Valid Names Results

Kerria lacca lacca (Kerr, 1782) (Tachardiidae (= Kerriidae): Kerria)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus gummilaccae Goeze 1778: 342. nomen nudum (discovered by Lindin1933b, 228).
Coccus lacca Kerr 1782: 374. Type data: INDIA: uncultivated mountains on both sides of the Ganges.. Syntypes, female and first instar, accepted valid name Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Varshney, 1976).
Coccus ficus Fabricius 1787: 319. Type data: INDIA: on Ficus religiosa and Indica gummi.. Syntypes, female and first instar, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1869, 859). Notes: Type material lost (Ziemsen, 1964).
Chermes lacca (Kerr, 1782); Roxburgh 1791: 228. change of combination
Carteria lacca (Kerr, 1782); Signoret 1874: 102. change of combination
Kerria lacca (Kerr, 1782); Targioni Tozzetti 1884: 410. change of combination
Tachardia lacca (Kerr, 1782); Signoret 1886c: lxii. change of combination
Tachardia (Tachardia) lacca (Kerr, 1782); Chamberlin 1923: 170. change of combination
Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan 1923: 98. replacement name that is unjustified Replacement name for Coccus lacca Kerr
Laccifer lacca (Kerr, 1782); Cockerell 1924: 47. change of combination
Laccifer mysorensis (Fabricius, 1787); Chamberlin 1925: 38. change of combination
Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca (Kerr, 1782); Varshney 1984b: 368. change of combination and rank
Kerria lacca lacca; Batsankalashvili 2017: 262. subsequent use Notes: incorrect citation of Chamberlain as the author

Common Names

common lac insect Varshn1976
Indian lac insect Cardon2007
lac insect Kapur1958 Varshn1976

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 37 | Genera: 89

Anacardiaceae

Lannea | Varshn1992
Mangifera indica | SubbarRa1997

Annonaceae

Annona squamosa | Carter1861 SubbarRa1997
Polyalthia longifolia | SubbarRa1997

Apocynaceae

Carissa | Varshn1992
Cascabela thevetia | Sharma1997

Betulaceae

Corylus | Hadzib1983
Corylus avellana | BatsanKaKi2017

Bignoniaceae

Dolichandrone | Varshn1992
Jacaranda | Varshn1992
Stereospermum | Varshn1992

Boraginaceae

Cordia | Varshn1992

Burseraceae

Garuga | Varshn1992
Protium | Varshn1992

Cannabaceae

Celtis | Varshn1992

Cetoniidae

Euphoria | Varshn1992

Combretaceae

Terminalia | Varshn1992

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbita moschata | Sharma1991 SharmaRa1997

Cupressaceae

Juniperus | Varshn1992

Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpus | Varshn1992
Shorea assamica | SubbarRa1997
Shorea robusta | SubbarRa1997
Shorea roxburghii | SubbarRa1997

Ebenaceae

Diospyros kaki | Hadzib1983

Elaeocarpaceae

Sloanea | Varshn1992 | (= Echinocarpus)

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites | Varshn1992
Chrozophora oblongifolia | SubbarRa1997
Croton | Varshn1992
Mallotus | Varshn1992
Ricinus communis | SubbarRa1997

Fabaceae

Acacia | SubbarRa1997
Acacia auriculiformis | SubbarRa1997
Acacia catechu | SubbarRa1997 Takaha1941
Acacia farnesiana | SubbarRa1997
Albizia | Takaha1941
Albizia julibrissin | Hadzib1983
Albizia lebbeck | SubbarRa1997
Albizia lucidor | SubbarRa1997
Atylosia | Varshn1992
Bauhinia | Varshn1992
Butea monosperma | SequeiBe1998 SharmaBhSu1999 SubbarRa1997 Takaha1941 | (= Butea frondosa)
Caesalpinia | Varshn1992
Cailliea | Varshn1992
Cajanus cajan | SubbarRa1997 Takaha1941 Hadzib1983
Calliandra | Varshn1992
Cassia | Varshn1992
Ceratonia | Varshn1992
Dalbergia assamica | SubbarRa1997
Dalbergia latifolia | SubbarRa1997
Dalbergia sissoo | SubbarRa1997
Desmodium tortuosum | SubbarRa1997
Dolichos | Varshn1992
Entada | Varshn1992
Erythrina | Varshn1992
Flemingia chappar | SubbarRa1997
Flemingia macrophylla | SharmaBhSu1999 SubbarRa1997 Varshn2020
Flemingia paniculata | SubbarRa1997
Flemingia stricta | SubbarRa1997
Flemingia strobilifera | SubbarRa1997
Leucaena | Varshn1992
Maughania | Varshn1992
Millettia extensa | SubbarRa1997
Millettia pinnata | SubbarRa1997
Mimosa pudica | SubbarRa1997
Ougeinia | Varshn1992
Peltophorum pterocarpum | Varshn2020 | (= Peltophorum ferrugineum)
Phyllodium pulchellum | SubbarRa1997
Pithecellobium dulce | JalaluMoSa1999 Takaha1941
Prosopis | Varshn1992
Pterocarpus | Varshn1992
Samanea saman | SubbarRa1997 Takaha1941
Tamarindus indica | SubbarRa1997
Xylia | Varshn1992

Fagaceae

Castanopsis | Varshn1992

Juglandaceae

Carya illinoinensis | Hadzib1983
Engelhardtia | Varshn1992
Pterocarya pterocarpa | Hadzib1983

Lamiaceae

Tectona | Varshn1992

Lecythidaceae

Careya | Varshn1992

Loranthaceae

Loranthus | Varshn1992

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia | Varshn1992
Punica granatum | SubbarRa1997

Malvaceae

Berrya | Varshn1992
Eriolaena | Varshn1992
Eriolaena spectabilis | SubbarRa1997
Grewia hirsuta | SubbarRa1997
Hibiscus syriacus | SubbarRa1997
Tilia endochrysea | Hadzib1983
Tilia rubra | BatsanKaKi2017

Meliaceae

Melia azedarach | SubbarRa1997 | (= Azadirachta indica)

Moraceae

Artocarpus | Varshn1992
Ficus benghalensis | SharmaBhSu1999 SubbarRa1997 | (= Ficus indica)
Ficus carica | Hadzib1983
Ficus concinna | SubbarRa1997
Ficus elastica | KondoGu2007
Ficus racemosa | SubbarRa1997
Ficus religiosa | SharmaBhSu1999 SubbarRa1997
Streblus | Varshn1992

Myrtaceae

Callistemon | Varshn1992

Phyllanthaceae

Glochidion | Varshn1992

Proteaceae

Grevillea robusta | SubbarRa1997

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus | SubbarRa1997
Ziziphus jujuba | Miller1937NCE
Ziziphus mauritiana | SequeiBe1998 SharmaBhSu1999 SubbarRa1997 Varshn2000

Rosaceae

Rosa chinensis | SubbarRa1997

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantium | Glover1935
Limonia | Varshn1992

Salicaceae

Salix | Hadzib1983
Salix babylonica | BatsanKaKi2017
Salix matsudana | Hadzib1983

Sapindaceae

Litchi chinensis | SubbarRa1997 HsiehHw1983
Schleichera oleosa | SequeiBe1998 SharmaBhSu1999 SubbarRa1997

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix | Varshn1992

Theaceae

Schima | Varshn1992

Vitaceae

Leea | Varshn1992
Vitis vinifera | SubbarRa1997

Foes:

Families: 16 | Genera: 23

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus lycimnia | Hadzib1983
Coccophagus tschirchii | Hadzib1983 SharmaJaBh1997
Marietta leopardina | Hadzib1983

Blastobasidae

Holcocera pulverea | Hadzib1983
Pseudohypatopa pulverea | MeenaSh2018
Syncola crypsimorpha | JadhavAdSh2022
Syncola pulverea | AdamskPiNi2020 JadhavAdSh2022

Braconidae

Bracon greeni | SharmaJaBh1997

Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla zastrowi | MeenaSh2018
Mallada madestes | MishraSuSh1996

Cosmopterigidae

Anatrachyntis falcatella | JadhavAdSh2022

Encyrtidae

Erencyrtus dewitzii | SharmaJaBh1997
Ooencyrtus kerriae | HayatNaRe2003
Parechthrodryinus clavicornis | SharmaJaBh1997
Tachardiaephagus tachardiae | Hadzib1983 SharmaJaBh1997

Eulophidae

Aprostocetus bangaloricus | HayatNaRe2003
Aprostocetus purpureus | Hadzib1983 SharmaJaBh1997

Eupelmidae

Eupelmus tachardiae | Hadzib1983 SharmaJaBh1997

Heliodinidae

Stathmopoda auriferella | JadhavAdSh2022
Stathmopoda basiplectra | JadhavAdSh2022

Lecithoceridae

Scythropiodes lacca | AdamskPiNi2020

Momphidae

Lacciferophaga yunnanea | Hadzib1983

Noctuidae

Catablemma sumbavensis | JadhavAdSh2022
Eublemma amabilis | MeshraBhDe2018
Eublemma roseonivea | JadhavAdSh2022
Eublemma scitula | JadhavAdSh2022

Oecophoridae

Oedematopoda cypris | JadhavAdSh2022
Oedematopoda venusta | JadhavAdSh2022

Stathmopodidae

Stathmopoda venusta | AdamskPiNi2020

Syrphidae

Blera scitula | Hadzib1983

Tineidae

Nemapogon | Hadzib1983

Associates:

Families: 4 | Genera: 5

Anaplasmataceae

Wolbachia | SanaeiLiCo2021

Cosmopterigidae

Pyroderces spatulata | AdamskPiNi2020

Pyralidae

Cryptoblades gnidiella | AdamskPiNi2020
Stenachroia elongella | AdamskPiNi2020

Tineidae

Erechthias leucopogon | AdamskPiNi2020

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 13

Azerbaijan | Hadzib1983

Bangladesh | Varshn1976

Burma (=Myanmar) | Varshn1976

China

Hunan | HuHeWa1992

Georgia (Republic of) | Hadzib1983 Varshn1997

Guyana (=British Guiana) | Cocker1893r

India

Andhra Pradesh | Varshn1976
Bihar | Varshn1976
Gujarat | Varshn2000
Jharkhand | RajgopMoSh2021
Karnataka | Varshn1976
Madhya Pradesh | RanjanMaSa2011
Maharashtra | RanjanMaSa2011
Tamil Nadu | JalaluMoSa1999
Telangana | RajgopMoSh2021
West Bengal | Varshn1976

Malaysia | Varshn1997

Nepal | Varshn1976

Pakistan | Varshn1976

Sri Lanka | Varshn1976

Taiwan | HsiehHw1983

Thailand | RajgopMoSh2021

Keys

RajgopMoSh2021: pp.65-66 ( Adult (F) ) [species of Kerria]
BashirWaLi2021: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Kerria from China]
TalukdDa2020: pp.10-12 ( Adult (F) ) [Kerria species]
MishraSu2000: pp.216-217 ( Adult (F) ) [Kerria species of India]
Varshn1976: pp.21 ( Adult (F) ) [India]
Varshn1976: pp.72 ( Adult (F) ) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca]

Remarks

Systematics: Varshney (1976) recognized in Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca of India, two infra sub-specific forms, which have been referred to by earlier workers as varieties or strains: 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. rangeeni which grows on Ficus spp., Butea monosperma and many other host plants, but not on Schleichera oleosa. The summer generation of this form lasts about 8 months, from October-November to June-July, is called the Baisakhi lac crop. The rainy season generation lasts about 4 months, from June-July to October-November, is called the Katki lac crop. The rangeeni is the major form found in India, though the quality of the lac produced by it is inferior. 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. kusumi which grows on Schleichera oleosa and some other host plants but not on Ficus spp. and not on Butea monosperma. The life cycle of both generations is about 6 months. The summer generation from January-February to June-July, is called the Jethwi lac crop. The winter generation from June-July to January-February, is called the Aghani lac crop. The kusumi is the minor form found in India, but the quality of the lac produced by it is superior to that of the rangeeni form. Varshney (1976) reported on differences between the two forms in their body extracts, and in chromatographic and ultra-violet analyses.
Structure: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999). Misra (1930a) gave a detailed account on the post-embryonic development, including life cycle, form of the body, migration of spiracles, wax secretion, lac glands, muscular system and nervous system. Takahashi (1941) illustrated the remarkable variation, from flat elongate to almost globular, in the body shape of the adult female. The adult female of this species possesses a pair of long, slender and beaded malpighian tubes, which open by a common ampulla into the alimentary canal. Chromatographic analysis showed a positive relationship between the aqueous solution of lac dye and the malpighian tubes. Varshney & Ganguli (1972) presumed that the tubes absorb the lac-dye from body fluid together with other excretory matter and water. However, Varshney & Ganguli (1972) noted that the dye is not excreted, but stored in the tubes, as the honeydew drops are colourless. fructose, sucrose and an unidentified oligosaccharide. Varshney & Srivastava (1989) analysed the amino acids and carbohydrate constituents of the Kerria lacca f. rangeeni developing on Moghania macrophylla in India, and correlated them with the developmental stages and the annual generations of the insect. Detailed electron microscopic phographs of the mouthparts of K. lacca and their importance in location of feeding sites. Observed were a modified clypeolabral shield which is not used for piercing and sucking, and segmented labium, ultrastructure of mandibular and maxillary stylets, and the presence of sensilla which may have a role in feeding site selection. (Ahmad, et al., 2012) Detailed electron microscopic photographs of the first instar nymph in Admad, et al., (2013a) Ahmad, et al, 2013a, found that differentiation of the first-instar nymphs of K. lacca from those of P. mahdihassani could be based on the differences in shape of the 6th antennal segment, antennal and labial sensilla, brachial bordering setae, brachial pores, anal ring and associated structures is possible. These also provide an identification of the antennal sensilla based on external morphology, which were earlier known as setae, and also with their arrangement. Two sensilla chaetica were observed on 6th antennal segment at the apex in K. lacca, whereas they were lacking on P. mahdihassani.
Biology: In India, there are two varieties, commonly called 'strains', of K. lacca, the Rangeeni strain and the Kusumi strain. Each strain is specific to particular host trees, has a different life cycle and produces different body extracts. However, morphologically these strains could not be separated into different species (Varshney, 1976; Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj, 1998). Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly. The strains, Rangeeni and Kusumi, hybridize freely under laboratory conditions, thereby producing viable progeny. Premating barriers, such as differences in host preference and asynchrony in sexual-maturity periods, due to differences in life-cycle patterns, prevent interbreeding under natural conditions. (Ranjan, et al., 2011) The males of the lac scale, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (= Laccifer lacca) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) live for 62 to 91 h. (Mendel, et al., 2012)
Economic Importance: Varshney (1970) published a bibliography of about 3000 references on all aspects of Lac insect studies - taxonomy, cultivation, natural enemies and economic importance. Miller (1937) presented a detailed account on attempts (1933-1937) to introduce Kerria lacca into Malaya from India, for commercial lac production. The attempts were abortive, and it was concluded that climatic conditions and other circumstances were wholly unsuitable in Malaya for lac propagation. Takahashi (1941) reported that "the lac cultivation is one of the outstanding industries in Siam [=Thailand]". Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj (1998) gave a detailed account on the economy of lac production in India. Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly. The species was introduced into and became established in the Black sea coast of Georgia and Caspian Sea Coast of Azerbaijan (Kachibaya, 1965; Hadzibejli, 1983). Hsieh & Hwang (1983) reported on experiments on chemical control of this species on litchi in Taiwan.
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923), Varshney (1976) and by Gullan & Kondo (2008). Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis. Description and illustration of the first, second and third instar nymphs given by Hadzibejli (1983).

Illustrations

Citations

AAEE1925:
AdamskPiNi2020: natural enemies,
AhmadKaRa2012: description, physiology, 435-441
AhmadShRa2013: taxonomy, 530
AhmadShRa2013a: SEM, morphology,
Ali1967a: distribution, host, 41-42
BahuguSh2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 63-70
BashirWaLi2021: distribution, key, 2, 6
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 262
BenDov2006b: catalog, taxonomy, 267-271
BenDovLi1998: taxonomy, 455-456
BhattaChMi1994: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 69-71
BhattaJaMi1995: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 15-18
BhattaJaMi1999: ecology, life history, 62-63
BhattaJaSh1997: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 365-369
BhattaMiCh1996: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 75-76
BhattaMiNa1995: life history, 205-206
BhattaMiSh1999: chemical control, 59-61
BhattaMiSu2003: biological control, distribution, host, 301-303
BhattaNaSe1998: biological control, 83-87
BhattaShSu1996: biological control, distribution, host, 57-58
BhattaSuJa2000: biological control, 155
BhattaSuMi1998: biological control, 15-16
Blanch1883: chemistry, description, economic importance, illustration, taxonomy, 248-262
Bohmer2000: chemistry, economic importance, 57-60
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 304
Cardon1999a: chemistry, economic importance, 18-29
Cardon2007: distribution, economic importance, host, 656-659
Carter1861: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-10
Chambe1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 170-172
Chambe1925JC: taxonomy, 33, 37
Chauha1970b: chromosomes, structure, 341-344
Chauha1977: chromosomes, structure, 155-159
ChauhaMi1970: life history, 102-103
ChauhaMi1970a: life history, 390-392
ChenChFe2011: distribution, economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 1-14
ChenChLi2004: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 159-166
ChenChLi2004a: chemistry, 362-367
ChenHo1994: distribution, economic importance, host, 69-73
ChenXuCh2003: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 411-417
ChiuChCh1985: biological control, distribution, host, 9-11
ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, 402
Chou1986: anatomy, illustration, structure, 441
Cock1985: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 213-223
Cocker1893r: taxonomy, 181
Cocker1924: taxonomy, 47
ColombBoGa2003: chemistry, economic importance, 357-364
Comsto1882: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 209-211
CruzHeGaRo2003: chemistry, 37-45
Doming1906: taxonomy, 222
Fabric1787: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 319
Fernal1903b: 124-125
Ferrie1928: biological control, 171-176
Ferrie1935: biological control, 391-406
Gavril2018: reproduction, 229
GavrilKu2019: economic importance, 204
Ghorai1995: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-167
Glover1930: anatomy, biological control, economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 261-266
Glover1932: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 1-18
Glover1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-23
Glover1935: distribution, economic importance, host, 151-153
Glover1937: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-147
Goeze1778: taxonomy, 342
GullanKo2008: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63-70
Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 157-163
HayatNaRe2003: biological control, distribution, host, 309-334
HeShDe2003: distribution, host, life history, 604-609
HsiehHw1983: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 31-40
HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 180
Huffak1977: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 329-339
Hui1988: biological control, 395-398
JadhavAdSh2022: natural enemies,
JaiswaShAg1998: biological control, 81-86
JaiswaShAg1999: biological control, 106-110
JaiswaShBh1996: chemistry, life history, 349-353
JaiswaShSu1998: biological control, economic importance, 133-136
JaiswaSiPa2014: chemical control, natural enemies,
JalaluMoSa1999: distribution, host, 161
KandasEkKu2021: genetic structure, genetics,
KandasEkKu2022: DNA, bacteria,
KandasRoMo2019: DNA, natural enemies,
KapoorPu2002: chemistry, economic importance, 8-14
Kapur1958: catalog, 19-21
Kerr1782: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 374-381
KondoGu2011: host, illustration, taxonomy, 347-350
KondoGu2011: taxonomy, 347-348
KondoKa1995a: distribution, host, 97-98
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 21
KozarDr1998l: 454
KozielSa2001: distribution, 1-5
Lepesm1947: distribution, host, 268
LiHoLi1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 519-524
LiHu1994: distribution, host, life history, 224-226
LiZhLi1994: chemistry, distribution, host, 456-459
Lin2002: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 121-127
LinSu2001: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 65-67
Lindin1933b: taxonomy, 228
Lit2002: structure, taxonomy, 25-38
Lit2002a: structure, 122-136
LitGu2001: structure, taxonomy, 119-126
Mahdih1923: taxonomy, 98
Mahdih1961: anatomy, structure, 115-126
Mahdih1963: anatomy, life history, structure, 423-435
MeenaSh2018: natural enemies, species richness,
MehandRaSh1968: chemistry, 2231-2234
MendelPrJa2012: 390
MeshraBhDe2018: chemical control, natural enemies, 732-737
Miller1937NCE: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-21
MishraBh1995: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 6-8
MishraBhNa1996: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 189-190
MishraBhSi1995: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 28-29
MishraBhSi1996: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 54-55
MishraBhSu1995: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 351-355
MishraBhSu1997: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 291-293
MishraNaBh1995: control, distribution, host, 14-15
MishraSu2000: taxonomy, 217,219
MishraSuBh1995: economic importance, 28-29
MishraSuBh1998: taxonomy, 171-172
MishraSuBh2000: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 121-124
MishraSuCh2000: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 343-348
MishraSuCh2000: economic importance, host, life history, 343-348
MishraSuKu2000: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 19-26
MishraSuSh1996: biological control, chemical control, 17-20
Misra1923: biological control, chemistry, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-83
Misra1930: taxonomy, 161
Misra1930a: anatomy, life history, structure, 455-466
MohanaMeMo2018: ecology, host, natural enemies,
MohanaRaSh2018: genetics, reproduction,
MohanaShVe2022: economic,
NegiMiGu1930: distribution, host, life history, 182-188
NegiMiGu1930: distribution, host, life history, 182-188
NiranjPaKu2006: economic importance, 35-37
Olivie1791: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 96
PrasadJaKu2004: distribution, economic importance, host, 54-58
RajgopMoSh2021: distribution, host, key, 61, 65
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 340
Raman2014: history,
RamaniSh1991: economic importance, life history, 47-53
RamaniSh1995: economic importance, 19-20
RanjanMaSa2011: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 511-519
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
Roxbur1791: economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 228-235
SahaJaSi2000: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 125-132
SahaRaMa2011: economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 112-120
SequeiBe1998: chemistry, economic importance, host, life history, 225-234
SerranDoBo2015: history,
ShahTh2018: biological importance, ecology, host, 56-63
Sharma1991: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 544-545
Sharma1997: distribution, host, 29
SharmaBhSu1999: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 115-118
SharmaJaBh1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 17-22
SharmaJaKu1999: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 95-99
SharmaJaKu2000: biological control, 156
SharmaJaKu2001: biological control, 369-371
SharmaKuKu2005: distribution, ecology, economic importance, 95-96
SharmaRa1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 169-174
SharmaRa2001: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 456-459
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 853, 859
Signor1874: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 102-105
Signor1877: catalog, 649, 668
Signor1886c: taxonomy, lxii
SinghMiKu2001: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 166-170
SinghMiSu2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 490-493
Speigh2001: distribution, 1-5
Srivas1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 83-91
SrivasKuMi1998: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1,9-12
SrivasKuSa2002: chemistry, life history, 3250328
SubbarRa1997: distribution, host, 187-192
SunLiCh2003: distribution, host, 129-132
SushilBhJa2002: biological control, 100-101
SushilBhMi2000: biological control, host, 152-154
SushilMiBh1997: biological control, chemical control, 39-41
SushilMiBh1999: biological control, 365-368
SwamiKaJa2017: biology,
Takaha1941: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 139-140
Takaha1949: distribution, host, 8-11
TalukdDa2020: key, 11
Tanaka1997: chemistry, 373-380
TandonBaJa2003: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-354
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 49
Targio1884: taxonomy, 410
ThakurJaSh2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 79-82
ThamasGu2003: distribution, host, life history, 77-79
Thomas2003: distribution, economic importance, host, 24-27
TulsyaBo1970: structure, 99-106
Varshn1970: catalog, taxonomy, i-v
Varshn1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40-43
Varshn1978: chemistry, physiology, 95-98
Varshn1984b: taxonomy, 367-368
Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
Varshn1997: distribution, taxonomy, 28
Varshn2000: distribution, host, 27
Varshn2009: catalog, 7
Varshn2020: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
VarshnGa1972: anatomy, structure, 195-201
VarshnSr1989: chemistry, life history, taxonomy, 380-382
WadaKoAo2005: chemistry, 2097-2106
Walker1852: taxonomy, 1081
Waller1986: chemistry, 145-155
WenLuHa2002: distribution, host, 56-64
Willia2015: taxonomy, 580
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 240
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 22,28
WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7-8,45
WouterVe1989a: chemistry, 189-200
XieXuZh2004a: chemistry, 512-518
YangLiSu2005: distribution, economic importance, host, 204-208
YangZhCa1998: distribution, ecology, host, 647-651
YogiPaKu2022: economic,
ZhouLiZh2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 55-57