Valid Names Results
Rastrococcus invadens Williams, 1986 (Pseudococcidae: Rastrococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Rastrococcus invadens Williams 1986b: 696. Type data: PAKISTAN: Karachi, on Mangifera indica. Holotype, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Rastrococcus invades Williams, 1986; Choi & Lee 2022: 8. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- mango mealybug Neuens1993
- Cochenille farineuse du manguier KondoSaWa2022
- cochinilla harinosa del mango KondoSaWa2022
- fruit tree mealybug KondoSaWa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 49 | Genera: 96
- Acanthaceae
- Acanthus mollis | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Aphelandra | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Barleria involucrata | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Odontonema | CABI2021a
- Pseuderanthemum | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Sanchezia nobilis | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Amaranthaceae
- Amaranthus graecizans | CABI2021a
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | CABI2021a
- Mangifera indica | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 GermaiVaMa2010 Willia1989 Willia2004a SiriseWaHe2013
- Spondias dulcis | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 BoussiMo1993
- Spondias mombin | GermaiDeLa2016
- Spondias purpurea | CABI2021a
- Annonaceae
- Annona muricata | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 BoussiMo1993
- Annona reticulata | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Annona senegalensis | CABI2021a
- Annona squamosa | CABI2021a
- Cananga odorata | CABI2021a
- Uvaria chamae | CABI2021a
- Apocynaceae
- Adenium obesum | Willia2004a | (= Adenium coetaneum)
- Cascabela thevetia | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 | (= Thevetia peruviana)
- Catharanthus roseus | CABI2021a
- Echites | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Nerium oleander | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 MoussaMa1988
- Plumeria | BenDov1994 GalaniWa2012 Willia1989
- Plumeria alba | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Plumeria rubra | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Saba senegalensis | CABI2021a
- Strophanthus | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Araceae
- Caladium bicolor | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 Willia2004a
- Colocasia antiquorum | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Colocasia esculenta | CABI2021a
- Dieffenbachia | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Dieffenbachia seguine | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 | (= Dieffenbachia maculata)
- Monstera deliciosa | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Philodendron | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Xanthosoma | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Araliaceae
- Schefflera | PorcelPe2019
- Arecaceae
- Elaeis guineensis | CABI2021a
- Asparagaceae
- Dracaena | CABI2021a
- Asteraceae
- Acanthospermum hispidum | CABI2021a
- Bignoniaceae
- Burseraceae
- Dacryodes edulis | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Cactaceae
- Pereskia | CABI2021a
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Mammea americana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Cannabaceae
- Trema orientalis | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 | (= Trema guineensis)
- Cannaceae
- Canna indica | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | CABI2021a
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia kola | CABI2021a
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | CABI2021a
- Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea batatas | ReidMa2006
- Costaceae
- Costus lucanusianus | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Cucurbitaceae
- Momordica foetida | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea alata | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha hispida | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Codiaeum variegatum | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Mallotus | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Ricinus communis | CABI2021a
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Bauhinia thonningii | CABI2021a
- Strongylodon | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Gentianaceae
- Anthocleista vogelii | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Fagraea crenulata | Willia2004a
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | CABI2021a
- Heliconia psittacorum | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 BoussiMo1993 | (= Heliconia humilis)
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea macrophylla | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Lamiaceae
- Premna tomentosa | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Tectona grandis | CABI2021a
- Vitex | CABI2021a
- Vitex doniana | CABI2021a
- Lauraceae
- Persea americana | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 MoussaMa1988
- Linderniaceae
- Lindernia crustacea | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Malvaceae
- Ceiba pentandra | CABI2021a
- Sida acuta | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Sida rhombifolia | CABI2021a
- Meliaceae
- Azadirachta indica | CABI2021a
- Carapa guianensis | CABI2021a
- Khaya ivorensis | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Khaya senegalensis | CABI2021a
- Trichilia emetica | CABI2021a
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Artocarpus altilis | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 MoussaMa1988 | (=Artocarpus incisus)
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | CABI2021a
- Artocarpus integer | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 | (= Artocarpus integrifolius)
- Ficus | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 MoussaMa1988
- Ficus arnottiana | GalaniWa2012
- Ficus elastica | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Ficus exasperata | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Ficus mucuso | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Ficus polita | CABI2021a
- Ficus sur | CABI2021a
- Ficus thonningii | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Morus | Willia2005
- Streblus asper | Willia2004a
- Musaceae
- Musa paradisiaca | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 Willia1989 | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myrtaceae
- Eugenia | CABI2021a
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 BoussiMo1993 MoussaMa1988 Willia2004a SiriseWaHe2013
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea | JansenAl2023
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora | CABI2021a
- Phyllanthaceae
- Breynia disticha | CABI2021a
- Phyllanthus emblica | SiriseWaHe2013
- Poaceae
- Pteridaceae
- Adiantum | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Rosaceae
- Rubiaceae
- Ixora | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991
- Morinda citrifolia | GermaiDeLa2016
- Spermacoce verticillata | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 | (= Borreria verticillata)
- Rutaceae
- Citrus aurantiifolia | BenDov1994 Willia1989 SiriseWaHe2013
- Citrus limon | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 Willia1989
- Citrus maxima | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Citrus grandis)
- Citrus paradisi | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Citrus reticulata | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 SiriseWaHe2013
- Citrus sinensis | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993 SiriseWaHe2013
- Murraya koenigii | Willia2004a
- Sapindaceae
- Blighia | CABI2021a
- Blighia sapida | CABI2021a
- Melicoccus bijugatus | CABI2021a
- Nephelium lappaceum | SiriseWaHe2013
- Sapotaceae
- Simaroubaceae
- Ailanthus excelsa | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Solanaceae
- Nicotiana | CABI2021a
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia reginae | CABI2021a
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 20
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus | KondoSaWa2022
- Marietta leopardina | KondoSaWa2022
- Coccinellidae
- Aponephus lentiformis | CABI2021a
- Chilocorus nigrita | CABI2021a
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | CABI2021a
- Exochomus promtus | CABI2021a
- Exochomus troberti | CABI2021a
- Slipinskiscymnus saciformis | PooranAnTh2024
- Encyrtidae
- Anagyrus aurantifrons | CABI2021a
- Anagyrus mangicola | BokonoNeVa1995 HalaKeAl2004
- Cheiloneurus cyanonotus | KondoSaWa2022
- Cheiloneurus nigricornis | KondoSaWa2022
- Gyranusoidea cinga | KondoSaWa2022
- Gyranusoidea tebygi | Agounk1993 BokonoNe1995 BokonoVaNe1996 PitanaMwAk2002
- Praleurocerus viridis | KondoSaWa2022
- Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus | KondoSaWa2022
- Prochiloneurus indicus | KondoSaWa2022
- Prochiloneurus pulchellus | KondoSaWa2022
- Prochiloneurus testaceus | KondoSaWa2022
- Eulophidae
- Anaprostocetus | KondoSaWa2022
- Tetrastichus | KondoSaWa2022
- Hemerobiidae
- Psectra iniqua | CABI2021a
- Hypocreales
- Lycaenidae
- Spalgis epeus | CABI2021a
- Spalgis epius | KondoSaWa2022
- Pteromalidae
- Pachyneuron | KondoSaWa2022
- Promuscidea unfasciativentris | KondoSaWa2022
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus hyalipennis | KondoSaWa2022
- Chartocerus walkeri | KondoSaWa2022
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Caulimoviridae
- BSV | PalmaJBlGu2019 WatsonKu2005
- Flavobacteriaceae
- Flavobacteriaceae | RosenbSaSa2012
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 36
- Angola | SilvieGoCo2015
- Bangladesh | BenDov1994 Willia1986b Willia2004a
- Benin | BenDov1994 GermaiVaMa2010 Willia1989
- Bhutan | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Burkina Faso | SilvieGoCo2015
- Burundi | EPPO2022b
- Cameroon | SilvieGoCo2015
- Central African Republic | SilvieGoCo2015
- China
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | BenDov1994 Willia1986b
- Yunnan | SilvieGoCo2015
- Congo | BenDov1994 BiassaFaMo1991 MoussaMa1988
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | HalaKeAl2004
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | SilvieGoCo2015
- Egypt | PorcelPe2019
- French Guiana | EPPO2022b
- Gabon | BenDov1994 BoussiMo1993
- Gambia | SilvieGoCo2015
- Ghana | BenDov1994 WihBi2012 Willia1989
- Guiana | GermaiLaDe2015 SilvieGoCo2015
- Guinea | SilvieGoCo2015
- India | BenDov1994 SahooGh2000 Willia1989
- Andhra Pradesh | Willia2004a
- Bihar | Willia2004a
- Gujarat | Willia2004a
- Karnataka | Willia2004a
- Maharashtra | GodseBh2003 Willia2004a
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Willia2004a
- Sikkim | Willia2004a
- Uttar Pradesh | Willia2004a
- West Bengal | CABI2021a
- Indonesia | SilvieGoCo2015
- Bali | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Java | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Sumatra | ZarkanErAp2023
- Laos | CABI2021a
- Malaysia | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Sabah | Willia2004a
- Sarawak | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Mali | GodseBh2003 SilvieGoCo2015
- Nigeria | SilvieGoCo2015
- Pakistan | BenDov1994 Varshn1992 Willia1986b
- Philippines | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Rwanda | CABI2021a
- Senegal | HanNdHe2007
- Sierra Leone | ReidMa2006
- Singapore | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Thailand | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Togo | Agounk1993 BenDov1994 MoussaMa1988
- Uganda | IPPC2022
- Vietnam | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
Keys
- EvansAb2023: pp.8-13 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococccidae of Egypt]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs interepted in S. Korea]
- SiriseWaHe2013: pp.78-80 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybugs on Fruit Crops in Sri Lanka]
- Willia2004a: pp.715-716 ( Adult (F) ) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]
- Willia1989: pp.439 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Remarks
- Systematics: Rastrococcus invadens and R. rubellus are very similar to each other. In the field, adult females of R. rubellus were usually slightly larger than those of R. invadens. the colour of the body contents also differed, bding pale green in R. invadens, but pink in R. rubellus. In microscope slide mounts, the frontal cerarii of R. rubellus were almost always linked by sclerotized cuticle, whereas in R. invadens they are usually separated by a strip of membranous cuticle. (Galanihe & Watson, 2012)
- Structure: Colour photograph given by Williams (1989). External appearance of adult female and immature stages described and illustrated by Narasimham (1990). The live adult females are 3.5-4.0 mm long and 2.0-2.5 mm wide, and are pale greenish white under their white wax cover, except for a bare stripe on the midline. The marginal wax filaments are conspicuous and fairly long: anterior filaments are 3.5-6.0 mm, posterior ones are 5-8 mm long and lateral ones are 1.5-2.5 mm long. Fairly long wax filaments are one of the characteristics of the genus Rastrococcus. (Germain, et al., 2015)
- Biology: Occurring on the leaves of its host plants. The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2m compared with above 2m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred (Narasimham & Chacko, 1991). Natural enemies listed by Moore (1988) and by Biassangama et al. (1991).
- Economic Importance: Rastrococcus invadens was originally described from South East Asia, where previously it has been misidentified for R. spinosus. In 1981-1982 it was inadvertently introduced to Ghana and Togo in Africa. Since then it spread and became established over wide areas in West and Central Africa, mainly as a pest of mango, as well as other plants. Various methods for control of the pest were considered, but high priority has been given to biological control (Agounke et al., 1988; Agricola et al., 1989). Considering the significant socio-economic value of mango, citrus, avocado, and other important fruit trees which are preferred hosts, R. invadens presents a real threat to most sub-Saharan African countries in which these tree crops are grown. (Ndlela, et al., 2022) Bokonon-Ganta et al. (1995, 1996) evaluated various parameters in the life history of Anagyrus mangicola Noyes and Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes (both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in biological control of the pest in Africa. A pest of mango and citrus (Williams, 1986b, 1989).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1986b; 1989), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a). EPPO considers the report of Rastrococcus invadens in Egypt to be unreliable/absent. This record refers to an interception at the Rome’s airport (Ciampino) off an infested Schefflera sp. (Araliaceae) imported from Egypt (6/17/1994); Pellizzari & Porcelli considered the species acclimated in Egypt and introduced to Italy.
Illustrations
Citations
- ANSES2015: control, description, dispersal, distribution,
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 43
- Agounk1993: biological control, distribution, host, 441-451
- AgounkAgBo1988: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 695-702
- AgounkAgBo1989: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 17-29
- AgounkFi1993: biological control, distribution, host, 441-451
- AgricoFi1991: biological control, economic importance, 127-132
- AhmedApKa2023: natural enemies, 746
- AzragMoNd2023: ecology,
- BeltraGaSo2013: 1492
- BenDov1994: catalog, 436-437
- BergmaBl2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-80
- BiassaFaMo1991: biological control, 209-211
- BoavidNeSc1992: ecology, life history, 381-391
- Bokono2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 45-54
- BokonoNe1995: biological control, economic importance, life history, 95-107
- BokonoNeDe2003: biological control, distribution, host, 437
- BokonoNeVa1995: biological control, economic importance, life history, 479-486
- BokonoVaNe1996: biological control, economic importance, life history, 179-185
- BoussiMo1993: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 139-148
- CABI2021a: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, taxonomy,
- ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, morphology, phylogeny, 358, 359,361
- DasSa2005: biological control, distribution, host, 71-72
- DivyaKa2019: chemistry, wax,
- EtzelLe1999: biological control, 125-197
- EvansAb2023: distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 7, 10, 13, 24, 71
- GalaniWa2012: distribution, economic importance, 7-10
- GarciaMo1988: biological control, distribution, host, 1125-1130
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 226
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 4
- GermaiLaDe2015: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 447-450
- GermaiVaMa2010: distribution, host, 126
- GodseBh2003: distribution, host, 1
- GreathGr1992: biological control, 61-68
- HalaKeAl2004: distribution, economic importance, natural enemies, 29-36
- HanNdHe2007: biological control, distribution, host, 121-125
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HasselGo1992: biological control, 265
- HataHaJa1992: chemical control, 2310-2316
- Hawkin1994: biological control, 3
- IPPC2022: distribution, economic importance, host,
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 31
- KaydanCaUl2013: economic importance, 169
- KemaboOd2001: distribution, host, life history, 51-61
- KemaboOd2003: biological control, 99-108
- KiddJe1996: biological control, 293
- KonanMiNd2024: distribution, natural enemies,
- KondoGuRa2012: biological control, 13
- KondoSaWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, host plant, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 209-211
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 25
- ManiKr2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 63-64
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, 48
- Moore1988: biological control, 218
- Moore2004: biological control, distribution, host, 17N-27N
- Moore2005: biological control, distribution, host, 222-224
- MoussaMa1988: distribution, host, 2
- Narasi1990: description, taxonomy, 259-266
- NdlelaNiMo2022: climate change, distribution, host,
- Neuens1993: biological control, 143-177
- NeuensMa2001: biological control, 127-146
- Nguett1993: distribution, host,
- NkloBaAc2011: biological control, ecology, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, 1481-1492
- OuvrarKoGu2013: biological control, illustration, 2,3
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution, host, 290
- Pena2004: biological control, ecology, life history, 151-161
- PenaBa1999: economic importance, 97-104
- Pitan2008: distribution, host, 119-125
- PitanMwAk2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 105-113
- PooranAnTh2024: economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies, 531, 534
- PorcelPe2019: distribution, host, 184
- ReidMa2006: distribution, host, 187, 189
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 5, 6
- RizzoMoCa2024: DNA sequencing, genebank, 43
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- SahooGh2000: life history, 752-756
- SilvieGoCo2015: diagnosis, dispersal, distribution, host,
- SiriseWaHe2013: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, 71,72.73,76,78
- Suh2019a: key, 4
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 412-413, 751
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 7
- TangaEkGo2016: biological control, economic importance, 655
- TangaMoPr2019: distribution, natural enemies, 326
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- TobihOmIv2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 757-761
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 46
- Waage1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 135-157
- WaageGr1988: biological control, 111-128
- WaageMi1992: biological control, life history, 412-430
- Watson1997: biological control, distribution, taxonomy, 4
- WatsonOu2021: dispersal, economic importance, 152
- WihBi2012: distribution, 44
- Willia1986b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 695-699
- Willia1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 452-455
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 724-727
- Willia2005: distribution, host, 168
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 90
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 187
- ZarkanErAp2023: distribution, host, 170
