Valid Names Results
Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coccidae: Ceroplastes)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus rusci Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: ITALY: Apulia, on Myrtus and Ruscus.. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material probably lost; D.J. Williams, 1990, Personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Neotype designated by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: labelled Ceroplastes rusci (L.), Italy, Legnaro, on Ficus carica, 6/29/2007, G. Pellizzari (BMNH): 1/4 (good; neotype specimen labelled and arrowed,left-hand specimen closest to collection-data label (left); remaining specimens good).
- Coccus artemisiae Rossi 1794: 56. Type data: ITALY: on twigs of Artemisia sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1872a, 37). Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
- Coccus caricae Fabricius 1794: 225. Type data: GALLIA [=FRANCE]: on Ficus carica.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Boyerd1834, 205). Notes: Type material lost (Zimsen, 1964).
- Calypticus radiatus Costa 1829: 12. Type data: ITALY: Livedia, near Capo di Bova, on oleander.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1869, 871). Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).
- Calypticus testudineus Costa 1829: 12. Type data: ITALY: on seven host plants, including myrtle, oleander and fig.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1869a, 870). Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).
- Coccus hydatis Costa 1829: 14. Type data: ITALY: on oleander.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1869, 871). Notes: Type material probably lost: G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
- Coccus mirti Costa 1829: 7. nomen nudum (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 32).
- Lecanium radiatum (Costa, 1829); Walker 1852: 1078. change of combination
- Lecanium rusci (Linnaeus, 1758); Walker 1852: 1072. change of combination
- Lecanium testudineum (Costa, 1829); Walker 1852: 1078. change of combination
- Columnea testudiniformis Targioni Tozzetti 1866: 142. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by BenDov1993, 52).
- Chermes caricae (Fabricius, 1794); Boisduval 1867: 320. change of combination Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
- Columnea caricae (Fabricius, 1794); Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 12. change of combination
- Columnea testudinata Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 35. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by BenDov1993, 52).
- Calypticus hydatis (Costa, 1829); Signoret 1869: 871. change of combination
- Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758); Signoret 1872a: 35. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; change of combination
- Lecanium artemisiae (Rossi, 1794); Signoret 1872a: 37. change of combination
- Ceroplastes denudatus Cockerell 1893f: 82. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Annona muricata.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Nakaha1978, 657).
- Ceroplastes nerii Newstead 1897: 101. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, on Nerium oleander.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1957, 455).
- Coccus caricae; Fernald 1903b: 156. subsequent use Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
- Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758); Borg 1919: 37. emendation that is unjustified Notes: As Lecanium oleae Bernard.
- Ceroplastes cirripediformis; Borg 1919: 40. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; misidentification
- Ceroplastes quadrilineatus simplex Brain 1920a: 33. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Victoria West, on Rhus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; homonym through subsequent combination Notes: and junior synonym.
- Ceroplastes simplex De Lotto 1965a: 187. junior homonym Notes: homonym of Ceroplastes simplex Hempel, 1900
- Ceroplastes fumidus De Lotto 1978: 138. replacement name that is a synonym (discovered by HodgsoPe2012, 135-142). Replacement name for Ceroplastes simplex De Lotto, 1965a
- Ceroplastes reusci (Linnaeus, 1758); Bahder, Poojari, Alabi, Naidu & Walsh 2013: 1293. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- donagit hateena BenDov1993
- fig wax scale BenDov1993
- kermes du figuier BenDov1993
- qenimat shaava shel hateena BenDov1993
- Cappareta de la higuera PerontKo2022
- ceroplaste del fico PerontKo2022
- cochenille du figuier PerontKo2022
- Feigenschildlaus PerontKo2022
- lapa-da-figuiera PerontKo2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 53 | Genera: 95
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | CarnerPe1986 MarinLCi1995
- Pistacia lentiscus | BenDov1970 Bodenh1928 GomezM1954 GomezM1958b
- Pistacia terebinthus | BenDov2012 GomezM1954 GomezM1958b Marott1987 | (= Pistacia palaestina
- Pistacia vera | UlgentDo2019
- Rhus | Brain1920a
- Rhus coriaria | Marott1987
- Schinus | EzzatHu1969 Hall1922
- Schinus molle | Bodenh1928 CarnerPe1986 GomezM1958b
- Schinus terebinthifolia | BenDov1970 Bodenh1924 | (= Schinus terebinthifolius)
- Searsia gerrardii | Brain1920a | (= Rhus viminalis)
- Spondias purpurea | LincanHoCa2010
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Nakaha1983
- Annona cherimola | Borg1932 CarnerPe1986 GomezM1948 GomezM1958b MarinLCi1995
- Annona muricata | MarinLCi1995 Nakaha1983
- Annona reticulata | KumarPa2022
- Annona squamosa | Nakaha1983
- Apiaceae
- Bupleurum | GomezM1946 GomezM1958b
- Apocynaceae
- Alstonia scholaris | WuWa2019
- Cascabela thevetia | BenDov1970 | (= Thevetia peruviana)
- Nerium oleander | Aziz1977 Balach1927 Bodenh1924 KozarPaPa1991 Marott1987 Melis1930 UygunSeEr1998
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium | Marott1987
- Araliaceae
- Hedera helix | BenDov1970 Bodenh1924 UygunSeEr1998
- Arecaceae
- Brahea armata | KumarPa2022
- Chamaerops humilis | Marott1987
- Cocos | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
- Cocos nucifera | KumarPa2022
- Dictyosperma album | KumarPa2022
- Dypsis lutescens | WuWa2019 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Phoenix | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
- Phoenix canariensis | KumarPa2022
- Phoenix roebelenii | KumarPa2022
- Trachycarpus fortunei | WuWa2019
- Asparagaceae
- Ruscus aculeatus | Marott1987
- Asteraceae
- Argyranthemum frutescens | CarnerPe1986 Lindin1911a
- Artemisia | CarnerPe1986
- Artemisia monosperma | BenDov2012
- Chrysanthemum | KumarPa2022
- Balsaminaceae
- Impatiens walleriana | CarnerPe1986 | (= Impatiens sultani)
- Boraginaceae
- Cordia lutea | LincanHoCa2010
- Cordia myxa | BenDov1970
- Buxaceae
- Buxus balearica | Balach1939
- Cannaceae
- Canna | BenDov2012
- Convolvulaceae
- Convolvulus | Marott1987
- Ipomoea | Borg1932
- Ipomoea batatas | Nakaha1983
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus | Hall1922
- Cyperus alternifolius | BenDov1970 | (= Cyperus flabelliformis)
- Cyperus commixtus | CarnerPe1986 | (= Cyperus communis)
- Cyperus diffusus | KumarPa2022
- Cyperus involucratus | KumarPa2022
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros glabra | KumarPa2022
- Diospyros kaki | JansenAl2023
- Diospyros pubescens | KumarPa2022 | (= Diospyros austroafricana)
- Euclea | DeLott1978
- Euclea racemosa | Hodgso1969 | (= Euclea schimperi)
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus unedo | Balach1931a
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum variegatum | Hodgso1994a | (= Codiaeum elegans)
- Fabaceae
- Albizia | KozarPaPa1991
- Cochliasanthus caracalla | Borg1932 | (= Phaseolus caracalla)
- Dalbergia sissoo | Kumar2013
- Tamarindus | GomezM1958b
- Vigna caracalla | KumarPa2022
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | KumarPa2022
- Hypericaceae
- Psorospermum | Hodgso1994a
- Psorospermum febrifugum | Hall1931 Hodgso1969
- Juncaceae
- Juncus acutus | CarnerPe1986
- Lamiaceae
- Ocimum gratissimum | KumarPa2022
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | UygunSeEr1998
- Persea americana | BenDov1970
- Loranthaceae
- Plicosepalus acaciae | BenDov2012 | (= Loranthus acaciae)
- Lythraceae
- Lawsonia inermis | Hall1923
- Punica granatum | Bodenh1926 MacharKiHe2021
- Malvaceae
- Gossypium | CarnerPe1986
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | LincanHoCa2010
- Melolonthidae
- Mascarena | KumarPa2022
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | MacharKiHe2021
- Ficus | Aziz1977 Danzig1972b Granar1999 Green1917a Hall1924a Hall1931 Hodgso1994a KozarPaPa1991 Matile1988 Nakaha1983
- Ficus amplissima | Marott1987 | (= Ficus indica)
- Ficus benghalensis | BenDov1970 Hall1922
- Ficus benjamina | Balach1927 EzzatHu1969 GomezM1958b Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 Marott1987 | (= Ficus nitida)
- Ficus carica | Argyri1983 Balach1927 Balach1939 BenDov1970 BenDov1993 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1926 Bodenh1935 Bodenh1944a Borg1932 DervisStGr2021 GomezM1958b Granar1999 Green1923b Hall1922 Hodgso1969 Inserr1971 KfirRo1980 KhasawTa1964 Lindin1911a
- Ficus concinna | WuWa2019
- Ficus elastica | Marott1987
- Ficus lacor | Bodenh1924 Hall1922 | (= Ficus infectoria)
- Ficus macrophylla | Balach1927
- Ficus microcarpa | WuWa2019
- Ficus natalensis | KumarPa2022
- Ficus obliqua | BenDov1970
- Ficus pseudosycomorus | Hall1922
- Ficus religiosa | Kumar2013
- Ficus retusa | BenDov1970
- Ficus rubiginosa | BenDov1970
- Ficus rubra | WilliaMa2009b | (= Ficus avi-avi)
- Ficus sycomorus | BenDov1970 Bodenh1924 Hall1923 Hall1927b
- Ficus thonningii | Hodgso1994a KumarPa2022 | (= Ficus dekdekena) (= Ficus acrocarpa)
- Ficus virens | AbdRabEv2021
- Morus alba | BenDov1970
- Morus nigra | Marott1987
- Musaceae
- Musa | Hall1924a
- Musa acuminata | Marott1987 | (= Musa cavendishi)
- Musa paradisiaca | Hall1922 | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtus | Bodenh1928
- Myrtus communis | Aziz1977 Balach1930 Balach1931a Balach1933e BenDov1970 Marott1987 UygunSeEr1998
- Psidium | Kumar2013
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1970 EzzatHu1969 Hall1922 Hall1924a
- Syzygium | Kumar2013
- Syzygium cumini | KumarPa2022
- Ochnaceae
- Ochna ciliata | WilliaMa2009b
- Oleaceae
- Olea europaea | UlgentDo2019
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Suh2023
- Phyllanthaceae
- Bischofia javanica | WuWa2019
- Pinaceae
- Cedrus deodara | MazzeoLoRu1994
- Piperaceae
- Piper | Hall1924a
- Piper nigrum | GomezM1958b
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | Balach1927 KozarPaPa1991
- Pittosporum tobira | Marott1987
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | BenDov1970 GomezM1946 GomezM1948 GomezM1958b
- Proteaceae
- Grevillea robusta | BenDov1970
- Ranunculaceae
- Clematis cirrhosa | BenDov2012
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus mauritiana | Kumara2003
- Rosaceae
- Crataegus | Hall1922 Newste1911
- Crataegus azarolus | BenDov1970
- Crataegus monogyna | KumarPa2022 | (= Mespilus monogyna)
- Cydonia | DeLott1978
- Cydonia oblonga | BenDov1970 Brain1920a CarnerPe1986 | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Mespilus germanica | Marott1987
- Prunus amygdalus | PerezGCa1987 | (= Amygdalus communis)
- Prunus domestica | KumarPa2022
- Prunus dulcis | CarnerPe1986
- Prunus laurocerasus | JaposhBaKi2020
- Pyrus communis | BenDov1970 Borg1932
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea arabica | MacharKiHe2021
- Ixora | KumarPa2022
- Pavetta | DeLott1978
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Borg1932 Hall1922 Hall1924a Inserr1971 Melis1930
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1970 Bodenh1926 | (= Citrus paradisi)
- Citrus limon | Nakaha1983
- Citrus maxima | BenDov2012 | (= Citrus grandis)
- Citrus reticulata | BenDov2012
- Citrus sinensis | MifsudMaRu2014
- Geijera parviflora | KumarPa2022
- Salicaceae
- Flacourtia ramontchi | WilliaMa2009b
- Populus alba | Marott1987
- Populus deltoides | BenDov1970
- Populus tremula | KumarPa2022
- Salix | BenDov2012
- Salix babylonica | Hall1923
- Santalaceae
- Osyris alba | KozarPaPa1991
- Sapindaceae
- Dimocarpus longan | CarnerPe1986 KumarPa2022 | (= Euphorbia longan),(= Dimocarpus longan)
- Dodonaea viscosa | Hodgso1994a
- Litchi chinensis | CarnerPe1986
- Nephelium lappaceum | BenDov1970
- Sapindus saponaria | Marott1987
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara roxburghiana | KumarPa2022 | (= Mimusops roxburghiana)
- Sideroxylon oxyacanthum | Hodgso1994a | (= Sideroxylon oxyacantha)
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax aspera | KozarFr1995
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
- Strelitzia nicolai | KumarPa2022
- Strelitzia reginae | CarnerPe1986
- Thymelaeaceae
- Synaptolepis alternifolia | KumarPa2022
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | Balach1927 BenDov1970 Borg1932 GomezM1958b Hall1923
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 12
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus lycimnia | SengonUyKa1998
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | PerontKo2022
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | PerontKo2022
- Combretaceae
- Laguncularia racemosa | LincanHoCa2010 | (= Laguncularia racenosa)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | KirejtFa2008
- Encyrtidae
- Anicetus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Anicetus italicus | ArgyriStMo1976 | (= Paraceraptrocerus italicus)
- Encyrtus aurantii | MifsudFsMa2012
- Metaphycus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Metaphycus alienus | TavareSaDa2019
- Metaphycus dispar | TavareSaDa2019
- Metaphycus gerardi | TavareSaDa2019
- Eulophidae
- Aprostocetus toddaliae | FallahNaSh2006
- Noctuidae
- Eublemma scitula | GaikwaKeKa2022
- Oidium
- Oidium | Berles1905 | (= Oospora)
- Pteromalidae
- Scutellista caerulea | ArgyriStMo1976 BadaryAb2011 PriesnHo1940 | (= Scutellista cyanea),(= Scutellista cyanea)
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Closteroviridae
- GLRaV-3 | HerrbaAlPr2017
- GLRaV-4 | HerrbaAlPr2017
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 64
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996
- Albania | FetykoKo2012
- Algeria | Balach1927 FetykoKo2012
- Angola | Fernan1989
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | Cocker1893gg Granar1999 Mamet1943a
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | Granar1999
- Azores | Fernan1981 FrancoRuMa2011
- Brazil | CABI1977
- Canary Islands | BenDov2013 GomezM1967O Jansen1995 Lindin1911a LongoMaPe1995
- Cape Verde | Hodgso1994a VanHarCoWi1990
- China
- Corsica | Foldi2003
- Costa Rica | JansenAl2023
- Crete | Ayouta1940 PellizPoSe2011
- Croatia | Masten2007
- Cyprus | SismanUl2010
- Egypt | EzzatHu1969 Hall1922 Hall1923 Hall1924a Hall1927b Newste1911
- Eritrea | Hodgso1994a
- France | Balach1930 Balach1931a Balach1933e Balach1939 Hodgso1994a
- Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010
- Gibraltar | PerontKo2022
- Greece | Argyri1983 ArgyriSa1980 Bodenh1928 Kozar1985 KozarPaPa1991
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Mamet1943a Newste1917b
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hungary | FetykoKo2012
- India | Kumar2013
- Uttar Pradesh | Varshn1992
- Indonesia
- Irian Jaya | BenDov1993
- Iran | Kaussa1957 KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009 MoghadTa2010
- Iraq | Aziz1977 Bodenh1944a KirejtFa2008
- Israel | BenDov1970 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1935 Hodgso1994a KfirRo1980 Rosen1967
- Italy | Granar1999 Hodgso1969 Hodgso1994a LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | Inserr1971 Liotta1970
- Jordan | BenDov2006a
- Kenya | MacharKiHe2021
- Lebanon | Bodenh1926
- Libya | FetykoKo2012
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011 Green1923b
- Mali | MuniapWaVa2012
- Malta | Borg1932 MifsudMaRu2014
- Montenegro | PerontKo2022
- Morocco | Balach1927 Rungs1970 Vayssi1920
- Netherlands | Jansen1995
- Peru | MarinLCi1995
- Poland | LagowsGo2020
- Portugal | CarvalFrAg1996 Fernan1992 FrancoRuMa2011 KozarFr1995 Seabra1930
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Martor1976 NakahaMi1981
- Saint Croix | Beatty1944
- Sao Tome and Principe | Fernan1993
- Sardinia | Melis1930 Pelliz2011
- Saudi Arabia | BenDov1993
- Serbia | DervisStGr2021
- South Africa | Brain1920a DeLott1978
- Spain | Balach1935b GomezM1946 GomezM1948 LongoMaPe1995
- Sudan | PerontKo2022
- Syria | Bodenh1926
- Tanzania | Newste1911a
- Tunisia | FetykoKo2012
- Turkey | KaydanUlEr2007 Tuncyu1970a UygunSeEr1998
- U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1993
- United Kingdom
- England | Green1917a
- United States
- Florida | Hodges2002b
- Vietnam | Suh2023 VuEaNg2006
- Zimbabwe | Hall1931 Hodgso1969 Hodgso1994a
Keys
- JoshiBhPo2021: pp.568 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Ceroplastes]
- MoghadNe2021: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes in Iran]
- PapadoKaMa2020: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes in Greece]
- WuWa2019: pp.521 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes in China]
- MohammMo2013: pp.146-148 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]
- HodgsoPe2012: pp.100 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]
- HodgsoWiGi2009: pp.102-104 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]
- HodgsoWiGi2009: pp.102-104 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa] Key as: C. fumidus
- Hodges2002b: pp.208 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]
- MoriPeTo2001: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- Granar1999: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Argentina]
- MarinLCi1995: pp.52 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes in Peru]
- PellizCa1994: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]
- WilliaWa1990: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- EzzatHu1969: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- Borchs1957: pp.451 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
- Cocker1895: pp.8 ( Adult (F) ) [Antigua]
Remarks
- Systematics: Subfamily: Ceroplasinae (Choi & Lee, 2019) Ceroplastes rusci differs from other species of Ceroplastes mainly by having the loculate dorsal microducts of a type present only in species belonging to the C. rusci group; each pore is rather U-shaped.This unresolved cryptic species group around C. rusci (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) requires molecular study. In China, this species is very close to C. xishuangensis Tang & Xie, but differs from the latter by having a cephalic clear area. (Wu & Wang, 2019)
- Structure: Adult female with a thick, broadly oval, hemispherical test of quite hard wax; dorsal plate domed, apex with a small depressed oval dark nuclear spot with an elongate pad of white dry wax; marginal area thickened into a series of eight quadrate plates, each with a depressed centre and separated by marginal indentations. Colour generally pale pink, deepening to red at the junction of the marginal area but often almost pure white; usually with numerous fine radiating pinkish lines but these often absent; each marginal nucleus with 1 or more small dry-wax points, plus a line of very white stigmatic wax from each stigmatic area. With wax removed, mature female smoothly globular, margin slightly recurved, particularly anteriorly; venter reddish brown, stigmatic clefts shallow but distinct; caudal process short and stout, extending dorso-posteriorly. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Mounted material. Body oval, rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small indistinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout. Length 1.3-3.25 (1.9-3.0) mm, total width of mounted specimen 0.9-2.2 (1.0-2.0) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
- Biology: Khasawinah & Talhouk (1964) studied the biology and phenology in Lebanon. Life history and economic importance in Israel studied by Bodkin (1927). Inserra (1970) studied the phenology and natural enemies on citrus in Sicily, Italy. Develops two generations a year in Greece (Argyriou & Santorini, 1980). Benassy & Franco (1974) observed one annual generation on fig trees in Southern France. A minor pest of citrus in Israel, but occasionally a serious pest (Ben-Dov, 1988). A pest of fig in the Mediterranean region (Bodkin, 1927; Bodenheimer, 1951b; Talhouk, 1959). When the temperature is below 15 °C, all the eggs will not hatch regardless of the location of the eggs (free or under the insect) or time. When the temperature rises above 15 °C, another factor affects egg hatching to nymphs, which is the egg's location. The egg under the wax fold below the insect started to hatch dramatically and directly with the increasing temperature and time. On the contrary, a free egg would not hatch. (Essa & Alnomani, 2023)
- Economic Importance: The record of Ceroplastes rusci in Granara de Willink (1999: 57) as occurring in USA, is incorrect. Dug Miller of USNM (personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov, 4.2.2002) have looked at the slide, upon which Granara de Willink based the record, and found that it was a quarantine lot that was intercepted in Houston, Texas, from Jordan.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969, 1994a) and by Hodgson & Peronti (2012). Description and illustration of the adult male and male nymphal instars (based on material which originated from Kalamata, Greece) by Rainato & Pellizzari (2010). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957) and by Granara de Willink (1999).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 29
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- AksitOzCa2003: distribution, host, 181-189
- AlAwam2009: chemical control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-147
- AllahHaHe2000: chemistry, 103-111
- AlmeidDaBe2013: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 3
- Argyri1970: biological control, distribution, host, 57-65
- Argyri1983: distribution, host, 365
- ArgyriSa1980: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 593-600
- ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 23
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- Ayouta1940: distribution, host, 2-4
- Aziz1977: distribution, host, 46
- BadaryAb2011: biological control, distribution, host, 51-52
- BahderPoAl2013: economic importance, 1293
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 186
- Balach1927a: distribution, host, 72
- Balach1930: distribution, host, 313
- Balach1931a: distribution, host, 100
- Balach1932d: distribution, host, xxiii
- Balach1933e: distribution, host, 5
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 264
- Balach1939: distribution, host, 258
- BasheeAsRa2014: biological control, distribution, host, 48, 50
- Beatty1944: distribution, host, 114-172
- BenDov1970: distribution, host, 87-89, 92
- BenDov1988a: distribution, economic importance, host, 1076
- BenDov1993: catalog, 36-37,51-54
- BenDov2006a: distribution, host, 206
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 25, 44
- BenDov2013: distribution, host, 71
- Benass1969: distribution, ecology, 793-799
- BenassBi1963: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 213-217
- BenassFr1974: distribution, ecology, host, 11-39
- Berles1905: biological control, distribution, host, 8-14
- Blanch1883: chemistry, economic importance, 235-238
- Bodenh1924: distribution, host, 65-66
- Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 44
- Bodenh1928: distribution, host, 192
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 249
- Bodenh1937: distribution, 219
- Bodenh1944a: distribution, host, 84
- Bodenh1951a: distribution, economic importance, host, 388-389
- Bodenh1953a: distribution, economic importance, host, 112-113
- Bodkin1927: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 259-261
- Bolu2012: biological control, 109
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 79
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 154-155
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 455-457
- Borg1919: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 37-39
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 16
- BouhelDeDe1932: control, distribution, host, 1-60
- Brain1920a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 33-35
- Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 235
- CABI1977: distribution, 1-2
- CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 6, 11
- CamporPe1994: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 177-180
- Carles1985a: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 56-58
- CarnerPe1986: biological control, distribution, host, 11-12
- CarvalFrAg1996: distribution, host, 614
- CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 137
- CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 208
- ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
- Cocker1893gg: distribution, 373
- Cocker1893j: distribution, host, 254
- Cocker1894d: taxonomy, 311
- Cocker1895: distribution, host, taxonomy, 6,8
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 330-331
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 394
- CorseuBa1971: distribution, host, 238
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 199
- Danzig1972c: distribution, host, 582
- DeLott1965a: taxonomy, 187
- DeLott1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 138-139
- DelGue1906: distribution, host, 257-263
- Delucc1975: distribution, economic importance, host,
- DengLiCh2016: economic importance, 3
- DengWaYu2015: DNA, diagnosis,
- DengYuWa2021: illustration, symbionts, 4
- DervisStGr2021: distribution, host, 1
- DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 18
- ElekciKa2021: distribution, host, 7
- EssaAl2023: reproduction,
- EzzatHu1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 386-388
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 86
- Fabric1794: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 225
- FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 6, 33
- FallahNaSh2006: biological control, distribution, host, 44
- FaurotMi1965: chemistry, 93-97
- Fernal1903b: 129,151,154-157
- Fernan1973a: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 262-265
- Fernan1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 48
- Fernan1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 129-131
- Fernan1992: distribution, host, 59
- Fernan1993: distribution, host, 111
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 81
- Foldi2003: distribution, host, 150
- FoldiCa1985: structure, 33-50
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 2,4,22
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- GaikwaKeKa2022: natural enemies, 4
- GantneJaGo2004: distribution, host, 181-189
- Georgh1977: distribution, host, 148
- GermaiDeLa2016: distribution, host, 2
- Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 55-58
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- Goeze1778: taxonomy, 337
- GomezC1950: biological control, distribution, host, 1-18
- GomezM1937: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 307-313
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 91
- GomezM1948: distribution, host, 88
- GomezM1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 122-128
- GomezM1958c: distribution, host, 407
- GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 200
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 134
- GomezPBaLa2017: symbiont,
- Granar1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 57
- Green1917a: distribution, host, 210
- Green1923b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 88,94-95
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 17-18
- Hall1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38-39
- Hall1924a: distribution, host, 10
- Hall1927b: distribution, host, 163-165
- Hall1931: distribution, host, 298
- HamonMa2001: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 187
- HernanNiMa2011: host, 379-380
- HerrbaAlPr2017: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 488
- Hodges2002b: distribution, taxonomy, 208
- Hodgso1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-9
- Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 186-188
- HodgsoHe2000: taxonomy, 192
- HodgsoPe2012: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 135-142,242
- HodgsoWiGi2009: taxonomy, 102-104
- Inserr1971: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 77-97
- IsmailAb2001: chemical control, distribution, host, 355-364
- Jansen1995: distribution, host, 134,141
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 23,32
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 62
- JoshiBhPo2021: key, 568
- KamelZoEr2022: distribution, host, 728
- KaracaErYa2005: biological control, distribution, host, 372-377
- Katsoy1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 15,19-21,81-83
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 1
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 91
- KfirRo1980: biological control, distribution, host, 114
- KhasawTa1964: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 113-131
- KirejtFa2008: biological control, distribution, host, 83-86
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 248
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 9
- Koteja1974b: structure, 81
- Kozar1985: distribution, host, 202
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 65
- KozarFr1995: distribution, host, 71
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 52
- KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 65
- KozarWa1985: catalog, 76
- Kumar2013: biological control, economic importance, host,
- KumarPa2022: distribution, host,
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 67
- LattinOm1983: distribution, economic importance, 93
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 356-361
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 4
- Lindin1911a: distribution, host, 33
- Lindin1912b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 68,77,102,154,21
- Linnae1758: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 456
- Linnae1767: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 741
- Liotta1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 33
- LiottaMiRa1977: economic importance, host, 29-67
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, host, 134,141
- LongoRu1986: distribution, economic importance, host, 41
- MacharKiHe2021: distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 150
- MarinLCi1995: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, 46-47
- Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 67-68
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 8,75,118,125,128
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MastenSiMa2014: distribution, host, list,
- Matile1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 164
- MazzeoLoRu1994: distribution, host, 205
- Melis1930: distribution, host, 14-15
- Meurge2011: distribution, 80
- MifsudFsMa2012: distribution, host, illustration, 16, 18
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 503
- MilekNoSi2018: distribution, host, 31-37
- MillerRuPa2014: 65
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, 6
- Moghad2013a: distribution, life history, 8
- MoghadNe2021: distribution, key, 176-177
- MoghadTa2010: distribution, host, 31
- MohameMoAb2017: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 15-24
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 149
- MohammMo2013: illustration, taxonomy, 146, 152
- Monast1962: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 129-147
- MoriPeTo2001: taxonomy, 42
- MorsiMo2004: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 59-64
- MuniapWaVa2012: distribution, host, 3-6
- Nakaha1978: taxonomy, 657-658
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 3
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 30
- Neves1936: distribution, host, 206-207
- Newste1911: distribution, host, 97
- Newste1911a: distribution, host, 167
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 128
- OnderTu1984: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 200-212
- Paoli1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 244-248
- PapadoKaMa2020: key, 3
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 60
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
- PellizCa1994: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 177-180
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,66
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 294,296
- PerezG2008: distribution, 212
- PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 127
- PerontKo2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 242-244
- Picard1919: host, 3
- PietriBiCo1969: chemical control, 909-915
- Podsia1983a: distribution, host, 273
- QinGu1995: taxonomy, 302
- QinGuBe1994: taxonomy, 541-549
- RainatPe2010: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50-62
- Rosen1966: biological control, distribution, host, 46-48
- Rosen1969: biological control, 45-53
- Rosen1979: biological control, distribution, host, 289-292
- Rossi1794: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 56
- Rungs1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 91-94
- Scorti1987: distribution, host, 35-40
- Seabra1930: distribution, economic importance, host, 129-130
- Seabra1941: distribution, 7
- SengonUyKa1998: biological control, distribution, host, 128-131
- ShanGaHu2022: dispersal, distribution,
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 843,847,869,870-872
- Signor1872a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 35-38
- SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 219-224
- StathaEcBa2023: control, economic importance, 2
- StathaKaDa2021: economic importance, host, illustration, 54
- Suh2023: distribution, host, 4
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 88
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
- Talhou1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 105-106
- Talhou2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 88-90
- Targio1866: taxonomy, 142-143
- Targio1867MH: chemistry, 246-247
- Targio1884: distribution, host, 400-401
- TavareSaDa2019: natural enemies, 4
- Tranfa1981: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 22-23
- TranfaVi1987a: economic importance, 215-221
- Trembl1988a: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 254
- Tuncyu1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 67-80
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 485
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S116
- UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 133
- Varshn1992: distribution, taxonomy, 80
- Vayssi1920: distribution, host, 258
- Vicido2007: distribution, host, 1-7
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 94-95
- Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 47-55
- Vilar1951: distribution, host, taxonomy, 177-181
- Vilar1952: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7
- VuEaNg2006: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 196-201
- Walker1852: distribution, taxonomy, 1072,1078
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Watson2021: distribution, 521
- Willia2007b: taxonomy, 454, 427-490
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 581
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 209, 212, 213, 214
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 9,14,22,26,32,42
- WilliaMa2009b: distribution, host, 118
- WilliaWa1990: distribution, host, taxonomy, 80
- Wood1962: biological control, distribution, 8-11
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 33
- WuWa2019: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 521, 527, 531-532
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 156
