Valid Names Results
Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret, 1873 (Coccidae: Pulvinaria)Nomenclatural History
- Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret 1873: 32. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Gardens, on Camellia.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name
- Coccus camelliae Westwood 1876: 68, 69. Type data: ENGLAND: in greenhouse of J.O. Westwood. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBe2007a, 98). Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
- Coccus euphorbiae Westwood 1876: 68, 69. Type data: ENGLAND: on Euphorbia.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBe2007a, 98). Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Undetermined if it is a synonym of P. camelicola.
- Pulvinaria linearis Targioni Tozzetti 1884: 398. Type data: ITALY: on Camellia japonica.. Syntypes, female and first instar, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912, 93). Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Undetermined if it is a synonym of P. camelicola or P. floccifera.
- Pulvinaria brassiae Cockerell 1895j: 135. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Ottawa, in greenhouse on Brassia verrucosa.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903, 132). Notes: Synonymyzed with Pulvinaria floccifera by Fernald (1903), but determined to be incorrect synonymy by Tanaka & Kamitani (2022a) Undetermined if it is a synonym of P. camelicola.
- Pulvinaria brassicae Cockerell, 1895; King 1902c: 160. misspelling of species epithet
- Pulvinaria floccifera; Green 1907: 199. misidentification
- Pulvinaria floccifera; Lindinger 1912: 93. incorrect synonymy (discovered by TanakaKa2022a, 438).
- Pulvinaria okitsuensis Kuwana 1914: 5. Type data: JAPAN: Okitsu, Shizuoka-ken, on orange.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by TanakaKa2022a, 439). Notes: Tanaka & Kamitani (2022a) concluded that P. camelicola and P. okitsuensis are same species.
- Pulvinaria theae Froggatt 1915: 418. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Richmond, on Thea viridis.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (QinGu1992,127). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by QinGu1992, 127). Notes: Undetermined if it is a synonym of P. camelicola or P. floccifera.
- Pulvinaria torreyae Takahashi 1955d: 152. nomen nudum
- Pulvinaria torreyae Takahashi 1956: 29. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on Torreya nucifera, Taxus cuspidata and Cephalotaxus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan; junior synonym (discovered by TanakaKa2022a, 440). Notes: Tanaka & Kamitani (2022a) concluded that P. camelicola and P. torreyae are same species.. They found that Takahashi's material of “P. okitsuensis” contained specimens of both P. camelicola and true P. floccifera; in short, Takahashi (1956) misidentified not only P. camelicola as P. torreyae Takahashi 1956, but also his species, P. torreyae was misidentified as P. okitsuensis.
- Chloropulvinaria okitsuensis (Kuwana, 1914); Borchsenius 1957: 216. change of combination
- Pulvinaria okitsuensis Kuwana, 1914; Ben-Dov 1993: 273. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- Inugaya-wata=kaigaramushi TanakaKa2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 44 | Genera: 62
- Amaranthaceae
- Achyranthes | HodgsoHi1990
- Chenopodium album | EzzatHu1969
- Anacardiaceae
- Toxicodendron radicans | Steinw1946
- Apiaceae
- Foeniculum | HodgsoHi1990
- Apocynaceae
- Cascabela thevetia | UlgentHo2019 VieiraCaPi1983 | (= Thevetia peruviana)
- Nerium | HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Jansen1995 TakahaTa1956 Jansen1995 Kozar1986 KozarGuBa1994 LongoMaPe1995
- Ilex aquifolium | GolanLaGo2010 Moghad2013a Steinw1946 WilliaKo1972
- Ilex colchica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Ilex cornuta | WilliaKo1972
- Ilex integra | TakahaTa1956
- Ilex opaca | WilliaKo1972 WilliaKo1972
- Araceae
- Anthurium | Marott1987
- Araliaceae
- Hedera | Kozar1986
- Hedera helix | BatsanKaKi2017 WilliaKo1972
- Asparagaceae
- Dracaena | HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991
- Asteraceae
- Chrysanthellum | HodgsoHi1990
- Helianthus annuus | Hall1923
- Bignoniaceae
- Distictis buccinatoria | VieiraCaPi1983
- Buxaceae
- Buxus microphylla | TakahaTa1956
- Cactaceae
- Cactus | BugajNJuKa2021
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum antillanum | MestreKoRe2021
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Kozar1986 Cocker1895x Granar1999
- Euonymus europaeus | GomezM1958b
- Euonymus japonicus | Balach1939 Canard1965 Marott1987 Hodgso1994a Kawai1972
- Cephalotaxaceae
- Cephalotaxus | Takaha1956
- Cephalotaxus fortunei | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cephalotaxus harringtonii | Kawai1972 TanakaKa2022a
- Cupressaceae
- Chamaecyparis obtusa | Suh2020
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas revoluta | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cyperaceae
- Carex pyramidalis | KozarzRe1975
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Steinw1946
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron | WilliaKo1972
- Vaccinium vitis-idaea | LongoMaPe1995 Jansen1995
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | Ali1971 DietzMo1916a Green1900c ShafeeYoKh1989 WilliaKo1972
- Euphorbia | HodgsoHi1990
- Ricinus communis | CarnerPe1986
- Fabaceae
- Mimosa | GomezM1958b
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea macrophylla | Marott1987
- Lamiaceae
- Callicarpa americana | WilliaKo1972
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | HamonWi1984
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | CarnerPe1986 HodgsoHi1990
- Hibiscus syriacus | Steinw1948
- Moraceae
- Ficus | EzzatHu1969 HodgsoHi1990 Kozar1986
- Myrtaceae
- Pimenta | HodgsoHi1990
- Psidium | WilliaKo1972
- Psidium guajava | Beccar1971 Hall1922 Matile1984c EzzatHu1969
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | WilliaKo1972
- Osmanthus fragrans | BatsanKaKi2017
- Orchidaceae
- Brassia verrucosa | Cocker1895j King1901f
- Orchidaceae | Marott1987
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | Takaha1955d
- Eurya japonica | Takaha1956 Takaha1956
- Ternstroemia japonica | Takaha1955d
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | Kozar1986 Melis1930
- Pittosporum tobira | Foldi2000 Kozar1983a Steinw1946 TanakaKa2022a
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus elongatus | Marott1987
- Polygonaceae
- Antigonon | HodgsoHi1990
- Coccoloba | HodgsoHi1990
- Primulaceae
- Ardisia | WilliaKo1972
- Ardisia crenata | Kawai1972
- Ardisia crispa | Takaha1955d
- Ardisia japonica | Kawai1980
- Pteridaceae
- Adiantum capillus-veneris | Marott1987
- Rosaceae
- Mespilus germanica | Moghad2013a
- Prunus laurocerasus | KozarHuFo1989
- Rosa | Hall1922
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Argyri1983 Bodenh1944b Kozar1986 YasnosTaCh2005 Kuwana1914 Sassce1915 Takaha1956
- Citrus aurantium | Bodenh1928 GomezM1958b Marott1987 Borg1932
- Citrus limon | GomezM1958b
- Citrus reticulata | Marott1987
- Citrus sinensis | Kuwana1914
- Citrus trifoliata | Takaha1956 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Rutaceae | DanzigKo1990
- Sapindaceae
- Acer palmatum | WilliaKo1972
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium anisatum | Takaha1956
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum | CarnerPe1986 Cocker1895x
- Datura | WilliaKo1972
- Nicotiana glauca | CarnerPe1986
- Solanum | Brain1920a
- Solanum melongena | Hall1922
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | LongoMaPe1995 Granar1999 Jansen1995
- Taxus baccata | KozarGuBa1994 Malump2011a Marott1987 Hodgso1994a WilliaKo1972 | (including var. fastigiata),
- Taxus cuspidata | Kawai1972 Takaha1956
- Torreya nucifera | Takaha1956
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Hodgso1994a HodgsoHe2000 QinGu1992 TanakaKa2022a
- Camellia japonica | GomezM1958b Marott1987 Takaha1956 | (= Thea japonica)
- Camellia oleifera | WilliaKo1972
- Camellia sasanqua | BatsanKaKi2017
- Camellia sinensis | DanzigKo1990 Frogga1915 HodgsoHe2000 Kawai1972 TakahaTa1956 | (= Thea viridis) (= Thea sinensis)
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana | VieiraCaPi1983
Foes:
Families: 4 | Genera: 6
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus japonicus | Tachik1956e
- Coccophagus lycimnia | Bolu2012 HamonWi1984
- Coccophagus scutellaris | PriesnHo1940
- Coccophagus yoshidae | Tachik1956e
- Coccinellidae
- Exochomus | Jansen2000
- Exochomus flavipes | AbdRabBa2005
- Encyrtidae
- Diversinervus elegans | PriesnHo1940
- Encyrtus aurantii | MifsudFsMa2012
- Microterys nietneri | AbdRabBa2005
- Phlaeothripidae
- Haplothrips cahirensis | PriesnHo1940
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 55
- Argentina | Mamet1943a
- Buenos Aires | Granar1999
- Tucuman | GranarCl2003
- Australia | QinGu1992
- Austria | Malump2011a
- Bangladesh | Varshn1992
- Bermuda | HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014
- Canada
- Alberta | NewtonGlMa2011
- British Columbia | KozarHuFo1989
- Ontario | King1901f
- Canary Islands | BenDov1993
- China | Tang1991
- Hunan | HuHeWa1992
- Croatia | Masten2007 MastenIvSi2009
- Cuba | MestreKoRe2021
- Cyprus | UlgentHo2019
- Denmark | Gertss2001
- Egypt | AbdRabBa2005 EzzatHu1969 Hall1922 Hall1923 | EzzatNa1987
- France | Balach1939 Foldi2000 Germai2011
- Georgia (Republic of) | YasnosTaCh2005
- Germany | SchmutHo2016
- Greece | Argyri1970 Argyri1983 Bodenh1928
- Guatemala | Willia2010
- Hungary | KozarSe2001
- India
- West Bengal | Ali1971
- Iran | Bodenh1944b Kaussa1957 KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009
- Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995
- Jamaica | Cocker1895x
- Japan | Kuwana1917 Sassce1915 Takaha1956
- Laos |
- Latvia | Rasina1955
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malta | Borg1932 MifsudMaRu2014
- Mexico | King1901f
- Netherlands | Jansen1995 Jansen2000
- New Zealand | HodgsoHe2000
- Norway | KahrerHo2024
- Poland | GolanLaGo2010 Koteja1972
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941
- Romania | Savesc1960 Teodor2018
- Sardinia | Melis1930 Pelliz2011
- Saudi Arabia | Beccar1971
- Seychelles
- Providence Island | Mamet1943a
- Slovenia | Seljak2008 Seljak2010
- South Africa | Brain1920a Mamet1943a
- South Korea | BenDov1993 ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 | KwonHaCh2005
- Spain | Balach1935b GomezM1958b GomezM1960O SoriaEsVi1996
- Sweden | Gertss2005
- Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Cocker1895x Cocker1896k
- Turkey | CebeciSe2004 KaydanUlEr2007
- Turkmenistan | Potaev1993
- Ukraine
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | BenDov1993
- United Kingdom
- Channel Islands | Green1925b
- England | Hodgso1994a
- United States
- Alabama | HamonWi1984
- Connecticut | HamonWi1984
- District of Columbia | HamonWi1984
- Florida | HamonWi1984
- Georgia | HamonWi1984
- Illinois | HamonWi1984
- Indiana | HamonWi1984
- Maryland | Koszta1996
- Massachusetts | HamonWi1984
- Missouri | Hodgso1994a
- New Jersey | King1901f
- North Carolina | HamonWi1984
- Oregon | HamonWi1984
- Pennsylvania | Stimme1991
- Rhode Island | HamonWi1984
- South Carolina | HamonWi1984
- Texas | HamonWi1984
- Virginia | HamonWi1984
- Virginia | KakotiDeRo2022
- Washington | HamonWi1984
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990
- Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a
Keys
- TanakaKa2022a: pp.447-448 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria species in Japan]
- TalukdDa2021: pp.440 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in India] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- MestreKoRe2021: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Cuba] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- CaoFe2020: pp.233-234 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in China] Key as: Pulvinaria okitsuensis
- CaoFe2020: pp.233-234 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in China] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Lagows2020: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Poland] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- ChoiSoLe2018: pp.6-7 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae in Laos] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- LagowsGoMi2018: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Poland] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Joshi2017: pp.540 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Pulvinaria] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- ChoiLe2017a: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Korea] Key as: Pulvinaria torreyae
- ChoiLe2017a: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Korea] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- MohammMo2013: pp.146-148 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- HodgsoHe2000: pp.212 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Jansen2000: pp.2-3 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Koszta1996: pp.324 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastren North America] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Tang1991: pp.226 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Tang1991: pp.226 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Pulvinaria okitsuensis
- Tang1991: pp.226 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Pulvinaria torreyae
- Gill1988: pp.85 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- HamonWi1984: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Kawai1980: pp.148-150 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan] Key as: Pulvinaria okitsuensis
- Kawai1980: pp.148-150 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan] Key as: Pulvinaria okitsuensis
- Kawai1980: pp.148-150 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan] Key as: Pulvinaria torreyae
- WilliaKo1972: pp.119 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Virginia] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- EzzatHu1969: pp.373 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt] Key as: Pulvinaria floccifera
- Borchs1957: pp.205 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region] Key as: Chloropulvinaria okitsuensis
Remarks
- Systematics: GeneBank Accession No. AB439536 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).
Although Pulvinaria camelicola was synonymized with P. floccifera by Lindinger in 1912, Tanaka and Amano (2007) found that the morphology of five adult female syntype specimens of P. floccifera did not correspond with the descriptions of several of the species that were considered synonyms. Tanaka & Kamitani (2022a) determined that several of these species were misidentified and the situation subjectively invalidated the identity of P floccifera. Therefore, in accordance with the provisions of Article 23.3.5 of the 4th edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). the oldest synonym Pulvinaria camelicola was revived and redescribed from specimens collected from Japan. It is unknown whether the synonyms assigned to P. camelicola belong to this species, are unique species or are synonyms of P. floccifera since Coccus camelliae and Coccus euphorbiae were synonymized by Williams and Ben-Dov (2007a) based on a literature survey and not on actual specimens. Steinwweden (1946) concluded that P. camelicola and P. floccifera could be separated and based his description and figures on Kuwana's paratypes of P. camelicola and P floccifera. However, he merely stated that he did not intended to " enter into the confused problem of the synonymy of this species as far as the European literature is concerned...beyond that it is not possible to go at present. It is impossible to verify Lindinger's extensive synonymy." Therefore, we have moved most of the synonyms and the references to P. floccifera published after 1912 to P. camelicola, and consider some of this catalogue to be unreliable at this time. (Barb Denno, May 5, 2023)
P. camelicola as now understood, resembles P. floccifera and P. urbicola, in the number of loculi in the multilocular pores and the distribution of type III ventral tubular ducts. However, it can be distinguished from P. floccifera and P. urbicola in having (contrasting character states in P. floccifera and P. urbicola in parenthesis): (i) well-developed and large dermal areolations (dermal areolations rarely present, not well developed, small and mainly restricted on submarginal areas) and (ii) a small number of dorsal tubular ducts (dorsal tubular ducts mostly lacking). (Tanaka & Kamitani, 2022a) In addition, they found that Takahashi’s material of “P. okitsuensis” contains specimens of both P. camelicola and true P. floccifera. Takahashi (1956) misidentified not only P. camelicola as P. torreyae Takahashi 1956, but also his species, P. torreyae as P. okitsuensis, probably due to wide color variation in the live material of P. camelicola. The yellow appearance in life of P. camelicola is quite similar to that of P. floccifera. (Tanaka & Kamitani, 2022a)
- Structure: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.27, a,b,c), Gill (1988) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Adult female elongate oval, more or less convex dorsally. Body yellow with small reddish spots, to dark greenish grey, usually with dark brown spots and a longitudinal bright stripe on dorsum. Dorsum without visible wax secretion before oviposition. Ovisac relatively long, about 2–5 times as long as body; body posterior not strongly uplifted by ovisac. Slide-mounted adult female: body elongate oval, 2.5–4.2 mm long, 1.1–2.8 mm wide, margin with a slight indentation at each stigmatic cleft and sometimes also near each eyespot; anal cleft approximately 1/5–1/8 of body length. (Tanaka & Kamitani, 2022a)
- Biology: Develops one annual generation in Virginia, U.S.A. (Williams & Kosztarab, 1972).
- Economic Importance: Owing to the abundance of particular life stages, high polyphagism of P. camelicola as P. floccifera and the lack of the pest management program for Polish conditions, the species should be considered as a serious threat to ornamental trees and shrubs in Poland. (Golan, et al., 2010) Cottony camellia scale is one of the most important pests of tea orchards in the north of Iran. (Naeimamini, et al., 2014)
- General Remarks: Detailed redescription and illustration in Tanaka & Kamitani, 2022a. Description and illustration of junior synonym, Pulvinaria torreyae, by Takahashi (1956). Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.23, a,b,c). Description and illustration of adult female (as P. floccifera by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Detailed comparison of P. camelicola as P. floccifera and P. urbicola in Abdel-Razak, et al., 2014.
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabBa2005: biological control, distribution, 210
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 30
- AbdelR2012: distribution, 206
- Ali1971: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 46-47
- Archan1929: distribution, host, 195
- Argyri1970: biological control, distribution, host, 57-65
- Argyri1983: distribution, host, 364
- Balach1926: economic importance, taxonomy, 4
- Balach1932d: distribution, host, LVIII
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 264
- Balach1936e: distribution, host, 307-312
- Balach1939: distribution, host, 257
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
- Beccar1971: distribution, host, 195
- BenDov1993: catalog, taxonomy, 261,273-274,285
- BenDovSa2015: distribution, host, 313
- Bodenh1928: distribution, host, 192
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 88
- Bodenh1951a: distribution, economic importance, host, 389
- Bolu2012: biological control, 110
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 150
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 205-210,216-217
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 15
- Brain1920a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19
- BrooksHaSm1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 513
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
- CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 7, 10, 13
- Canard1965: distribution, host, 170
- Canard1965a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 411-419
- CaoFe2020: key, 234
- CaoFe2020: key, 234
- CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 213
- ChoiLe2017a: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, 99
- ChoiLe2019: illustration, phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 399, 402, 404
- ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
- ChoiSoLe2018: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 44-46
- Cocker1895j: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 135
- Cocker1895x: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 258
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 329-330
- Cocker1896k: distribution, host, taxonomy, iv
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 394
- Cocker1902p: distribution, host, 253
- CoyierRo1986: economic importance, host, 41
- CoyierRo1986: economic importance, host, 1-3
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 200
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 43
- DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 241-243
- Dougla1886b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 81-82
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 112
- ElMinsMo1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 365-369
- EzzatHu1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 417-419
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 86
- FaurotMi1965: chemistry, 93-97
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 130
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 82
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 6,22
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 415,418-419
- GavrilTr2008a: chromosomes, taxonomy, 131-138
- GelovaKh1983: taxonomy,
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
- Gertss2005: distribution, host, 39
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 133
- Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85,87,96
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- GolanLaGo2010: distribution, economic importance, 1-4
- GomezC1954a: biological control, distribution, host, 19-35
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 284-286
- GomezM1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-109
- GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 200
- Granar1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-80
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 525-637
- Hadzib1977: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 546-547
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 94-101
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
- Hall1923: distribution, host, 40
- HamonWi1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 96-98
- HodgsoHe2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212-213,217
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 2,3,6,9,10,12,15,17
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 136
- HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 184-185
- Jannon1967: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 85-128
- Jansen1995: distribution, host, 141
- Jansen2000: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 2-3,5
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 63
- JohnsoLy1988: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Joshi2017: key, 540
- JoshiRaNa2019: distribution, 133
- KahrerHo2024: diagnosis, host plant, taxonomy, 233-234, 238
- KakotiDeRo2022: biology, distribution, host, list, 7-8
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 1
- Kawai1972: taxonomy, 15,16,17
- Kawai1980: taxonomy, 150,153
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
- King1901f: distribution, host, 197
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 265
- Kiritc1935: distribution, host, 3
- Kiritc1936: distribution, host, 73
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 12
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 334-336
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 177-179
- Koteja1972: distribution, host, 570
- Koteja1974a: structure, taxonomy, 249
- Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 81
- Koteja1976: structure, taxonomy, 276
- KotejaPyVo2003: structure, taxonomy, 254
- Kozar1983a: distribution, host, 146
- Kozar1986: distribution, host, 173
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 65
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 154
- KozarHuFo1989: distribution, host, 73
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 52
- KozarSe2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 441-444
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 76,78
- Kozarz1992: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 91-95
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 23
- KreiteAuGe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
- Kuwana1909: taxonomy, 153
- Kuwana1914: distribution, host, taxonomy, 5-6
- Kuwana1917: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45-46, 49-51
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 54-60
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 55-60
- Lagows2020: distribution, key, 201, 202
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68, 71
- LagowsGoMi2018: distribution, key, 371, 375
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 333-336
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 450
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53,55,72,92,199
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, host, 141
- Lozzia1985: distribution, host, 122-124
- Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 51-53
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, host, 22,38-41
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, 51
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 153
- MansilBaPi2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 609-622
- Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 68
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MastenIvSi2009: distribution, host, 267-278
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 220
- Melis1930: distribution, host, 17
- MestreKoRe2021: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy,
- MifsudFsMa2012: natural enemies, 17
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 505
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, 10-11
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 12
- MoghadWa2024: distribution, 15
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
- MohammMo2013: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 148, 156
- Mzhava1984: biological control, distribution, host, 26
- NaeimaAbAg2014: description, ecology, host, 44-51
- Neves1936: distribution, host, 206
- Newste1900a: distribution, host, life history, 25-26
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 33, 35
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 199
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, xxx
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 61
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 71
- Potaev1993: distribution, host, 34,36
- Poutie1922: biological control, 3-28
- QinFaTa1999: taxonomy, 219-222
- QinGu1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 125-129
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 347
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 71
- Reh1903: distribution, host, 459-460
- Rehace1957: distribution, host, 14-15
- Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 39-40
- Reyne1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 16
- SalisbMa2017: distribution, heat-treatment, illustration, 146
- Sassce1915: host, taxonomy, 33
- Schmut1955a: distribution, host, 100
- Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 135
- Schmut1980: distribution, host, 51
- Schmut1998a: distribution, host, 170-172
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, life, 33, 83
- SchuhMo1948: distribution, host, 38
- Seabra1941: distribution, host, 7
- Seljak2008: distribution, host, 121-127
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 104
- ShafeeYoKh1989: distribution, host, 50
- Signor1873: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32-33
- Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 8
- SoriaEsVi1996: distribution, host, 241-249
- Stalaz2021: distribution, 473
- Stimme1991: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 21-22
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 4
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 6, 21
- Tachik1956e: biological control, distribution, host, 155
- Takaha1955d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 149,152
- Takaha1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 27-30
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 6
- TalukdDa2021: key, 440
- TanakaAm2004: taxonomy, 266
- TanakaAm2007a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 211-215,266
- TanakaKa2022a: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 439-443,448
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 228-229
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229-230,232-233
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
- Targio1884: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 398-400
- Targio1885: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 112-116
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
- Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 132-135
- Trembl1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 246-248
- TrenchTo2014: distribution,
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentCaKa2004: distribution, host, 102
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 295, 483, 485
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 101
- Varshn1994: distribution, host, 342
- Vayssi1932a: biological control, economic importance, 629-648
- Vayssi1932a: biological control, economic importance, 634
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 103
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 47-55
- Wang1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-36
- Whiteh1999: distribution, host, 188
- Willia2001: distribution, 225-227
- Willia2010: distribution, host, 146
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 209, 215
- WilliaBe2007a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 97-99
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 13,21,22
- WilliaKo1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-141
- Wise1977: distribution, host, 106
- Yang1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 158,170
- Yasnos1987: distribution, economic importance, host, 229-234
- Yasnos1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 247-251
- YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 229-302
- YokogaYa2009: genebank, molecular data, phylogeny, 57-66
- Zahrad1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 118
