | IspartYa2020
- Robinia | WatsonKo2022a
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba | MerrilCh1923
- Lauraceae
- Laurus | McKenz1956
- Laurus nobilis | IspartYa2020
- Litsea | WatsonKo2022a
- Persea americana | McKenz1956 SzitaFeGe2023
- Loranthaceae
- Loranthus | WatsonKo2022a
- Meliaceae
- Lansium | WatsonKo2022a
- Moraceae
- Ficus amplissima | MerrilCh1923 | (= Ficus indica)
- Ficus elastica | McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
- Ficus retusa | KawaiMaUm1971
- Musaceae
- Musa | WatsonKo2022a
- Myrtaceae
- Leptospermum | McKenz1956
- Melaleuca | WatsonKo2022a
- Myrtus | McKenz1956
- Psidium guajava | DanzigKo1990
- Syzygium cumini | RahmanAn1941 | (= Eugenia jambolana)
- Nyctaginaceae
- Ceodes umbellifera | KawaiMaUm1971
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | McKenz1956
- Ligustrum | McKenz1956
- Ligustrum lucidum | Dekle1965c Merril1953
- Ligustrum tschonoskii | KawaiMaUm1971 | (= Ligustrum medium)
- Olea europaea | McKenz1956
- Osmanthus | McKenz1956
- Osmanthus fragrans | Borchs1936 | var. aurantiacus (= Olea fragrans)
- Orchidaceae
- Cymbidium | WatsonKo2022a
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Suh2026
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | Takagi1969a | var morii
- Piperaceae
- Piper | WatsonKo2022a
- Primulaceae
- Ardisia sieboldii | Takagi1969a
- Maesa tenera | Takagi1969a
- Proteaceae
- Grevillea | WatsonKo2022a
- Helicia formosana | Takagi1969a
- Rosaceae
- Heteromeles arbutifolia | McKenz1956 | (= Photinia arbutifolia)
- Prunus ilicifolia | McKenz1956
- Prunus laurocerasus | Borchs1936 McKenz1956
- Prunus lyonii | McKenz1956
- Rosa | IspartYa2020 McKenz1956
- Rubiaceae
- Gardenia | WatsonKo2022a
- Rutaceae
- Aegle | WatsonKo2022a
- Choisya ternata | McKenz1956
- Citrus | Moghad2013a BesheaTiHo1973 Borchs1936 Danzig1972c KawaiMaUm1971 Kuwana1933 Merril1953 RahmanAn1941 UygunSeEr1998
- Citrus aurantium | Hadzib1983 McKenz1956 RosenDe1979 Takagi1969a | (= Citrus bigaradia)
- Citrus junos | Suh2020
- Citrus limon | Hadzib1983
- Citrus medica | Moghad2013a | (= Citrus limetta)
- Citrus paradisi | BatsanKaKi2017
- Citrus reticulata | Hadzib1983 TakahaTa1956
- Citrus sinensis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Citrus trifoliata | Hadzib1983 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
- Murraya | WatsonKo2022a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara | WatsonKo2022a
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | Takagi1969a
- Theaceae
- Camellia | McKenz1956
- Camellia japonica | Hadzib1983
- Camellia sasanqua | BatsanKaKi2017
- Schima mertensiana | KawaiMaUm1971
- Thymelaeaceae
- Daphne | MerrilCh1923
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | UlgentErYa2022
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 13
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis aonidiae | MyartsRu2000 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979 | (= Aphytis citrinus)
- Aphytis chrysomphali | RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis coheni | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis holoxanthus | AnneckIn1971
- Aphytis lingnanensis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis mazalae | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis melinus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Hadzib1983
- Encarsia aurantii | Gordh1979 PolaszAbHu1999 RosenDe1978
- Encarsia citrina | Hadzib1983 RosenDe1978 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Cheyletidae
- Hemicheyletia bakeri | GersonOcHo1990
- Coccinellidae
- Coccidophilus | AguileMeVa1984
- Coccidophilus citricola | AguileMeVa1984
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | AbuAllOmRa2025
- Coniopterygidae
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus angustifolia | UlgentErYa2022
- Encyrtidae
- Comperiella bifasciata | Coy1938 Flande1953a Rosen1987 RosenDe1978
- Comperiella unifasciata | Trjapi1989
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes dzhashii | GersonOcHo1990
- Nectriaceae
- Fusarium coccidicola | MoghadWa2021 | (= Fusarium juruanum)
- Microcera | FengYaJi2025
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Gordh1979 Woolle1990 | (= Signiphora occidentalis)
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Formicidae
- Linepithema humile | CalabuGaPe2014
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 62
- Afghanistan | CABI1997a Danzig1972c Siddiq1966
- Argentina | CABI1997a
- Armenia | Nakaha1982
- Australia
- New South Wales | CABI1997a DaoBeWa2018
- South Australia | CABI1997a
- Victoria | CABI1997a
- Western Australia | CABI1997a
- Austria | WatsonKo2022a
- Azerbaijan | CABI1997a Hadzib1983 | Nakaha1982
- Bangladesh | CABI1997a Nakaha1982
- Belgium | WatsonKo2022a
- Benin | CABI1997a
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Kawai1987 KawaiMaUm1971
- Cameroon | CABI1997a
- Chile | GonzalCh1968
- China
- Fujian (=Fukien) | CABI1997a
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | CABI1997a
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | CABI1997a
- Hebei (=Hopei) | CABI1997a
- Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993
- Hubei (=Hupei) | CABI1997a
- Hunan | CABI1997a
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | CABI1997a
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | CABI1997a
- Qinghai (=Chinghai) | CABI1997a
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | CABI1997a
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | CABI1997a
- Xizang (=Tibet) | CABI1997a
- Xizang (=Tibet) | WatsonKo2022a
- Yunnan | CABI1997a
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | WatsonKo2022a
- Congo | CABI1997a
- Corsica | KreiteGe2005
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | CABI1997a
- Cyprus | SismanUl2010
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | WatsonKo2022a
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021
- Ethiopia | CABI1997a
- Fiji | Nakaha1982
- France | GermaiBe2002
- Gabon | CABI1997a
- Georgia (Republic of) | Borchs1936 CABI1997a YasnosTaCh2005
- Abkhaz ASSR | Borchs1936
- Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1936
- Greece | MilonaKoKo2008
- Guinea | CABI1997a
- India | McKenz1937
- Andhra Pradesh | CABI1997a
- Karnataka | CABI1997a
- Maharashtra | CABI1997a
- NCT Delhi | CABI1997a
- Punjab | RahmanAn1941
- Uttar Pradesh | CABI1997a
- Indonesia | Nakaha1982
- Irian Jaya | WatsonKo2022a
- Iran | CABI1997a
- Israel | SzitaFeGe2023
- Italy | CABI1997a
- Japan | Kawai1980 Kuwana1917a Sakai1939
- Honshu | CABI1997a TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Suh2026
- Laos | DaoBeWa2023
- Libya | CABI1997a
- Madagascar | CABI1997a
- Malaysia
- Mali | CABI1997a
- Mauritius | CABI1997a
- Mexico | CABI1997a MyartsRu2000
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Nepal | Takagi1975
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Niger | CABI1997a
- Pakistan | CABI1997a Nakaha1982 RosenDe1979
- Papua New Guinea | Nakaha1982
- Philippines | CABI1997a
- Luzon | Velasq1971
- Russia | WatsonKo2022a
- Saint Helena | CABI1997a Matile1976
- Saudi Arabia | CABI1997a
- Senegal | CABI1997a
- South Korea | CABI1997a ESKSAE1994
- Taiwan | Takagi1969a TakahaTa1956
- Tanzania | CABI1997a
- Thailand | CABI1997a
- Trinidad and Tobago | CABI1997a
- Turkey | CABI1997a KaydanUlEr2007 Tuncyu1970a UygunSeEr1998
- United States
- California | McKenz1956 RosenDe1978 RosenDe1979 Takagi1969a
- Florida | BesheaTiHo1973 CABI1997a Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
- Texas | McDani1968 McKenz1937
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 DaoBeWa2018
- Western Samoa | Nakaha1982 | WatsonKo2022a
- Yemen
- North Yemen | CABI1997a
- South Yemen | CABI1997a Nakaha1982
- Zimbabwe | Balach1956
Keys
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.38 ( Adult (F) ) [Aonidiella in Iran]
- SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- BenDov2006: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [World (33 species)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-33 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Danzig1993: pp.159 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- Terezn1986: pp.85 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.292 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Kawai1980: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Velasq1971: pp.118 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- McDani1968: pp.210 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas ]
- Balach1956: pp.25 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- McKenz1953: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1946: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Ferris1942: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1942b: pp.144-145 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1938: pp.17-18 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1937a: pp.178 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1937: pp.330 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Lupo1936: pp.261 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Remarks
- Systematics: The California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879) was first introduced into USA, California in 1879 from Australia. The yellow scale, Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett, 1891) was present in USA, California at the San Gabriel district as early as 1872. During the early 1880's, field entomologists, taxonomists and biological control experts in California observed evident differences in the injuriousness, physiology and ecology of the above two species, but failed to find reliable morphological distinguishing features. The morphological basis for separating these species has been first provided by McKenzie (1937). The authorship of Aonidiella citrina was generally credited to Coquillett (1891) (Fernald, 1903; McKenzie, 1937). However, Danzig (1993: 160) suggested that this name was first published by Craw (1891). Here, we follow the interpretation of Nel (1933: 418) who stated that "the first description of Aonidiella citrina (Coq.) was made by Coquillett in 1891, who was conducting some spray experiments on scale insects at the San Gabriel Valley, California. He [Coquillett] referred to it as follows: "The orange tree experimented upon was infested with the yellow scale (Aspidiotus citrinus)". Coquillett (1891) followed the binominal format, presented a brief description, locality and host plant, making therefore the name Aspidiotus citrinus Coquillett valid. Moreover, Craw (1891, 1891a) clearly credited the species to Coquillett. For a more detailed discussion refer to Nel (1933) and Compere (1961). Interspecies divergence (3.4%) of COI revealed apparent separation of A. citrina into two cryptic species. (Qin, et al., 2018)
- Structure: Scale of the female circular, flat, exuviae subcentral, the scale itself thin and pale and permitting the yellow color of the sclerotized female to show through. Scale of the male elongate oval, colour about as in the female, exuvia near one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour colour photograph by Gill (1997). Slide-mounted adult female body with prosoma becoming highly sclerotized and reniform with maturity; eventually the lateral lobes may project further posteriorly than the apex of the pygidium; prepygidial abdominal segments without any dorsal submarginal macroducts. (Watson & Kondo, 2022a)
- Biology: A biparental species, ovoviviparous, infesting chiefly leaves and fruit, rarely or not at all on the bark (Ferris, 1938a). The female sex pheromone has been identified (Gieselmann et al., 1979).
- Economic Importance: The yellow scale which is morphologically related to Aonidiella aurantii, is a polyphagous insect, and a serious pest of citrus in certain citrus-growing areas of the world, such as California, Texas, Florida, China, Japan, India, Iran, Australia (Ebeling, 1959; Rosen & DeBach, 1978). The recent distribution map (CABI, 1997a) indicates that A. citrina is more widely distributed in other territories of Africa, South America, Mediterranean Basin, and Oriental region.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1938, 1956), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1956), Takagi (1969a), Velasquez (1971), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Danzig (1993) and by Gill (1997).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2012: list, 608
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 32
- AbuAllOmRa2025: natural enemies, 42
- AguileMeVa1984: biological control, life history, 47-54
- AlamSa1965: distribution, host, life history, 161-171
- Aldric1996: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology, 201-204
- AndersHe1979: chemistry, life history, 773-779
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- AonidiCi2005: taxonomy, 327-330
- AsquitCrHo1980: chemistry, control, economic importance,
- Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29,34
- Bartle1959: biological control, 1-2
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 256
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- BeattiGe1983: distribution, host, 220-226
- BenDov1990a: taxonomy, 89
- BenDov2006: distribution, taxonomy, 55-57
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 110-117
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 4
- Blumbe1990: biological control, structure, 221-228
- Borchs1935a: taxonomy, 36
- Borchs1936: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 135-137
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 121
- Borchs1937a: taxonomy, 63,66
- Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8,20
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 234
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212,221
- Borchs1966: catalog, 295
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Boyce1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 741-766
- Brooks1969: chemical control, 923-932
- BrooksBu1966: chemical control, distribution, host, 185-188
- Browni1994a: biological control, 27-49
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 220,245
- CABI1975: distribution, host, 1-3
- CABI1997a: distribution, host, 1-3
- CalabuGaPe2014: ant association, 406
- Calkin1983: distribution, economic importance, 321-359
- Caltag1985: biological control, taxonomy, 189-200
- Carman1953: chemical control, 307-308
- CarmanElEw1954: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-11
- CarmanEw1950: chemical control, 15A-16A
- CarmanEwJe1951: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-16
- CarmanEwJe1956: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1957: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1958: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1959: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1960: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1961: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1962: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1976: control, distribution, host, 14-68
- CarmanEwRi1980: control, distribution, host, 14-77
- CarmanLi1956: chemical control, 534-539
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 216
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 295-296
- Chou1986: anatomy, structure, 441,443
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 677
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- Clause1956: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Clause1958: biological control, economic importance, 291-310
- Clause1958a: biological control, distribution, host, 443-447
- Cocker1896b: distribution, taxonomy, 334
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
- Comper1961: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 173-278
- Comper1969: biological control, 755-764
- Cook1909: chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19
- Coquil1891a: chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-26
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- Coy1938: biological control, 445-446
- Craw1891: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 10
- DahlstHa1999: economic importance, 919-933
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 651
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 207
- Danzig1972c: distribution, host, 583
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 160-161
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 45
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 182
- DaoBeRo2016: description, distribution, genetics, host, illustration, morphology, natural enemies, 150-167
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, morphology, phylogenetics, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: key, phylogeny, 1028, 1030,1031
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeBach1958: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 187-194
- DeBach1958a: biological control, 759-768
- DeBach1958b: distribution, host, 187-194
- DeBach1964: biological control,
- DeBach1966: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 183-212
- DeBach1969: biological control, 801-815
- DeBach1971a: biological control, 211-233
- DeBach1974: biological control,
- DeBachBa1951: biological control, chemical control, 372-383
- DeBachDiFl1951: biological control, 347-348
- DeBachHeRo1978: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-35
- DeBachRo1991: biological control,
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Dean1955: biological control, 444-447
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 31
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 11
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- Drea1990: biological control, 51-59
- Dunkel1999: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history,
- Dzhash1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 176
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- Ehler1996: biological control, distribution, host, 337-342
- ElirazRo1978: biological control, 96-101
- ElmerEwCa1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 593-597
- Essig1949: distribution, host, 673-677
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- Ewart1969: chemical control, 879-880
- EwartCa1951: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-10
- EwartCaJe1952: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-6
- EwartCaJe1953: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-7
- FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 6-8
- FargerMo1974: biological control, chemistry, life history, 26-28
- FengYaJi2025: entomopathogenic fungi, 49
- Fernal1903b: 288
- Ferris1938b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 179
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 42
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 29
- FisherDe1976: biological control, 43-50
- Flande1934: distribution, host, 145-150
- Flande1944a: biological control, 365-371
- Flande1945a: biological control, distribution, host, 711-712
- Flande1948a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 56,76-77
- Flande1953: biological control, 10-28
- Flande1953a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 266-269
- Flande1958a: biological control, 579-584
- Flande1966: biological control, 79-82
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- Flesch1960: biological control, 183-208
- FlintVa1981: biological control, 1
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 253
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Gaprin1954: biological control, 587-597
- Gaprin1956: distribution, host, 103-137
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 234
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, host, 8
- GermaiBe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 49-51
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- Ghabbo1995: taxonomy, 379-387
- GhahhaShBa2004: biological control, distribution, host, 121-122
- Giesel1990: chemistry, life history, 221-224
- Giesel1990a: chemistry, 225-232
- GieselMoFa1979: chemical ecology, chemistry, 27-33
- GieselRi1990: chemistry, ecology, life history, 349-352
- GieselRiJo1979: chemical ecology, chemistry, 891-900
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 47-51
- Gonzal1969: biological control, 839-847
- Gonzal2016: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132, 138-139
- GonzalCh1968: distribution, host, 110
- Gordh1979: biological control, 893-895,900,907,911,
- GordhBe1999: biological control, taxonomy, 45-55
- Grafto1994: chemical control, 7-9
- GraftoMiOC2000: chemical ecology, chemistry, control, ecology, life history, 75-88
- GraftoOu1993: chemical control, 21-29
- GraftoOuSt2001: chemical control, distribution, resistance, 20-25
- GraftoVe1995: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 495-504
- GriffiTh1947: chemical control, 386-388
- GriffiTh1949: life history, 101-109
- GriffiTh1949a: description, taxonomy, 1-13
- GriffiTh1957: distribution, host, 5-30
- Haas1934: chemical control, chemistry, physiology, 477-492
- Hadzib1983: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 226-228
- Hamble1947: distribution, host, 949-956
- HardieMi1999: chemistry, life history,
- HarusaOsTa1992: chemical ecology, chemistry, 2543-2546
- Hewitt1943: distribution, host, 266-274
- Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
- HoffmaRiSh1998: biological control, 268-293
- Howard1894: biological control, taxonomy, 228
- Howard1895e: biological control, 1-44
- HoyHe1985: biological control,
- HoyHe1985: biological control,
- HuffakMeDe1971: biological control, 16-67
- IspartYa2020: distribution, host, 56
- JacobsReCr1978: chemistry, 448-457
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 24,33
- JiYa1990: biological control, 134-136
- KakotiDeRo2022: biology, distribution, host, list, 8
- KattarHeOd1999: biological control, 640-644
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 211
- Kawai1987: distribution, host, 78
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 18-19
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
- Kiritc1929: taxonomy, 173
- KiriukTa1947: distribution, host, 1-4
- Koehle1964: control, distribution, host,
- KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 13
- KreiteAuGe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
- KreiteGe2005: distribution, host, 132
- Kuwana1909: distribution, host, 154
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 175
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30-31
- KwonHa2003: distribution, host, 279-288
- Laport1948: biological control, distribution, host, 35-37
- LawsonHa1984: ecology, 451
- Leonar1899: taxonomy, 175,176,187
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 357-358
- Lindin1914: taxonomy, 118
- Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 145
- LongoMaPa2002: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 508-509
- LongoMaRu1994a: distribution, economic importance, host, 19-25
- LongoMaRu1995a: distribution, host, 126-129
- Lorbee1971: biological control, distribution, host, 199-201
- Lupo1936: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 255-257
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 443
- Maranh1946: taxonomy, 164-179
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 37
- Maskel1895b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41
- Matile1976: distribution, host, 311
- McDani1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212
- McKenz1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 324-327,331
- McKenz1937a: taxonomy, 178
- McKenz1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-8,24
- McKenz1939: taxonomy, 54
- McKenz1942b: taxonomy, 145
- McKenz1946: taxonomy, 33
- McKenz1953: taxonomy, 36
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 41-42
- McLare1971: ecology, life history, 189-204
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13-14
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 221-223
- MessenBiVa1976: biological control, 453-565
- MessenVa1971: biological control, 68-92
- MessenWiWh1976: biological control, 209
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 300
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-57
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 15
- MoghadWa2021: description, diagnosis, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 38, 40-41, 240
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
- Moreno1972: anatomy, chemical ecology, chemistry, structure, 1283-1286
- Moreno1983: chemical ecology, control, 77-79
- MorenoCaFa1974: life history, 15-20
- MorenoCaRi1972: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 443-446
- MorenoFa1975: anatomy, chemical ecology, structure, 425-428
- MorenoRiCa1972: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 698-701
- Mori1981: chemical ecology, chemistry, 41-53
- MoriKu1982: chemical ecology, chemistry, 521-525
- Muma1948: biological control, 193-194
- Muma1971: biological control, distribution, host, 139-150
- MumaSeDe1961: biological control, distribution, host, 1-39
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 71
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 82-89
- NSWDAE1963: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy,
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 7
- Nel1933: anatomy, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 416-466
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 12, S3
- OlkowsOlKa1978: biological control, 311-347
- Onder1982: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-171
- PalmerBeMa2005: distribution, host, life history, 54-59
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,71
- Perkin1982: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 5
- PolaszAbHu1999: biological control, distribution, host, 131-163
- Pratt1958: distribution, illustration, taxonomy,
- QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 5-11
- Quayle1911e: biological control, 510-515
- Quayle1932: chemical control, life history, 1-87
- Quayle1938a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
- Quedna1964b: biological control, 86-116
- RahmanAn1941: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 818-819
- RamosPeKo2017: economic importance, 8139
- RiehlBrMc1980: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 319-363
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 467
- RoelofGiMo1982: chemistry, 348
- Rose1990: biological control, 229
- Rose1990a: biological control, host, 263-287
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- Rosen1987: biological control, taxonomy, 191
- RosenDe1973: biological control, taxonomy, 215-222
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, life history, 91-93
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 476-483,533-542,
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- Sakai1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-62
- SandsVa2003: biological control, host, 41-53
- Schmut1995: chemical control,
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 482
- SchmutKlLu1959: taxonomy, 374
- SchneiClWe2020: key, 69
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- SchneiPo2026: distribution, economic importance, list, 9
- SelhimBr1977: biological control, distribution, host, 475-478
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 57
- Siddiq1966: distribution, economic importance, host, 4-5
- Siddiq1981: distribution, economic importance, host, 172-180
- Simant1960a: distribution, host, life history, 49-57
- Simant1962a: biological control, 105-112
- Simant1969: biological control, economic importance, 889-896
- Simant1969a: economic importance, life history, 889-896
- Simant1973: control,
- Simant1976: chemical control, distribution, host, 135-164
- SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 219-224
- Smetni1991: chemistry, 92-129
- Smith1941: biological control, 76-77
- Smith1948: biological control, 597
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history,
- SmithCo1931a: biological control, 328
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 324
- Suh2020: distribution, host, illustration, 6, 26
- Suh2026: dispersal, distribution, economic control, host, list, 5
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- SzitaFeGe2023: distribution, host, key, 4
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82-83,100
- Takagi1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-13
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 16
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 71
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 87-89
- Trembl1999: economic importance, 19-28
- TremblRo1975: chemical ecology, 195-200
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 296
- Tuncyu1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 30-52
- Tuncyu1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 67-80
- Tuncyu1976: biological control, distribution, host, 32-45
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
- UygunKaUl1995: biological control, distribution, host, 171-183
- UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 20-21
- Velasq1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-127
- VonEll2025: distribution, 22
- Watson2001: list, 177
- WatsonKo2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 434-435
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 64
- Woglum1923: chemical control, economic importance, 1-59
- Woglum1925a: chemical control, physiology, 2
- WoglumLaLa1947: biological control, chemical control, 818-820
- WoodwaEvEa1970: distribution,
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- XiGeHu2025: host, natural enemies, 2
- YamamoOg1989: chemistry, 123-148
- Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 47-49
- Yasnos1987: economic importance, 229-234
- Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
- YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 295-302
- Yust1941: structure, 785
- YustNeBu1942a: chemical control, 825-826
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 161
- ZiegleWo1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
