Valid Names Results
Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, 1869 (Diaspididae: Diaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus palmarum; Bouché 1834: 17. misidentification (discovered by Danzig1993, 377).
- Diaspis Boisduvalii Signoret 1869d: 432-433. Type data: FRANCE: Louxembourg Botanical Garden in Paris, on orchids, by M. Boisduval. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost. Illustr.
- Diaspis trinacis Colvée 1881: 19-20. Type data: SPAIN: on Thrinax sp.. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym Notes: Types are probably lost. Although Borchsenius (1966) treats Diaspis trinacis as an incertae sedis, we here agree with Lindinger (1912b) who synonymized it with Diaspis boisduvalii.
- Diaspis cymbidii McIntire 1889: 355. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; nomen nudum (discovered by Fernal1903b, 229). Notes: Fernald (1903b) placed Diaspis cymbidii as a placed nomen nudum of D. cattleyae which is now considered a junior synonym of D. boisduvalii.
- Aulacaspis boisduvalii (Signoret, 1869); Cockerell 1893c: 180. change of combination
- Aulacaspis cattleyae Cockerell 1899n: 30. Type data: MEXICO: in quarantine at SanFrancisco, California, on Cattleya sp., 1899, by A. Craw. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1937, SI-32).
- Diaspis cattleyae (Cockerell, 1899); Cockerell 1902d: 59. change of combination
- Aulacaspis cymbidii (Signoret, 1869); Fernald 1903b: 229. change of combination
- Diaspis bromeliae; Bodenheimer 1949: 87. incorrect synonymy (discovered by Borchs1966, 169).
- Diaspis boisduvalii (Cockerell, 1893); Borchsenius 1966: 168. emendation that is justified
- Diaspis boisduvalli Signoret, 1869; Jansen & Alferink 2023: 25. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- Boisduval scale Gill1982c
- cocoa-nut snow scale Maxwel1903
- cocos scale Borchs1966
- cochinilla de la orquídea KondoWa2022b
- Palmenschildlaus KondoWa2022b
- ran-shiro-kaigaramushi KondoWa2022b
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 39 | Genera: 144
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | Watson2002a
- Schinus | Watson2002a
- Tapirira guianensis | NormarMoKr2014
- Araceae
- Epipremnum | MillerDa2005
- Araliaceae
- Dendropanax arboreus | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Hedera helix | Lepage1938
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix cunninghamiana | Felt1901 Malump2012b | (= Seaforthia elegans)
- Areca | MillerDa2005
- Astrocaryum | MillerDa2005
- Astrocaryum vulgare | GermaiDeLa2016
- Attalea | MillerDa2005
- Bactris | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005 | (= Guilielma)
- Butia capitata | BugajNJuKa2021
- Chamaedorea | MillerDa2005
- Chamaedorea seifrizii | Hender2011
- Chamaerops | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005 Moghad2013a Seghat1977
- Chamaerops humilis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cocos | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Mamet1943a
- Copernicia | Watson2002a
- Corypha | Borchs1966
- Dypsis | MillerDa2005 | (= Chrysalidocarpus)
- Dypsis lutescens | Malump2012b Pelot1950 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis | MillerDa2005 | (= Corozo)
- Elaeis guineensis | KondoGuWa2015
- Euterpe | Borchs1966
- Howea | Amos1933 MillerDa2005 Watson2002a | (= Kentia)
- Juania australis | JansenAl2023
- Latania | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Latania lontaroides | Cocker1897g | (= Latania commersonii)
- Livistona | Borchs1966 Cocker1897g MillerDa2005
- Lytocaryum weddellianum | Balach1929 | (= Cocos weddelliana)
- Nannorrhops | Borchs1966
- Nypa | MillerDa2005
- Phoenix | Balach1954e Felt1901 MillerDa2005
- Phoenix canariensis | Felt1901
- Phoenix dactylifera | Felt1901
- Phoenix reclinata | Felt1901
- Phoenix roebelenii | CarnerPe1986
- Rhopalostylis sapida | Balach1954e CarnerPe1986 | (= Areca sapida)
- Roystonea | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Roystonea regia | Lepage1938 | (= Oreodoxa regia)
- Saribus rotundifolius | Felt1901
- Syagrus campestris | LepineMi1931 | (= Cocos campestris)
- Syagrus comosa | Balach1929 | (= Cocos plumosa)
- Syagrus romanzoffiana | HodgesHo2002a
- Thrinax | Colvee1881
- Trachycarpus | MillerDa2005
- Trachycarpus fortunei | Tao1999
- Trachycarpus martianus | CarnerPe1986 | (= Chamaerops tomentosa)
- Washingtonia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | Borchs1966
- Cordyline indivisa | CarnerPe1986
- Dasylirion longissimum | JansenAl2023
- Dracaena | MillerDa2005
- Asphodelaceae
- Phormium | Borchs1966
- Phormium tenax | BatsanKaKi2017
- Asteraceae
- Baccharis | Borchs1966
- Bromeliaceae
- Aechmea | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Aechmea magdalenae | YunusHo1980 | (= Bromelia magdalenae)
- Ananas | MillerDa2005
- Ananas comosus | CarnerPe1986 CulikMaVe2008 DeLott1967a | (= Ananas sativus)
- Billbergia | MillerDa2005
- Bromelia pinguin | Cocker1897g
- Catopsis | MillerDa2005
- Guzmania | Borchs1966
- Neoglaziovia | MillerDa2005
- Nidularium | MillerDa2005 | (= Aregelia)
- Pitcairnia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Puya | MillerDa2005
- Ronnbergia | MillerDa2005
- Tillandsia | ColonFMe1998 MillerDa2005
- Tillandsia brachycaulos | Malump2012
- Tillandsia juncea | Malump2012
- Tillandsia sphaerocephala | Malump2012
- Vriesea | KozarzRe1975 MillerDa2005
- Burseraceae
- Trattinnickia aspera | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Cactaceae
- Echinopsis atacamensis | MalumpRe2011
- Ferocactus | MillerDa2005
- Harrisia | Watson2002a
- Hylocereus | MillerDa2005
- Opuntia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Rhipsalis | MillerDa2005
- Calophyllaceae
- Marila laxiflora | NormarOkMo2019
- Celastraceae
- Maytenus | Watson2002a
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia mangostana | YunusHo1980
- Crassulaceae
- Aeonium cuneatum | CarnerPe1986
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus alternifolius | Amos1933
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | MillerDa2005
- Fabaceae
- Acacia oshanesii | Balach1954e
- Baikiaea insignis | Gowdey1917
- Cassia | Watson2002a
- Inga pezizifera | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Leucaena | MillerDa2005
- Parkia biglobosa | Amos1933
- Gentianaceae
- Fagraea | HodgsoHi1990
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Lauraceae
- Nectandra | Watson2002a
- Persea | MillerDa2005
- Persea americana | Watson2002a
- Loranthaceae
- Ligaria | Watson2002a
- Loranthus | Borchs1966
- Struthanthus uraguensis | CorseuSi1971
- Marantaceae
- Calathea | MillerDa2005
- Ctenanthe | Borchs1966
- Maranta | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Melastomataceae
- Miconia | Watson2002a
- Pleiochiton ebracteatum | CostaL1936
- Meliaceae
- Cedrela | Watson2002a
- Moraceae
- Ficus | MillerDa2005
- Musaceae
- Musa | MillerDa2005
- Musa acuminata | CarnerPe1986
- Musa paradisiaca | Amos1933 | (= Musa sepientium)
- Orchidaceae
- Acineta | MillerDa2005
- Angraecum | MillerDa2005
- Anguloa | Borchs1966
- Bletia | MillerDa2005
- Brassavola | MillerDa2005
- Brassia | HodgsoHi1990 MillerDa2005
- Brassocattleya | Borchs1966
- Broughtonia | MillerDa2005
- Broughtonia sanguinea | Cocker1893k
- Bulbophyllum | Borchs1966
- Cattleya | Amos1933 MillerDa2005
- Cattleya loddigesii | KozarzRe1975
- Cattleya mossiae | Stalaz2021
- Cattleya purpurata | CorseuSi1971 | (= Laelia purpurata)
- Cattleya warscewiczii | Stalaz2021
- Caularthron | MillerDa2005
- Coelogyne | Borchs1966
- Cycnoches | MillerDa2005
- Cymbidium | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Dendrobium | MillerDa2005 YunusHo1980
- Encyclia | ZettleZeRi2012
- Encyclia selligera | PicartMa2000
- Encyclia tampensis | GuttinZeZe2015
- Epidendrum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Epidendrum amphistomum | GuttinZeZe2015 RayMcSt2012 | (= Encyclia amphistomum)
- Epidendrum nocturnum | GuttinZeZe2015 RayMcSt2012 | (= Encyclia nocturnum)
- Epidendrum rigidum | GuttinZeZe2015 | (= Encyclia rigidum)
- Laelia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Lycaste | MillerDa2005
- Maxillaria | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Miltonia | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Neofinetia | MillerDa2005
- Odontoglossum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Oncidium | MillerDa2005
- Orchis | UlgentErYa2022
- Ornithidium | Borchs1966
- Peristeria | MillerDa2005
- Pleurothallis | MillerDa2005
- Prosthechea cochleata | RayMcSt2012 ZettleZeRi2012
- Renanthera | MillerDa2005
- Rhynchostylis retusa | Tao1999
- Rossioglossum grande | KozarzRe1975 | (= Odontoglossum grande)
- Schomburgkia | MillerDa2005
- Sophronitis | MillerDa2005
- Stanhopea | MillerDa2005
- Tolumnia guttata | Cocker1893k | (= Oncidium tetrapetalum)
- Trichocentrum undulatum | BorrerOvAl2023
- Trichopilia | MillerDa2005
- Tridactyle | JansenAl2023
- Vanda | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Xylobium | MillerDa2005
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Pandanus utilis | Balach1954e
- Primulaceae
- Myrsine | Borchs1966
- Myrsine umbellata | CorseuSi1971
- Rosaceae
- Eriobotrya | HodgsoHi1990
- Rosa | Watson2002a
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea canephora | DeLott1967a | (= Coffea robusta)
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Watson2002a
- Salicaceae
- Casearia | Watson2002a
- Santalaceae
- Jodina | Watson2002a
- Phoradendron | Watson2002a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara | MillerDa2005 | (= Achras)
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala | MillerDa2005
- Ravenala madagascariensis | Cocker1897g
- Strelitzia | MillerDa2005
- Strelitzia reginae | Amos1933 Colvee1881 Felt1901
- Symplocaceae
- Symplocos | MillerDa2005
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | MillerDa2005
- Vochysiaceae
- Vochysia ferruginea | PetersHaMo2020s1
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 10
- Aphelinidae
- Encarsia | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella)
- Encarsia citrina | HertinSi1972 HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia lounsburyi | Simmon1957 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
- Coccinellidae
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | HertinSi1972
- Encyrtidae
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | Simmon1957
- Coccidencyrtus malloi | PanisPi2001
- Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes | Simmon1957
- Encyrtus aurantii | HertinSi1972 | (= Encyrtus lecaniorum)
- Metaphycus niger | HertinSi1972 | (= Euaphycus tucumanus (unavailable in Chalcidoidea) )
- Plagiomerus | PanisPi2001a
- Hesperiidae
- Staphylus | HertinSi1972
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus niger | Simmon1957 | (= Thysanus niger)
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 89
- Algeria | Balach1929
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | WalkerWaEv1974 Watson2002a
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | Watson2002a
- Catamarca | Watson2002a
- Cordoba | Watson2002a
- Entre Rios | Watson2002a
- Formosa | Watson2002a
- Jujuy | Watson2002a
- La Rioja | Watson2002a
- Rio Negro | Watson2002a
- Salta | Watson2002a
- Santiago del Estero | Watson2002a
- Tucuman | Watson2002a
- Armenia | Borchs1949d
- Australia
- Tasmania | Hudson1967
- Azores | FrancoRuMa2011
- Bahamas | Watson2002a
- Barbados | Cocker1893j
- Belgium | JansenAl2023
- Belize | Watson2002a
- Bermuda | Simmon1957
- Brazil
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Minas Gerais | CostaL1936
- Para | Watson2002a
- Parana | Watson2002a
- Piaui | Watson2002a
- Piaui | MartinWoCu2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | CostaL1936
- Rio de Janeiro | CostaL1936
- Sao Paulo | CostaL1936
- Bulgaria | Tsalev1964 Tsalev1968
- Cameroon | Vayssi1913
- Canada | Maxwel1902
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- Chile | JansenAl2023
- China
- Colombia | Mosque1976
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Costa Rica | Watson2002a
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | Balach1954e
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cuba | Houser1918 MestreHaEv2011
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1929
- Denmark | KozarzRe1975
- Dominica | Watson2002a
- Ecuador | Suh2016 Watson2002a
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Hall1922
- El Salvador | Berry1959
- Fiji | WilliaWa1988
- France | FoldiGe2018 KozarzRe1975
- French Guiana | KondoWa2022b
- French Polynesia
- Tahiti | WilliaWa1988
- Gabon | JansenAl2023
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 DanzigPe1998
- Germany | Bouche1834
- Greece | PellizGe2010a
- Grenada | Watson2002a
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006 Meurge2011
- Guatemala | Suh2016
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Guinea | Balach1954e
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Cocker1897g
- Hawaiian Islands | Maxwel1902 MillerDa2005
- Honduras | Watson2002a
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013
- India
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn2002
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2013a Seghat1977
- Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- Italy | KozarzRe1975 LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Jamaica | Cocker1893c
- Japan | Suh2016
- Honshu | Kuwana1926
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Latvia | Stalaz2021
- Madeira Islands | Balach1954e FrancoRuMa2011
- Malaysia | YunusHo1980
- Malta | DanzigPe1998 MifsudMaRu2014
- Mauritius | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
- Mexico | Maxwel1902 MillerDa2005
- Tabasco | Cocker1899d
- Tamaulipas | Cocker1897g
- Morocco | LepineMi1931
- New Zealand | Hender2011 Wise1977
- Palau | Beards1966
- Panama | NormarMoKr2014 Watson2002a
- Peru | Suh2016
- Philippines | Suh2016
- Poland | LagowsGo2020
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 KozarzRe1975
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | NakahaMi1981
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Teodor2018
- Saint Lucia | Watson2002a
- Sierra Leone | Hargre1937
- Singapore | Suh2016
- Slovenia | KondoWa2022b
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- South Africa | Brain1919
- South Korea | DanzigPe1998 ESKSAE1994
- Spain | Colvee1881
- Sri Lanka | Green1937 | SuhJi2009
- Sweden | KozarzRe1975
- Taiwan | Tao1978
- Thailand | Suh2016
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Cocker1897g
- Turkey | Bodenh1949
- U.S. Virgin Islands | MiskimBo1970
- Uganda | Gowdey1917
- United Kingdom
- England | Maxwel1902
- United States
- Alabama | MillerDa2005
- Alaska | MillerDa2005
- California | McKenz1956
- Colorado | GilletBa1895 MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
- Delaware | MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005
- Florida | Butche1959 HodgesHo2002a MillerDa2005
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Illinois | MillerDa2005
- Indiana | Amos1933
- Iowa | MillerDa2005
- Kansas | Hunter1902
- Kentucky | MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | MillerDa2005
- Maryland | MillerDa2005
- Massachusetts | King1899c MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | MillerDa2005
- Missouri | Hollin1923 MillerDa2005
- New Hampshire | MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005
- New York | Felt1901
- North Carolina | MillerDa2005
- Ohio | MillerDa2005 Sander1904a
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005
- Tennessee | LambdiWa1980 MillerDa2005
- Texas | McDani1971 MillerDa2005
- Virginia | MillerDa2005
- Washington | MillerDa2005
- Wisconsin | MillerDa2005
Keys
- MoghadWa2021: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspis in Iran]
- Moghad2021: pp.376 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspis in Iran]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.91 ( ) [Key to species of Diaspis of Puerto Rico]
- Gill1997: pp.125 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Diaspis]
- WolffCo1993a: pp.154 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidid species on mango in Brazil]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.100 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis in the tropical South Pacific Region]
- Chou1982: pp.118 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Diaspis]
- Danzig1971d: pp.845 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- Beards1966: pp.531 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to known Micronesian species of Diaspis]
- Schmut1959: pp.178 ( Adult (F) ) [Bestimmungstabelle der deutschen Diaspis-Arten]
- McKenz1956: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Diaspis Costa]
- Balach1954e: pp.178 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau d'indentification des espèces du Diaspis Costa]
- Hall1946a: pp.515 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:53 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
- Archan1937: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
- MacGil1921: pp.319 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
- Newste1901b: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
Remarks
- Systematics: Diaspis boisduvalii is sometimes found on palms and pineapple, where it can be confused with D. bromeliae (Williams & Watson, 1988). Although Diaspis boisduvalii is considered by some (Danzig, 1993) to be a senior synonym of Diaspis coccois they are here treated as separate valid taxa. Borchsenius (1966) lists Diaspis cymbidii as an incertae sedis.
- Structure: Female scale cover opaque, circular, flat, exuvia central; male scale cover elongate, carinate with pale terminal exuvium, and associated white woolly wax. Female body creamy with dark pygidium when young, pale yellow when mature, eggs yellow. (Henderson, 2011) Prosoma usually with lateral lobes, main pygidial characters are the 6 macroducts on each side and 1 macroduct between median lobes. Median lobes forming a deep notch at apex; inner margins of each lobe diverging, serrate, and much longer than the outer margins (Williams & Watson, 1988).
- Biology: This species is known from all over the world in greenhouses, chiefly on palms, but also on other hosts like orchids and cacti (Ali, 1970). Detailed life history by Bohart (1942). The following information is taken from Bohart (1942). In the greenhouse on orchids the period from egg to egg laying females requires about 50 days; adult males require about 33 days. Eggs hatch in 5 to 7 days after being laid. The crawler stage lasts about 9 days, the second instar female about 8 days. Adult males leave the scale cover about 15 days after the first molt. Adult females may live as long as 7 months, and each produces about 200 eggs. The ratio of males to females is about 1:1. Settling occurs on all aerial parts of the plant, but there appears to be a preference for the midrib and the part of the petiole that is covered by the sheath. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Diaspis boisduvalii is a serious pest of orchids in greenhouses in California (Gill, 1997). Boisduval scale is the most important insect pest of orchids in Florida (Dekle 1977). Bohart (1942) reports that only a few scales are necessary to cause damage. A few days after settling, a large chlorotic spot develops surrounding the body of the scale. Heavy infestations cause leaves to turn yellow and fall from the plant; entire plants are sometimes killed. Steinweden (1945) indicated that in 5 months 7 adult females on Cattleya produced 10,000 scales. The species also is reported as a minor pest of bananas, pineapple (Chua and Wood 1990), coffee (Balachowsky 1929), and coconuts (Munoz Ginarte 1937). Examples of countries or states where this species is considered to be a pest are as follows: California (Koehler 1964, Gill 1997); Colorado (Cockerell 1922); Hawaii (Kotinsky 1909); North Carolina (Baker 1994); Ohio (Steiner 1987); Zaire (Balachowsky 1929); West Indies (Ballou 1922); Argentina (Chiesa Molinari 1948); Spain and Portugal (Efimoff 1937); French West Africa and Togo (Mallamaire 1954); England (Miles and Miles 1935); Mauritius (Moutia and Mamet 1947); Bulgaria (Tzalev 1964); Trinidad (Urich 1893); Cuba (Munoz Ginarte 1937); France (Panis and Pinet 1998); Czechoslovakia (Zahradnik 1990a); Canary Island (Gomez-Menor Ortega 1958); and Sierra Leone (Hargreaves 1937). Panis and Pinet (1998) discuss the biological control of this pest in greenhouses using the parasite Coccidencyrtus malloi Blanchard. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Descriptions and illustrations by Signoret (1869d) and Williams & Watson (1988). Description and illustration of first instar by Hodges & Howell (2002a). Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coocoidea. Watson (2002a) included this species in an expert system on a CD. Colour photographs of live insects and their damage on orchids in Johnson, 2010.
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 33
- Ali1970: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15-16
- Amos1933: distribution, host, 207
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Archan1929: taxonomy, 190
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82, 83-84
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- Balach1929: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 145
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 178-182
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 531
- Beatty1944: distribution, host, 126
- Berry1959: distribution, 228
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 10
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 504
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 87
- Bodenh1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-4
- Bohart1942: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 365-368
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103, 104
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 117
- Borchs1949d: distribution, taxonomy, 226
- Borchs1950b: distribution, taxonomy, 208
- Borchs1963a: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 24, 223, 224, 277
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 168, 170, 372
- Borchs1973: distribution, taxonomy, 224, 277
- BorrerOvAl2023: host,
- Bouche1834: taxonomy, 17
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 223
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 366, 367
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
- Butche1959: distribution, host, 363
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
- CharleHe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 589-595,599
- ChoJeKa2013: distribution, host, 405
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 118-120
- Chou1986: illustration, 522
- Cocker1893c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 180
- Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, 101
- Cocker1893j: distribution, taxonomy, 256
- Cocker1893k: description, distribution, host, 548
- Cocker1894: taxonomy, 33
- Cocker1894d: distribution, taxonomy, 312
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 335
- Cocker1897g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 107
- Cocker1898r: distribution, 240
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
- Cocker1899d: distribution, 167
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 29, 30
- Cocker1902d: taxonomy, 59
- Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 201
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 91-92
- Colvee1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-20
- Comsto1883: taxonomy, 86
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 547-549
- CorseuSi1971: distribution, host, 109
- CostaL1936: distribution, host, 190
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1964: distribution, taxonomy, 650
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 845
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 377-379
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 244-245
- DeBachRo1976: economic importance, 176
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 116
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10, 53
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 287-288
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Ezzat1958: taxonomy, 245
- FDACSB1987: distribution, economic importance, host, 5
- Felt1901: distribution, host, 359
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 228, 229, 232
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-32
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:53
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 298
- Foldi2001: distribution, 306
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 11,23
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, 879
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, 52
- Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 95, 102
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 238
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 2
- Ghabbo1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 87-88
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 345
- Ghauri1962: structure, taxonomy, 130, 212
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 125-126, 129
- GilletBa1895: distribution, host, 129
- GomesC1958: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-115
- GomesCRe1947: distribution, host, 123
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185, 189-192
- Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 189
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 630
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 315
- GuttinZeZe2015: distribution, host,
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 192, 193, 275
- Hall1922: distribution, host, 33
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 515, 548
- Hargre1937: distribution, host, 516
- Haywar1944: distribution, host, 7
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 518
- Hempel1936: taxonomy, 175
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8,13-14,30,87,90,92,
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36-37
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 179
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 21
- HodgesHo2002a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 118-123
- Hodgso2020: key, 146
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14-17
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 23
- Hollin1923: distribution, host, 32, 67
- Houser1918: distribution, host, 161
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 150
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859
- Hudson1967: distribution, taxonomy, 91
- Hunter1902: distribution, host, 145
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25,33
- Jarvis1911: distribution, host, 72
- Johnso2010: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, 170-177
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 263
- King1899c: distribution, host, 228
- King1901f: distribution, host, 199
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
- KondoWa2022g: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 468-470
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 83
- Kozarz1974: distribution, host, 19
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 32
- Kuwana1926: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15-17
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 56-60
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- Lawson1917: distribution, host, 243
- Leonar1901a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 576
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 182, 186
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, 403, 426
- LepageFi1947: distribution, host, 37
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 249
- Lindin1907a: taxonomy, 19
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 75, 360, 367
- Lindin1924: taxonomy, 175
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 147
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 548
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- Lupo1938: distribution, host, taxonomy, 122, 138
- Lupo1957a: distribution, taxonomy, 427
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 304, 319
- Malump2012: distribution, host, 54-58
- Malump2012b: distribution, host, 210,212
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 74
- MalumpRe2011: host, 108
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 158
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
- Martin1983: distribution, taxonomy, 52
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 4
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 4
- MartorMe1974: distribution, host, 113
- Maskel1879: distribution, host, 200
- Maskel1887: distribution, host, 46
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- Maxwel1902: distribution, taxonomy, 248-249
- Maxwel1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, 42
- MayneGh1934: distribution, host, 35
- McDani1971: distribution, host, 296
- McInti1889: distribution, taxonomy, 355
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 31, 103
- Medler1980: distribution, 88
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- MerrilCh1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 228
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, 11
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 508
- Miller2005: distribution,
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 180
- MiskimBo1970: distribution, host, 30
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 34
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 28
- Moghad2021: key, 376
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, 105-106, 244
- Mosque1976: distribution, host, 33, 87
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 9
- MunozG1937: taxonomy, 9
- Nakaha1981a: taxonomy, 397
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 30
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 33
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 152, 153
- Newste1914: distribution, host, taxonomy, 310
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 260, 263
- Nishid2002: catalog, 141
- NormarMoKr2014: distribution, host, 39
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 19, 64, 65
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 33, 38
- Paik1978: distribution, host, 319-321
- PanisPi2001: biological control, distribution, host, 419-422
- PanisPi2001a: biological control, distribution, 423
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 499
- Pelot1950: distribution, host, 17
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
- PicartMa2000: distribution, host, 16
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 348
- Ramakr1926: distribution, host, 256
- RayMcSt2012: distribution, host, 312-318
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 468
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Ruther1915a: distribution, host, 106
- Saakya1954: economic importance, 29-31
- Sander1904a: distribution, host, 51
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, 574
- Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 135
- Schmut1957b: distribution, host, 149
- Schmut1959: distribution, host, 178, 186
- Scott1952: distribution, host, 35
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 12
- Signor1869a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 432-433
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 173
- Simmon1957: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 4
- SoriaMoVi2000: distribution, host, 338
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 474
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 320, 326
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- Takagi2013: taxonomy, 43
- Tang1986: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 285
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 98
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 83
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
- TerGri1954: distribution, host, 67
- Townse1896: distribution, economic importance, host, 12, 13
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 213
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 62
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 119
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 24
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- Westco1973: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 390
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 219
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101, 103
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 64
- Wilson1917: distribution, taxonomy, 7
- Wise1977: distribution, taxonomy, 110
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 22, 62
- Yasnos1978: distribution, taxonomy, 497
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 33
- Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 163
- ZettleZeRi2012: host, 127-134
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 412
