Valid Names Results
Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell, 1893 (Conchaspididae: Conchaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell 1893d: 9. Type data: JAMAICA: Hope Gardens, on Angraecum eburneum var.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Pseudinglisia rodrigueziae Newstead 1893b: 153. Type data: ENGLAND: Eaton Hall, nr. Chester, on Rodriguezia secunda.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1990,207). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1895a, 101). Illustr.
- Conchaspis angraeci hibisci Cockerell 1896h: 19. Type data: MEXICO: Tamaulipas, on Hibiscus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Mamet1954b, 213).
- Conchaspis baiensis Lepage 1939: 314. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Encyclia sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil; junior synonym (discovered by Mamet1954b, 213). Illustr.
- Conchasuis angraeci; Bruner, Scaramuzza & Otero 1945: 225. misspelling of genus name
- Conchanspis angraeci; Kondo & Watson 2022a: 13. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- Angraecum scale Hamon1979
- cochenille de la vanilla Kondo2022b
- escama de las orquídeas Kondo2022b
- vanilla scale Kondo2022b
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 26 | Genera: 62
- Apocynaceae
- Allamanda cathartica | Ballou1926
- Hoya cagayanensis | LitLuCa2023
- Hoya carnosa | Hamon1979
- Hoya landgrantensis | LitLuCa2023
- Hoya pimenteliana | LitLuCa2023
- Huernia aspera | LincanHoCa2010
- Plumeria | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 WilliaWa1990
- Stephanotis | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Mamet1954b
- Tabernaemontana | MerrilCh1923 Riddic1955
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Hamon1979 Riddic1955
- Araliaceae
- Heptapleurum actinophyllum | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 | (= Schefflera actinophylla)
- Polyscias | BeardsTs1990 | (= Nothopanax)
- Schefflera arboricola | MartinLa2011
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | Kondo2022b
- Yucca aloifolia | BenDov1981c
- Yucca gloriosa | Houser1918
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | LincanHoCa2010
- Bignoniaceae
- Kigelia africana | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Cactaceae
- Cereus | Kondo2022b
- Epiphyllum oxypetalum | LincanHoCa2010
- Mammillaria | LincanHoCa2010
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 WilliaWa1990
- Chrysobalanaceae
- Chrysobalanus icaco | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | BenDov1974a BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Mamet1954b MerrilCh1923 Riddic1955
- Acalypha wilkesiana | BenDov1974a Ballou1926 BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Codiaeum | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b Riddic1955
- Codiaeum variegatum | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Croton | BenDov1981c
- Croton scouleri | LincanHoCa2010
- Euphorbia lactea | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Euphorbia tithymaloides | Ballou1926
- Trigonostemon malaccanus | Takagi1992
- Fabaceae
- Wisteria | Riddic1955
- Lauraceae
- Damburneya | Riddic1955 | (= Ocotea catesbyana)
- Nectandra coriacea | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Riddic1955
- Persea | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Mamet1954b MerrilCh1923 Riddic1955
- Hibiscus mutabilis | BenDov1981c Simmon1957
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Malvaviscus | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Moraceae
- Ficus sagittata | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Myricaceae
- Morella cerifera | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Riddic1955
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Orchidaceae
- Angraecum | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b Willia1985a BenDov1981c Hamon1979 BenDov1981c Gowdey1926 MartorMe1974 MerrilCh1923
- Angraecum eburneum | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Mamet1954b Willia1985a | subspp. eburneum, superbum
- Angraecum sesquipedale | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Brassavola | Kondo2022b
- Catasetum | Kondo2022b
- Cattleya | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Mamet1954b
- Caularthron | Kondo2022b
- Encyclia | BenDov1981c Lepage1939 Mamet1954b Vernal1953a
- Epidendrum elongatum | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- Epidendrum secundum | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Gongora maculata | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- Gongora quinquenervis | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Laelia | Kondo2022b
- Oncidium | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- Orchidaceae | Lepage1938 SilvadGoGa1968
- Peristeria | Kondo2022b
- Pomatocalpa | Kondo2022b
- Rodriguezia lanceolata | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b MerrilCh1923 Newste1893b WilliaWa1990
- Rossioglossum ampliatum | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Mamet1954b
- Spathoglottis pacifica | WilliaWa1990
- Trichocentrum lacerum | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Mamet1954b
- Vanda | WilliaWa1990
- Vanilla | MilleHeCa2016
- Vanilla planifolia | Martor1976 RicharRiRy2003 LeRouxRiRi2005 WilliaWa1990
- Piperaceae
- Piper schlechtendalianum | Ballou1926 BenDov1981c
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 MerrilCh1923 Riddic1955
- Pittosporum tobira | BeardsTs1990 BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Polygonaceae
- Coccoloba diversifolia | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- Coccoloba uvifera | BenDov1981c Hamon1979 Riddic1955
- Proteaceae
- Cardwellia sublimis | Riddic1955
- Rubiaceae
- Ixora | Hamon1979 Riddic1955
- Ixora coccinea | Malump2018
- Ixora javanica | BenDov1981c MatileWi2015
- Rutaceae
- Boronia heterophylla | BenDov1981c BenDovShMi1985
- Salicaceae
- Flacourtia | Riddic1955
- Flacourtia indica | BenDov1981c Hamon1979
- Homalium laurifolium | Takagi1997
- Sapotaceae
- Sideroxylon | Riddic1955
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 10
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis africanus | RicharRiRy2003
- Marietta pulchella | BeardsTs1990 | This aphelinid develops as a solitary ectoparasite within the scale cover. The record by Beardsley & Tsuda (1990) is the first one of a parasitoid attacking {C. angraeci} and the first record of a {Marietta} species developing as a primary parasitoid.
- Bdellidae
- Bdella distincta | RicharRiRy2003
- Spinibdella depressa | RicharRiRy2003
- Cheyletidae
- Cheletogenes ornatus | GoffCo1985
- Hemicheyletia | RicharRiRy2003
- Eupalopsellidae
- Saniosulus nudus | RicharRiRy2003
- Phlaeothripidae
- Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | RicharRiRy2003
- Karnyothrips flavipes | RicharRiRy2003
- Karnyothrips melaleucus | RicharRiRy2003
- Pteromalidae
- Cephaleta | RicharRiRy2003
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 58
- Admiralty Islands | BeardsTs1990 GoffCo1985
- Angola | BenDov1974a BenDov1981c
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | Malump2018
- Aruba | Kondo2022b
- Australia | BenDovShMi1985
- Western Australia | BenDov1981c
- Bahamas | Kondo2022b
- Barbados | MerrilCh1923
- Belize | Kondo2022b
- Bermuda | Kondo2022b
- Brazil | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- Bahia | Lepage1939 Mamet1954b Vernal1953a
- Rio de Janeiro | Lepage1938
- Cameroon | BenDov1974a BenDov1981c
- Cayman Islands | Kondo2022b
- Colombia | BenDov1981c
- Comoros | RicharRiRy2003
- Costa Rica | Kondo2022b
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | BenDov1981c
- Cuba | Ballou1926 BenDov1981c
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | BenDov1981c
- Dominican Republic | Kondo2022b
- Ecuador | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- El Salvador | Kondo2022b
- Fiji | HodgsoLa2011 WilliaWa1990
- French Polynesia | RicharRiRy2003
- Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010
- Georgia (Republic of)
- Abkhaz ASSR | BenDov1981c Simmon1957
- Guadeloupe | Kondo2022b
- Guatemala | Kondo2022b
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Kondo2022b
- Haiti | Kondo2022b
- Honduras | Kondo2022b
- India | SureshKa2008
- Jamaica | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b MartorMe1974 MerrilCh1923 Willia1985a
- Madagascar | RicharRiRy2003
- Malaysia | Takagi1992 Takagi1997
- Mexico | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b MartorMe1974 MerrilCh1923
- Ciudad de México | Miller1996
- Jalisco | Miller1996
- San Luis Potosi | Miller1996
- Tamaulipas | Miller1996
- Veracruz | Miller1996
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Netherlands Antilles | JansenAl2023
- New Caledonia | MilleHeCa2016
- Nicaragua | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- Niger | BenDov1981c
- Nigeria | BenDovShMi1985
- Panama | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
- Peru | BenDov1981c
- Philippines | Kondo2022b
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island | Ali1970 BenDov1981c MartorMe1974 MerrilCh1923
- Republic of the Congo | MatileWi2015
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 RicharRiRy2003
- Senegal | Kondo2022b
- Seychelles | GermaiAtBa2008
- Singapore | Kondo2022b
- Suriname | Mamet1954b Newste1914
- Thailand | Kondo2022b
- Trinidad and Tobago | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b MartorMe1974 Newste1893b
- Trinidad | MerrilCh1923
- Tuvalu | WilliaWa1990
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Kondo2022b
- United Kingdom
- England | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b MerrilCh1923 WilliaWa1990
- United States
- California | BenDov1981c
- District of Columbia | Mamet1954b
- Florida | BeardsTs1990 BenDov1981c Hamon1979 MerrilCh1923 Riddic1955
- Ohio | Houser1918
- Venezuela | BenDov1981c Mamet1954b
Keys
- Takagi1997: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [Asia]
- Takagi1997: pp.42 ( Second instar (F) ) [Asia]
- Takagi1997: pp.42 ( First instar ) [World]
- BenDov1974a: pp.370 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Mamet1954b: pp.238 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Remarks
- Systematics: The Conchaspis angraeci male is very similar to other species in the Conchaspididae. It differs from C. vayssieri and C. socialis in the presence of some distinct sclerotisation on the prosternum (possibly shared with C. lata); it appears to differ from C. lata in the absence of postmetaspiracular setae), and in the presence of several small dorsal abdominal setae on segment VIII (a character-state shared with the species mentioned above, but C. lata apparently has only 1 pair). (Hodgson, 2020)
- Structure: Scale cover of adult female almost circular, conical, white to whitish grey, or appearing grey or yellowish due to the presence of dirt or plant tissue; scale cover with 6–8 ridges radiating from central, bluntly pointed apex; without exuviae of previous instars. Insect body purple; pygidium yellowish brown. Eggs light yellow. Slide-mounted adult female elongate oval, 1.2 mm long, prosoma not swollen, body with subparallel sides. Prothoracic tubercles well developed; pseudopygidium sclerotized. Antennae situated marginally, each with 4 segments. (Kondo, 2022b)
- Biology: Although other species of Conchaspis have males, none are known for C. angraeci; reproduction in this species presumably is parthenogenetic. (Kondo, 2022b)
- Economic Importance: Recorded as a pest of vanilla, Vanilla fragrans in Reunion (Richard et al., 2003; LeRoux et al., 2005).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Lepage (1939) (as C. angraeci and as C. baiensis), Mamet (1954b), Ferris (1955a) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs.
Illustrations
Citations
- Ali1970: catalog, 61
- Arnett1985: taxonomy, 302
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 22
- BeardsDaHo1976: taxonomy, 15-16
- BeardsTs1990: distribution, 151-153
- BenDov1974a: distribution, host, key, 365
- BenDov1981c: catalog, 145-147
- BenDov2006b: catalog, taxonomy, 185-188
- BenDovShMi1985: distribution, host, 2121
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, 7, 140, 187
- BrunerScOt1975: catalog, 8
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 298
- CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 137
- Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, taxonomy, 101
- Cocker1893d: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
- Cocker1895a: taxonomy, 101
- Cocker1896b: catalog, 323
- Cocker1896f: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
- Cocker1896h: taxonomy, 19
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 20
- Cocker1903a: distribution, host, 165
- Fernal1903b: catalog, 38-39
- Ferris1955a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67-68
- FoldiCa1985: structure, wax glands, 35, 44
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, host, 129-135
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 22
- GillFr1979: catalog, 21
- GoffCo1985: biological control, distribution, host, 4
- Gowdey1926: catalog, 43
- Green1896e: taxonomy, 19
- Hamon1979: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-2
- Hodgso2020: description of male, diagnosis, illustration, taxonomy, 131-133
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 22
- Houser1918: distribution, host, key, 159
- HowellWi1976: taxonomy, 188
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 24,33
- King1901i: distribution, host, 232
- Kondo2022b: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 422-424
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 13
- Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 249
- Koteja1974b: distribution, taxonomy, 78
- Koteja1976: taxonomy, 274
- Koteja1980: taxonomy, 78
- KotejaLi1976: taxonomy, 669
- KozarDr1998d: catalog, 165-166
- KozarWa1985: catalog, 81
- LeRouxRiRi2005: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 400
- Lepage1938: catalog, 375
- Lepage1939: taxonomy, 317
- Lepage1939: distribution, host, taxonomy, 314-318
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 5
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 450
- Lindin1937: catalog, 182
- LitLuCa2023: distribution, host,
- LitLuCa2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 216
- Malump2018: distribution, host, 56
- Mamet1954b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 210-213
- MartinFoCu2015: distribution, host,
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 37
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 13,265
- MartorMe1974: economic importance, host, 110
- MatileWi2015: distribution, host, 71
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 297,301
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 278
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 135
- Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 71
- MillerMiSc1973: catalog, 2
- MorrisMo1966: catalog, 44
- Newell1921: distribution, host, 50
- Newste1893b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 153
- Newste1903: distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
- Newste1914: distribution, host, 307
- PanisMa1976: distribution, host, 8
- Reh1904b: distribution, host, 177
- RicharRiRy2003: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 36-38
- Riddic1955: host, 2
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, 157
- Simmon1957: catalog, 11
- StoetzMi1979: catalog, 6
- SureshKa2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 155
- Takagi1992: SEM, distribution, host, structure, 4, 34, 41-44, 52-55
- Takagi1997: distribution, host, illustration, 29-71
- Townse1896: distribution, host, 12
- Vernal1953: distribution, host, 150
- Willia1985a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 231
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 216
- WilliaMaRa2007: distribution, 73-76
- WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203-207
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 16
- Wolcot1936: catalog, 121
- Wolcot1948: catalog, 160
