Valid Names Results
Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diaspididae: Chionaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus salicis Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: on Salix hermaphrodita. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England; accepted valid name
- Coccus cryptogamus Dalman 1826: 357-363. Type data: SWITZERLAND: in forest, 17/07/1825. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1935, 132).
- Aspidiotes salicis (Linnaeus, 1758); Bouché 1844: 294. change of combination
- Coccus (Aspidiotus) Salicis Linnaeus, 1758; Ratzeburg 1844: 195. change of combination
- Myzaegirus salicifex Amyot 1847. nomen nudum (discovered by Borchs1966, 100).
- Aspidiotus salicis (Linnaeus, 1758); Baerensprung 1849: 167. change of combination
- Aspidiotus minimus Baerensprung 1849: 167-168. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Populus sp.. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 99). Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Aspidiotus Populi Baerensprung 1849: 167. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin. Syntypes, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1934e, 168). Notes: Type material presumed lost.
- Diaspis nivea Bremi 1849: 327. Type data: SWITZERLAND: on Vaccinium myrtillus. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1869, 874). Notes: Although Borchsenius (1966) treated Diaspis nivea as an incertae sedis, most other authors (Signoret 1869, Comstock 1883 & 1916a, Lindinger 1935 & 1936) agreed it was a junior synonym of Chionaspis vaccinii (=C. salicis).
- Aspidiotus saliceti Bouché 1851: 111. Type data: GEMANY: Berlin. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 100). Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Aspidiotus Vaccinii Bouché 1851: 111. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Vaccinium sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1934e, 165). Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Mytilaspis cryptogama (Dalman, 1826); Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 738. change of combination
- Aspidiotus salicis-nigrae Walsh 1868: 40. Type data: UNITED STATES: Illinois, on Salix nigra, by B.D. Walsh. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1018). Notes: "Walsh's type of the species is lost, probably having been burned with the rest of his collection in the great Chicago fire (Cooley, 1899)."
- Mytilaspis Maquarti Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 737. junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 99).
- Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1758); Signoret 1869d: 447. change of combination
- Chionaspis vaccinii (Bouché, 1851); Signoret 1869d: 448. change of combination
- Chionaspis aceris Signoret 1869d: 442. Type data: AUSTRIA: Vienna, by M. Mayr. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1937, 181).
- Chionaspis alni Signoret 1869d: 443. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Grindelwald. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899a, 398).
- Chionaspis fraxini Signoret 1869d: 445. Type data: Europe. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Dougla1886, 249).
- Diaspis myriadus Signoret 1869: 871. nomen nudum
- Mytilaspis salicis LeBaron 1872: 140. Type data: UNITED STATES: Illinois, Stark County, on gray willow. Unknown type status, unknown, synonym and homonym (discovered by Ferris1937, SI-24). Replacement name for Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus) Illustr.
- Lecanium Vaccinii (Bouché, 1851); Kaltenbach 1874: 420. change of combination
- Diaspis salicicorticis Bessey 1874: 244. junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 100). Notes: Bessey gives the combination Diaspis salicicorticis authored by Riley, but as yet, no use of this name has been found in Riley's literature. Since Bessey did not intend to describe a new species, there is no type data included.
- Coccus (Aspidiotus) mytilus (Glaser, 1877); Glaser 1877. change of combination
- Aspidiotus mytilus Glaser 1877: 49. Type data: GERMANY: Rhine area. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1932f, 179). Notes: Although Lindinger (1932f) placed this in synonomy with Chionaspis salicis, Borchsenius (1966) treated it as an incertae sedis.
- Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1758); Comstock 1881a: 320. change of combination
- Chionaspis sorbi Douglas 1893a: 130-131. Type data: FINLAND: Abo, on Sorbus aucuparia. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 100). Illustr.
- Chionaspis ortholobis; Cockerell 1894l: 189. misidentification (discovered by Cocker1898f, 133). Notes: Cockerell (1898f) states that his (1894l) redescription of Chionaspis ortholobis was actually a misidentification of his newly named species Chionaspis ortholobis bruneri, which is now considered a junior synonym of C. salicis.
- Chionaspis ortholobis Bruneri Cockerell 1898f: 133. junior synonym
- Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh, 1868); Cooley 1899: 10, 19. change of combination
- Chionaspis bruneri Cockerell, 1905; Cockerell 1905b: 203. change of combination and rank
- Chionaspis micropori Marlatt 1908c: 25-26. Type data: CHINA: Shansi, Wu Tai Shan, on Populus tremula, by F.N. Meyer. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1018). Notes: Paratype in NYSM (McCabe & Johnson, 1980). Illustr.
- Diaspis niveus Bremi, 1849; Comstock 1916: 110. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus cryptogamus (Dalman, 1826); Lindinger 1932: 27. change of combination
- Diaspis populi (Baerensprung, 1849); Lindinger 1935: 132. change of combination
- Chionaspis salicis Archangelskaya 1937: 88. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1018).
- Aspidiotus aceris (Signoret, 1869); Ferris 1941e: 40. change of combination
- Aspidiotus alni (Signoret, 1869); Ferris 1941e: 40. change of combination
- Aspidiotus salicifex (Linnaeus, 1758); Ferris 1941e: 48. change of combination
- Chionaspis minimus (Baerensprung, 1849); Ferris 1941e: 45. change of combination
- Chionaspis salicifex (Linnaeus, 1758); Ferris 1941e: 48. change of combination
- Chionaspis montana Borchsenius 1949b: 347. Type data: RUSSIA: Kirghiz, banks of Karakol River, near the mouth of the Susamyr, 1913, by V. Chernavin; Zailinskii Ala-tau, 1938, by P. Ovchinikov, on Salis sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1986a,368). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1018).
- Chionaspis polypora Borchsenius 1949b: 347. Type data: RUSSIA: Przhevalsk Semirechensk region, by D. Pedashenko. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1986a,368). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1018).
- Chionaspis caucasioni Hadzibejli 1963: 432. Type data: RUSSIA:. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1993,). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1970, 1018).
- Chionaspis salicisnigrae (Walsh, 1868); Borchsenius 1966: 101. emendation that is justified
Common Names
- black willow bark louse Walsh1868
- black willow scale Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- cochenille dartreuse du saule MawFoHa2000
- cochenille du saule Foldi2001
- cottonwood scale MillerDa1990
- willow scale Hollin1923 MillerDa2005
- willow scurfy scale LiuKoRh1989
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 27 | Genera: 52
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Altingiaceae
- Liquidambar styraciflua | LambdiWa1980
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Alnus glutinosa | Willia1985c
- Alnus incana | Tao1999 | (= Alnus communis)
- Betula | MillerDa2005 Tang1984b
- Betula pendula | Yasar2020
- Betula pubescens | MatilePe2002 | (= Betula alba)
- Corylus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Celastraceae
- Celastrus orbiculatus | Xie1998
- Euonymus | Borchs1966
- Euonymus latifolius | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cistaceae
- Helianthemum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | MillerDa2005
- Cornus asperifolia | Cooley1899
- Cornus excelsa | Cooley1899 | (= Cornus pubescens)
- Cornus mas | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cornus sanguinea | Tao1999
- Cornus sericea | Cooley1899 | (= Cornus stolonifera)
- Cupressaceae
- Cupressus sempervirens | Yasar2020
- Cyperaceae
- Kobresia myosuroides | Tao1999
- Elaeagnaceae
- Hippophae | KosztaKo1988F
- Ericaceae
- Andromeda | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Arctostaphylos | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Erica | Borchs1966
- Erica carnea | Lindin1936
- Ledum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Lyonia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Rhododendron | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Vaccinium | Borchs1966 Comsto1883 MillerDa2005
- Vaccinium arctostaphylos | Yasar2020
- Vaccinium myrtillus | Bremi1849
- Vaccinium uliginosum | Tao1999
- Vaccinium vitis-idaea | Tao1999
- Fabaceae
- Cytisus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005 | (= Sarcothamnus)
- Cytisus scoparius | Cooley1899 Tao1999 | (= Sarcothamnus scoparius) = Sarcothamnus vulgaris)
- Genista | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Laburnum | KosztaKo1988F
- Sophora | KosztaKo1988F
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Quercus petraea | MastenSeSi2016
- Quercus robur | MastenSeSi2016
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005 | (= Grossularia)
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | Yasar2020
- Loranthaceae
- Loranthus | KosztaKo1988F
- Magnoliaceae
- Liriodendron | MillerDa2005
- Liriodendron tulipifera | Cooley1899
- Malvaceae
- Tilia cordata | Tao1999 | ( Tilia parvifolia)
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus americana | Koszta1963
- Fraxinus excelsior | BognarVi1979
- Jasminum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Ligustrum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Syringa | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Paeoniaceae
- Paeonia | KosztaKo1988F
- Rhamnaceae
- Ceanothus | Cooley1899
- Frangula grandiflora | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rhamnus | MillerDa2005
- Rhamnus cathartica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rhamnus ussuriensis | Borchs1966
- Rosaceae
- Amelanchier | MillerDa2005
- Amelanchier canadensis | Cooley1899
- Cotoneaster | Borchs1966
- Malus | Tao1999
- Padus | Tang1984b
- Pyrus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Rosa | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Sorbus | MillerDa2005
- Sorbus aucuparia | Dougla1893a
- Sorbus domestica | MifsudMaRu2014 | (= Pyrus sorbus)
- Salicaceae
- Chosenia arbutifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Chosenia bracteosa)
- Populus | Cheo1935 MillerDa2005 Tao1999
- Populus alba | Borchs1966
- Populus canadensis | Borchs1966
- Populus deltoides | Amos1933
- Populus grandidentata | Koszta1963
- Populus jackii | LiuKoRh1989
- Populus nigra | BognarVi1979 Moghad2013
- Populus simonii | BognarVi1979
- Populus tremula | Borchs1938 MatilePe2002
- Populus tremuloides | Koszta1963
- Salix | Cooley1899 Koszta1963 MatilePe2002 MillerDa2005 Suh2020 Willia1985c
- Salix acmophylla | FallahJa2017
- Salix alba | Cooley1899 MalumpOsPy2010
- Salix amygdaloides | LiuKoRh1989
- Salix babylonica | LiuKoRh1989
- Salix brachycarpa | LiuKoRh1989
- Salix caesia | BicheArMe2022 | (= Salix pubescens)
- Salix caprea | MalumpOsPy2010 MatilePe2002
- Salix cordata | Hartma1916
- Salix daphnoides | MatilePe2002
- Salix excelsa | Yasar2020
- Salix exigua | LiuKoRh1989
- Salix holosericea | Tao1999
- Salix interior | Koszta1963
- Salix laevigata | LiuKoRh1989
- Salix lasiolepis | LiuKoRh1989
- Salix nigra | Walsh1868
- Salix repens | BugajNJuKa2021
- Salix triandra | Yasar2020
- Salix viminalis | Tao1999
- Salix x hermaphrodita | Tao1999
- Sapindaceae
- Acer heldreichii | BatsanKaKi2017
- Acer negundo | BatsanKaKi2017 Tao1999 | (= Acer vulgare)
- Acer pseudoplatanus | Tao1999
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | KosztaKo1988F
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
Foes:
Families: 13 | Genera: 26
- Acaridae
- Thyrophagus entomophagus | KosztaKo1988F | (= Histiogaster entomophagus)
- Tyrophagus dimidiatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Anthocoridae
- Anthocoris limbatus | HertinSi1972
- Anthocoris minki | HertinSi1972
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus celsus | KosztaKo1988F Watson2002a | (= Azotus celsus)
- Aphytis | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis abnormis | UlgentErKa2008
- Aphytis diaspidis | HertinSi1972 Koszta1963 KosztaKo1988F | (= Aphelinus fuscipennis)
- Aphytis maculicornis | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | HertinSi1972 Ruhl1913 | (= Aphytis mytilaspidis)
- Aphytis proclia | HertinSi1972 KosztaKo1988F RosenDe1979 | (=Aphytis sugonjaevi)
- Aphytis stepanovi | Watson2002a
- Coccophagus insidiator | HertinSi1972
- Diaspiniphagus moeris | HertinSi1972 HertinSi1972 | (= Coccophagoides similis)
- Encarsia gigas | KosztaKo1988F Watson2002a | (= Prospaltella gigas)
- Marietta picta | KaydanJa2010
- Pteroptrix bicolor | HertinSi1972 | (= Archenomus bicolor)
- Pteroptrix chinensis | HertinSi1972 | (= Casca chinensis)
- Pteroptrix dimidiata | KosztaKo1988F
- Pteroptrix lauri | HertinSi1972 | (= Hispaniella lauri)
- Pteroptrix longiclava | HertinSi1972
- Pteroptrix longicornis | Watson2002a | (= Archenomus longicornis)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | Cocker1910b Danzig1959 HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Danzig1959
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Lambdi1995 Danzig1959
- Chilocorus stigma | Cocker1910b | (= Chilocorus bivulnerus)
- Scymnus suturalis | KosztaKo1988F HertinSi1972 | (= Novius suturalis),(= Scymnusrus suturalis)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus politus | HertinSi1972
- Cymbaeremaeidae
- Scapheremaeus | Koszta1963
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus brachycaudae | FallahJa2017 MoghadWa2021
- Adelencyrtus intersectus | KosztaKo1988F Morley1909 | (= Anabrolepis zetterstedti ) (= Habrolepis zetterstedti)
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | HertinSi1972
- Thomsonisca | HertinSi1972 | (= Euussuria)
- Thomsonisca amathus | Danzig1959 HertinSi1972 Watson2002a | (= Heterencyrtus sumavicus)(= Thomsonisca typica)
- Zaomma lambinus | HertinSi1972 | (= Apterencyrtus microphagus)(= Cheiloneurus microphagus)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes budensis | FainRi1998
- Hemisarcoptes malus | Danzig1959
- Miridae
- Orthonotus rufifrons | HertinSi1972 | (= Brysoptera rufifrons)
- Pilophorus clavatus | HertinSi1972
- Mymaridae
- Gonatocerus | HertinSi1972
- Polynema anantanagana | HertinSi1972
- Phalangiidae
- Platybunus pinetorum | KosztaKo1988F
- Platygasteridae
- Allotropa | HertinSi1972
- Signiphoridae
- Thysanus ater | HertinSi1972
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 51
- Albania | DanzigPe1998
- Algeria | DanzigPe1998 | BicheArMe2022
- Armenia | TerGri1962
- Austria | Signor1869d
- Azerbaijan | Aligey2016
- Belgium | DanzigPe1998
- Bulgaria | KozarTzVi1979 Tschor1939
- Canada | MillerDa2005 Tao1999
- British Columbia | Venabl1939
- Ontario | Cooley1899
- China | MillerDa2005
- Aomen (=Macau) | Atanas1959
- Gansu (=Kansu) | Hua2000
- Gansu (=Kansu) | Watson2002a
- Jilin (=Kirin) | Tang1986
- Liaoning | Tao1999
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Watson2002a
- Ningxia (=Ningsia) | Tang1984b
- Qinghai (=Chinghai) | Hua2000
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Marlat1908c
- Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | Tang1986
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Hua2000
- Corsica | KosztaKo1988F
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cyprus | DanzigPe1998
- Czechoslovakia | KosztaKo1988F
- Denmark | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986
- Estonia | Stalaz2021
- Finland | Dougla1893a
- France | FoldiGe2018 KosztaKo1988F
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | Baeren1849 SchmutHo2016
- Greece | Korone1934
- Hungary | Erdos1957 KozarKoFe2013
- India
- Bihar | Watson2002a
- Jammu & Kashmir | Watson2002a
- Iran | Bodenh1944b KozarFoZa1996
- Ireland | Green1934d OConnoGeMa2013
- Italy | Leonar1901a LongoMaPe1995 MatilePe2002
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Japan | Tao1999
- Honshu | Muraka1970
- Kazakhstan | Danzig1986a
- Latvia | Stalaz2014 Stalaz2021
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009
- Luxembourg | DanzigPe1998 GertssSc2020
- Malta | Borg1932
- Mexico | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Mongolia | Danzig1972b
- Morocco | DanzigPe1998
- Netherlands | KosztaKo1988F
- Norway | Gertss2001
- Pakistan | AhmadGh1972
- Poland | KosztaKo1988F SimonKa2011
- Portugal | KosztaKo1988F
- Romania | KosztaKo1988F Teodor2018
- Russia | Borchs1938
- Caucasus | Danzig1986a
- Primor'ye Kray | Danzig1986a
- Sakhalin Oblast | Danzig1986a
- South Korea | Danzig1986a MillerDa2005
- Spain | GomezM1937
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Tragar1939
- Switzerland | Dalman1826
- Turkey | KosztaKo1988F Yasar2020
- USSR | MillerDa2005
- United Kingdom
- Channel Islands | Watson2002a
- England | KosztaKo1988F Newste1907a
- Northern Ireland | Watson2002a
- Scilly Isles | Willia1985c
- Scotland | Watson2002a
- United States
- Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Arizona | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Arkansas | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- California | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Colorado | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Florida | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Idaho | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Illinois | McDani1971 MillerDa2005
- Indiana | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Iowa | MillerDa2005 Osborn1898
- Kansas | Dean1909 MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Maine | Cooley1899
- Maryland | MillerDa2005
- Massachusetts | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Michigan | MillerDa2005
- Minnesota | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Missouri | Hollin1923 MillerDa2005
- Montana | MillerDa2005
- Nebraska | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005
- New Mexico | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- New York | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- North Carolina | Merril1953 MillerDa2005
- North Dakota | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Ohio | Hartma1916 MillerDa2005
- Oklahoma | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Trimbl1928
- South Dakota | MillerDa2005 Severi1920
- Tennessee | LambdiWa1980 MillerDa2005
- Texas | McDani1971 MillerDa2005
- Virginia | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Washington | Cooley1899
- Wisconsin | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Wyoming | LiuKoRh1989 MillerDa2005
- Uzbekistan
- Andizhan Oblast | XafizdSaSo2024
- Yugoslavia | KosztaKo1988F
Keys
- MoghadWa2021: pp.56 ( Adult (F) ) [Chionaspis in Iran]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-36 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult females and field key.]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-21 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.76 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Chionaspis]
- Koszta1996: pp.440 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Danzig1993: pp.319 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionapis]
- LiuKoRh1989: pp.16 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Chionaspis in North America] Key as: Chionaspis salicisnigrae
- Danzig1988: pp.723 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of the Far East USSR]
- KosztaKo1988F: pp.333 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- KosztaKo1988F: pp.333 ( ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- KosztaKo1988F: pp.333 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Danzig1986a: pp.367 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Chen1983: pp.7 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis salicis-niger, C. micropori
- Danzig1980b: pp.310 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- BazaroSh1971: pp.117 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of central Asia] Key as: C. polypora, C. montana, C. singularis and C. variabilis
- Danzig1971d: pp.843 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- McDani1971: pp.282 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Chionaspis Signoret]
- Koszta1963: pp.62 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Schmut1959: pp.229 ( Adult (F) ) [Bestimmungstabelle der mitteleuropäischen Chionaspis-Arten]
- McKenz1956: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Balach1954e: pp.320 ( Adult (F) ) [Clef d'identification du g. Chionaspis Sign. de la région paléarctique]
- Balach1954e: pp.321 ( Adult (F) ) [Clef d'identification du g. Chionaspis Sign. de la région paléarctique]
- Borchs1950b: pp.192 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Ferris1942: pp.50 ( ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Archan1937: pp.88 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Britto1923: pp.362 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Hollin1923: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Chionaspis known to occur in Missouri]
- MacGil1921: pp.325 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- MacGil1921: pp.330 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis salicis-nigrae
- Leonar1920: pp.226 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Italian species of Chionaspis]
- Lawson1917: pp.260 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis in Kansas]
- Comsto1916: pp.559 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.264 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of Indiana]
- Sander1904a: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of Ohio]
- Cooley1899: pp.10 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Comsto1881a: pp.98 ( ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
Remarks
- Systematics: GenBank accession numbers GQ424972, DQ145307 and DQ145419 were previously determined to be Chionaspis salicis, but Normark, et al., 2019, referred these numbers to Quernaspis lepineyi.. Because of the polyphagous nature and distinctly manifest sexual dimorphism of salicis, it has been repeatedly described under different names (Danzig, 1986a). Borchsenius (1966) lists this species as incertae sedis.
- Structure: Test of female broad oystershell-shaped, convex, white, about 2-3mm long, with yellow exuviae. Adult female spindle-shaped, 1.3-1.7mm long, widest at 1st or 2nd abdominal segment, red (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Female scale 2.5 mm long, expanding posteriorly, usually more or less curved, secretion white, smooth and dense, distinct ventral scale. Male scale about 1 mm, with distinct median carina. Adult female dark purple, with eggs or young also dark purple (Marlatt, 1908c). Adult female elongated, pygidium broadly rounded (Borchsenius, 1949b).Female scale is oystershell-shaped, broad, convex, white, 2.5-3.5 mm long, exuviae yellowish. Male scale elongate oval, slightly tricarinated, white, 0.8-1.0 mm long, exuviae brownish to almost colorless (Kosztarab, 1963).
- Biology: Chionaspis salicis has 1 generation per year and has males or reproduces parthenogenetically. Red eggs overwinter and hatch in Germany at the end of April. Some nymphs settle under tests of females, a few on leaves, first molt at end of May. Winged or wingless males are active from mid-June through mid-July. Eggs are laid at the end of August (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). In Missouri, United States, Chionaspis salicis overwinters as an egg. Eggs are laid in the middle of September and young emerge about the middle of June. Adult males are recorded by July first. There are at least two generations a year (Hollinger, 1923). According to Langford (1926) this species has 2 generations each year in Colorado and overwinters in the egg stage. First generation crawlers appear in late April and molt in mid May. Adults are present from early to mid June and eggs begin to appear in late June. Crawlers of the second generation are present in July and adults appear in late August. Overwintering eggs are laid in September. Crawlers have been reported in Missouri in mid June (Hollinger 1923) and in Ohio in late May early June (Kosztarab 1963). In Tennessee this species has 3 generations each year and overwinters as eggs. Crawlers of each generation begin emerging during the third week of April, the second week of June, and the fourth week of August; second instars appear the first week of May, second week of July, and first week of September. Adult males begin emerging the fourth week of May, first week of August, and the second week of September; adult females are present the third week of May, fourth week in July, and third week of September. Adult females laid from 18-265 eggs with an average of 152; this is very different from that found in Colorado where 11 to 54 eggs were laid, with an average of 33 (Lambdin 1990). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. The willow scale can build to large populations which completely cover twigs and branches. It has been reported to kill branches, and Langford (1925) states it may "become so severe as to cause the dying of branches, and in some cases the entire tree." Young trees are reported to be most affected. According to Danzig (1980) the willow scale is a pest of currants, aspen, and willow. This species was apparently a more serious pest in the early part of the last century, but Lambdin (1990) reported that it can be a pest on ornamental willows in Tennessee where it causes loss of plant vigor, die back, stunting, and eventual death of the affected plant. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be an occasional pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Early descriptions and illustrations by Cooley (1899), Marlatt (1908c) and Borchsenius (1949b). Later detailed descriptions and illustrations by Danzig (1986a) and Liu et al. (1989).
Illustrations
Citations
- AhmadGh1972: distribution, 84
- Amos1933: distribution, host, 207
- AnneckPr1974: biological control, distribution, 38
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 88, 92-93
- Ashmea1900: biological control, taxonomy, 409
- Atanas1959: distribution, host, 431
- Aurivi1888: biological control, taxonomy, 144
- Bachma1953: distribution, taxonomy, 176
- Baeren1849: distribution, host, taxonomy, 167
- Baker1972: distribution, host, 109
- Balach1927: distribution, taxonomy, 181
- Balach1954e: distribution, taxonomy, 320, 321, 341, 344,
- Barnes1930: biological control, taxonomy, 321, 328
- Bazaro1963a: distribution, taxonomy, 71
- Bazaro1968a: distribution, taxonomy, 92
- Bazaro1971c: distribution, taxonomy, 87
- BazaroSh1971: distribution, taxonomy, 117, 122
- BeardsGo1975: taxonomy, 54
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 10
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 504
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 86, 97, 98
- Bodenh1949: distribution, taxonomy, 109, 113
- Bodenh1953: distribution, taxonomy, 13
- Bodenh1953a: distribution, taxonomy, 159
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 18
- Boraty1953: structure, taxonomy, 457, 469
- Boraty1955: distribution, taxonomy, 67
- BoratyDa1971: taxonomy, 64
- Borchs1937: distribution, taxonomy, 113
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 110, 111, 186
- Borchs1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 140
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 213, 215
- Borchs1949b: taxonomy, 347
- Borchs1950b: taxonomy, 192
- Borchs1963a: distribution, taxonomy, 146, 226, 227, 228
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 98, 369, 372
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 226
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 13-14
- Bouche1844: taxonomy, 294
- Bouche1851: description, distribution, taxonomy, 111
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 2
- Branig1914: taxonomy, 296
- Bremi1849: taxonomy, 327
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 362, 365
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 198
- BurgesGa1982: distribution, host, 108
- Chen1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9-10, 12-14, 90
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 96
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 82-86
- Chou1986: illustration, 478
- Chou1986: illustration, 479
- Cocker1894: taxonomy, 33
- Cocker1895e: taxonomy, 33
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 336
- Cocker1896i: taxonomy, 55
- Cocker1898f: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
- Cocker1905b: distribution, taxonomy, 203
- Cocker1910b: distribution, 427
- CockerRo1909aWW: taxonomy, 107
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 320
- Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 98, 107-108, 110
- Comsto1916: distribution, host, taxonomy, 568, 569, 571
- Comsto1916a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 571
- Cooley1899: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 10, 11-15, 19-22
- Dalman1826: distribution, taxonomy, 357
- Danzig1959: biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 450
- Danzig1964: distribution, taxonomy, 649
- Danzig1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 1018-1020
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 843
- Danzig1972b: distribution, host, 346
- Danzig1977b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39, 48, 53, 55
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 310, 311, 313
- Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 367, 368-369
- Danzig1988: distribution, taxonomy, 723
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 210-211
- DeBachRo1976: taxonomy, 176
- Dean1909: distribution, host, 270
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10, 38
- DeveliMuKa2018: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 264, 272-273
- Dingle1924: taxonomy, 369
- Dinthe1950: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 173, 199-252
- DoaneVaCh1936: distribution, 377
- Dougla1885a: distribution, taxonomy, 159
- Dougla1891a: taxonomy, 97
- Dougla1893a: description, host, illustration, taxonomy, 130
- Dougla1912: distribution, 193
- Erdos1957: biological control, distribution, 368
- Essig1915a: distribution, economic importance, 163
- Essig1926: distribution, host, 310
- FainRi1998: biological control, distribution, 33-39
- FallahJa2017: natural enemies, 3, 34
- Felt1901: distribution, 360
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 198
- FeltRa1932: distribution, host, 461
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 223-225
- Ferris1936a: taxonomy, 21, 42
- Ferris1937: taxonomy, SI-24
- Ferris1941e: distribution, taxonomy, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48,
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:50
- Ferris1955d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43-44
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 17, 49
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 307
- Foldi2003: distribution, 151
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 9,23
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 10, 15, 24, 55
- Garcia1921: biological control, distribution, 54
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 54
- Gavalo1927: distribution, host, 211
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, irradiation, 152
- Gertss2000: distribution, host, 152
- Gertss2001: distribution, 127
- Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 56
- Ghauri1962: distribution, physiology, taxonomy, 9, 13, 19, 23, 147,
- Giraul1909: life history, 356
- Glaser1867: diagnosis, 163
- Glaser1877: description, distribution, 49
- Goethe1884: distribution, taxonomy, 116
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214, 219
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 83
- Green1927a: distribution, host, 59
- Green1934d: distribution, 114
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 38, 181, 182, 275
- HadzibGe1983: host, taxonomy, 181, 275
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, 508
- Harris1944: distribution, host, 110
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 102
- Hellen1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 121
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 87
- Henrik1921: distribution, taxonomy, 306
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 28-29
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 178-179
- HodekHo2009: biological control, 295
- Hodgso2020: key, 146
- Hofer1903: taxonomy, 480
- Hoffma1927: distribution, host, 76
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20, 27-28, 69
- Houser1918a: distribution, host, 289-290
- HowellTi1977: description, taxonomy, 125
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 149
- Hunter1900: distribution, host, 101
- Ibraim1961: distribution, host, 209
- Ibraim1962: distribution, host, 8
- Jancke1955: taxonomy, 297
- Jansen2001: distribution, 201
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 64
- Kalten1874: description, distribution, taxonomy, 420, 587
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, 38
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, 290-291
- Kaweck1936a: taxonomy, 321
- KaydanJa2010: host, natural enemies, 468
- Killin1936: distribution, 156
- King1902b: distribution, host, 61
- Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 116
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
- KonstaKo1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-108
- Korone1934: description, distribution, 55, 57
- Koszta1963: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75-77
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 469-472
- KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, taxonomy, 150, 153
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 335-336
- Koteja1974b: physiology, taxonomy, 84
- Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
- Koteja2000d: distribution, 243
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 66
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 99, 116, 135, 152, 172
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 82
- Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 308
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 31
- Kuwana1927: distribution, 72
- Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 32
- Lambdi1995: biological control, distribution, 327-330
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- Langfo1926: distribution, host, life history, 50-57
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 260, 269-270
- LeBaro1872: 140
- Lellak1966: taxonomy, 301
- Leonar1901a: taxonomy, 562
- Leonar1918: distribution, taxonomy, 212
- Leonar1920: distribution, taxonomy, 226, 230
- Lindin1907: taxonomy, 6
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 151
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 88
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 301
- Lindin1923: taxonomy, 147, 152
- Lindin1928: taxonomy, 106
- Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 90-91
- Lindin1932: taxonomy, 27
- Lindin1932f: distribution, host, taxonomy, 179
- Lindin1934e: taxonomy, 160
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 132
- Lindin1936: distribution, host, taxonomy, 167
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 181
- Lindin1949: taxonomy, 211
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 551
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 366
- Linnae1758: host, 456
- LiuKoRh1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 91-98
- Lomaki1967: distribution, host, 37
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 144
- Low1883: taxonomy, 6
- Luff1904: distribution, taxonomy, 276
- Lupo1938a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 271, 277
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 325
- Macqua1847: description, distribution, taxonomy, LXXV
- Macqua1849: distribution, taxonomy, 47
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, 28
- MalumpOsPy2009: description, distribution, host, 120-127
- MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, 253
- MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 259
- Mani1976: biological control, distribution, 63
- Marlat1908c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 25-26
- Masi1931: biological control, 423
- Maskel1891: taxonomy, 9
- MastenSeSi2016: distribution, host, 231-235
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-118
- Mateso1955: distribution, host, 200
- Mateso1958: distribution, host, 130-131
- Mateso1971: distribution, host, 25
- MatesoMiIu1962a: taxonomy, 121
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 356
- MawFoHa2000: distribution, taxonomy, 44
- McCabeJo1980: taxonomy, 8
- McDani1971: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 291-292
- McKenz1956: distribution, taxonomy, 31, 101
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 217
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 508
- Miller2005: distribution, 485
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 301
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 118
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Misra1924CS: distribution, 350
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 30
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 19
- MoghadTa2010: distribution, 33
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 8, 58-59, 241
- Morgan1892: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16
- Morley1909: biological control, 257
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 88
- Myers1927LE: taxonomy, 342
- Nakaha1975: taxonomy, 202
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 20
- Newell1899a: distribution, economic importance, 155-156
- Newste1889: description, distribution, taxonomy, 436
- Newste1900a: distribution, taxonomy, 234
- Newste1901b: distribution, taxonomy, 180
- Newste1907a: chemical control, description, distribution, host, 9
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, genebank, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 16, 40, 74
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 38
- Osborn1898: distribution, taxonomy, 227
- Panis1981: distribution, host, 7
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 68
- Pierce1917: distribution, economic importance, 11, 26. 45, 48, 141,
- Podsia1987: taxonomy, 290
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 347
- Rasina1959: distribution, host, taxonomy, 112
- Rasina1960: distribution, host, 14
- Ratzeb1844: description, taxonomy, 195
- Reh1904: taxonomy, 24-27
- Reyne1957: taxonomy, 27, 33
- Riley1894: taxonomy, 69
- RosenDe1979: biological control, 756
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RossemBuBu1965: taxonomy, ???
- Rubtso1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 179-182
- Ruhl1913c: taxonomy, 80
- Ruhl1919: taxonomy, 40
- Sachtl1944: taxonomy, 74
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43, 49-50
- Sander1906: catalog, taxonomy, 11
- Savesc1961: distribution, taxonomy, 32
- SchildSc1928: biological control, 267
- Schmid1939: taxonomy, 136
- Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 578-579
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229, 230
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 57, 92
- Severi1920: distribution, 10
- ShiLi1991: host, 164
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 871, 874
- Signor1869d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 443, 445, 447, 448
- Signor1877: catalog, host, taxonomy, 620
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
- Siraiw1939: distribution, 75
- Sleesm1945: distribution, host, 44
- SmirnoWi1933: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 415-424
- Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
- Stalaz2021: distribution, 453, 461-463
- Sugony1958: biological control, distribution, taxonomy, 311
- Sugony1962: biological control, distribution, 178
- Sugony1962a: biological control, distribution, 755-756
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 20
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137, 139
- Takagi1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 3, 8, 41-42
- TakagiKa1967: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30, 38
- Tang1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 160
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 129
- Tang1986: distribution, host, 299
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 78-79
- Targio1868: taxonomy, 737, 738
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 41
- TerGri1954: distribution, host, 66
- TerGri1954: distribution, host, 66
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 145
- TerGri1969a: distribution, host, 73
- Terezn1959c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 795, 796, 797
- Terezn1963c: distribution, host, 1528
- Terezn1967b: distribution, host, 562
- Terezn1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 60
- Tomlin1892: description, distribution, host, 289
- Tozlu2001: host, 133
- Tragar1939: distribution, host, 399-400
- Treher1916: distribution, 181
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 45
- Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, taxonomy, 86
- Tschor1939: distribution, 90
- Tudor1982: biological control, 88, 89
- Tullgr1906: taxonomy, 85
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErKa2008: biological control, host, 253-264
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 60
- VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- Venabl1939: distribution, host, 24
- Walsh1868: host, 40
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 113
- Westco1973: distribution, host, 426
- Willia1985c: distribution, host, 137
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 582
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 227, 231
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 18,26,33,42
- Wolff1911: taxonomy, 66
- Wu1935: taxonomy, 201
- Wunn1925: taxonomy, 119
- XafizdSaSo2024: distribution, host, 39
- Xie1998: description, distribution, taxonomy, 133
- Yang1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 237, 238
- Yasar2020: distribution,
- Yasnos1978: distribution, taxonomy, 486, 494, 501
- Yasnos1979: biological control, distribution, 211
- Zahrad1952: taxonomy, 184
- Zahrad1972: taxonomy, 430-432
- ZakOga1958: biological control, distribution, 142
- ZakOga1961: distribution, taxonomy, 368, 397, 398
