Valid Names Results
Parlatoria oleae (Colvée, 1880) (Diaspididae: Parlatoria)Nomenclatural History
- Diaspis oleae Colvée 1880: 40. Type data: SPAIN: on Olea sp.. Syntypes, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Part of Colvée's original description has subsequently been determined to be Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Ben-Dov, personal communication, December 24th, 2000). The type material is presumed lost.
- Parlatoria calianthina Berlese & Leonardi 1896: 346. Type data: ITALY: Naples, on Rosa sp., Amygdalus communis, Amygdalus persica and Rhamnus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by McConn1930, 143).
- Parlatoria affinis Newstead 1897a: 97-98. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, along the Route de Sétif, near the Camp des Oliviers, on Fraxinus oxyphylla and Olea europaea, 06/11/1895, by A.E. Eaton. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 150). Illustr.
- Parlatoria (Euparlatoria) calianthina Berlese & Leonardi, 1896; Leonardi 1903a: 15. change of combination
- Diaspis squamosus Newstead & Theobald in Theobald 1904: 185-187. Type data: EGYPT: Gizeh, on Prunus sp., 1903, by F. Fletcher. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Hall1923, 54). Illustr.
- Parlatoria cilianthina Berlese & Leonardi, 1896; Newstead 1906: 71. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatorea oleae; Lindinger 1912b: 111. misspelling of genus name
- Parlatoria oleae (Colvée, 1880); Leonardi 1920: 137. change of combination
- Syngenaspis oleae (Colvée, 1880); MacGillivray 1921: 248. change of combination
- Parlatoria judaica Bodenheimer 1924: 59-61. Type data: ISRAEL: near Tel-Aviv, in orchard, on Prunus armeniaca. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1931, 123). Illustr.
- Parlatoria iudaica Bodenheimer, 1924; Lindinger 1928: 107. emendation that is unjustified (discovered by Borchs1966, 193).
- Syngenaspis (Parlatorea) oleae (Colvée, 1880); Borchsenius 1934: 20. change of combination
- Parlatoria? pergandii; Bodenheimer 1943: 10. misidentification (discovered by Bodenh1944a, 82).
- Parlatoria morrisoni Bodenheimer 1944a: 82. Type data: IRAQ: Baghdad area, on Olea europaea, Morus alba, Nerium oleander and Jasminum sambuc; Ramadi on Nerium oleander; Shatt al Arab, on Cordia myxa, Rosa sp., Melia azederach, Morus alba and Nerium oleander. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel; synonym and homonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 193). Replacement name for Parlatoria morrisoni McKenzie 1943
- Parlatoria olae (Colvée, 1880); Dutta 1990: 157. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- olive parlatoria scale McKenz1956
- olive scale Blicke1965 Hewitt1943
- cochinilla violeta del olivo BerryWa2022
- Graue Obstbaumlöffelschildlaus BerryWa2022
- knimat haparlatoria shel hazayt BerryWa2022
- zeytin kabuklu biti BerryWa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 65 | Genera: 133
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum tinus | Korone1934 Yasar2020
- Anacardiaceae
- Cotinus coggygria | BatsanKaKi2017
- Mangifera indica | Dutta1990
- Pistacia | MillerDa2005
- Pistacia atlantica | Moghad2013a | (= Pistacia mutica)
- Pistacia lentiscus | Bodenh1928 Korone1934
- Pistacia vera | BenDov2012
- Rhus | Bodenh1944b
- Rhus coriaria | Moghad2013a
- Schinus | Bodenh1949
- Schinus terebinthifolia | Hall1922
- Annonaceae
- Asimina | NormarOkMo2019
- Miliusa | Bodenh1949
- Saccopetalum | Bodenh1949
- Apiaceae
- Foeniculum | Bodenh1949
- Heracleum persicum | Moghad2013a MoghadWa2021
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa | Bodenh1949
- Nerium | MillerDa2005
- Nerium indicum | KazimiGh1964
- Nerium oleander | BenDov2012 Hall1922
- Vinca | Bodenh1949
- Vinca major | Yasar2020
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Bodenh1949
- Ilex aquifolium | Bodenh1924
- Araliaceae
- Hedera helix | Korone1934
- Arecaceae
- Phoenix | Bodenh1949
- Phoenix dactylifera | ElShafAbAl2017
- Trachycarpus | Bodenh1949
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | Bodenh1949
- Asparagus setaceus | Moghad2013a | (= Asparagus plumosus)
- Chorophytum comosum | Yasar2020
- Convallaria majalis | Korone1934
- Ruscus hypophyllum | Korone1934
- Yucca filamentosa | Yasar2020
- Asphodelaceae
- Phormium | Borchs1966
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Berberis aquifolium | Yasar2020
- Berberis thunbergii | CaliskUl2017
- Berberis veitchii | Yasar2020
- Berberis vernae | Yasar2020
- Berberis vulgaris | Seghat1977
- Mahonia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Nandina domestica | Yasar2020
- Betulaceae
- Corylus | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Bignoniaceae
- Bignonia | Bodenh1949
- Campsis | Bodenh1949
- Catalpa bignonioides | ErlerKoTu1996
- Catalpa ovata | BatsanKaKi2017
- Kigelia | Bodenh1949
- Tecoma | Borchs1966
- Boraginaceae
- Cordia myxa | Bodenh1944a
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Borchs1966
- Cactaceae
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | Borchs1966
- Lonicera iberica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Symphoricarpos | Borchs1966
- Caryophyllaceae
- Dianthus | Bodenh1949
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus japonicus | BicheArMe2022
- Cistaceae
- Cistus heterophyllus | Balach1953g
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | Borchs1966
- Cornus mas | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cornus sanguinea | Yasar2020
- Crassulaceae
- Hylotelephium telephium | BatsanKaKi2017 | (= Sedum maximum)
- Cupressaceae
- Juniperus | Yasar2020
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas revoluta | BatsanKaKi2017
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Diospyros kaki | Hua2000
- Diospyros lotus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Elaeagnus angustifolia | Yasar2020
- Elaeagnus pungens | Yasar2020
- Elaeagnus umbellata | Yasar2020
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus | Borchs1966
- Arctostaphylos | MillerDa2005
- Vaccinium arctostaphylos | BatsanKaKi2017
- Euphorbiaceae
- Vernicia fordii | BatsanKaKi2017
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | Bodenh1949
- Acacia homalophylla | Yasar2020
- Acacia omalophylla | CaliskUl2017
- Acacia oshanesii | Bodenh1949
- Albizia julibrissin | Korone1934 | (= Acacia julibrissin)
- Astragalus | Moghad2013a
- Calicotome spinosa | BicheArMe2022
- Caragana | Borchs1966
- Ceratonia siliqua | GugliuMaMa2019
- Gleditsia | Borchs1966 Moghad2013a
- Gleditsia caspia | Seghat1977
- Gymnocladus | Bodenh1949
- Robinia | MoghadWa2021
- Robinia pseudoacacia | Korone1934
- Sophora | Borchs1966
- Styphnolobium japonicum | Yasar2020
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | Moghad2013a
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba | MillerDa2005
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Ribes rubrum | BatsanKaKi2017
- Ribes uva-crispa | BerryWa2022
- Hydrangeaceae
- Philadelphus | Borchs1966 Borchs1966
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans | Bodenh1949
- Juglans regia | Korone1934
- Lamiaceae
- Rosmarinus | Bodenh1949
- Rosmarinus officinalis | Korone1934
- Lauraceae
- Laurus | MillerDa2005
- Laurus nobilis | Korone1934
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | CaliskUl2017
- Punica granatum | ArgyriStMo1976 Moghad2013a
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | Green1919c | (= Michelia)
- Magnolia champaca | Green1919c | (= Michelia champaca)
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus syriacus | Seghat1977
- Tilia rubra | BatsanKaKi2017
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | Bodenh1944a KazimiGh1964
- Moraceae
- Ficus | Hall1922 MillerDa2005
- Ficus racemosa | Dutta1990 | (= Ficus glomerata)
- Ficus retusa | BicheArMe2022
- Maclura pomifera | Korone1934 | (= Maclura aurantiaca)
- Morus alba | Bodenh1924
- Myricaceae
- Myrtaceae
- Acca sellowiana | Yasar2020 | (= Feijoa sellowiana
- Eucalyptus botryoides | BicheArMe2022
- Eugenia | Borchs1966
- Myrtus | Bodenh1949
- Oleaceae
- Forsythia | Borchs1966
- Fraxinus | MillerDa2005
- Fraxinus angustifolia | Newste1897a | ssp. oxycarpa
- Fraxinus excelsior | Moghad2013a
- Fraxinus ornus | Korone1934
- Jasminum | MillerDa2005
- Jasminum azoricum | Borg1932
- Jasminum fruticans | BatsanKaKi2017
- Jasminum humile | KazimiGh1964 | (= Jasminum pubigerum)
- Jasminum officinale | Borg1932 Moghad2013a
- Jasminum sambac | Misra1924CS
- Ligustrum | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Ligustrum ovalifolium | Ezzat1957
- Ligustrum vulgare | Yasar2020
- Olea | Colvee1880 MillerDa2005
- Olea europaea | BenDov2012 Korone1934 Newste1897a
- Syringa vulgaris | Korone1934
- Orchidaceae
- Orchis | Hall1922
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | MillerDa2005
- Pinus nigra | Yasar2020
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum heterophyllum | BicheArMe2022
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | Borchs1966
- Poaceae
- Oryza sativa | Hua2000
- Ranunculaceae
- Clematis vitalba | Korone1934
- Rhamnaceae
- Rhamnus | Bachma1953 MillerDa2005
- Rhamnus cathartica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rhamnus pallasii | JaposhBaKi2020
- Rhamnus × spathulifolia | MoghadWa2021
- Ziziphus | Bodenh1944a
- Ziziphus jujuba | Hua2000
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles sinensis | MoghadWa2021 | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Chaenomeles speciosa | CaliskUl2017
- Cotoneaster | Bodenh1949
- Cotoneaster coriaceus | Yasar2020
- Cotoneaster francetii | Yasar2020
- Cotoneaster franchettii | CaliskUl2017
- Cotoneaster glaucophyllus | Yasar2020
- Cotoneaster horizontalis | Yasar2020
- Cotoneaster integerrimus | Moghad2013a
- Cotoneaster melanocarpus | MoghadWa2021 | (= Cotoneaster vulgaris)
- Cotoneaster submultiflorus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Crataegus | MillerDa2005
- Crataegus ambigua | Moghad2013a
- Crataegus azarolus | MoghadWa2021
- Crataegus monogyna | Korone1934
- Cydonia oblonga | KazimiGh1964
- Eriobotrya | MillerDa2005
- Eriobotrya japonica | Korone1934 | (= Photinia japonica)
- Malus | Janjua1959
- Malus domestica | BenDov2012 Hall1922 Seghat1977 | (= Malus communis)(= Pyrus malus)
- Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Malus prunifolia | BenDov2012 Hall1922
- Malus pumila | KazimiGh1964
- Malus sylvestris | Brimbl1962
- Mespilus | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Mespilus germanica | Stanev1964
- Padus | Borchs1966
- Photinia | MillerDa2005
- Photinia glabra | Korone1934
- Prunus | Bachma1953 Borchs1966 Janjua1959 MillerDa2005 Theoba1904 | (= Armeniaca)(= Persica)
- Prunus armeniaca | BenDov2012 Hall1922
- Prunus avium | Stanev1964
- Prunus bokhariensis | KazimiGh1964
- Prunus bucharica | Bazaro1963a | (= Amygdalus bucharica)
- Prunus capsica | MoghadWa2021
- Prunus cerasifera | Moghad2013a Stanev1964 | (= Prunus divaricata)
- Prunus cerasus | Stanev1964
- Prunus domestica | BenDov2012 Hall1922
- Prunus dulcis | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1926 Janjua1959 | (= Amygdalus communis)(= Prunus amygdalus)
- Prunus laurocerasus | Yasar2020
- Prunus lusitanica | GomezM1948
- Prunus mahaleb | BatsanKaKi2017 Bazaro1963a | (= Cerasus mahaleb)
- Prunus persica | BerlesLe1896 Hall1922 Moghad2013a MoghadWa2021 Seghat1977 | (= Persica vulgaris)(= Amygdalus persica)
- Prunus salicina | BerryWa2022
- Prunus spinosa | Seghat1977
- Pyracantha | Bodenh1949
- Pyracantha coccinea | Yasar2020
- Pyrus | Bodenh1949 Janjua1959 MillerDa2005 PellizPoSe2011
- Pyrus communis | Bodenh1926
- Pyrus elaeagrifolia | Yasar2020
- Rhaphiolepis indica | BicheArMe2022
- Rosa | BerlesLe1896 MillerDa2005
- Rosa canina | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rosa chinensis | JansenAl2023 | (=Rosa indica)
- Rosa damascena | Moghad2013a
- Rosa gallica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rubus | Borchs1966
- Rubus ulmifolius | BicheArMe2022
- Sorbus | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- Sorbus aucuparia | Yasar2020
- Sorbus domestica | Yasar2020
- Spiraea | Borchs1966
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Bodenh1944a GhabboMo1996 MillerDa2005
- Citrus aurantium | Bodenh1924 CarnerPe1986
- Citrus limon | Yasar2020
- Citrus medica | GhabboMo1996
- Citrus reticulata | Yasar2020
- Citrus sinensis | Yasar2020
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Bodenh1949
- Populus nigra | Yasar2020
- Populus tremula | Moghad2013a
- Salix | Bodenh1949
- Santalaceae
- Phoradendron | Borchs1966
- Viscum album | BatsanKaKi2017
- Sapindaceae
- Acer negundo | Yasar2020
- Acer platanoides | Bazaro1963a | ssp. turkestanicum
- Acer rubrum | ErlerKoTu1996
- Aesculus | Borchs1966
- Saxifragaceae
- Saxifraga | Borchs1966
- Scrophulariaceae
- Buddleja | Borchs1966
- Simaroubaceae
- Ailanthus | Borchs1966
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | Hua2000
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | Borchs1966
- Theaceae
- Camellia | JansenAl2023
- Thymelaeaceae
- Thymelaea hirsuta | Imamku1969
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Borchs1966
- Ulmus glabra | BatsanKaKi2017 Moghad2013a | (= Ulmus campestris)
- Ulmus minor | BatsanKaKi2017
- Zelkova carpinifolia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Vitaceae
- Parthenocissus quinquefolia | Yasar2020
- Vitis | MillerDa2005
- Vitis vinifera | Korone1934
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 23
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus chrysomphali | Aligey2016 KosztaKo1988F | (= Azotus chrysomphali)
- Aphelinus | Fulmek1943
- Aphytis chilensis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis chrysomphali | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis diaspidis | Garcia1930 HertinSi1972 PriesnHo1940 | (= Aphytis fuscipennis),
- Aphytis hispanicus | BasheeAsRa2014 KosztaKo1988F PeralL1968
- Aphytis lepidosaphes | BelgueBiBe2017
- Aphytis maculicornis | AbdRab2001a BasheeAsRa2014 Clause1958a NicholWe1935
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | NicholWe1935
- Aphytis paramaculicornis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis proclia | NicholWe1935
- Coccophagoides | AbdRab1999
- Coccophagoides utilis | Finney1966 Koszta1996
- Coccophagus lycimnia | HertinSi1972
- Diaspiniphagus moeris | HertinSi1972 HertinSi1972 | (= Coccophagoides similis)
- Encarsia aurantii | AbdRab1999
- Encarsia citrina | Aligey2016 HuangPo1998 NicholWe1935 UlgentErKa2008 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)(= Encarsia leitrinus )
- Encarsia inquirenda | Fulmek1943 | (= Prospaltella inquirenda)
- Encarsia lounsburyi | HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiophagus lounsburyi)
- Marietta leopardina | AbdRab1999
- Pteroptrix | HertinSi1972 | (= Archenomus)
- Pteroptrix lauri | NicholWe1935 | (= Hispaniella lauri)
- Pteroptrix maritima | HertinSi1972
- Cheyletidae
- Cheletogenes ornatus | BerryWa2022
- Cheletomimus berlesei | HertinSi1972
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Doutt1954a
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | HertinSi1972
- Coccinella septempunctata | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus flavipes | MoghadWa2021
- Exochomus nigripennis | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | Kacar2015
- Scymnus mediterraneus | BelgueBiBe2017 | (= Mimopullus mediterraneus)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | Doutt1954a
- Cybocephalus micans | HertinSi1972 | (= Cybocephalus dactylicus)
- Cybocephalus planiceps | FallahJa2010
- Cybocephalus rufifrons | HertinSi1972 | ssp. flaviceps
- Cybocephalus semiflavus | Lesche2000
- Encyrtidae
- Anthemus inconspicuus | DeBachRoKe1971 Finney1966
- Habrolepis pascuorum | HertinSi1972
- Habrolepis rouxi | HertinSi1972
- Metaphycus lounsburyi | JaposhCe2010
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | HertinSi1972
- Phlaeothripidae
- Karnyothrips flavipes | HertinSi1972 PriesnHo1940
- Phytoseiidae
- Neoseiulus marginatus | FallahJa2010
- Pteromalidae
- Pachyneuron coccorum | KosztaKo1988F
- Pachyneuron muscorum | YousefVaEb2018
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 63
- Afghanistan | Doutt1954a KozarFoZa1996
- Algeria | Newste1897a Trabut1911
- Argentina | Balach1953g Blanch1939
- Catamarca | BerryWa2022
- Entre Rios | BerryWa2022
- Jujuy | BerryWa2022
- La Rioja | BerryWa2022
- Mendoza | BerryWa2022
- Salta | BerryWa2022
- San Juan | BerryWa2022
- Tucuman | BerryWa2022
- Armenia | TerGri1956
- Australia | MillerDa2005
- New South Wales | Morris1939a
- Queensland | Brimbl1962
- Azerbaijan | Imamku1966
- Bangladesh | BerryWa2022
- Belgium | DanzigPe1998
- Bolivia | Squire1972
- Brazil
- Bahia | Lepage1938
- Rio Grande do Sul | SilvadGoGa1968
- Rio de Janeiro | Lepage1938
- Sao Paulo | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Bulgaria | KozarTzVi1979 Tsalev1968
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- Cayman Islands | Nakaha1982
- Chile | Gonzal2016
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- China | Morris1939a
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | Hua2000
- Aomen (=Macau) | Atanas1959
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Hua2000
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Hua2000
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Guizhou (=Kweichow) | Hua2000
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Hua2000
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Hua2000
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | Tao1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
- Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | LiangAiZh1999 Tang1984b
- Yunnan | Hua2000
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Hua2000
- Corsica | StrettRoMa2014
- Crete | Argyri1967 PellizPoSe2011
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cyprus | Doutt1954a
- Czech Republic | BerryWa2022
- Egypt | AbdRab2001a Hall1922 Newste1906
- Ethiopia | Dutta1990
- France | Foldi2001 NicholWe1935
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1941
- Germany | Dutta1990
- Greece | Bodenh1928 Korone1934 MillerDa2005
- Hungary | KosztaKo1988F
- India | Doutt1954a
- Bihar | Balach1953g
- Himachal Pradesh | Misra1924CS
- Jammu & Kashmir | BerryWa2022
- Maharashtra | BerryWa2022
- Punjab | BerryWa2022
- Rajasthan | BerryWa2022
- Tamil Nadu | Green1919c
- Uttar Pradesh | BerryWa2022
- West Bengal | Singh1964
- Iran | Bodenh1944b KozarFoZa1996
- Iraq | Bodenh1943 Doutt1954a Green1923a
- Israel | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924
- Italy | BerlesLe1896 LongoMaPe1995 MillerDa2005
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 Morris1939a
- Jordan | BenDov2006a Nakaha1982
- Kazakhstan | MatesoMiIu1962a
- Kenya | BerryWa2022
- Lebanon | Bodenh1926
- Libya | Morris1939a
- Malta | Borg1932
- Mexico | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Morocco | LepineMi1931
- Pakistan | Doutt1954 Janjua1959 RahmanAn1941
- Poland | BerryWa2022
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Morris1939a
- Romania | KosztaKo1988F
- Russia
- Dagestan AR | BerryWa2022
- Krasnodar Kray | BerryWa2022
- Sardinia | Paoli1915 PellizFo1996
- Saudi Arabia | Shalab1961
- Slovakia | BerryWa2022
- Slovenia | BerryWa2022
- Spain | Garcia1930 GomezM1937
- Sri Lanka | Dutta1990
- Sudan | Nakaha1982
- Syria | Doutt1954a Morris1939a
- Taiwan | Hua2000
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | AlimdzBr1956 Bazaro1962
- Tunisia | MansouMkGr2011 Morris1939a
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 ErlerKoTu1996
- Turkmenistan | Lashin1956 Nakaha1982
- Ukraine
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Terezn1968b
- United Kingdom
- England | McKenz1945
- United States
- Arizona | Balach1953g Koszta1996 MillerDa2005 NicholWe1935
- California | Balach1953g Doutt1954a Mackie1934 MillerDa2005
- Delaware | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Maryland | Balach1953g Koszta1996 LangfoCo1939 MillerDa2005
- Texas | BerryWa2022
- Uzbekistan | Nakaha1982
- Yugoslavia | Morris1939a
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.188-189 ( Adult (F) ) [Parlatoria in Iran]
- WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-33 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.216 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Parlatoria]
- Koszta1996: pp.551 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Northeastern North American species of Parlatoria]
- Danzig1993: pp.83 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Chou1985: pp.221 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- BazaroSh1971: pp.148 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Danzig1971d: pp.840 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]
- Ezzat1958: pp.250 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Egypt]
- GomezM1956: pp.54 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- McKenz1956: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Balach1953g: pp.777 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- McKenz1952: pp.13 ( ) [Revised key to species of Parlatoria]
- Borchs1950b: pp.172 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Hall1946a: pp.527 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Parlatoria species of the Ethiopian Region]
- McKenz1945: pp.77, 78, 79 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:59 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Morris1939a: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Remarks
- Systematics: This species was listed by Leonardi (1920) as a junior synonym of Aspidiotus hederae (=A. nerii) because Colvée's original description included material of both Diaspis oleae (=Parlatoria oleae) and A. oleae (=A. nerii). In the strong development of the pygidial lobes this species apparently most closely resembles P. pergandii, differing in the persistent occurrence of 4 apparent plates between the 3rd and 4th lobes (McKenzie, 1945). Lindinger (1932f) incorrectly considered P. fluggeae to be a junior synonym of P. oleae.
- Structure: Female scale ovate or slightly round, convex, whitish grey to pale grey. Exuviae yellowish brown, apical. Adult female ovate, whitish yellow to yellowish brown, excepting pygidial center which is pinkish-yellow, 0.69-0.85 mm long, 0.57-0.65 mm wide. Pygidium with 4 pairs of lobes (Rahman & Ansari, 1941). Slide-mounted adult female subcircular or broadly oval, widest at metathorax. Antennae each with 1 long seta. Anterior spiracles each associated with 2−5 disc pores. Derm pocket absent. Pygidium with 3 pairs of well-developed lobes, each lobe with 1 notch on outer margin; fourth, fifth and sometimes sixth lobes (L4, L5 and L6) present. Median and lateral plates each narrow, fringed apically, sometimes shorter than lobes; with 4 plates present between L3 and L4. Dorsal marginal macroducts each short and wide, same size as a submarginal macroduct; dorsal submedian macroducts numbering 3−5 on each side, present on segment IV. Ventral duct tubercles present in 3−5 groups on each side of prosoma. Perivulvar pores present in 4 or 5 groups. Ventral microducts present on pygidium and prepygidium. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
- Biology: In central Asia, P. oleae has two generations per year (Balachowsky, 1953g). Ezzat (1957) details the life history of Parlatoria oleae in Maryland, U.S., while Imamkuliyev (1969) treats it in Azerbaijan. The olive scale has from 1 (Imamkuliev 1966) to 4 (Grandi 1951) generations each year depending on the location; most areas have 2 generations although 3 generations are not uncommon. In the United States 2 generations are reported in California (Huffaker et al 1962) and Maryland (Ezzat 1957). Overwintering occurs as mated adult females, although a small portion of the population may overwinter as second instars (Huffaker et al. 1962). In areas where 2 generations occur, eggs are laid in early spring (mid April to early June in California on olive and late April to early July in Maryland on Ligustrum). Crawlers first appear 2 or 3 weeks after the first eggs are laid (early May in California and mid-May in Maryland) and reach peak abundance 1 or 2 weeks after the first crawlers appear. Adult females of the spring generation first appear in early summer (mid-June in California and early July in Maryland) and are present until late summer. Egg laying for the summer generation begins in mid summer (late July in California and mid-July in Maryland) and crawlers reach peak abundance in late summer (mid-August in California and late August in Maryland). Adult females are present in the fall through the winter. Adult males are necessary for reproduction (Stafford 1947) and are at peak abundance in California in late June or early July and again in September (Huffaker et al. 1962). Adult females each lay a maximum of about 100 eggs although 30 is about average (Huffaker et al. 1962). Egg laying for each female lasts 2 or 3 weeks (Huffaker et al. 1962). In Tucson, Arizona the generations are not in close synchrony. Eggs are found every month of the year except December and January; crawlers are present every month but January and February; and adult males occur every month except November, December, January and February. There are 2 major egg hatching periods in mid-April and mid-July, and 2 peak flight periods of males in early July and late October (Nichol 1935). The development threshold is about 10 °C, and about 1,300 day degrees are required for the development of a generation (Applebaum and Rosen 1964). According to Huffaker et al. (1962) and Stafford (1954) the life history may vary considerably depending upon host and climatic conditions. Biche and Sellami (1999) demonstrated that two different hosts caused differences in duration of oviposition, sex ratio, and body size. The species apparently does not do well under coastal conditions where the climate is relatively cool during the summer (Huffaker et al. 1962). Several forecasting models have been developed (Pinhassi et al. 1996, Nestel et al. 1995). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. This species has been reported as a pest in most areas where it occurs. It is especially important on olive (Huffaker et al. 1962, Argyriou 1990), certain stone fruits, apples (Sadeh and Gerson 1968) and pears (Kozár 1990a), and several ornamentals (Ezzat 1957). Although damage sometimes is incurred through devitalization caused by heavy scale populations, the most significant injury is sustained on the fruit. On apple, reddish spots develop around each feeding scale, and on olives feeding spots are black. Crawlers that settle during early fruit development cause abnormalities and deformations on the fruit making it unpalatable. According to Stafford (1948), heavily infested olives may have their oil content reduced by as much as 20 percent. The olive scale has been reported as a pest of peach and plum in Armenia (Babaian 1986); mango and almond in India (Chua and Wood 1990); and citrus and Prunus on the Canary Islands (Perez Guerra 1986). Although olive scale was once a serious economic problem in California, it now is effectively controlled as a result of the combined activities of two introduced wasps, Aphytis paramaculicornis DeBach and Rosen and Coccophagoides utilis Doutt. In most of the biological control literature Aphytis paramaculicornis is referred to as the Persian strain of Aphytis maculicornis (Masi). A. maculicornis also is a parasite of olive scale, but it is not nearly as effective in biological control as A. paramaculicornis under California environmental conditions. Beardsley and González (1975) consider olive scale to be one of 43 major armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris (1937) and Balachowsky (1953g). Color photograph in Berry & Watson (2022).
Illustrations
Citations
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- AbdRab1999: biological control, distribution, 1121
- AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 174, 175, 176
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 37
- AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 92-94
- Aleksi1995:
- Ali1968: distribution, host, 135
- Ali1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78
- AlimdzBr1956: distribution, host, 152
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 996-1003
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61, 62-64
- Argyri1967: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 68
- ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 27
- Atanas1959: distribution, host, 432
- AyazUlOz2015: distribution,
- Bachma1953: distribution, host, 182
- Bajoi1983: distribution, host, 2, 7, 9, 13
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 179
- Balach1928a: taxonomy, 142
- Balach1932d: taxonomy, xv
- Balach1953g: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 777, 794-797
- BalikaKoPr2011: distribution, host, 579
- BasheeAsRa2014: biological control, distribution, host, 50, 51
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 260
- Bazaro1962: distribution, 61
- Bazaro1963a: distribution, host, 65, 71
- Bazaro1968a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86-88
- Bazaro1971c: distribution, host, 88
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 148, 152-156
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127, 129
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 32, 44
- BenDovHa1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30
- Benass1967a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 165-171
- BerlesLe1896: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 346
- BerryWa2022: biology, control, diagnosis, host, illustration, taxonomy, 515
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 508
- Blanch1939: distribution, host, 83
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 296, 313
- Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-61
- Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 42, 44, 46
- Bodenh1928: distribution, host, 192
- Bodenh1930a: distribution, host, 232, 238
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 248
- Bodenh1937: distribution, 218
- Bodenh1943: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10
- Bodenh1944a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 82
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 85, 86, 97
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147-152
- Bodenh1951a: distribution, economic importance, host, 337
- Bodenh1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 38-41
- Borchs1934: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21
- Borchs1935: distribution, taxonomy, 128
- Borchs1937: distribution, taxonomy, 100
- Borchs1937a: distribution, taxonomy, 85, 87
- Borchs1949d: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 197
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 172
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 193-194
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 11
- BrandtBo1948: illustration, taxonomy, 18
- Brick1912: taxonomy, 10
- Brimbl1962: distribution, host, 224
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 186, 215-217
- Bustsh1960: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 172-174
- CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 344
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 44
- ChafaaBiCh2013: host, life history, 398-405
- ChafaaMiCh2019: distribution, host,
- Chen2003: life history, 266-267
- Chiesa1937: distribution, host, 169
- Chiesa1938: distribution, host, 2-3
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 232-234
- Chou1986: illustration, 637
- CiftciBo2021: distribution, host, 240
- CiftciBo2021: distribution, host, 241
- Clause1958a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 447
- Cocker1897p: taxonomy, 592
- Colvee1880: distribution, host, 40
- Colvee1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13-15
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- CostaL1928: distribution, host, 127
- CostaL1936: distribution, host, 195
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 840
- Danzig1972: distribution, taxonomy, 218-219
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 83, 91-93
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 328-329
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1029
- DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, host, 28
- DeBach1958a: biological control, 762
- DeBach1964d: biological control, distribution, host, 12
- DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 145, 177
- DeBachRoKe1971: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 169, 172-176
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- Dutta1990: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
- ElShaf2012: host, 518
- ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
- ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
- ErlerKoTu1996: distribution, host, 58
- Ezzat1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 351-363
- Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 250
- FallahJa2010: host, natural enemies, 302
- FallahJa2017: distribution, natural enemies, 14, 34
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, structure, 232, 319
- Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 21, 52
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-87
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:59
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
- Finney1966: biological control, 337-343
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 304
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 26
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 84
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FowjhaKo1999: distribution, host, 122
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 2,14,24
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 57, 78
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 53
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 243
- Gentry1965: distribution, host, 18
- Georgh1977: distribution, host, 152
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 354
- GhaniMu1974: biological control, distribution, host, 61-63
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 11
- Ghauri1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 37-43, 209
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 216, 218-219, 225, 2
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 146, 155-160
- GomezM1948: distribution, host, 77
- GomezM1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54, 61-66
- GomezM1957: distribution, host, 48
- GomezM1960G: distribution, host, 170
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 111, 132, 187-189
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 630
- Green1919c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 445
- Green1923a: distribution, host, 469
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173-176
- GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 6
- Hadzib1941: distribution, host, 186
- Hadzib1950: distribution, host, 259
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 203-206
- Hall1922: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Hall1923: distribution, host, 50-51, 57, 58, 59, 6
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, 527, 548, 551
- Hawkin1994: biological control, 163
- Haywar1939: distribution, host, 213
- Haywar1941: biological control, distribution, host, 86
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 187
- Hewitt1943: taxonomy, 266
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860
- HuffakKeFi1962a: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 283-334
- ImamSa2013: distribution, host, 42
- Imamku1966: distribution, host, 49
- Imamku1969: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 470-476
- IspartYa2020: distribution, host, 58
- JalilvShVa2013: host, natural enemies, 302
- Janjua1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 217, 248
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 27
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 65
- JaposhCe2010: 134
- Kacar2015: natural enemies, 159
- Kaussa1947: distribution, host, 17
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 17
- Kaussa1970: distribution, host, 7
- KaymakYa2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 47
- KazimiGh1964: distribution, host, 38
- Kiritc1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
- Kiritc1935: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- Kiritc1940: distribution, host, taxonomy, 118
- Kiriuk1948: biological control, taxonomy, 22-23
- Kobakh1956: distribution, 195
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 18
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28-32, 39
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 551, 553-554
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 364
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 68
- KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 132
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- LangfoCo1939: distribution, host, life history, 39
- Lasaro1940: taxonomy, 24
- Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 125-126
- Leonar1901a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 550-551
- Leonar1903a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 15, 16-18
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 137-140
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, 414
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 347
- Lesche2000: biological control, 919
- Lindin1911: distribution, host, taxonomy, 129, 381
- Lindin1911a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33
- Lindin1912b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
- Lindin1918: taxonomy, 52
- Lindin1928: distribution, host, 86, 105, 107
- Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 180
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 142
- Lindin1936: distribution, taxonomy, 150, 161
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 551
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 145
- Lupo1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40, 54-61
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 248, 304
- Mackie1934: distribution, host, 415
- MansouMkGr2011: distribution, economic importance, 315-322
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 59
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MatesoMiIu1962: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
- MatesoMiIu1962a: taxonomy, 121
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 222
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- McCombDa1969: distribution, host, 3
- McConn1930: distribution, host, 143
- McKenz1945: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52, 53, 66, 69-70, 7
- McKenz1952: taxonomy, 10, 13, 15
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 140-141, 143
- Melis1930: distribution, host, 16
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 512
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 320
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 350
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 3
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 47
- MoghadTa2010: distribution, 38
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 12, 188, 194-195, 249
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134
- MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 99-101
- Morris1939a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15-18, 29
- MurdocChCh1985: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 353-354
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 67
- NestelPiRe1995:
- Newste1897a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 97-98
- Newste1906: distribution, host, 71, 72
- Newste1907a: distribution, host, 15
- NicholWe1935: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 201-235
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 199, 201, 204, 256,
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 28, 84, S6
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 201
- Pace1939: distribution, host, 665
- Paoli1915: distribution, host, 267
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 63
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 69
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 122
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,298
- PeralL1968: biological control, economic importance, host, 25, 26
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- Perkin1982: biological control, distribution, host, 64
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 156
- PinhasNeRo1996: life history, 1-6
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- Priore1964: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 153
- PruthiBa1960: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 8, 13, 63, 67, 74, 8
- RahmanAn1941: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 817, 825-827
- Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 26
- Rao1941: distribution, host, taxonomy, 341
- RaoCh1950: distribution, host, 23, 28
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, 274-270
- RosenDe1973: biological control, distribution, 218
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, host, 114-117
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 762
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RouhanVaMa2018a: distribution, host, 4
- RugmanAnMo2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 33,35,36
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, 33
- Russo1951: biological control, distribution, 90
- Sassce1923: distribution, host, 155
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 18-19
- Shalab1961: distribution, host, 216
- Sharip1980: taxonomy, 381
- ShirazVaMi2013: distribution, host, 1382
- ShoemaHuKe1979: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 183, 184
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 182
- Silves1902: distribution, host, 125
- Simant1973: control,
- Sineln1937: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-22
- Singh1964: distribution, host, 219
- SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 220,222
- Southw1975: distribution, host, 172
- Squire1972: distribution, host, ?
- Stanev1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12-17
- StrettRoMa2014: distribution, economic importance, taxonomy, 54
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 320, 329
- Takaha1938b: taxonomy, 272
- Talhou1950: distribution, host, 134, 135
- Tang1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 84-85
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 128
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1999: distribution, 106
- Targio1884: distribution, host, 390-391
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 43
- TerGri1954: distribution, host, 64
- TerGri1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44-46
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, illustration, 140
- Terezn1968b: distribution, host, 49
- Theoba1904: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-187
- Trabut1910: distribution, host, 17, 41
- Trabut1911: distribution, host, 64
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 117
- TurnbuCh1961: biological control, distribution, 724
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S121
- Vatans2024: distribution, host, 143, 144
- Vayssi1921: distribution, economic importance, host, 357
- VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217, 219, 225, 228
- WolffEfDa2018: distribution, economic importance, host, key,
- YangLiXu2008: distribution, host, key, 276, 279, 280
- Yasar2020: distribution,
- YousefVaEb2018: natural enemies,
