Valid Names Results

Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diaspididae: Chionaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Common Names

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 27 | Genera: 52

Foes:

Families: 13 | Genera: 26

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 50

Keys

  • MoghadWa2021: pp.56 ( Adult (F) ) [Chionaspis in Iran]
  • Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
  • MillerDa2005: pp.20-36 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult females and field key.]
  • MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
  • MillerDa2005: pp.20-21 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
  • Gill1997: pp.76 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Chionaspis]
  • Koszta1996: pp.440 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Danzig1993: pp.319 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionapis]
  • LiuKoRh1989: pp.16 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Chionaspis in North America] Key as: Chionaspis salicisnigrae
  • Danzig1988: pp.723 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of the Far East USSR]
  • KosztaKo1988F: pp.333 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • KosztaKo1988F: pp.333 ( ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • KosztaKo1988F: pp.333 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Danzig1986a: pp.367 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Chen1983: pp.7 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Chou1982: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis salicis-niger, C. micropori
  • Danzig1980b: pp.310 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • BazaroSh1971: pp.117 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of central Asia] Key as: C. polypora, C. montana, C. singularis and C. variabilis
  • Danzig1971d: pp.843 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
  • McDani1971: pp.282 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Chionaspis Signoret]
  • Koszta1963: pp.62 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Schmut1959: pp.229 ( Adult (F) ) [Bestimmungstabelle der mitteleuropäischen Chionaspis-Arten]
  • McKenz1956: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Balach1954e: pp.320 ( Adult (F) ) [Clef d'identification du g. Chionaspis Sign. de la région paléarctique]
  • Balach1954e: pp.321 ( Adult (F) ) [Clef d'identification du g. Chionaspis Sign. de la région paléarctique]
  • Borchs1950b: pp.192 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Ferris1942: pp.50 ( ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Archan1937: pp.88 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Britto1923: pp.362 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Hollin1923: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Chionaspis known to occur in Missouri]
  • MacGil1921: pp.325 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • MacGil1921: pp.330 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis salicis-nigrae
  • Leonar1920: pp.226 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Italian species of Chionaspis]
  • Lawson1917: pp.260 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis in Kansas]
  • Comsto1916: pp.559 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • DietzMo1916a: pp.264 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of Indiana]
  • Sander1904a: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of Ohio]
  • Cooley1899: pp.10 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
  • Comsto1881a: pp.98 ( ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]

Remarks

  • Systematics: GenBank accession numbers GQ424972, DQ145307 and DQ145419 were previously determined to be Chionaspis salicis, but Normark, et al., 2019, referred these numbers to Quernaspis lepineyi.. Because of the polyphagous nature and distinctly manifest sexual dimorphism of salicis, it has been repeatedly described under different names (Danzig, 1986a). Borchsenius (1966) lists this species as incertae sedis.
  • Structure: Test of female broad oystershell-shaped, convex, white, about 2-3mm long, with yellow exuviae. Adult female spindle-shaped, 1.3-1.7mm long, widest at 1st or 2nd abdominal segment, red (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Female scale 2.5 mm long, expanding posteriorly, usually more or less curved, secretion white, smooth and dense, distinct ventral scale. Male scale about 1 mm, with distinct median carina. Adult female dark purple, with eggs or young also dark purple (Marlatt, 1908c). Adult female elongated, pygidium broadly rounded (Borchsenius, 1949b).Female scale is oystershell-shaped, broad, convex, white, 2.5-3.5 mm long, exuviae yellowish. Male scale elongate oval, slightly tricarinated, white, 0.8-1.0 mm long, exuviae brownish to almost colorless (Kosztarab, 1963).
  • Biology: Chionaspis salicis has 1 generation per year and has males or reproduces parthenogenetically. Red eggs overwinter and hatch in Germany at the end of April. Some nymphs settle under tests of females, a few on leaves, first molt at end of May. Winged or wingless males are active from mid-June through mid-July. Eggs are laid at the end of August (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). In Missouri, United States, Chionaspis salicis overwinters as an egg. Eggs are laid in the middle of September and young emerge about the middle of June. Adult males are recorded by July first. There are at least two generations a year (Hollinger, 1923). According to Langford (1926) this species has 2 generations each year in Colorado and overwinters in the egg stage. First generation crawlers appear in late April and molt in mid May. Adults are present from early to mid June and eggs begin to appear in late June. Crawlers of the second generation are present in July and adults appear in late August. Overwintering eggs are laid in September. Crawlers have been reported in Missouri in mid June (Hollinger 1923) and in Ohio in late May early June (Kosztarab 1963). In Tennessee this species has 3 generations each year and overwinters as eggs. Crawlers of each generation begin emerging during the third week of April, the second week of June, and the fourth week of August; second instars appear the first week of May, second week of July, and first week of September. Adult males begin emerging the fourth week of May, first week of August, and the second week of September; adult females are present the third week of May, fourth week in July, and third week of September. Adult females laid from 18-265 eggs with an average of 152; this is very different from that found in Colorado where 11 to 54 eggs were laid, with an average of 33 (Lambdin 1990). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
  • Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. The willow scale can build to large populations which completely cover twigs and branches. It has been reported to kill branches, and Langford (1925) states it may "become so severe as to cause the dying of branches, and in some cases the entire tree." Young trees are reported to be most affected. According to Danzig (1980) the willow scale is a pest of currants, aspen, and willow. This species was apparently a more serious pest in the early part of the last century, but Lambdin (1990) reported that it can be a pest on ornamental willows in Tennessee where it causes loss of plant vigor, die back, stunting, and eventual death of the affected plant. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be an occasional pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
  • General Remarks: Early descriptions and illustrations by Cooley (1899), Marlatt (1908c) and Borchsenius (1949b). Later detailed descriptions and illustrations by Danzig (1986a) and Liu et al. (1989).

Illustrations

Citations