Valid Names Results
Antonina graminis (Maskell, 1897) (Pseudococcidae: Antonina)Nomenclatural History
- Sphaerococcus graminis Maskell 1897a: 244. Type data: HONG KONG: on grass. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985,45). Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; accepted valid name
- Chaetococcus graminis Maskell 1898: 250. Type data: HONG KONG: on grass. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985,45). Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1985, 45). Notes: Type same specimen as lectotype of S. graminis.
- Kermicus graminis (Maskell, 1897); Cockerell 1899a: 392. change of combination
- Antonina graminis (Maskell, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 121. change of combination
- Antonina indica Green 1908a: 27. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, on 'Hariali' grass. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985,45). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Zimmer1948, 156).
- Antonina littoralis Cockerell & Bueker 1930: 1. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: near Bourail, on grass. Syntypes, female, Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA; junior synonym (discovered by WilliaWa1988a, 20).
- Antonia graminis; Beardsley 1960a: 954. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- felted grass coccid BenDov1994 LitCa1994a
- grass-root Antonina Zimmer1948
- rhodesgrass scale BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 GersonMeDu1975 McKenz1967
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 4 | Genera: 66
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperaceae | WilliaGr1992
- Cyperus rotundus | Mamet1949
- Fimbristylis cymosa | Reyne1964 | (= Fimbristylis spathacea)
- Euphorbiaceae
- Croton | HendriKo1999
- Orchidaceae
- Disa tenuifolia | HendriKo1999
- Poaceae
- Agrostis | WilliaWa1988a
- Alloteropsis cimicina | ChadaWo1960
- Andropogon | HendriKo1999
- Andropogon glomeratus | HelmsVi2000
- Aristida | HendriKo1999
- Aristida oligantha | HelmsVi2000
- Aristida spiciformis | HendriKo1999
- Aristida stricta | HendriKo1999
- Arthraxon hispidus | WuLuNa2012
- Arundo donax | ChadaWo1960
- Bambusa | AvasthSh1987 Varshn1992
- Bambusa tulda | AvasthSh1987 AvasthSh1987a BenDov1994 Varshn1992
- Bothriochloa bladhii | ChadaWo1960 | (= Andropogon caucasicus)
- Bothriochloa saccharoides | ChadaWo1960 | (= Andropogon saccharoides)
- Bouteloua curtipendula | ChadaWo1960
- Bouteloua repens | ChadaWo1960 | (= Bouteloua filiformis)
- Brachiaria adspersa | HendriKo1999 | (= Panicum adspersum)
- Brachiaria ciliatissima | ChadaWo1960
- Brachiaria fasciculata | ChadaWo1960 | (= Panicum fasciculatum)
- Brachiaria mollis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Panicum molle)
- Brachiaria mutica | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 McKenz1967 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a | (= Panicum barbinode)
- Brachiaria texana | ChadaWo1960 | (= Panicum texanum)
- Buchloe dactyloides | ChadaWo1960
- Cenchrus | HodgsoHi1990 Willia1985
- Cenchrus ciliaris | ChadaWo1960 | (= Pennisetum ciliare)
- Cenchrus echinatus | BenDov1994 Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988a
- Cenchrus setigerus | ChadaWo1960
- Cenchrus spinifex | ChadaWo1960 | (= Cenchrus pauciflorus)
- Chasmanthium laxum | HelmsVi2000 | (= Chasmanthium sessiliflorum)
- Chloris | Tang1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Chloris ciliata | ChadaWo1960
- Chloris cucullata | ChadaWo1960
- Chloris gayana | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 McKenz1967 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992
- Chondrosum hirsutum | ChadaWo1960 | (= Bouteloua hirsuta)
- Cymbopogon citratus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Cynodon | Beards1966 HendriKo1999 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991 Tang1992
- Cynodon dactylon | AvasthSh1987 Beards1966 ChadaWo1960 GersonMeDu1975 Mamet1949 Matile1984c Willia1985 Ali1970a McKenz1967 SinhaSaDi1985 Varshn1992 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a YangKo1967
- Cynodon incompletus | BenDov1994 Brimbl1966 Willia1985
- Cynodon plectostachyus | HendriKo1999
- Cynodon transvaalensis | GersonMeDu1975
- Dactylis glomerata | ChadaWo1960
- Dactyloctenium aegyptium | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999
- Dactyloctenium australe | BenDov1994 Brimbl1966 Willia1985
- Dichanthium | HelmsVi2000
- Dichanthium annulatum | ChadaWo1960
- Dichanthium aristatum | ChadaWo1960 | (= Andropogon nodosus)
- Dichanthium sericeum | ChadaWo1960 | (= Andropogon sericeus)
- Digitaria | Beards1966 HendriKo1999 Willia1985 WilliaWa1988a
- Digitaria abyssinica | BenDov1994 James1934a
- Digitaria ciliaris | BenDov1994 Brimbl1966 Willia1985 | (= Digitaria adscendens)
- Digitaria didactyla | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 Mamet1949 BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 WilliaGr1992 | (= Digitaria swazilandensis),
- Digitaria eriantha | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 FoldiKo2006 HendriKo1999 WilliaGr1992 | ssp. pentzii (= Digitaria pentzii),(= Digitaria decumbens),(= Digitaria valida)
- Digitaria horizontalis | LincanHoCa2010
- Digitaria sanguinalis | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999
- Digitaria texana | ChadaWo1960 | (= Digitaria runyonii)
- Distichlis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Distichlis spicata | HendriKo1999
- Echinochloa colona | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 WilliaGr1992
- Echinochloa crus-galli | ChadaWo1960
- Echinochloa polystachya | BenDov1994 Zimmer1948 | (= Panicum spectabile)
- Eleusine indica | ChadaWo1960
- Elionurus tripsacoides | ChadaWo1960 | (= Elyonurus tripsacoides)
- Elymus smithii | ChadaWo1960 | (= Agropyron smithii)
- Eragrostis | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 WilliaGr1992
- Eragrostis cilianensis | HelmsVi2000
- Eragrostis curvula | ChadaWo1960
- Eragrostis lehmanniana | ChadaWo1960
- Eragrostis reptans | ChadaWo1960
- Eragrostis secundiflora | ChadaWo1960 | (= Eragrostis oxylepis)
- Eragrostis spectabilis | HelmsVi2000
- Eragrostis trichodes | ChadaWo1960
- Eremochloa ophiuroides | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999
- Eriochloa punctata | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Festuca | KaydanKiKo2005
- Festuca arundinacea | ChadaWo1960
- Hilaria belangeri | ChadaWo1960
- Imperata cylindrica | Kuwana1932b | (= Imperata arundinacea)
- Lasiurus | HendriKo1999
- Leptochloa | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Leptochloa mucronata | ChadaWo1960 | (= Leptochloa filiformis)
- Lepturus repens | MilleHeCa2016
- Lolium multiflorum | KaydanKo2010a
- Melinis minutiflora | BenDov1994 Brimbl1966 HendriKo1999 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992
- Melinis repens | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 | (= Rhynchelytrum repens), (= Tricholaena repens), (= Tricholaena rosea),
- Panicum | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 Tang1992 WilliaWa1988a Zimmer1948
- Panicum anceps | HelmsVi2000
- Panicum antidotale | ChadaWo1960
- Panicum fluviicola | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 McKenz1967
- Panicum hallii | ChadaWo1960
- Panicum hemitomon | HendriKo1999
- Panicum maximum | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 WilliaGr1992
- Panicum nodatum | ChadaWo1960
- Panicum torridum | BenDov1994 Zimmer1948
- Panicum trichoides | HendriKo1999
- Panicum virgatum | ChadaWo1960
- Pappophorum bicolor | ChadaWo1960
- Paspalidium distans | BenDov1994 Brimbl1966 Willia1985
- Paspalum | HendriKo1999 HodgsoHi1990 WilliaGr1992
- Paspalum conjugatum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Paspalum dilatatum | ChadaWo1960
- Paspalum monostachyum | ChadaWo1960
- Paspalum notatum | HendriKo1999
- Paspalum plicatulum | ChadaWo1960
- Paspalum scrobiculatum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Paspalum purpurascens)
- Pennisetum clandestinum | BenDov1994 James1934a Willia1985
- Pennisetum polystachion | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 | (= Setaria geniculata),(= Setaria macrostachya)
- Pennisetum purpureum | HendriKo1999
- Phalaris aquatica | ChadaWo1960 | (= Phalaris tuberosa) var. stenoptera)
- Phragmites | HendriKo1999
- Poa | HodgsoHi1990 WilliaGr1992
- Poaceae | Takaha1928 Takaha1929 WilliaGr1992 WilliaWa1988a
- Saccharum officinarum | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999
- Schizachyrium scoparium | ChadaWo1960 | (= Andropogon littoralis)
- Setaria | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999
- Setaria macrostachya | ChadaWo1960
- Setaria palmifolia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Setaria verticillata | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999
- Sinobambusa tootsik | MartinLa2011
- Sorghastrum nutans | ChadaWo1960
- Sorghum | Tang1992
- Sorghum arundinaceum | BenDov1994 Brimbl1966 Willia1985 | (= Sorghum verticilliflorum)
- Sorghum bicolor | ChadaWo1960 | (= Sorghum vulgare)
- Sorghum drummondii | ChadaWo1960 | (= Sorghum × sudanense)
- Sorghum halepense | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 McKenz1967 Salaza1972 WilliaGr1992
- Spartina | HendriKo1999
- Spartina patens | HendriKo1999
- Sporobolus | HendriKo1999
- Sporobolus asper | ChadaWo1960
- Sporobolus junceus | ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 | (= Sporobolus poiretii)
- Sporobolus texanus | ChadaWo1960
- Sporobolus virginicus | LincanHoCa2010
- Stenotaphrum | HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991
- Stenotaphrum secundatum | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 GersonMeDu1975 HendriKo1999 McKenz1967 Willia1985 WilliaGr1992 | (= Sporobolus secundatum)
- Trachypogon spicatus | ChadaWo1960 | (= Trachypogon secundus)
- Trichloris pluriflora | ChadaWo1960
- Tricholaena monachne | HendriKo1999 | (= Panicum roseum)
- Tridens albescens | ChadaWo1960
- Tridens flavus | HelmsVi2000
- Triticum aegilopoides | HendriKo1999 | (= Elionurus hirsutus)
- Uniola paniculata | HendriKo1999
- Vaseyochloa multinervosa | ChadaWo1960
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 10
- Aphelinidae
- Marietta graminicola | MyartsRu2000
- Cecidomyiidae
- Lestodiplosis | GersonMeDu1975
- Coccinellidae
- Diomus | GersonMeDu1975
- Diomus anemicus | GersonMeDu1975
- Diomus rubidus | JalilvShFa2014
- Hyperaspis pumila | GersonMeDu1975
- Nephus anomus | GersonMeDu1975
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | GersonMeDu1975
- Cybocephalus membranaceus | Blumbe1973 GersonMeDu1975
- Encyrtidae
- Anagyrus | GersonMeDu1975
- Anagyrus antoninae | Bartle1978 DeanScBo1979 Moore1988
- Anagyrus pseudococci | AbdRab2001d
- Anagyrus shahidi | AbdRab2001d
- Neodusmetia sangwani | Bartle1978 Burks1957 ChantoViHe2009 DeanScBo1979 Gabrie1983a GersonMeDu1975 Moore1988 PrinslMy1981a | (= Dusmetia indica)
- Stemmatosteres primus | PrinslMy1981a
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus subaeneus | AbdRab2001d
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022
- Formicidae
- Solenopsis invicta | ZhouLuZe2012
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 98
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Argentina
- Chaco | GranarCl2003
- Corrientes | GranarCl2003
- Jujuy | BenDov1994 Granar1991 WilliaGr1992
- Salta | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Santiago del Estero | GranarCl2003
- Tucuman | BenDov1994 Granar1991
- Ascension Island | MalumpWhHa2015
- Australia | ChadaWo1960 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
- Northern Territory | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 Willia1985
- Queensland | BenDov1994 Brimbl1968a HendriKo1999 Willia1985 YangKo1967
- South Australia | BenDov1994 Willia1985
- Western Australia | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 Willia1985
- Bahamas | HendriKo1999
- Bangladesh | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
- Bermuda | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Bolivia | HendriKo1999
- Botswana | HendriKo1999
- Brazil | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 SilvadGoGa1968 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Espirito Santo | CulikGu2005 CulikMaVe2007
- Pernambuco | FoldiKo2006
- Sao Paulo | Gabrie1982 Gabrie1983
- Cameroon | MatileNo1984
- Canary Islands | Malump2014
- Chile | AmouroZa2021
- China | CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 DanzigKo1990 Fernal1903b Ferris1953a Maskel1898 Tang1992 Willia1970DJ
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Wu2001
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Wu2001 WuLuNa2012
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 Maskel1897a
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Wu2001
- Colombia | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992 | Figuer1952 HendriKo1999 Kondo2001
- Comoros | BenDov1994 Mamet1960 Matile1978
- Cook Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Cuba | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Curaçao | BenDov1994 Reyne1964 Willia1970DJ
- Ecuador | BenDov1994 Reyne1964 Willia1970DJ
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Takaha1928
- El Salvador | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 Reyne1964 WilliaGr1992
- Federated States of Micronesia | DanzigKo1990
- Caroline Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994 CABI1985
- Truk Islands | Beards1966
- Fiji | BenDov1994 HodgsoLa2011 WilliaWa1988a
- France | Foldi2000 Foldi2001
- French Polynesia
- Tahiti | HendriKo1999
- Gabon | HendriKo1999
- Galapagos Islands | LincanHoCa2010
- Guadeloupe | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 MatileEt2006 WilliaGr1992
- Guam | Beards1966 BenDov1994 DownieGu2004
- Guatemala | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 WilliaGr1992
- Guiana | BenDov1994 Remill1988 WilliaGr1992
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 HendriKo1999 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | ChadaWo1960 Ferris1953a Giliom1966 McKenz1967 Takaha1928 Willia1970DJ YangKo1967 Zimmer1948
- Hawaii | HendriKo1999
- Honduras | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 WilliaGr1992
- India | ChadaWo1960 DanzigKo1990 Giliom1966 Green1908a NurBrBe1987 SinhaSaDi1985 Willia1970DJ
- Andhra Pradesh | Willia2004a
- Bihar | Willia2004a
- Karnataka | AvasthSh1987 Willia2004a
- Maharashtra | Willia2004a
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Willia2004a
- Tamil Nadu | AvasthSh1987 Willia2004a
- Uttar Pradesh | AvasthSh1987 Willia2004a
- West Bengal | Willia2004a
- Indonesia
- Irian Jaya | WilliaWa1988a
- Java | Ali1970a Willia1970DJ Willia2004a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | Willia2004a
- Sumatra | Ali1970a Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ Willia2004a
- Iran | BenDov1994 CABI1985 HendriKo1999 KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009 Willia1970DJ
- Iraq | BenDov1994 CABI1985
- Israel | BenDov1994 GersonMeDu1975
- Italy | BenDov1994 LongoMaPe1995 Marott1987a
- Jamaica | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 NurBrBe1987 WilliaGr1992
- Japan | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 Kuwana1932b
- Johnston Island | Beards1966 ChadaWo1960
- Kenya | BenDov1994 CABI1985 James1934a Willia1970DJ
- Kiribati | WilliaWa1988a
- Kuwait | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 | Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
- Lebanon | HendriKo1999
- Libya | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
- Madagascar | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 Mamet1954 Willia1970DJ
- Malaysia
- Malaya | CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
- Marshall Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 Willia1970DJ
- Martinique | BenDov1994 MatileEt2006 WilliaGr1992
- Mexico | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 MyartsRu2000 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Morocco | Gavril2016
- Namibia (=South West Africa) | HendriKo1999
- New Britain | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
- New Caledonia | BenDov1994 CABI1985 CockerBu1930 HendriKo1999 Willia1970DJ WilliaWa1988a
- Nicaragua | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 Willia1970DJ
- Nigeria | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
- Northern Mariana Islands | Beards1966 ChadaWo1960 Willia1970DJ
- Pakistan | Ali1970a BenDov1994 CABI1985 DanzigKo1990 Giliom1966 Varshn1992 Willia1970DJ
- Palau | Beards1966 BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960
- Panama | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Salaza1972 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Papua New Guinea | HendriKo1999
- Paraguay | BenDov1994 CABI1985
- Peru | BenDov1994 Salaza1972 WilliaGr1992
- Philippines | Ali1970a BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 HendriKo1999 Pierce1931 Willia1970DJ YangKo1967
- Luzon | LitCa1994a
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 Martor1976 WilliaGr1992
- Rodriques Island | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 Giliom1966 Mamet1949 Willia1970DJ
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | Ali1970a Willia1970DJ
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Nevis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Sao Tome | HendriKo1999
- Saudi Arabia | BenDov1994 CABI1985 | BenDov1994 Matile1984c
- Singapore | BenDov1994 CABI1985
- Solomon Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Somalia | BenDov1994 CABI1985
- South Africa | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 DanzigKo1990 DeLott1969 HendriKo1999 Willia1970DJ
- Spain | SancheBe2010
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 DanzigKo1990 Green1922 HendriKo1999 Varshn1992 Willia1970DJ
- Suriname | BenDov1994 Reyne1964 Willia1970DJ
- Taiwan | Ali1970a BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 Giliom1966 HendriKo1999 Takaha1929 Willia1970DJ
- Thailand | Ali1970a BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ Willia2004a
- Tonga | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 WilliaWa1988a
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Turkey | KaydanKiKo2005 KaydanKoYa2001 KaydanUlEr2007
- Tuvalu | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Uganda | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
- United States | DanzigKo1990 Willia1970DJ
- Alabama | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 McKenz1967
- Arizona | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- California | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Florida | BenDov1994 HendriKo1999 McKenz1967
- Georgia | HendriKo1999
- Louisiana | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 McKenz1967
- Mississippi | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 McKenz1967
- New Mexico | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- South Carolina | HendriKo1999
- Texas | BenDov1994 ChadaWo1960 Ferris1953a Giliom1966 HendriKo1999 McKenz1967 Salaza1972
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | BenDov1994 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988a
- Venezuela | BenDov1994 CABI1985 ChadaWo1960 Giliom1966 HendriKo1999 Koteja1974b Willia1970DJ WilliaGr1992
- Vietnam | BenDov1994 DanzigKo1990 Willia1970DJ
- Wake Island | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Willia1970DJ
- Zimbabwe | BenDov1994 CABI1985 Giliom1966 Willia1970DJ
Keys
- ZarkanFaPr2023: pp.11-12 ( Adult (F) ) [Preudococcidae on bamboo in Indonesia]
- EvansAb2023: pp.8-13 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococccidae of Egypt]
- MoghadWa2022: pp.22 ( Adult (F) ) [Antonina in Iran]
- JoshiGuSh2022: pp.227 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian Antonina species]
- WanWu2016: pp.12 ( First instar ) [Known species of Antonina]
- Moghad2013: pp.10 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret in Iran]
- WuLuNa2012: pp.36 ( First instar ) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]
- WuLuNa2012: pp.28 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]
- WilliaMa2009a: pp.97-101 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]
- Willia2004a: pp.52-53 ( Adult (F) ) [Antonina species southern Asia]
- Gavril2003: pp.205-206 ( Adult (F) ) [Antonina species of palearctic]
- WilliaMi2002: pp.910 ( Adult (F) ) [Species on Bamboo]
- Willia2001a: pp.847 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- Wu2001: pp.48 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- HendriKo1999: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Tang1992: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Willia1985: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
- Wang1982TC: pp.14, 15 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Kawai1980: pp.122 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Willia1970DJ: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1967: pp.74 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- YangKo1967: pp.13, 49, 66 ( Immature (F) ) [World]
- Ferris1953a: pp.289 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Zimmer1948: pp.150 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- Kuwana1932b: pp.214 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Remarks
- Systematics: Slide-mounted adult female almost quadrate, with posteriormost segments sclerotized. Anal lobes poorly developed. Antennae each reduced to 2 or 3 segments. Legs absent or sometimes represented by leg apophyses only. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2022)
- Structure: The second-, third-instar larvae and adult female are enclosed in a felted waxy sac, white to yellowish in colour. Adult female body size is almost quadrate in shape, 1.5 to 3 mm in length, dark purple to brown-red. The adult body is easily detached from the waxy sac and does not present lateral wax filaments. The individuals are situated at the crown or nodes of the grass host, near the ground level. The first-instar larvae are mobile, oval, the anterior half body is cream whereas the posterior half body is brown. McKenzie (1967), Parida & Moharana (1982), Nur et al. (1987) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=16. Colour illustration given by McKenzie (1967). Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).
- Biology: The adult females are parthenogenetic and reproduce ovoviviparously. In Texas, USA the life cycle ranges from 60-70 days, and the mealybug develops five annual generations. Chada & Wood (1960) and Bartlett (1978e) discussed in great details the distribution, host plants, biology, economic importance and control of this pest. The invasive ant S. invicta tends the invasive mealybug Antonina graminis (Maskell) extensively and actively constructs shelters around these insects. (Zhou, et al., 2012)
- Economic Importance: The Rhodes-grass scale has been recorded from a wide range grasses, but severe damage was reported mainly on Rhodes-grass, Chloris gayana. Occasionally it is a pest of sugarcane, Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon and St. Augustine grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum. The mealybug infests principally the stem bases and the rhizomes, causing browning and wilting of the grasses (Bartlett, 1978e). Effective reduction of the pest population has been achieved following the introduction of the encyrtid Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) into Texas, USA. (Dean et al. 1979) and in Israel (Gerson et al. 1975). Chada & Wood (1960) discussed the host range and control of the mealybug. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978e) and by Moore (1988). In Hawaii it rarely occurs on sugarcane under field condition, and considered of no economic importance (Beardsley, 1960a).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992), Williams (2001a) and by Williams (2004a). While identifying this species the user should be aware to the following taxonomic notes. Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) illustrated trilocular pores on the female's dorsum, whereas Ferris (1953a) indicated in the key that these pores are absent. Williams (1958, 1985) pointed out that trilocular pores are present on the dorsum. Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2001d: biological control, distribution, 1355-1356
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 40
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- AgarwaSi1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 149
- Ali1967a: distribution, host, 31-32
- Ali1968a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 31, 32
- Ali1970a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 101
- AmouroZa2021: diagnosis, distribution, genebank, molecular data,
- Angele2003: distribution, host, 1-70
- AvasthSh1987: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5, 6
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 138-140
- BatistCoHo2017: biological control, biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- Beards1960a: distribution, economic importance, host, 954-955
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 406
- BenDov1994: 38, 39
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 34, 43
- BerlinBa1981: distribution, host, life history, 62-67
- Blumbe1973: biological control, 129
- BlumbeSwWy1995: biological control, 33-44
- Brimbl1968a: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 258-261
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, list, 306
- Burks1957: biological control, 124-127
- Buss2001: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Ceball2003: biological control, distribution, host, 65-66
- CebeciAr2006: distribution, host, 136
- ChadaWo1960: biological control, chemical control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-21
- ChantoViHe2009: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- ChenWoWu2012: distribution, taxonomy, 299
- ChoiLe2022: phylogeny, 358
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 38
- CockerBu1930: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-3
- CulikGu2005: distribution, host, 1-8
- CulikMaVe2007: distribution, host, 1-5
- DahlstHa1999: biological control, 919-933
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 40
- DeLott1969: distribution, host, 1
- DeanScBa1961: biological control, distribution, host, 952-954
- DeanScBo1979: biological control, economic importance, 262-267
- DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 54
- DhaliwAr1994a: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-55
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 118
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- EtzelLe1999: biological control, 125-197
- EvansAb2023: distribution, host, illustration, key, symbionts, taxonomy, 6, 8, 13, 33
- Fernal1903b: 121
- Ferris1953a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 294-295
- Figuer1952: distribution, host, 206
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 78
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- FoldiGe2018: SEM, distribution, 11
- FoldiKo2006: distribution, host, 308
- FoldiKo2006: distribution, host, 311
- Gabrie1982: biological control, distribution, host, 195-200
- Gabrie1983: biological control, distribution, host, 53-64
- Gabrie1983a: biological control, distribution, host, 207-218
- GabrieVeMu1982: biological control, 157-159
- Gavril2003: distribution, host, taxonomy, 205-207
- Gavril2016: distribution, host, 5
- Gavril2016a: cytogenetics, distribution, reproductive system, 590
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 218
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 3
- GersonMeDu1975: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 767-778
- GersonMeDu1975: biological control, 767-779
- Ghabbo2005: distribution, host, 16
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, host, 416
- Goux1935a: taxonomy, 96
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1908a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- Green1922: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 395, 396
- Green1930c: distribution, host, 280
- GutierCaMe1999: biological control, 243-252
- HagenViYa1976: biological control, 397
- Halper1971: chemical control, distribution, host, 141-147
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- Hawkin1994: biological control, 3
- HelmsVi2000: distribution, host, 229-231
- HelmsVi2003: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 403-404
- HendriKo1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 103-108
- HerzogFu1985: biological control, 67-88
- HodgsoHi1990: host, 5, 8, 16, 17, 20
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 143
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 27
- HoyHe1985: biological control,
- Huffak1971: biological control, economic importance,
- HuffakCa1986: biological control, economic importance, 95-107
- HuffakSiLa1976: biological control, 41-78
- JalilvShFa2014: distribution, host, natural enemies, 5
- James1934a: distribution, host, 272
- JoshiGuSh2022: key, 227
- Jourdh1979: biological control, distribution, host, 75-79
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 122
- KaydanKiKo2005: distribution, host, 87
- KaydanKo2010a: distribution, host, 32
- KaydanKoHo2015: DNA, distribution, host, taxonomy, 178
- KaydanKoYa2001: distribution, host, 379
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 99
- Kerric1964: biological control, 75-79
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 35
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 23
- Koteja1974b: distribution, taxonomy, 75
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 64
- Kuwana1932b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 205, 219
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 6
- LitCa1994a: distribution, host, 388
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 117
- MachadWiSc1970: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 339-343
- Malump2014: distribution, host, 1805-1807
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 79
- MalumpWhHa2015: distribution, host, 133
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 10
- Mamet1960: distribution, host, 156
- Marott1987a: distribution, list, 107-116
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 46
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 92,99
- Maskel1897a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 244
- Maskel1898: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 250, 251
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 49
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 223
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 177
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, taxonomy, 62
- McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-78
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MilleHeCa2016: ant association, distribution, host, 148
- MillerGuWi1998: taxonomy, 292
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, 18
- Moghad2013: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 10, 12-13, 99
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 63
- MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 10, 24-25, 144
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 154
- Mohara1990: taxonomy, 48
- Moore1988: biological control, economic importance, 210-212
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
- NurBrBe1987: distribution, 54
- Painte1958: biological control, distribution, host, 267-290
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution,
- ParidaMo1982: taxonomy, 19
- Pember1938: distribution, host, 107-108
- PerezG2008: distribution, 216
- Pooran2021: natural enemies,
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 345
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 64
- Ramakr1941: distribution, host, 107-113
- Rao1957: biological control, 376-390
- Rao1965VP: biological control, 145-149
- Reboul1976: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- ReinerVi2010: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 121-128
- Remill1988: distribution, host, 68
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 4, 6
- Reyne1964: distribution, host, 100
- Richar1953: chemical control, distribution, host, 426-430
- Rivera1972: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 2-26
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Sailer1973: biological control, 15-27
- Salaza1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 293
- SancheBe2010: distribution, host, 319
- Schust1965: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 272-275
- SchustBoMa1971: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 227-250
- SimmonBe1976: biological control, 460
- SinhaSaDi1985: distribution, host, 15
- Stehr1974: biological control, 124-136
- Takaha1928: distribution, host, 338
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22-23, 693
- Tang2001: distribution, 3
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 1
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
- TorresVaSa2021: biological control, distribution, host, natural enemies, 1
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S122
- Valeri2005: distribution, host, 98-110
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- WanWu2016: history, 11
- WangVaXu1998: distribution, host, 3
- Watson2021: distribution, 525
- WeneRi1950: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 386
- Willia1958: distribution, host, taxonomy, 206
- Willia1970DJ: distribution, host, taxonomy, 118
- Willia1985: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 10, 45
- Willia2001a: description, host, illustration, taxonomy, 835-837, 847
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-61
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 245, 247
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 91
- WilliaGr1992: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55, 57, 58
- WilliaMa2009a: taxonomy, 97-101
- WilliaMi2002: taxonomy, 910
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20-22
- Wu2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 44
- WuLuNa2012: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-30, 36, 38
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 96
- YangKo1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20-23
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 176
- ZarkanFaPr2023: distribution, host, key,
- ZhouLuZe2012: ecology, 2
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 154-157
