Valid Names Results

Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner, 1778) (Diaspididae: Diaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus bromeliae Kerner 1778: 1-56. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; MEXICO; on Bromelia pinguin, Hibiscus sp., Canna sp., Billbergia zebrina, Olea fragrans. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost.
Aspidiotus bromeliae (Kerner, 1778); Curtis 1843d: 588. change of combination
Aspidiotes Bromeliae Bouché 1844: 295. Type data: WEST INDIES: on Ananas sativus. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Eberswalde: Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Germany; synonym and homonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 169). Replacement name for Coccus bromeliae Kerner 1778 Notes: This is also a misspelling of the generic epithet Aspidiotus.
Chermes bromeliae (Kerner, 1778); Boisduval 1868: 281. change of combination
Diaspis Bromeliae (Bouché, 1844); Signoret 1869d: 434. change of combination
Aulacaspis bromeliae (Kerner, 1778); Cockerell 1894: 33. change of combination
Diaspis tillandsiae; Del Guercio 1894: 156. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 169).

Common Names

pineapple scale Blicke1965 Fuller1907
Ananasu-shiro-kaigaramushi KondoWa2022b

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 12 | Genera: 31

Araliaceae

Hedera helix | Lepage1938

Arecaceae

Areca | Watson2002a | (= Palmae)
Chamaerops | Borchs1966
Chamaerops humilis | BatsanKaKi2017
Howea forsteriana | GhabboMo1996 LepineMi1931 | (= Kentia)
Hydriastele | KondoWa2022b
Lytocaryum weddellianum | LepineMi1931 | (= Cocos weddelliana)
Phoenix paludosa | Balach1954e
Rhapis excelsa | LepineMi1931 | (= Trachycarpus excelsus)
Syagrus campestris | LepineMi1931 | (= Cocos campestris)
Syagrus flexuosa | LepineMi1931

Asparagaceae

Agave vivipara | Hall1925
Anthericum | Borchs1966
Dracaena | GhabboMo1996

Bromeliaceae

Aechmea | MillerDa2005 | (= Chevalieria)
Aechmea fasciata | KozarzRe1975
Ananas | MillerDa2005 Brimbl1956b
Ananas comosus | Bouche1844 CulikMaVe2008 Takaha1931b | (= Ananas sativus)
Billbergia | MillerDa2005
Billbergia amoena | DelGue1894 | (= Tillandsia amoena)
Billbergia zebrina | Comsto1883 Kerner1778
Bromelia | MillerDa2005
Bromelia pinguin | Cocker1899n Kerner1778
Guzmania | MillerDa2005
Neoregelia | MillerDa2005 | (= Aregelia)
Nidularium | MillerDa2005
Nidularium innocentii | KozarHi1996
Tillandsia | MillerDa2005

Cannaceae

Canna | Essig1910a Kerner1778

Lauraceae

Ocotea | Watson2002a

Malvaceae

Hibiscus | Balach1954e Kerner1778

Myrtaceae

Plinia cauliflora | MartinWoCu2022

Oleaceae

Osmanthus | Borchs1966
Osmanthus fragrans | Essig1910a Kerner1778 | var. aurantiacus (= Olea fragans)

Orchidaceae

Brassia | Borchs1966
Cattleya | MillerDa2005
Gomesa bifolia | Lizery1939 | (= Oncidium bifolium)
Orchis | UlgentErYa2022

Poaceae

Saccharum officinarum | Lepage1938

Santalaceae

Jodina | Watson2002a
Jodina rhombifolia | Lizery1939

Foes:

Families: 3 | Genera: 7

Aphelinidae

Aphytis chrysomphali | Balach1954e
Aphytis proclia | Balach1954e
Encarsia citrina | Balach1954e HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus nigritus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus politus | HertinSi1972
Orcus | HertinSi1972
Rhyzobius | HertinSi1972
Rhyzobius lophanthae | HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)

Encyrtidae

Coccidencyrtus malloi | PanisPi2001
Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes | Watson2002a
Plagiomerus | PanisPi2001a
Plagiomerus hospes | DeSant1979

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 74

Antigua and Barbuda | Watson2002a

Argentina | Lizery1939

Buenos Aires | Watson2002a
Cordoba | Watson2002a
Salta | Watson2002a
Tucuman | Watson2002a

Australia

Queensland | Frogga1914

Austria | Malump2011a Watson2002a

Azores | Balach1954e

Bahamas | Merril1953

Belgium | Balach1954e

Belize | Watson2002a

Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Watson2002a

Brazil | CostaL1936

Bahia | MartinWoCu2022 Watson2002a
Espirito Santo | MartinWoCu2022
Minas Gerais | Watson2002a
Rio Grande do Sul | Watson2002a
Rio de Janeiro | Lepage1938
Sao Paulo | Lepage1938

Bulgaria | Tsalev1964 Tsalev1968

Burma (=Myanmar) | Tao1999

Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001

China | DanzigPe1998 Tao1999

Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
Hainan | Hua2000

Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988

Costa Rica | Merril1953

Cuba | Merril1953

Czech Republic | KondoWa2022b

Czechoslovakia | KozarzRe1975

Denmark | KozarzRe1975

Dominican Republic | Merril1953

Egypt | Hall1925 Watson2002a

Federated States of Micronesia

Caroline Islands | Watson2002a
Pohnpei Island | Beards1966

Fiji | Hinckl1963

France | Balach1954e Foldi2001

French Polynesia

Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
Tahiti | Watson2002a WilliaWa1988

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017

Germany | Balach1954e

Guadeloupe | Watson2002a

Guatemala | Watson2002a

Guyana (=British Guiana) | Watson2002a

Haiti | Watson2002a

Hawaiian Islands | Fullaw1932 MillerDa2005

Hawaii | Heu2002
Kauai | Heu2002
Lanai | Heu2002
Maui | Heu2002
Molokai | Heu2002
Oahu | Heu2002 Kirkal1904b

Hungary | FogaraKo1977 KozarKoFe2013

India | Watson2002a

Indonesia | Suh2016

Italy | Balach1954e LongoMaPe1995

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Jamaica | Giliom1966

Japan | Watson2002a

Honshu | Kuwana1926
Okinawa | KondoWa2022b

Kenya | DeLott1967a

Madeira Islands | Balach1954e

Malaysia | Watson2002a

Malta | Watson2002a

Martinique | Watson2002a

Mauritius | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988

Mexico | Balach1954e | Watson2002a

Veracruz | Cocker1899n

Morocco | LepineMi1931 | Watson2002a

Mozambique | Almeid1971

Netherlands | Watson2002a

New Caledonia | Watson2002a | Watson2002a

Philippines | Watson2002a

Pitcairn Island | Watson2002a

Poland | Watson2002a

Portugal | DanzigPe1998

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | Merril1953

Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Teodor2018

Russia | Archan1929

Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | Watson2002a

Saint Lucia | Watson2002a

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Watson2002a

Seychelles | Merril1953

Sierra Leone | Giliom1966

South Africa | Brain1919

South Korea | DanzigPe1998

Spain | Watson2002a

Sweden | KozarzRe1975

Switzerland | KozarHi1996

Taiwan | Tao1999

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad | DeSant1979

Turkey | DanzigPe1998 | Watson2002a

United Kingdom

England | Balach1954e

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
California | Carnes1907 MillerDa2005
Connecticut | Britto1923
District of Columbia | Merril1953 MillerDa2005
Florida | Cocker1897j MillerDa2005
Illinois | Merril1953 MillerDa2005
Louisiana | Miller2005
Massachusetts | King1899c
Missouri | MillerDa2005
New Jersey | MillerDa2005
New York | Felt1901 MillerDa2005
Ohio | MillerDa2005 WebsteBu1902
Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005
Texas | MillerDa2005
Virginia | MillerDa2005
Wyoming | MillerDa2005

Venezuela | Watson2002a

Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988 | KondoWa2022b

Keys

MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
ColonFMe1998: pp.91 ( ) [Key to species of Diaspis of Puerto Rico]
Gill1997: pp.125 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Diaspis]
WilliaWa1988: pp.100 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis in the tropical South Pacific Region]
Chou1982: pp.118 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Diaspis]
Danzig1971d: pp.844 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
Beards1966: pp.531 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to known Micronesian species of Diaspis]
Schmut1959: pp.178 ( Adult (F) ) [Bestimmungstabelle der deutschen Diaspis-Arten]
McKenz1956: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Diaspis Costa]
Balach1954e: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau d'indentification des espèces du Diaspis Costa]
Hall1946a: pp.515 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:52 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
Archan1937: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to sepcies of Diaspis]
Fullaw1932: pp.95 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
MacGil1921: pp.321 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
Newste1901b: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]

Remarks

Systematics: Diaspis bromeliae is similar to D. boisduvalii, but differs in easily distinguishable characters. In D. boisduvalii the large submarginal macroducts number 2 on each side just anterior to the second and third lobes, in D. bromeliae they number 6 or more (Williams & Watson, 1988).
Structure: Female scale circular, flat, thin, white, exuviae subcentral. Male scale white, elongate, definitely tricarinate (Ferris, 1937). Female scale cover semitranslucent, white or dirty white or light brown, circular, 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, slightly convex, with subcentral yellowish or tan exuviae. Male scale cover white, tricarinate, with single terminal exuviae yellowish to light brown. (Kondo & Watson, 2022b)
Biology: Little information is available on this species. Brimblecombe (1956) states that development from the egg to adult takes about two months in the summer in Australia; several generations occur each year. Males are common. The preferred feeding site seems to be at the bases of the leaves. Heavy infestations also occur on the fruit and the leaf blade. Dziedzicka (1989) indicates that the "...species produces few generations per year." According to Murray (1980, 1982), in Australia the pineapple scale lays eggs that hatch in about 7 days, and development from the egg to the adult takes about 2 months. Reproduction is continuous with eggs present at all times of the year although there are several periods when adult females are most abundant. Adult males are common. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. D. bromeliae is a pest of pineapples (Williams & Watson, 1988). The pineapple scale occasionally builds to severe infestations in pineapple plantations in Australia, but the populations usually are very localized and apparently are brought under control relatively rapidly by natural enemies. According to Brimblecombe (1956) dense colonies give the leaves a gray appearance and cause a lack of vigor in the plant. Heavily infested plants produce small fruit and numerous suckers. On many hosts the area surrounding the scale cover turns chlorotic. Ornamental bromeliads subjected to heavy infestations become unsightly with abundant yellow spotting. Murray (1980) states that heavily infested plants become weak and stunted, show conspicuous dying back of the foliage, and produce undersized, pinched-looking fruit in pineapple fields in Australia. Williams and Watson (1988) mention this species as a pest of pineapple. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 34
Almeid1971: distribution, host, 10
Archan1929: distribution, host, 190
Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82, 84-85
Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
Balach1938a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 154
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177, 182-185
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
Beards1966: distribution, host, 531
BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 67
Blicke1965: taxonomy, 297, 307
Bodenh1953: taxonomy, 2
Boisdu1868: host, taxonomy, 281
Boraty1968a: taxonomy, 33-34
Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 104, 105
Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 116
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 207
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 169
Borchs1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 277
Bouche1844: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 295-296
Brain1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 222-223
Brain1929: distribution, host, 142
Brimbl1956b: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, 217-218
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 366, 367
Brown1965: chemistry, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-108
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 199-200
Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 118, 120-121
Chou1986: illustration, 523
Cocker1894: taxonomy, 33
Cocker1895x: distribution, host, 260
Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 335
Cocker1897g: taxonomy, 107
Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 4
Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 29
ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92
Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86, 89-91
Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 547, 550-552
CostaL1936: distribution, host, 191
CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
Curtis1843: 588
Curtis1843d: taxonomy, 588
Danzig1964: description, taxonomy, 650
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 844
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 116
DeSant1979: biological control, distribution, 233
Dekle1965c: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 10, 54
DelGue1894: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152-158
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
Essig1910a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 213-214
Ezzat1958: distribution, host, 245
FDACSB1982: distribution, host, 10
Felt1901: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 359
Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-33
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 41
Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:52
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 296
FogaraKo1977: 389-391
FogaraKo1977: distribution, 388, 390, 392
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 11,23
Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 880
Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 95, 102
Fuller1907: taxonomy, 1035
Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 345
Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, host, 423
Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 125, 126, 130
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 630
Hall1925: description, distribution, host, 14-15
Hall1946a: distribution, taxonomy, 515, 548
Hender2011: distribution, structure, 92
HertinSi1972: biological control, 179-180
Heu2002: distribution, host, 21
Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 39
HodgesHo2002a: taxonomy, 118
HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 23
Howell1975a: description, taxonomy, 414
Hua2000: distribution, host, 150
HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859
Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 262
Kerner1778: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-56
King1899c: distribution, host, 227
Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
KondoWa2022b: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 470-471
Kotins1906a: distribution, host, 136
KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 95
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 83
KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 33
Kuwana1926: description, distribution, taxonomy, 15, 17-18
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
Lamb1974: distribution, economic importance, 42
Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133-134
Leonar1901a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 576
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 183, 190-192
Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, 403-404
LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 250
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 66
Lindin1924: taxonomy, 175
Lindin1932: taxonomy, 26
Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 181, 182
Lindin1934e: taxonomy, 160
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 133
Lindin1938: taxonomy, 9
Lizery1939: catalog, distribution, host, 198-199
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
Lupo1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 122, 134-138
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 321
Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 56-58
Malump2012b: distribution, 210
Malump2014a: distribution, host, 74-75
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 57,58
Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 159
MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
McKenz1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 31, 105
Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44-45
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 509
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 138
Miller2005: distribution, 487
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 182
MonteiWoPe2019: distribution, host, 393
MoutiaMa1946: biological control, 460
MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 9
Muraka1970: distribution, host, 89
Murray1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 125-130
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 30
Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 228
NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 199, 261
Nishid2002: catalog, 141
PanisPi2001: biological control, 419
PanisPi2001a: biological control, distribution, 423
PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, host, 477,499
PerezG2008: distribution, 215
PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
PooleGe1997: distribution, 348
RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 468
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 758
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
Saakya1954: distribution, host, 29
Samway1984: biological control, distribution, host, 99
Schmut1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 575
Schmut1957b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 149
Schmut1959: distribution, host, 178, 183
Scott1952: distribution, host, 35
Signor1869d: description, distribution, taxonomy, 434
SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 173
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 320, 326
Takagi1969a: distribution, taxonomy, 23
Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
Takaha1931b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 377-378
Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
Tao1978: distribution, host, 98
Tao1999: distribution, host, 83
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 213
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 120
WalkerDe1979: distribution, 76
WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 24
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
Watson2021: distribution, 523
WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 112
Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 415
Willia2015: taxonomy, 578
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 219
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 12
WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 102-103
WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 64
Wilson1917: distribution, host, 47
WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 22, 63
Yang1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 267
YunusHo1980: biological control, distribution, 33, 214
Zahrad1957: distribution, taxonomy, 50
Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 163
Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 412, 415