Valid Names Results
Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard, 1869) (Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus gloverii Packard 1869: 527. Type data: UNITED STATES: Florida, on Citrus sp.. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost. Illustr.
- Mytilaspis gloverii (Packard, 1869); Comstock 1881a: 323. change of combination Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard, 1869); Kirkaldy 1902: 111. change of combination
- Mytilaspis pallida; Kuwana 1909a: 161. misidentification (discovered by Beards1966, 541).
- Mytilaspis (Aspidiotus) gloverii (Packard, 1869); Froggatt 1914: 677-678. change of combination
- Mytiella sexspina Hoke 1921: 341-342. Type data: UNITED STATES: Mississippi, Logtown, on Citrus sp., 22/08/1916, by E.C. Lindsey; Florida, Fort Pierce, on "Satsuma oranges," 07/01/1920, by G. Hoke. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Mississippi State (Starkeville): Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA.; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, ???). Notes: Additional types from: Mississippi, Laurel, on Euonymus japonica, ?/08/1920, by H.L. Dozier, L.E. Miles, R.C. Price & J.V. Vernon; Mississippi, Yazoo City, ?/02/1921, by R.N. Lobdell & G.D. Dorroh. Hoke also misspelled Mytilella Leonardi as Mytiella. Illustr.
- Coccus gloverii (Packard, 1869); Essig 1931: 872. change of combination Notes: Several authors, including Essig (1931) and Ferris (1941e) have listed Packard as using the combination of Coccus gloverii. Packard apparently never used this combination.
- Lepidosaphes glowerii (Packard, 1869); Balachowsky 1931a: 98. misspelling of species epithet
- Mytilococcus gloverii (Packard, 1869); Lindinger 1936: 149. change of combination
- Opuntiaspis sexspina (Hoke, 1921); Lindinger 1937: 191. change of combination
- Insulaspis gloverii (Packard, 1869); Borchsenius 1963: 1172. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes loverri; Ali 1968: 134. misspelling of genus name
- Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard, 1869); Tao 1978: 94. misspelling of species epithet
- Mytilella sexspina; Gill 1997: 173. misspelling of genus name
- Mitiella sexpina Danzig & Pellizzari 1998: 285. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Lepidosaphis gloverii; Kfoury & El Amil 1998: 38. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- citrus long scale BasuNaCh1969
- Glover scale Blicke1965 Butche1959
- Glover's mussel scale Fuller1907
- Glover's scale Comsto1881
- guagua larga AlayoS1976
- long mussel scale Maxwel1903
- long scale Boyce1950 Craw1896
- escama de Glover PeralL1968
- escama larga CoronaRuMo1997
- mussel-shell scale Boyce1950
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 28 | Genera: 40
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | GhabboMo1996
- Annonaceae
- Annona | MillerDa2005
- Annona glabra | AlayoS1976
- Annona reticulata | AlayoS1976
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa carandas | Takaha1929
- Araceae
- Alocasia | MillerDa2005
- Alocasia macrorrhizos | WilliaWa1988
- Arecaceae
- Areca catechu | Robins1918
- Arecaceae | Borchs1966
- Cocos | MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Wilson1921
- Trachycarpus fortunei | Muraka1970 | (= Trachycarpus excelsa)
- Washingtonia filifera | Craw1896 | (= Pritchardia filamentosa)
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus setaceus | AlayoS1976 | (= Asparagus plumosus)
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sinica | Tao1999
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum | MillerDa2005
- Calophyllum calaba | AlayoS1976
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | Ferris1937 MillerDa2005
- Euonymus japonicus | Hoke1921
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus | Merril1953
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | MillerDa2005
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1981a
- Codiaeum variegatum | ColonFMe1998
- Croton | Heu2002 Wilson1921
- Croton griffithii | YunusHo1980
- Fabaceae
- Erythrina | MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | Ferris1937
- Magnolia figo | Cheo1935 | (= Magnolia fuscata)
- Meliaceae
- Aglaia | MillerDa2005
- Moraceae
- Ficus | MillerDa2005
- Maclura | MillerDa2005
- Musaceae
- Musa paradisiaca | Wilson1921 | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myrtaceae
- Eugenia | Watson2002a
- Myrtus | Merril1953
- Psidium | MillerDa2005
- Psidium guajava | ColonFMe1998
- Pinaceae
- Tsuga chinensis | Hua2000
- Rosaceae
- Prunus | MillerDa2005
- Rubiaceae
- Damnacanthus indicus | Tao1999
- Faramea occidentalis | HertinSi1972
- Rutaceae
- Citropsis | MillerDa2005
- Citrus | Boyce1950 Heu2002 MillerDa2005 Packar1869 | (= Fortunella)
- Citrus aurantiifolia | AlayoS1976
- Citrus aurantium | Bodenh1924 | (= Citrus myrtifolia)
- Citrus bigaradia | MoghadWa2021
- Citrus clementina | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus hystrix | AlayoS1976
- Citrus japonica | AlayoS1976 | (= Fortunella japonica)
- Citrus junos | Suh2020
- Citrus limon | Hinckl1963 | (= Citrus limetta)
- Citrus maxima | GomezM1941 WilliaWa1988 | (= Citrus grandis)
- Citrus medica | MoghadWa2021 | (= Citrus lumia)
- Citrus nobilis | ChenWo1936 | including ssp. deliciosa
- Citrus paradisi | AlayoS1976 Amos1933 | (= Citrus decumana)
- Citrus reticulata | AlayoS1976
- Citrus sinensis | AlayoS1976 MifsudMaRu2014
- Citrus tardiferax | ChenWo1936
- Citrus trifoliata | TakahaTa1956 | (= Poncirus trifoliata) (= Citrus triptera)
- Citrus unshiu | AlayoS1976
- Murraya | MillerDa2005
- Murraya paniculata | AlayoS1976
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Tao1999
- Salix | Borchs1966
- Sapindaceae
- Nephelium lappaceum | HernanNiMa2011
- Sciadopityaceae
- Sciadopitys | Borchs1966
- Symplocaceae
- Symplocos tinctoria | NormarOkMo2019
- Theaceae
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | Hua2000
Foes:
Families: 14 | Genera: 23
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | PeralL1968
- Aphytis chrysomphali | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis diaspidis | Fulmek1943 Morley1909 | (= Aphelinus fuscipennis)
- Aphytis hispanicus | DeBachRo1976
- Aphytis immaculatus | Watson2002a
- Aphytis lepidosaphes | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis lingnanensis | MalipaDuSm2000
- Aphytis maculicornis | Fulmek1943
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Fulmek1943
- Coccobius | GomezM1937 | (= Physcus)
- Encarsia | AwerbuGoHe2013 HertinSi1972 PeralL1968 | (= Prospaltella) (= Aspidiotiphagus)
- Encarsia aurantii | Garcia1931a | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
- Encarsia brimblecombei | Boyce1950 Fulmek1943 HuangPo1998 | (= Encarsia elongata, Prospaltella elongata)
- Encarsia citrina | GomezM1937 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia herndoni | TeranCl1983 ViggiaLi1989
- Encarsia inquirenda | Fulmek1943 HuangPo1998 | (= Prospaltella inquirenda)
- Encarsia inserens | Fulmek1943
- Encarsia lounsburyi | CaveMa1994 HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
- Encarsia perniciosi | CaveMa1994
- Paraphytis cochereaui | MilleHeCa2016
- Cheyletidae
- Prosocheyla hepburni | Bruwer1998
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | Watson2002a
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus bivulnerus | Britto1914
- Chilocorus circumdatus | SmithBeBr1997
- Chilocorus distigma | Bruwer1998
- Chilocorus nigritus | Bruwer1998 Watson2002a
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus stigma | HertinSi1972
- Clitostethus arcuatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Exochomus | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Orcus australasiae | Frogga1902a
- Orcus bilunulatus | Frogga1902a
- Pharoscymnus tomeensis | Bruwer1998
- Rhyzobius chrysomeloides | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Bruwer1998 HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus rufifrons | HertinSi1972 | ssp. flaviceps
- Encyrtidae
- Encyrtidae | GomezM1937 | (= Anabrolepis)
- Zaomma | GomezM1937 | (= Chiloneurinus)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes coccophagus | Bruwer1998
- Hemisarcoptes malus | Coorem1951 HertinSi1972
- Hypocreales
- Clonostachys coccicola | DaoBeRo2016
- Mymaridae
- Alaptus auranti | HertinSi1972
- Alaptus minimus | HertinSi1972 | (= Alaptus aurantii)
- Ophiocordycipitaceae
- Synnematium jonesii | MilleHeCa2016
- Phlaeothripidae
- Karnyothrips merrilli | HertinSi1972 | (= Haplothrips merrilli)
- Phytoseiidae
- Iphiseiodes quadripilis | Ferris1937 | (= Iphiseius quadripilis)
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Morley1909
- Trombidiidae
- Allothrombium | HertinSi1972
- Tubeufiaceae
- Podonectria coccicola | AwerbuGoHe2013 Boyce1950 DaoBeRo2016 GonzalHeSi1991
- Podonectria novae-zelandiae | DaoBeRo2016
Associates:
Families: 3 | Genera: 3
- Acaridae
- Thyreophagus | Coorem1951
- Myriangiales
- Myriangium duriaei | AwerbuGoHe2013
- Nectriaceae
- Sphaerostilbe aurantiicola | AwerbuGoHe2013 GonzalHeSi1991
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 84
- Algeria | DanzigPe1998
- Argentina
- Tucuman | TeranCl1983
- Australia | Maxwel1902
- New South Wales | Frogga1914
- Queensland | SmithBeBr1997
- Victoria | Frogga1914
- Azerbaijan | Archan1937
- Bangladesh | MalumpHaSa2012
- Barbados | Maxwel1902
- Bolivia | Squire1972
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | TakahaTa1956
- Brazil
- Espirito Santo | MartinWoCu2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | Koszta1963
- Rio de Janeiro | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Sao Paulo | MartinWoCu2022
- Burma (=Myanmar) | Clause1933 DaoBeWa2023
- China | Maxwel1902
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Chen1936
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | ChenWo1936
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Guizhou (=Kweichow) | Hua2000
- Hainan | Tao1999
- Hebei (=Hopei) | ChenWo1936
- Hubei (=Hupei) | Hua2000
- Hunan | Hua2000
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | ChenWo1936
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Hua2000
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | Tao1999
- Shandong (=Shantung) | Chen1936
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Chen1936
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Hua2000
- Yunnan | Hua2000
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Chen1936
- Colombia | Balach1959a Figuer1952
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Corsica | Mamet1943a
- Costa Rica | AriasR1990
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cuba | AlayoS1976 AwerbuGoHe2013 MestreHaEv2011
- Curaçao | Reyne1964
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941
- Ecuador | YustCe1956
- Egypt | AbdRab2001a Hall1924a
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Takaha1939b
- Pohnpei Island | Takaha1939b
- Truk Islands | Takaha1939b
- Fiji | Hinckl1963
- France | DanzigPe1998 FoldiGe2018
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Abkhaz ASSR | Archan1937
- Adzhar ASSR | Archan1937
- Ghana | MalumpHaSa2012
- Greece | DanzigPe1998
- Guadeloupe | Balach1957c
- Guam | Dumble1954
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Hawaiian Islands | Kirkal1902
- Hawaii | Nakaha1981a
- Oahu | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- India
- Bihar | Ali1968
- Karnataka | DubeyKaJo2022
- Tamil Nadu | SureshMo1996
- West Bengal | BasuNaCh1969
- Indonesia
- Irian Jaya | Reyne1961
- Java | WatsonMuSh2014
- Iran | Bodenh1944b KozarFoZa1996
- Israel | Bodenh1924
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Japan | Kirkal1902
- Honshu | TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | Takagi1960
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Clause1933 Nickel1979
- Laos | DaoBeWa2023
- Lebanon | KfouryEl1998
- Madagascar | Mamet1950
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malaysia | Clause1933 DaoBeWa2023
- Malta | MifsudMaRu2014
- Mauritius | GrandpCh1899 WilliaWi1988
- Mexico | Maxwel1902
- Baja California Sur | Ferris1921
- Tamaulipas | NormarOkMo2019
- Montserrat | Maxwel1902
- Morocco | LepineMi1931
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1988
- Nigeria | Eguagi1975
- Niue | WilliaWa1988
- Northern Mariana Islands | Dumble1954
- Saipan Island | Takaha1936c
- Pakistan | KazimiGh1964
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Philippines | Ali1969a
- Luzon | Robins1918
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island | Miller2005
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 WilliaWi1988
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | TakahaTa1956
- Saint Croix | Wilson1921
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Sao Tome | Laing1928
- Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- South Africa | Brain1929
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 Suh2016
- Spain | GomezM1937
- Sri Lanka | Maxwel1902
- Sweden | DanzigPe1998
- Taiwan | Tao1978
- Thailand | Takaha1942b
- Tonga | WilliaWa1988
- Turkey | DanzigPe1998
- Turkmenistan | Lashin1956
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Wilson1921
- Uganda | Newste1917b
- United Kingdom
- England | Mamet1943a
- United States
- Alabama | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- California | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005
- Florida | MillerDa2005 Packar1869
- Georgia | MillerDa2005
- Indiana | DietzMo1916a
- Kansas | Lawson1917
- Louisiana | Comsto1881a MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | Hoke1921 MillerDa2005
- Nebraska | MillerDa2005
- New York | FeltMo1928
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005
- South Carolina | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Texas | McDani1972a MillerDa2005
- Uruguay | MalumpHaSa2012
- Uzbekistan
- Tashkent Oblast | Archan1937
- Vietnam | DaoBeWa2018
- Western Samoa | Laing1927
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Lepidosaphes in Iran]
- DaoBeWa2018: pp.88-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Citrus diaspidids in Viet Nam]
- RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
- SzitaFeBe2017: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Watson2002a: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Expert system on a cd]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.104 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Puerto Rican species of Lepidosaphes]
- Gill1997: pp.168 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes]
- Danzig1993: pp.246 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.144 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes of the South Pacific Region]
- Chou1982: pp.156 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]
- Paik1978: pp.336 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- McDani1972a: pp.323 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Lepidosaphes]
- Beards1966: pp.535 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to known Micronesian species of Lepidosaphes]
- Takagi1960: pp.91 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Mamet1959a: pp.381 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes in Madagascar]
- Ezzat1958: pp.246 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes gloverii
- GomezM1956: pp.73 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes of Spain]
- McKenz1956: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Takaha1955e: pp.69 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Balach1954e: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes]
- Zimmer1948: pp.418 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes reported in Hawaii] Key as: Lepidosaphes gloverii
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:55 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Kuwana1925a: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Britto1923: pp.378 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Connecticut species of Lepidosaphes]
- MacGil1921: pp.283 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes gloverii
- Cocker1900k: pp.349 ( Adult (F) ) [Table to separate the commoner scales (Coccidae) of the orange] Key as: Mytilaspis gloveri
- Cocker1899f: pp.14 ( Adult (F) ) [Australian species of Mytilaspis] Key as: Mytilaspis gloverii
- Green1896e: pp.77 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mytilaspis of Ceylon] Key as: Mytilaspis gloverii
Remarks
- Structure: Scale is 5-6 mm long, slender, with parallel sides. Cover is light to dark brown. Body of adult female is white (Smith et al., 1997).
- Biology: Female lays 50-100 pearly white eggs in two rows under the scale cover. Eggs hatch in 2 weeks. Crawlers settle in sheltered sites, on older leaves and beneath fruit calyx lobes. In Australia, the life cycle takes 6-8 weeks. In Queensland there are 5-6 generations per year while in New South Wales there are 2-4 (Smith et al., 1997). This pest prefers humid climates and often is found associated with purple scale. According to Murakami (1970) Glover scale has 2 generations annually in Japan. Mated females overwinter and oviposit in March. The eggs are arranged in 2 rows beneath the scale cover. First generation males appear in late July, and second generation males occur in late October. Eguagie (1972) found that in Nigeria females produce an average of 46 eggs on orange, 38 on grapefruit, 31 on tangerine, and 27 on lime; there are 2 generations annually. The incubation period in June July is 28 30 days at 25.1 C mean temperature at 77.5% R.H. at 16.00 hrs. G.M.T. In November December incubation takes 20 24 days at 26.5 C mean temperature at 60.0% R.H. at 16 hrs. G.M.T. According to Simanton (1976) Glover scale is now the most widely distributed scale insect on Florida citrus. Before 1959, it occurred as light infestations with heavier purple scale infestations. It began to increase in 1959, following the 1958 appearance of Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere, which depressed purple scale populations. In about 1966, both species more or less stabilized with Glover scale populations highest. Under insectary conditions, Claps (1987) recorded 6 generations a year when reared on Citrus in Argentina. According to Bruwer and Schoeman (1990) the four factors influencing the population size of this scale in South Africa are: predation, primarily by Chilocorus nigritus, ectoparasitism by Aphytis lepidosaphes, endoparasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, and an unknown mortality factor. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Detailed discussion of economic importance and biological control by Bruwer (1998). Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. According to Dekle (1977), Glover scale was a serious pest of Florida citrus, where it occurred more often on twigs and small branches than on leaves and fruit. Ebeling (1959) noted that this species was of little importance in California, generally being confined to the San Juan Capistrano Valley in southern Orange County. In South Africa it is not a problem when orchards are sprayed for California red scale, but it can be found in integrated control orchards around Nelspruit (Bedford, 1978). Bruwer (1998) also discusses the economic importance of this pest in South Africa. Rose (1990b), in his summary of armored scale pests of citrus, reported Glover scale as a pest in Spain, Japan, Texas, Mexico, the Caribbean, South America, the Mediterranean, Former Soviet Union, and South Africa. It has been reported as a citrus pest by Konar and Ghosh (1990) in India, and also as a pest of mango in India (Chua and Wood 1990). Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). On the upper surface of the leaves there are more fungi per scale than in the lower surface of the leaf and in general there is a higher parasitization rate on the upper surface. While scales themselves might not prefer one location over the other, as they get parasitized more survivors will be found on the North surface and fewer on the West side of the tree. An analysis of parasitization rate on each of the directions found that in general the fungi preferred scales on the west side while this side was least preferred by wasps and the scales themselves as determined by the crawlers. Awerbuch-Friedlander, et al., (2013) concluded that the use of pesticides might be counter productive and perhaps the best intervention was not to intervene.
- General Remarks: Detailed redescription by Takagi (1970).
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1937: taxonomy, 534, 553
- AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 176
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 35
- AhmadGh1972: distribution, host, 89
- AlayoS1976: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12
- Ali1968: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134-135
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 52
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AlvareLiLu2020: phylogeny, 5
- Amos1933: distribution, host, 207
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69, 74-75
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- AwerbuGoHe2013: biological control, ecology, host, life history, 6-21
- Balach1931a: economic importance, host, 98
- Balach1954e: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 51-54
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 200
- Balach1959a: distribution, host, 363
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 28
- BasuNaCh1969: distribution, host, 174
- BatcheWe1948: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 714
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
- BazaroSh1970: distribution, host, 109
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 535, 540-541
- BeattiGe1983: distribution, host, 3
- Bedfor1978: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127, 128
- BerlesLe1898a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 129
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 12
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 506-507
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 293, 310
- BockTa1995: distribution, host, 360
- Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 48-49
- Bodenh1930a: distribution, host, illustration, 147, 151, 159
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 86, 95
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 121, 127-130
- Bodenh1953a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 17
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72, 76
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 106
- Borchs1950b: distribution, taxonomy, 184
- Borchs1963: taxonomy, 1172
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 62
- Boyce1950: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 743-744
- Brain1920: distribution, host, 106
- Brain1929: distribution, host, 144
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 2
- Britto1914: biological control, 10
- Britto1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 378
- Brooks1977: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 365-367
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, distribution, host, 14
- Bruwer1984: biological control, distribution, 23-25
- Bruwer1998: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 153-157
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 185, 190
- Butche1959: distribution, host, 364
- Bytins1966: distribution, 28
- CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 341-342
- ChapotDe1964: distribution, host, 211-212
- Charmo1899: distribution, host, 32, 34
- Chen1936: distribution, host, taxonomy, 210, 225-226
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 101-102
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 100
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156, 174-176
- Chou1986: illustration, 577
- Chou1986: illustration, 594
- Clause1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 16, 25
- Cocker1899f: distribution, taxonomy, 14
- Cocker1900k: distribution, taxonomy, 349
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 107-108
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 323-324
- Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 117
- Comsto1916: distribution, host, taxonomy, 472, 578
- Coorem1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 30
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- Craw1896: distribution, economic importance, host, 41
- Crouze1971: distribution, economic importance, 200
- Dale1959: distribution, 12
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 246, 260-261
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 285
- DaoBeRo2016: entomopathogenic fungi, 1-6
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, key, morphology, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: distribution, host, key, phylogeny, 1022, 1029
- DaoBeWa2023: phylogeny, 1030, 1031
- Dash1916: distribution, host, 43
- DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, 177
- Dekle1965c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12, 79
- DietzMo1916a: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 279, 281
- Dinthe1950: chemical control, distribution, illustration, 49
- Dinthe1960: 49
- DoaneFe1916: distribution, host, 401
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 514
- Dumble1954: distribution, host, 43-44, 89
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Ebelin1959: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 203-204
- Efimof1937: distribution, host, 17, 19, 73
- Eguagi1975: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 99-107
- Esaki1940: host, 413
- Esaki1940a: distribution, economic importance, 278
- Essig1931: taxonomy, 872
- Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 246
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 202
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 309
- Ferris1921: distribution, host, 65, 115
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-71, SI-74, SI-79
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 44
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:55
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 298
- Figuer1952: distribution, 210
- Flande1971: distribution, host, 860
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- Foldi2003: distribution, 152
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 13,24
- Frogga1902a: biological control, 904
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 677-678
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 40
- Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 97, 100
- Fuller1907: taxonomy, 1035
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 52
- GaoQu1981: biological control, host, 57-58
- Garcia1931a: biological control, distribution, 668
- Gavalo1929: distribution, host, 166
- Gavin1961: distribution, host, 20
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 3
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 347-348
- Ghesqu1943: distribution, 391
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 168, 173-174, 182
- GomezC1943: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 305-307
- GomezC1946: distribution, host, taxonomy, 19
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 163, 164-169
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 138
- GomezM1957: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73-78
- GonzalHeSi1991: biological control, distribution, host, 433
- Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 188
- GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11, 13
- Green1896e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 77, 83-84
- Green1917a: distribution, host, 266
- Green1928a: host, 30
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 327
- GruwelWoKo2016: distribution, 173, 174
- Guo1992: taxonomy, 2
- Hadzib1965: distribution, host, 6
- Hadzib1983: 174
- Hall1924a: distribution, host, 22
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, 524
- Hartma1916: taxonomy, 108
- HernanNiMa2011: host, 379-380
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 183
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 35
- Hewitt1943: taxonomy, 267
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 47
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 25
- Hoke1921: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 341-342
- Hollin1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33, 68
- HosnyEz1957: distribution, host, 332
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 196
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 154
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859, 1871, 1894
- Kaussa1946a: distribution, host, 8
- Kaussa1951: distribution, host, 39
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, 33
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 241-242
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 23
- KazimiGh1964: distribution, host, 37
- KfouryEl1998: distribution, 38
- Kiritc1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 172
- Kiritc1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
- Kirkal1902: distribution, host, 111
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 158
- Kobakh1965: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 326-327
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
- Kuwana1909a: distribution, host, 161
- Kuwana1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3, 16-17
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 72
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
- Laing1927: distribution, host, 42
- Laing1928: distribution, host, 215
- Lal1952: distribution, host, 62
- Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 129
- Lawson1917: distribution, host, 254, 255
- LeonKo2017: biological control, chemical control, diagnosis, host, illustration, natural enemies, 62-64
- Leonar1898: taxonomy, 47
- Leonar1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29, 57-60
- Leonar1907: distribution, host, 22
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 151, 168-169
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 249
- Lever1945: distribution, 43
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 106
- Lindin1913: taxonomy, 77
- Lindin1936: taxonomy, 149
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 191
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 283
- MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 3, 9, 54, 57, 58, 68
- Mallam1954: distribution, host, 36
- MalumpHaSa2012: distribution, host, 5
- Mamedo1971: distribution, host, 356
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 162
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 40
- Mamet1950: distribution, host, 23
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 228
- Mamet1959a: distribution, taxonomy, 381
- ManiglAgPe1995: biological control, distribution, 131-135
- Martin1983: distribution, host, 54-55
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 41
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 5
- Maskel1891: distribution, host, 8
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 252
- Maxwel1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, 46
- McDani1972a: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 324-326
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 121, 123
- Medler1980: distribution, 89
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 56
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 242-243
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 13
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 510
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 141
- Miller2005: distribution, 497
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 254
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 350
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 306
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 24
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 36
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, key, taxonomy, 139, 145-146, 246
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133
- Monast1955: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 87-136
- Morley1909: biological control, 277
- Mosque1976: distribution, host, 48-49, 91
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 10
- MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 89
- Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 82
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, host, 11, 25
- MyartsRuCo2016: economic importance, 82
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 400
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 48
- Nath1972: distribution, host, 3
- Newste1907a: distribution, 10
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 134
- Nickel1979: distribution, economic importance, host, 43
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, 199, 260, 279
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 23, 59, S6
- OteroCaMo1996: distribution, economic importance, host, 530-531
- Packar1869: description, distribution, host, illustration, 527
- Paik1958: distribution, host, 31
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 342-343
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,71
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 121
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, host, 480,487,502
- PeralL1968: biological control, 25
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
- PruthiBa1960: distribution, host, 74
- PruthiMa1945: distribution, economic importance, host, 11
- QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 360
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, 29, 31
- RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8148
- Reyne1961: distribution, host, 126
- Reyne1964: distribution, host, 98
- Robins1918: distribution, host, 147
- RosenDe1979: biological control, 760
- Ruhl1919: taxonomy, 40
- Salaza1999: control, 28
- Sander1904a: taxonomy, 74
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 27
- Schief2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 13
- SelhimBr1977: biological control, host, 477
- ShahbaHoHa2022: natural enemies,
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 176
- Simant1973: control,
- Smirno1950a: biological control, economic importance, 190-192
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 74-75
- Squire1972: distribution, host, 96
- Starne1897: distribution, host, 27
- StathaKaDa2021: biology, control, distribution, host, natural enemies, 52-53
- Strong1922: distribution, host, 70
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 319, 328
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 4, 6
- SureshMo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 252
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 79, 91
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7-8
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, 318
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 3, 9, 11, 75
- Takaha1936c: distribution, host, 117
- Takaha1937a: distribution, host, 71, 73
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, 265
- Takaha1940a: distribution, host, 332
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 42
- Takaha1942d: distribution, host, 355
- Takaha1955e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 69, 72
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 12
- Talhou1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 23
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 210
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 131
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, taxonomy, 94
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 92
- Tardo1951: distribution, host, 116
- Targio1884: distribution, host, taxonomy, 395
- Targio1885: distribution, host, taxonomy, 110
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 43, 50
- TeranCl1983: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33-37
- Terezn1975: distribution, host, 75
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 47
- Tryon1889: distribution, host, 134
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 48
- Vayssi1921: taxonomy, 356
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, taxonomy, 197
- ViggiaLi1989: biological control, 79-81
- Vilard1974: distribution, host, 76
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 181-182
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- WatsonBe1937: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21-22
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- Weiss1916: distribution, host, 24
- Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 404
- Wester1918: host, 53
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 224
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 24
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 144, 153-155
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 36
- Wilson1921: distribution, host, 25
- Wilson1922: distribution, host, 16, 20
- WilsonGo1962: economic importance, 54
- Wolcot1948: distribution, host, 176
- WolffCo1994: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 139-141
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 26-27, 68
- Wu1935: distribution, host, 240
- Wunn1925c: distribution, host, 437, 449
- XuZeLv2021: entomopathogenic fungi, 1
- Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 220
- Yother1923: distribution, host, 19
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 27, 34
- Yust1958: distribution, taxonomy, 7, 23
- YustCe1956: distribution, host, 435
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 166
- Zimmer1948: distribution, economic importance, host, 418, 420
