Valid Names Results
Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, 1918 (Pseudococcidae: Pseudococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel 1918: 199. Type data: BRAZIL: Pennapolis, on roots of coffee. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Notes: Type material depository unknown (see Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).
- Pseudococcus citriculus Green 1922: 377. Type data: SRI LANKA [= CEYLON]: Peredeniya, on Citrus sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988a,175). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by WilliaGr1992, 437). Illustr.
- Pseudococcus comstocki; Hambleton 1935: 106. misidentification
- Pseudococcus comstocki; Lepage 1938: 385. misidentification
- Pseudococcus comstocki; Bodenheimer 1938a: 201. misidentification
- Pseudococcus comstocki; Compere 1939: 66. misidentification
- Pseudococcus comstocki; Costa Lima 1939: 5. misidentification
- Pseudococcus comstocki; Klein & Perzelan 1940: 107. misidentification
- Pseudococcus comstocki; Hayward 1941: 81. misidentification
- Planococcus cryptus (Hempel, 1918); Silva et al. 1968: 195. change of combination
- Dysmicoccus cryptus; D.J.Williams 1970. misidentification (discovered by WilliaGr1992, 440).
- Pseudococcus spathoglottidis Lit 1992: 1168. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon: Laguna: Campus of UPLB, College, on Spthoglottis plicata. Holotype, female, Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines; junior synonym (discovered by Willia2004a, 682). Illustr.
- Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, 1918; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 437. revived combination (previously published)
- Pseudococcus mandarinus Das & Ghose 1996: 17. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Pedong.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Kalyani: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bihan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India; junior synonym (discovered by Willia2004a, 682). Illustr.
- Pseudococus citricutus Zainuddin et al. 2025: 751. misspelling of both genus and species names
Common Names
- citriculus mealybug Bartle1978e
- cryptic mealybug LitCa1994a
- ground orchid mealybug LitCa1994a
- kimhit havuya BenDov2012
- mikan-hime-kona-kaigaramushi TanakaChKa2025
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 54 | Genera: 95
- Acanthaceae
- Avicennia germinans | MatileEt2006
- Avicennia officinalis | Willia2004a
- Achariaceae
- Ryparosa fasciculata | Willia2004a
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum tinus | SancheBe2010
- Amaryllidaceae
- Crinum asiaticum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a ChowdhRa2024
- Annonaceae
- Annona muricata | Willia2004a
- Annona squamosa | Malump2014a
- Apocynaceae
- Finlaysonia | Willia2004a
- Nerium oleander | BenDov2012
- Plumeria | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Araceae
- Aglaonema | Willia2004a
- Amorphophallus | Willia2004a
- Arum | EFSA2022a
- Monstera deliciosa | EFSA2022a VonEllWa2016
- Araliaceae
- Fatsia japonica | TanakaChKa2025
- Polyscias balfouriana | JansenAl2023
- Arecaceae
- Areca | Willia2004a
- Areca catechu | Willia2004a
- Cocos nucifera | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Lit1997a Mamet1956 Willia1958 Willia2004a WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Cyrtostachys renda | Willia2004a
- Dypsis | JansenAl2023
- Dypsis lutescens | SchutzGoGu2026
- Elaeis guineensis | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Metroxylon | Willia2004a
- Phoenix dactylifera | Willia2004a
- Asteraceae
- Dahlia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Bromeliaceae
- Ananas comosus | Willia2004a | (= Ananas sativa)
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia kydia | Willia2004a
- Garcinia mangostana | Willia2004a
- Convolvulaceae
- Convolvulus arvensis | EFSA2022a
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita moschata | ChenShCh2024
- Dilleniaceae
- Dillenia indica | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Tetracera | Willia2004a
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | BenDov2012
- Euphorbiaceae
- Croton | Willia2004a
- Hevea brasiliensis | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Fabaceae
- Albizia saman | EFSA2022a VonEllWa2016
- Bauhinia purpurea | Willia2004a
- Callerya nieuwenhuisii | Willia2004a | (= Millettia niuewenhuisii)
- Erythrina | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Gliricidia | Willia2004a
- Glycine max | Willia2004a
- Tamarindus indica | Willia2004a
- Fagaceae
- Fagaceae | ShiLi1991
- Lithocarpus | Willia2004a
- Formicidae
- Oecophylla longinoda | GithaeOnNd2020
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | Suh2020
- Gesneriaceae
- Saintpaulia inconspicua | EFSA2022a
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | Lit1997a
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | EFSA2022a
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | EFSA2022a
- Ocotea atirrensis | BenDov1994 Stout1979 | (= Ocotea pedalifolia)
- Persea americana | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Loganiaceae
- Strychnos vanprukii | Willia2004a
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | Willia2004a
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus tiliaceus | Willia2004a
- Malva sylvestris | EFSA2022a
- Sterculia | EFSA2022a VonEllWa2016
- Marantaceae
- Calathea | SchutzGoGu2026
- Melastomataceae
- Melastoma malabathricum | Willia2004a | (= Melastoma normale)
- Meliaceae
- Lansium parasiticum | Willia2004a | (= Lansium domesticum)
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Artocarpus altilis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Artocarpus incisa)
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | ChowdhRa2024
- Artocarpus odoratissimus | Lit1997a
- Ficus concinna | WangZhTi2018
- Morus | Willia2004a
- Morus alba | EFSA2022a
- Moringaceae
- Moringa oleifera | Willia2004a
- Musaceae
- Musa | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Musa acuminata | SiriseWaHe2013
- Musa paradisiaca | Willia2004a | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myristicaceae
- Myristica fragrans | Willia2004a
- Myrtaceae
- Eugenia | Willia2004a
- Osbornia octodonta | Lit1997a
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Syzygium malaccense | Willia2004a | (= Syzygium malaccense)
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | Willia2004a
- Orchidaceae
- Coelogyne pulverula | Willia2004a | (= Coelogyne dayana)
- Dendrobium | Willia2004a
- Orchidaceae | Willia2004a
- Paphiopedilum bellatulum | Willia2004a | (= Raphioperdalum bellatulum)
- Papilionanthe teres | Willia2004a | (= Vanda teres)
- Phalaenopsis amabilis | Willia2004a
- Spathoglottis | Willia2004a
- Spathoglottis plicata | BenDov1994 Lit1992 Lit1997a LitCa1994
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Pandanus samoensis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Pandanus upoluensis)
- Pandanus tectorius | EFSA2022a VonEllWa2016
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora foetida | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Piperaceae
- Piper majusculum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Poaceae
- Bambusa | Willia2004a
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rhizophora apiculata | Willia2004a
- Rosaceae
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea arabica | BenDov1994 Podtia1944 Willia2004a
- Coffea canephora | SouzaHoAl2023
- Coffea liberica | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Gardenia | BenDov1994 Ferris1954 WilliaWa1988a
- Ixora | Lit1997a
- Neonauclea | Willia2004a
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Lit1997a
- Citrus aurantiifolia | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1994 Green1922 WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus junos | Suh2020
- Citrus limon | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a | (= Citrus × limonia)
- Citrus maxima | BenDov1994 LitCa1994 WilliaWa1988a Zimmer1948 ChowdhRa2024 | (= Citrus grandis),
- Citrus medica | ChowdhRa2024
- Citrus paradisi | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Citrus reticulata | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a SiriseWaHe2013
- Citrus sinensis | BenDov1994 GranarGo2018 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
- Sapindaceae
- Litchi chinensis | Willia2004a
- Nephelium lappaceum | Willia2004a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | ChowdhRa2024
- Selaginellaceae
- Selaginella | BenDov1994 Ferris1954
- Solanaceae
- Vitaceae
- Parthenocissus tricuspidata | Suh2020
- Vitis vinifera | Willia2004a
- Zingiberaceae
- Zingiber officinale | EFSA2022a VonEllWa2016
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 13
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus pseudococci | Flande1959
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Kaneko2025
- Hyperaspis sinensis | Kaneko2025
- Nephus (Geminosipho) fenestratus | RivnayPe1943 | (= Scymnus fenestratus)
- Nephus phosphorus | Kaneko2025
- Scymnus includens | RivnayPe1943
- Scymnus suturalis | RivnayPe1943
- Encyrtidae
- Aenasius advena | SouzaHoAl2023
- Anagyrus pseudococci | Blumbe1997 Rivnay1946
- Clausenia purpurea | Moore1988 Rivnay1946
- Cryptanusia albiclava | Gordh1974 | (= Anusoidea luzonica)
- Leptomastidea abnormis | Rivnay1946 RivnayPe1943 Trjapi1989
- Leptomastix flava | Rivnay1946 RivnayPe1943 Trjapi1989
- Hemerobiidae
- Sympherobius fallax | RivnayPe1943
- Perilampidae
- Perilampus | SouzaHoAl2023
Associates:
Families: 7 | Genera: 12
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022
- Caulimoviridae
- Banana streak virus (BSV) | PalmaJBlGu2019 WatsonKu2005
- Closteroviridae
- Areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) | ZhangZhCa2022 ZhaoZhCa2024
- Formicidae
- Cladomyrma | Moog2009
- Crematogaster sjostedti | GithaeOnNd2020
- Lasius niger | ItiokaIn1999
- Myrmicaria opaciventris | GithaeOnNd2020
- Pristomyrmex pungens | ItiokaIn1999
- Technomyrmex albipes | GithaeOnNd2020
- Meripilaceae
- Bornetina | CarmonBeMe2025
- Meruliaceae
- Diacanthodes novoguineensis | CarmonBeMe2025 | (=Polyporus coffeae)
- Pyralidae
- Cryptoblabes gnidiella | FrancoZaMe2009
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 46
- Afghanistan | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 KozarFoZa1996
- American Samoa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Andaman Islands | Willia2004a
- Argentina | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Ascension Island | WilliaMe2007
- Australia
- Northern Territory | SchutzGoGu2026
- Queensland | SchutzGoGu2026
- Bangladesh | BenDov1994 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
- Bhutan | Willia2004a
- Brazil | BenDov1994 Flande1959 Hempel1918 WilliaGr1992
- Espirito Santo | SantaCReSo2002
- Minas Gerais | SantaCReSo2002
- Rio Grande do Sul | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Rio de Janeiro | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Sao Paulo | EFSA2022a
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | BenDov1994 Mamet1956
- Brunei | Willia2004a
- China | BenDov1994 Borchs1956 Ferris1954a
- Aomen (=Macau) | Tang1992
- Fujian (=Fukien) | WangZhTi2018
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tang1992
- Hunan | BenDov1994 HuHeWa1992
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | EFSA2022a
- Costa Rica | BenDov1994 Stout1979
- El Salvador | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | BenDov1994 Zimmer1948
- India | Willia2004a
- Gujarat | Willia2004a
- Kerala | Willia2004a
- Maharashtra | Willia2004a
- Sikkim | Willia2004a
- Tamil Nadu | Willia2004a
- West Bengal | Nath1972
- Indonesia | Willia2004a
- Bali | JansenAl2023
- Java | ZarkanApTu2021
- Lombok | Willia2004a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | Willia2004a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | WatsonMuSh2014
- Sumatra | Willia2004a
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996
- Israel | Avidov1961 BenDov1994 Bodenh1938a Bodenh1951a
- Japan | BenDov1994 Kawai1980
- Okinawa | TanakaChKa2025
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Willia2004a
- Kenya | BenDov1994 DeLott1964
- Laos | Willia2004a
- Malaysia | Willia2004a
- Sabah | Willia2004a
- Sarawak | Willia2004a
- Maldives | WatsonOoGi1995 Willia2004a
- Mauritius | BenDov1994 Mamet1956 Willia1958
- Nepal | Willia2004a
- Palau | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Paraguay | BenDov1994 Podtia1944 WilliaGr1992
- Philippines | EFSA2022a
- Saint Lucia | Malump2012b
- Singapore | Willia2004a
- South Korea | KwonDaPa2003a KwonHa2003 KwonLeHa2002
- Spain | SancheBe2010
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1994 Green1922 Willia2004a | EFSA2022a
- Syria | EFSA2022a
- Taiwan | BenDov1994 Flande1959
- Thailand | Willia2004a
- Turkey | EFSA2022a
- U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Uruguay | PachecKaBa2020
- Vietnam | BenDov1994 DanzigKo1990 Willia2004a
- Western Samoa | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Zanzibar | BenDov1994 Willia1958 WilliaMa2005a
Keys
- TanakaChKa2025: pp.591 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species found in Okinawa Island]
- ZarkanWaKa2024: pp.596 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus in Southeast and southern Asia]
- Hodgso2020: pp.32-34 ( Adult (M) ) [higher groups of Pseudococcidae]
- PachecKaBa2020: pp.504-505 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae in Uruguay]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs intercepted in S. Korea]
- GranarGo2018: pp.10-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Central & South American Pseudococcus]
- VonEllWa2016: pp.74-76 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species present in the New World]
- Moghad2013: pp.71 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]
- SiriseWaHe2013: pp.78-80 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybugs on Fruit Crops in Sri Lanka]
- WangWu2010: pp.245 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]
- WilliaMa2009a: pp.97-101 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]
- Willia2004a: pp.668-669 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408-409 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of South Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- LitCa1994: pp.256 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- Tang1992: pp.236 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- WilliaGr1992: pp.426 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
- WilliaWa1988a: pp.173 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region]
- Beards1966: pp.436 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- Beards1960: pp.212 ( Adult (M) ) [Hawaii]
- Borchs1949: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
- Zimmer1948: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Borchs1947b: pp.2110 ( Adult (F) ) [P. comstocki group of species]
Remarks
- Systematics: von Ellenreider & Watson, 2016 examined some specimens which, based on the characters proposed by Williams (2004) to distinguish between P. aurantiacus and P. cryptus, i.e. ventral OR on margin of mesothorax and SI present singly in P. aurantiacus versus in groups in P. cryptus and marginal ventral OC on head and thorax in groups in P. aurantiacus versus singly in P. cryptus, would seem to be intermediate between these two species. However, they observed considerable variability in the number of ventral OR and ventral marginal OC in the series of P. cryptus, and the various measurements provided in the description of P. aurantiacus are encompassed within the ranges of P. cryptus displayed by their specimens. They suspect that these names represent synonyms, but consider that further research including large series of both species from their entire distribution range is necessary to confirm this. The specimens of P. cryptus from Okinawa I. differ slightly from those described by Williams (2004) in lacking dorsal oral collar tubular ducts associated with the abdominal cerarii, whereas Williams (2004) says that P. cryptus has narrower and longer or wide-type dorsal oral collar tubular ducts present next to most abdominal cerarii. See Tanaka et al. (2025) for discussion.
- Structure: Female sex pheromone identified by Arai et al. (2003). Body elongate oval, 1.8–2.2 mm long and 0.9–1.4 mm wide; derm membranous; segmentation recognizable but not well developed. Anal lobes clearly observable, dorsal surface of each lobe with well-sclerotized plate and ventral surface with long apical seta, 112–181 µm long; anal lobe bar absent. Antenna 430–470 µm long, with 8 segments and many flagellate setae; subapical segment with 1 fleshy seta and apical segment with 3 fleshy setae. Eyes situated on margins, not associated with discoidal pores. Legs well developed, with many flagellate setae; hind trochanter + femur 325–344 µm long; hind tibia + tarsus 343–370 µm long; claw 27–33 µm long without a denticle. (Tanaka et al. 2025)
- Biology: Infesting the roots of coffee (Podtiaguin, 1944), citrus (Costa Lima, 1930; Bodenheimer (1951a) and the aerial parts of the host plants. Stout (1979) studied its association with ants of Myrmelachista sp. at a rain forest in Costa Rica. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978), Flanders (1959) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).Occurring between leaf sheaths and pseudobulbs of the host plant (Lit, 1992). Mean longevity of adult males is 77.9 ± 2.2 h. There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which lasted for about 39 h., indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)
- Economic Importance: This mealybug is fairly polyphagous, and widely distributed in South East Asia, Tropical Africa, Mideastern Mediterranean and South America. However, it is particularly a pest of citrus in Israel, into which it was inadvertenly introduced in 1937. Following importation of the Encyrtid Clausenia purpurea Ishii, the pest was successfully controlled. The history of its introduction, control and pest status in Israel were discussed by Bodenheimer (1951a), Rivnay (1946, 1968) and by Ben-Dov (1988b). P. cryptus is a major pest of citrus causing significant yield losses in parts of Asia and Mideastern Mediterranean. Citrus fruit become unmarketable due to being covered with sooty mould. In Korea, high populations frequently cause substantial yield losses, especially in organic citrus orchards. It is also damaging to palms. (EFSA2022a)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Costa Lima (1930b), Hempel (1937), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) (as P. citriculus), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit (1992) (as Pse. spathoglottidis), Lit & Calilung (1994), Kwon et al. (2002) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1960) (as P. citriculus).
Illustrations
Citations
- Afifi1968: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-139
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 356
- Arai1996: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 25-34
- Arai1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 263-266
- Arai1998: description, taxonomy, 24-27
- Arai2000: chemical ecology, chemistry, ecology, life history, 525-528
- Arai2001: control, ecology, life history, 109-114
- Arai2002: chemical ecology, chemistry, distribution, host, life history, physiology, 69-72
- Arai2003: biological control, 426
- AraiMi2004: biological control, 505-510
- AraiSuHi2003: chemical ecology, chemistry, 2213-2223
- Avidov1961: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 148-150
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 160, 161
- Beards1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 226
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 438-439
- BenDov1994: catalog, 385-386,412
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 37, 44
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-365
- Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
- BlumbeBeMe1999: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 155-160
- BlumbeBeMe2001: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 233-242
- BlumbeKlMe1995: biological control, life history, structure, 157-163
- BlumbeSwWy1995: biological control, 33-44
- Bodenh1938a: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 201-207
- Bodenh1951a: biological control, control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 454-471
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 112-114
- Borchs1956d: distribution, host, 863
- Caball2021: distribution, host, 343
- CalabuGaPe2014: ant association, 406
- CarmonBeMe2025: ecology, 2
- ChenShCh2024: molecular biology, 3
- ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, phylogeny, 358,359
- ChowdhRa2024: distribution, economic importance, host, phenology, survey, 6, 9-10, 13
- Cohen1969: biological control, economic importance, 769-772
- Cohen1975: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 38-41
- Comper1969a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 5-10
- CostaL1939: taxonomy, 5
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 41
- DasGh1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17-20
- DeLott1964: distribution, host, 379
- EFSA2021a: biology, distribution, economic importance, host, 22, 32-33, 98-99, 107
- EFSA2022a: biology, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- ErensoBlGo2023: phylogeny, 4
- Ferris1954a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51
- Flande1959: biological control, distribution, host, 880-882
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 254
- FrancoSuBo2004: biological control, 507-522
- GarciaAlDe1992: ecology, economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 35-44
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 225
- GithaeOnNd2020: ant association,
- GithaeOnNd2021: distribution, host, 81
- Gordh1974: biological control, distribution, host, 203-206
- GranarGo2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 4-14, 23
- Green1922: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 377-378
- GrossDrSt1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Hamble1935: taxonomy, 106
- HarpazRo1971: biological control, economic importance, 458-468
- Hawkin1994: biological control, 3
- Hempel1918: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 199-201
- Hempel1937: distribution, host, 35-36
- Hodgso2012: taxonomy, 64
- Hodgso2020: key, 33
- HolatKaMu2014: biological control, life history,
- HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 179
- IsakovNiMa2026: molecular biology, phylogeny, 5-7
- ItiokaIn1999: biological control, ecology, life history, 169-177
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 30
- Kaneko2025: distribution, ecology, host, natural enemies, phenology,
- KaracaSa2017: heat-treatment, reproduction, 151
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, 9
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 101
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 25
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 64
- KwonDaPa2003a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 409
- KwonHa2003: distribution, host, 279-288
- KwonLeHa2002: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 147-149,152
- Lepage1938: catalog, taxonomy, 385
- Lit1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1168-1169,1180
- Lit1997a: distribution, host, 43-45
- LitCa1994: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 258,260,263,267
- LitCa1994a: distribution, host, 394-395
- LitCaLa2006: distribution, host, 12
- Malump2012b: distribution, host, illustration, 208,211,213
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 82
- Mamet1956: distribution, host, 141
- MardinSaMi2025: phylogeny, 203
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 48
- MarzoBVaNa2024: chemical, reproductive system, 21493
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 182
- MendelGrBl1995: biological control, 55-64
- MendelJaPr2012: behavior,
- MendelPrJa2012: biological control, ecology, 395-394
- Meurge2011: distribution, 82
- Moghad2013: distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 73-74, 100
- Moghad2013a: distribution, 72
- Moore1988: biological control, 212
- Moore2001: economic importance, host, 232-266
- NakahaItAr2003: chemical ecology, chemistry, 2627-2631
- Nakao1987: distribution, economic importance, host, 173-182
- Nath1972: distribution, host, 7
- NingruYuAb2025: phylogeny, virus, 52
- PachecBeBl2014: molecular data, 5-9
- PachecKaBa2020: distribution, host, key, phylogeny, 504, 506, 515
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution,
- PelegBa1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 263
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 5, 6
- Rivnay1939: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 2-16
- Rivnay1945: biological control, 117-122
- Rivnay1946: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 11-19
- RivnayPe1943: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 9-28
- RohimaRaSa2024: molecular biology, phylogeny, 302-303
- Rosen1969: biological control, 45-53
- SamalChJo2025: DNA sequencing, phylogeny, 6-7, 9
- SancheBe2010: distribution, host, 320
- SantaCReSo2002: distribution, host, 333-334
- SartiaWaRo2016: catalog, distribution, host, 158, 160
- SchutzGoGu2026: distribution, host, record, 5, 17-18
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 161
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 195
- SiriseWaHe2013: distribution, host, illustration, key, 71,72,73,76,77,79
- SouzaHoAl2023: distribution, host, natural enemies, 3
- Stout1979: distribution, life history, 309-311
- Suh2019a: key, 3
- Suh2020: distribution, host, illustration, 4, 6, 8, 14, 26
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 71-74
- TabataIcMo2017: chemistry, reproduction, 8
- Tachik1959: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1055-1058
- TanakaChKa2025: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, phylogeny, record, taxonomy, 581-585
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30-31
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 241-242
- Tang2001: distribution, 3
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- TurgutUl2007: ant association, 316
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S126
- UneliuElTw2011: molecular data, 170
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 59
- VonEllWa2016: key, taxonomy, 76,78
- WangZhTi2018: distribution, genebank, host, phylogeny, 2
- Watson2021: distribution, 527
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- WatsonOoGi1995: distribution, host, 45
- Wei2002: economic importance, 66-70
- Willia1970DJ: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 133-135
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 682-687
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 246
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 437-440
- WilliaMa2005a: distribution, host, 147
- WilliaMa2009a: taxonomy, 97-101
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 90
- WilliaMe2007: distribution, host, 133
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 174-175, 177
- XiYaLi2024: DNA, control, molecular biology,
- ZainudSyBa2025: distribution, host, 751
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 185
- ZarkanFeDj2023: distribution, host, key,
- ZarkanWaKa2024: distribution, key, 591, 597
- ZchoriBePo2005: Cardinium, endosymbionts, 211-221
- ZhangZhCa2022: virus transmission,
- ZhaoZhCa2024: virus, virus transmission,
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177, 208-212
- ZouChMi2013: chemistry, 136
