Valid Names Results

Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin, 1790) (Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus conchiformis Gmelin 1790: 2221. Type data: on Ulmus sp.. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Diaspis conchiformis (Gmelin, 1790); Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 14, 22. change of combination
Mytilaspis saliceti; Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 737. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 53).
Mytilaspis conchiformis (Gmelin, 1790); Signoret 1870: 93. change of combination
Mytilaspis ficus Signoret 1870: 94-95. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes, Alpes-Maritimes. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912b, 153). Notes: Types probably lost. Illustr.
Mytilaspis minima Newstead 1897a: 95. Type data: ALGERIA: Mansourah, ON Ficus carica, 24/10/1895. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912b, 153). Illustr.
Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret, 1870); Fernald 1903b: 308. change of combination
Lepidosaphes minima (Newstead, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 311. change of combination
Mytilaspis ficifolii Berlese 1903: 3-5. Type data: ITALY: Portici, Calabria, on Ficus carica. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Lupo1943, 196-205). Illustr.
Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) ficus Signoret, 1870; Newstead 1906: 72. change of combination
Lepidosaphes ficifolii (Berlese, 1903); Sanders 1906: 17. change of combination and misspelling of species epithet
Lepidosaphes ficifoliae ulmicola Leonardi 1907b: 168. Type data: ITALY: Portici. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 69). Illustr.
Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin, 1790); Lindinger 1912b: 97. change of combination
Lepidosaphes (Mytilaspis) ficus (Signoret, 1870); Hall 1922: 38. change of combination
Lepidosaphes (Mytilaspis) minima (Newstead, 1897); Hall 1922: 39. change of combination
Lepidosaphes conchyformis (Gmelin, 1790); Balachowsky 1927: 181. misspelling of species epithet
Lepidosaphes rubri Thiem 1931: 557. Type data: GERMANY: Naumberg, on Carpinus betulae. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1933c, 167).
Lepidosaphes conchiformis ulmi Koroneos 1934: 70-71. Type data: GREECE: Larissa, Athens, Volos, on Ulmus campestris, Celtis australis, Ficus carica and Pistacia terebinthus. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 65). Notes: Types presumed lost. Illustr.
Mytilococcus conchiformis (Gmelin, 1790); Lupo 1939: 72, 96. change of combination
Mytilococcus ficifoliae (Berlese, 1903); Lupo 1939: 124. change of combination and misspelling of species epithet
Mytilococcus ficifoliae ulmicola (Leonardi, 1907); Lupo 1939: 124. change of combination and misspelling of species epithet
Lepidosaphes rubi Thiem, 1931; Pflugfelder 1939: 73. misspelling of species epithet
Mytilococcus minimus (Newstead, 1897); Bodenheimer 1943: 6. change of combination
Mytilococcus conchyformis (Gmelin, 1790); Bodenheimer 1949: 122. misspelling of species epithet
Lepidosaphes conchyformis minima (Newstead, 1897); Balachowsky 1954e: 69. change in status (level)
Lepidosaphes turkmenica Borchsenius & Bustshik 1955: 304. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1963, 1173).
Lepidosaphes conchiformioides Borchsenius 1958a: 168-169. Type data: CHINA: Hubei, Wuhan, on Prunus mume, 14/12/1954, by N. Borchsenius; NORTH KOREA: Sariwon, on Malus, 23/07/1950, by N. Borchsenius sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1993,271). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 269). Illustr.
Insulaspis minima (Newstead, 1897); Borchsenius 1963: 1172. change of combination
Mytilaspis conchiformioides (Borchsenius, 1958); Borchsenius 1963: 1168. change of combination
Mytilaspis rubri (Thiem, 1931); Borchsenius 1963: 1168. change of combination
Lepidosaphes conchiformes (Gmelin, 1790); Gill 1997: 17. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

cochenille virgule du figuier Foldi2001
fig oystershell scale KosztaKo1988F
fig scale AAEE1937 Blicke1965
greater fig mussel scale Bodenh1924
Mediterranean fig scale Essig1926
pear oystershell scale KSPP1972
red oystershell scale KosztaKo1988F

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 24 | Genera: 41

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia | Komosi1969a MillerDa2005
Pistacia terebinthus | Korone1934

Betulaceae

Betula | MillerDa2005
Betula pendula | Schmut1952 | (= Betula verrucosa)
Betula pubescens | Balach1934c | (= Betula alba)
Carpinus | MillerDa2005
Carpinus betulus | TerGri1962 Thiem1931 | (= Carpinus caucasica)
Carpinus orientalis | Hadzib1950
Corylus | MillerDa2005
Corylus avellana | Schmut1952

Cannabaceae

Celtis | MillerDa2005
Celtis australis | TerGri1962 | ssp. caucasica (= Celtis caucasica)

Celastraceae

Euonymus japonicus | Suh2020

Cupressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens | BicheArMe2022

Ebenaceae

Diospyros | MillerDa2005
Diospyros kaki | Tachik1962

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus angustifolia | BenDov2012 Tang1984b | (= Elaeagnus orientalis)

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis | AhmadGh1971

Fabaceae

Bauhinia racemosa | BicheArMe2022
Ceratonia siliqua | Bodenh1924
Wisteria | Nakaha1982

Fagaceae

Castanea sativa | Terezn1966
Fagus | Borchs1939a
Fagus sylvatica | Terezn1966
Fagus taurica | Terezn1968c
Quercus | JaposhBaKi2020

Juglandaceae

Juglans | Komosi1969a MillerDa2005
Juglans regia | Terezn1959

Linaceae

Reinwardtia indica | AhmadGh1971 | (= Reinwardtia trigyna)

Lythraceae

Punica granatum | GhabboMo1996

Malvaceae

Hibiscus | Nakaha1982 | (= Althea)
Tilia | Komosi1969a MillerDa2005
Tilia cordata | Komosi1969a | (= Tilia parvifolia)
Tilia euchlora | Komosi1969a
Tilia platyphyllos | Thiem1931
Tilia tomentosa | BognarVi1979 | (= Tilia argentea)

Meliaceae

Melia azedarach | AhmadGh1971

Moraceae

Ficus carica | Balach1927 BenDov2012 Newste1897a
Ficus lyrata | Martor1976
Morus alba | BognarVi1979

Oleaceae

Fraxinus | MillerDa2005
Fraxinus excelsior | Schmut1952
Fraxinus ornus | BognarVi1979
Olea | DanzigPe1998
Olea europaea | Gharbi2021
Syringa | MillerDa2005
Syringa emodi | Schmut1952
Syringa vulgaris | Komosi1969a

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus spina-christi | BenDov2012

Rosaceae

Cerasus | Borchs1960b
Crataegus | DanzigPe1998
Cydonia | Nakaha1982
Eriobotrya japonica | SismanUl2010
Malus | Borchs1958a MillerDa2005
Malus asiatica | Suh2020
Malus domestica | Efimof1937 | (= Pyrus malus)
Malus prunifolia | Efimof1937
Malus pumila | Muraka1970
Prunus domestica | Efimof1937
Prunus glandulosa | Paik1978
Prunus mume | Borchs1958a
Prunus persica | Paik1978
Pyrus | MillerDa2005 Takagi1960
Pyrus communis | Efimof1937
Pyrus pyrifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Pyrus serotina)

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantiifolia | AhmadGh1971 | (= Citrus acida)
Citrus medica | GhaniMu1974

Salicaceae

Salix | BenDov2012

Sapindaceae

Acer | MillerDa2005
Acer pseudoplatanus | Schmut1952

Styracaceae

Styrax officinalis | Bodenh1924

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | Komosi1969a MillerDa2005
Ulmus glabra | Foldi2002 Korone1934 Terezn1968c | (= Ulmus campestris, Celtis campestris, Ulmus scabra)
Ulmus laevis | Foldi2002 Korone1934
Ulmus minor | Hadzib1983 | (= Ulmus foleaceae)
Zelkova | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005

Foes:

Families: 7 | Genera: 17

Aphelinidae

Ablerus atomon | KosztaKo1988F | (= Azotus atomon)
Ablerus pinifoliae | HertinSi1972 | (= Azotus pinifoliae)
Aphytis | Ebelin1959
Aphytis chilensis | BelgueBiBe2017
Aphytis chrysomphali | KosztaKo1988F
Aphytis hispanicus | Yasnos1978
Aphytis libanicus | MoghadWa2021
Aphytis maculicornis | AhmadGh1971
Aphytis melinus | AhmadGh1972
Aphytis mytilaspidis | Balach1925a Fulmek1943 | (= Aphelinus mytilaspidis)
Aphytis proclia | KosztaKo1988F
Coccobius annulicornis | Yasnos1968 | ( = Physcus testaceus)
Coccophagus insidiator | KosztaKo1988F
Diaspiniphagus moeris | KosztaKo1988F | (= Coccophagoides similis)
Encarsia | AhmadGh1972 | (= Prospaltella)
Encarsia citrina | BelgueBiBe2017
Encarsia leucaspidis | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella leucaspidis)
Pteroptrix dimidiata | KosztaKo1988F
Pteroptrix lauri | KosztaKo1988F | (= Hispaniella lauri)

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus stigma | HertinSi1972 SchildSc1928 | (= Chilocorus bivulnerus)
Pharoscymnus flexibilis | GhaniMu1974
Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017 HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus semiflavus | AhmadGh1972

Encyrtidae

Adelencyrtus chionaspidis | AhmadGh1972 AhmadGh1972
Cheiloneurus | KosztaKo1988F
Zaomma lambinus | HertinSi1972 JaposhCe2010 | (= Apterencyrtus microphagus)

Hemisarcoptidae

Hemisarcoptes | HertinSi1972
Hemisarcoptes malus | HertinSi1972

Miridae

Pilophorus cinnamopterus | HertinSi1972

Mymaridae

Erythmelus gracilis | KosztaKo1988F | (= Anaphes gracilis)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 46

Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996

Algeria | Newste1897a

Antigua and Barbuda | Green1915a MalumpBa2012

Argentina | Lizery1938 MillerDa2005

Armenia | Borchs1949d

Azerbaijan | Borchs1937a

Bulgaria | KozarNa1998 Tsalev1968

Chile | MillerDa2005 Porter1912

China | Ali1970

Anhui (=Anhwei) | Hua2000
Fujian (=Fukien) | Hua2000
Gansu (=Kansu) | Tang1984b
Hebei (=Hopei) | Hua2000
Henan (=Honan) | Hua2000
Hubei (=Hupei) | Borchs1958a
Liaoning | Hua2000
Shandong (=Shantung) | Tang1984b
Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Hua2000

Crete | PellizPoSe2011

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Cyprus | Georgh1977

Czech Republic | KosztaKo1988F

Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Ghabbo2001 Hall1922

Finland | Hellen1921

France | Ferris1937 Foldi2001 Foldi2002

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1950

Germany | SchmutHo2016 Thiem1931

Greece | Korone1934

Hungary | Danzig1972 KozarKoFe2013

Iran | Kaussa1948 KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005

Iraq | Bodenh1944a MillerDa2005

Israel | AhmadGh1971 MillerDa2005

Italy | LongoMaPe1995 MillerDa2005 Sander1906

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Japan

Honshu | Kuwana1925a Takagi1960
Kyushu | Muraka1970
Shikoku | Tachik1962

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Malta | Borg1932 MifsudMaRu2014

Morocco | LepineMi1931

North Korea | Borchs1958a

Pakistan | AhmadGh1971 MillerDa2005

Poland | Komosi1969a SimonKa2011

Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1918

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | Martor1976

Romania | Kozar1985 Savesc1961

Sardinia | Paoli1915 PellizFo1996

South Africa | AhmadGh1971

South Korea | ESKSAE1994

Spain | Garcia1930

Switzerland | KosztaKo1988F

Syria | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982

Taiwan | BazaroSh1971

Tunisia | Gharbi2021

Turkey | Bodenh1924 MillerDa2005

USSR | MillerDa2005

Ukraine

Zakarpat'ye (=Transcarpathia) Oblast | Terezn1959c

United States

California | MillerDa2005 SchildSc1928
District of Columbia | Nakaha1982
Maryland | Nakaha1982
Missouri | Nakaha1982

Keys

MoghadWa2021: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Lepidosaphes in Iran]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
Ghabbo2001: pp.78 ( First instar ) [Key to first-instar nymphs of three species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes ficus
ColonFMe1998: pp.104 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Puerto Rican species of Lepidosaphes]
Gill1997: pp.169 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes]
Koszta1996: pp.518 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Northeastern North American Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes conchiformioides
KosztaKo1988F: pp.347 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Chou1982: pp.156 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]
Paik1978: pp.336 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Danzig1971d: pp.842 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae] Key as: Lepidosaphes rubri
Borchs1960b: pp.218 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of coccid fauna of KNR]
Takagi1960: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
GomezM1956: pp.73 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes of Spain]
McKenz1956: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes ficus
Takaha1955e: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Balach1954e: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes]
Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:56 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes ficus, Lepidosaphes ficifoliae
Kuwana1925a: pp.4 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Leonar1903: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mytilaspis]

Remarks

Structure: Female scale light brown, small, wide posteriorly, 1.2-2.7 mm long, curved or straight, often distorted by pressure of surrounding leaf hairs. Male scale slender, membranous, white to purplish white, 0.7-1.0 mm long. Adult female fusiform, 0.7-1.4 mm long, membranous except for pygidium, but after completion of oviposition prepygidial abdominal segments distinctly sclerotized (Ahmad & Ghani, 1971). Eggs are white (Kuwana, 1925a). Female scale elongate, widened toward the posterior end, brown, 1.8-2.3 mm long. Male scale about 1.0 mm long. Adult female body elongate and widest at the anterior half of the abdomen, approximately 1.2 mm long and 0.6 mm wide (Borchsenius, 1958a).
Biology: Lepidosaphes conchiformis has two generations annually, overwintering in the fertilized female adults. The female deposits about 60 eggs beneath the scale irregularly in the next April. The eggs hatch in May to June (first generation) and in August to September (second generation) (Murakami, 1970). Lupo (1943) discovered that this species has a leaf form and stem form that are quite different morphologically. Stafford and Barnes (1948) studied the fig scale on Adriatic figs in the vicinity of Fresno, CA. They found about 5% of the overwintering twig-inhabiting females were ovipositing in February when local almonds were in bloom. About 90% of the females were ovipositing when apricot blooms were falling. At this time Adriatic fig tree buds were about 3/4 inch long. Overwintering females on bark produced an average of 30.2 eggs each. Hatching began on April 5 and was nearly complete on June 24. Male crawlers settled mostly on the upper surfaces of leaves while female crawlers settled mainly on the lower leaf surfaces. Over 90% of the crawlers settle on leaves in this generation. Summer generation females on leaves produced an average of 12.4 eggs each which hatch from July to October. These crawlers tend to settle on twigs. Nearly all first generation males emerged by mid-July. Second generation males were present from late September to November. These males fertilized females on bark which became the overwintering generation. An overwintering, a first summer, and partial second summer generation are indicated on figs in Fresno, California. Bodenheimer (1924) reported 2 generations a year in Palestine. Komosinska (1975) reported only 1 generation a year in Poland. Fertilized adult females constitute the overwintering stage. Eggs are laid in May. Crawlers appear from mid-May to late June. Second instars occur from late June to late July. Male prepupae and pupae occur from late July to early August. Adult males appear around August and mate with adult females. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Stafford and Barnes (1948) reported that although heavy populations of fig scale occur on the leaves and twigs, little immediate damage results. Such populations, however, will result in fig fruit infestation, and this will seriously affect the market value of figs because the scales caused dark green spots on fruits. In 1944, infested fruit grown for canning had to be used for jam stock, and hence were worth only about 70% of their value canned. Ahmad and Ghani (1971) noted the fig scale seriously damaged Citrus, Malia, and Ricinus. Komosinska (1969) found that heavy infestations caused bark "ruptures" on Tilia. Chua and Wood (1990) suggest that this species is an important pest of figs. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Kuwana (1925a), Ferris (1937), Balachowsky (1954e), Borchsenius (1958a). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Ghabbour (2001).

Illustrations

Citations

AAEE1937: taxonomy, 533
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 35
AhmadGh1971: biological control, description, distribution, illustration, 69-74
AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 88
Ali1970: catalog, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21-22
Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
Babaev1980: distribution, host, 59
Balach1925a: biological control, distribution, 168
Balach1927: distribution, host, 181
Balach1932d: distribution, host, 18
Balach1933e: distribution, host, 4
Balach1934c: taxonomy, 130
Balach1954e: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 35, 36, 41, 65-6
BarnesSt1949: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 48-55
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 60, 67-69
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127, 128
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 31, 43
Berles1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3-5
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 506
Blanch1939: distribution, economic importance, 84
Blicke1965: taxonomy, 293, 310
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 48-49
Bodenh1930a: biological control, 270, 275, 376, 378
Bodenh1943: distribution, host, 6
Bodenh1944a: distribution, 83
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 122, 124-127
Bodenh1953: distribution, taxonomy, 16
BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 18
Borchs1934: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
Borchs1937: distribution, taxonomy, 109
Borchs1937a: distribution, taxonomy, 74, 78, 173, 245, 25
Borchs1949: distribution, host, taxonomy, 207
Borchs1949d: distribution, host, taxonomy, 209
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 184-185
Borchs1958a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168-169, 174
Borchs1960b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 216, 218
Borchs1963: taxonomy, 1168, 1172
Borchs1963a: distribution, taxonomy, 219, 253-254
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 52-53, 55, 64
BorchsBu1955: distribution, host, 304
Borg1932: distribution, host, 7, 12
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, list, 299
Bustsh1958: distribution, host, 185, 187
Bustsh1960: distribution, host, 174
CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 341
Charli1972: distribution, host, 215
Chiesa1948: distribution, taxonomy, 242, 262
Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156, 174
Chou1986: illustration, 574
Chou1986: illustration, 594
Clause1931: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
ClineSkKi2014: distribution, list, 114
Cocker1897o: host, 5
ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 106-107
Colvee1881: taxonomy, 30
Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 123, 124
Comsto1916: distribution, taxonomy, 583, 584, 585
CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
Costan1937: distribution, host, 239
Costan1950: distribution, host, 12
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 842
Danzig1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 214
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 269-272
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 283-284
DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, phylogeny, 82
DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, host, 27
DeBach1962: biological control, distribution, 71
DeBach1964: biological control, distribution, host, 679
DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 145, 177
DelassBaBr1927: distribution, host, 167-168
DooleySm2013: catalog, 12
Dougla1886a: taxonomy, 27
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
Ebelin1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 373-374
Efimof1937: distribution, host, 48, 50, 66, 99
Essig1926: description, distribution, 306
EssigHo1944: distribution, host, 69
Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 246
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 308, 311
Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-70, SI-73
Ferris1937a: taxonomy, 5
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SII-144
Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:56
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
Foldi2002: distribution, 247
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
FowjhaKo1999: distribution, host, 122
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 13,24
FrankKr1900: distribution, taxonomy, 99
Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 52
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 54
Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
Georgh1977: distribution, host, 152, 269
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 135
Ghabbo2001: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-78
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 348
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 351
GhaniMu1974: biological control, distribution, host, 55
Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 10-11
Ghesqu1933: distribution, host, 346
Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 169, 171-172, 180
Gmelin1790: host, taxonomy, 2221
Goethe1884: taxonomy, 118
GomezM1937: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 163, 164, 169-171, 1
GomezM1946: distribution, host, 73
GomezM1956: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73, 78-81
Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 112, 132, 181-182
GonzalCh1968: distribution, 110
Green1915a: distribution, host, 184
Green1916: distribution, host, 29
GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 6
Hadzib1965: description, distribution, host, 4, 9, 10
Hadzib1983: distribution, taxonomy, 169, 274
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 38-39
Hall1923: distribution, taxonomy, 49
Hawkin1994: biological control, 165
Hellen1921: distribution, 121
HertinSi1972: biological control, 182
HowellTi1977: taxonomy, 119
HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 197-198
Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 155
Imamku1966: distribution, host, 48
JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 65
JaposhCe2010: distribution, 134
KSPP1972: distribution, taxonomy, 107
Kaussa1948: distribution, host, 7
Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 19
Kawai1972: distribution, host, 32
Kawai1977: distribution, taxonomy, 152
Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 245
KnipscMiDa1976: taxonomy, 1
Komosi1969a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 267-269
Komosi1974: taxonomy, 344, 361
Komosi1974a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15-19
Komosi1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 127-148
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70-72, 81, 83
Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 517, 518, 520-521
KosztaKo1978: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 162
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 348-350
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 69
Kozar1985: distribution, 203
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
KozarKo1982: host, 205
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
KozarNa1998: distribution, host, 56
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84-85
Kuwana1925: taxonomy, 7
Kuwana1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4, 5-7
Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
Leonar1898: taxonomy, 46-47
Leonar1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30, 71-72
Leonar1907b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168-169
Leonar1918: distribution, host, 211
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 151, 163, 173, 175
LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 248
Lindin1911: taxonomy, 379
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 97, 372, 373
Lindin1932g: taxonomy, 225
Lindin1933c: taxonomy, 167-168
Lindin1933d: taxonomy, 39
Lindin1934: taxonomy, 63-64
Lindin1936: taxonomy, 158, 159
Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 149
Lindin1954: taxonomy, 617
Lizery1938: distribution, host, 343, 354
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 144
Lupo1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 72, 96-101, 124
Lupo1943: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 196-205
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 282, 283, 286
MalumpBa2012: distribution, host, 33
MalumpHaSa2012: distribution, host, 5
Mani1938: biological control, host, 120
Mani1976: biological control, distribution, 66
Maranh1945: taxonomy, 386
Martin1983: distribution, host, 55, 56
Martor1976: distribution, host, 117
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
McCombDa1969: distribution, host, 2
McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33, 121-122
Melis1930: distribution, host, 17
MetzMiDi2017: morphology, taxonomy, 42
MifsudFsMa2012: distribution, host, 17, 18
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 510
Miller2005: distribution, 487
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 250
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Moghad2004: distribution, host, 23
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 36
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 10, 139, 143-144, 246
Morgan1890a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 226, 230
Muraka1970: distribution, host, life history, 81
Myarts1972: distribution, host, 54
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 47
Neves1936: distribution, host, 199
Newste1897a: 95
Newste1901b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 194, 202
Newste1906: distribution, host, 70, 72
Newste1907: 55
Newste1907a: distribution, host, 15
NikolsYa1966: biological control, 211
Nishid2002: catalog, 142
NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 336, 339-341
Panis1981: distribution, host, 8
Paoli1915: distribution, host, 266
Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,68
PellizFo1996: distribution, 121
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295
Pflugf1939: distribution, taxonomy, 73
Pierce1917: economic importance, 102
PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
Porter1912: distribution, host, 22-23
PriesnHo1940: distribution, 60
PruthiMa1940: biological control, distribution, 26
RosenDe1978: biological control, 111-112
RouhanVaMa2018a: distribution, host, 3
Roulla1917: distribution, host, taxonomy, 246-248
Sander1906: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 17
Sassce1923: distribution, 155
Savesc1961: distribution, host, 30-31
SchildSc1928: taxonomy, 269
Schmut1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 576
Schmut1959: distribution, taxonomy, 158, 167
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 63
Seabra1918: distribution, host, 9
Seabra1941: distribution, host, 8
Seghat1977: distribution, host, 14
Signor1870: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 93-95
Silves1939: distribution, host, taxonomy, 811
SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 222
StaffoBa1948: distribution, host, life history, 567-598
Suh2020: distribution, host, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 20
Tachik1962: distribution, host, 78
Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 79, 92
Takaha1935: taxonomy, 25
Takaha1952a: taxonomy, 8
Takaha1955a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
Takaha1955e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
Tang1977: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 208
Tang1984b: distribution, host, 131
Tang1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 277
Targio1867: taxonomy, 14, 22
Targio1884: taxonomy, 396
Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 43, 50
TerGri1962: distribution, host, taxonomy, 144
TerGri1969a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 71
Terezn1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 29, 40, 73, 76
Terezn1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 35
Thiem1931: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 557
Thiem1933a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 640
Trabut1910: distribution, host, taxonomy, 23-24
Trabut1911: distribution, host, taxonomy, 63
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 215
Tsalev1972: distribution, host, 86
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
Vappul1965: distribution, host, 170
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 51
ViggiaJe1985: biological control, distribution, 879
Westco1973: distribution, host, 401
Willco1922: distribution, host, 218
Willia1971b: taxonomy, 10
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 221, 223, 227
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 17
Yang1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 209, 212-213
Yasnos1968: biological control, distribution, 121
Yasnos1978: biological control, host, 482
Zahrad1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 425