Valid Names Results
Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret, 1869) (Diaspididae: Epidiaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Diaspis Leperii Signoret 1869d: 437-438. Type data: FRANCE: on Prunus persica. Syntypes, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material assumed lost.
- Diaspis ostreaeformis; Signoret 1869d: 439. misidentification (discovered by DelGue1894, 142).
- Diaspis pyri Colvée 1881b: li. Type data: SPAIN: from pear in pear orchard, ?/03/1881, by P. Colvée. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1937, SI-49). Notes: Type material assumed lost. Borchsenius (1966) treated Diaspis pyri as an incertae sedis.
- Aspidiotus piricola Del Guercio 1894: 142-148. Type data: ITALY: on pear. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1937, SI-51). Notes: Type material probably lost (Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Ben-Dov)._x000D_
- Aspidiotus pyricola Del Guercio, 1894; Berlese 1896: 185. misspelling of species epithet
- Diaspis piricola (Del Guercio, 1894); Cockerell 1897i: 4. change of combination
- Diaspis fallax Horvath 1897: 95. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Marlat1900a, 590). Replacement name for Diaspis ostreaeformis Signoret 1869d Notes: Horvath (1897) created the replacement name Diaspis fallax for what Signoret (1869d) misidentified as D. ostreaeformis. D. fallax was synonymized with D. piricola which in turn was synonymized with E. leperii.
- Epidiaspis piricola (Del Guercio, 1894); Cockerell 1902d: 59. change of combination
- Epidiaspis leperei (Signoret, 1869); Lindinger 1911: 357. misspelling of species epithet
- Epidiaspis betulae; Lindinger 1912b: 388. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 180).
- Epidiaspis pyri (Colvée, 1881); MacGillivray 1921: 318. change of combination
- Diaspis betulae (Lindinger, 1912); Koroneos 1934: 87. change of combination
- Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret, 1869); Ferris 1937: SI-51. change of combination
- Epidiaspis peperii (Signoret, 1869); Schvester, Milaire, & Gireau 1955: 410. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- cochenille rouge du poirier Foldi2001 Geoffr1976
- European pear scale Gill1997
- grey pear scale KosztaKo1988F
- Italian pear scale Blicke1965 Britto1923
- pear-tree oyster scale Borchs1966
- red pear scale Gill1997
- Armut kabuklu biti Watson2022a
- cocciniglia grigia del pero Watson2022a
- Rote Obstbaum-Schildlaus Watson2002a
- escama europea de la pera Watson2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 13 | Genera: 25
- Anacardiaceae
- Pistacia | UlgentDo2019
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis | Borchs1937a
- Cactaceae
- Cactus | ElekciKa2021
- Opuntia ficus-indica | ElekciKa2021
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | Borchs1966
- Ericaceae
- Arbutus unedo | Borchs1937a
- Fabaceae
- Gleditsia triacanthos | Balach1954e
- Robinia pseudoacacia | UlgentDo2019
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | MillerDa2005
- Ribes nigrum | Borchs1937a
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans | Borchs1937a MillerDa2005
- Lauraceae
- Persea | MillerDa2005
- Moraceae
- Ficus | MillerDa2005
- Oleaceae
- Olea | MillerDa2005
- Olea europaea | BatsanKaKi2017 Borchs1937a
- Rosaceae
- Cerasus | GomezM1954
- Crataegus | Borchs1937a MillerDa2005
- Crataegus monogyna | Kozar1980
- Cydonia oblonga | Borchs1937a | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
- Heteromeles | MillerDa2005
- Heteromeles arbutifolia | Ferris1937
- Malus | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Malus domestica | Borchs1937a JaposhBaKi2020 | (- Pyrus malus)
- Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Malus prunifolia | Borchs1937a
- Malus pumila | Borchs1937a Kozar1980 Peleka1962 | (= Malus communis)
- Malus sylvestris | Borchs1937a JaposhBaKi2020 | (= Malus malus) (= Pyrus sylvestris)
- Mespilus germanica | Borchs1937a
- Photinia | Borchs1966
- Prunus | MillerDa2005
- Prunus avium | Borchs1937a
- Prunus cerasus | Foldi2000
- Prunus domestica | LepineMi1931
- Prunus dulcis | Borchs1937a MatilePe2002 | (= Amygdalus communis)
- Prunus persica | Borchs1937a Signor1869d | (= Persica vulgaris)
- Prunus spinosa | Borchs1937a
- Pyrus | Balach1954e MillerDa2005
- Pyrus betulifolia | BognarVi1979
- Pyrus communis | KozarOrKo1977 LepineMi1931 | (= Pyrus sativa)
- Pyrus elaeagnifolia | Borchs1937a
- Pyrus pyrifolia | PiskurJu2019
- Pyrus salicifolia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Sorbus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Sorbus aria | BognarVi1979
- Sorbus aucuparia | BognarVi1979 Borchs1937a
- Sapindaceae
- Acer negundo | BatsanKaKi2017
- Acer platanoides | BatsanKaKi2017
- Aesculus hippocastanum | Borchs1937a
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 9
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus atomon | Fulmek1943 Garcia1922 Watson2002a | (= Ablerus marchali) (= Azotus marchali)
- Aphytis diaspidis | GomezM1937
- Aphytis maculicornis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis moldavicus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Zahrad1972
- Aphytis proclia | KosztaKo1988F
- Diaspiniphagus moeris | Zahrad1972 | (= Coccophagoides similis)
- Encarsia maritima | Watson2002a
- Encarsia perniciosi | Watson2002a
- Pteroptrix bicolor | Fulmek1943 | (= Archenomus bicolor)
- Pteroptrix dimidiata | Fulmek1943
- Pteroptrix maritima | KosztaKo1988F | (= Archenomus maritimus)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Watson2002a
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Gaprin1956 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | Watson2002a
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Rhizobiaceae
- Candidatus Walczuchella monophlebidarum | GruwelVoPa2005
- Septobasidiaceae
- Septobasidium mariani | PiskurJu2019
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 46
- Albania | DanzigPe1998
- Algeria | MillerDa2005 Trabut1911
- Argentina | Blanch1939 MillerDa2005
- Buenos Aires | Watson2002a
- Entre Rios | Watson2002a
- Armenia | Borchs1949d
- Austria | DanzigPe1998
- Azerbaijan | Imamku1966
- Azores | MillerDa2005
- Belgium | DanzigPe1998
- Bulgaria | KozarTzVi1979 Tschor1939
- Chile | Cocker1905d MillerDa2005
- Antofagasta | Watson2002a
- Atacama | Watson2002a
- Biobio | Watson2002a
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020 Watson2002a
- Maule | Watson2002a
- O'Higgins | Watson2002a
- Santiago | Watson2002a
- Valparaiso | Watson2002a
- China
- Aomen (=Macau) | Atanas1959
- Corsica | Foldi2003
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Czech Republic | Watson2022a
- Czechoslovakia | Zahrad1972
- France | Foldi2001 Signor1869d
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 KozarYaKo1982
- Germany | Fernal1903b SchmutHo2016
- Greece | MilonaKoKo2008a
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013 Zahrad1972
- Iran | Balach1954e KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005
- Italy | Fernal1903b LongoMaPe1995 MatilePe2002
- Sicily | Costan1950 LongoMaPe1995
- Libya | Watson2022a
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Madeira Islands | Balach1938a MillerDa2005
- Malta | Borg1919
- Mexico | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Morocco | LepineMi1931 MillerDa2005
- Netherlands | Jansen2001 Zahrad1972
- Norway | Fjeldd1996
- Poland | DanzigPe1998
- Portugal | Fernal1903b
- Romania | DanzigPe1998 Teodor2018
- Russia | WatsonKo2022a
- Sardinia | Paoli1915 PellizFo1996
- Serbia | Watson2022a
- Slovenia | PiskurJu2019
- Spain | Fernal1903b
- Switzerland | Geier1949
- Tunisia | MillerDa2005
- Turkey | Bodenh1924 MillerDa2005
- Ukraine
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Terezn1968c
- Zakarpat'ye (=Transcarpathia) Oblast | Terezn1959c
- United Kingdom
- England | Fernal1903b
- United States
- California | Fernal1903b MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
- Maryland | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Missouri | MillerDa2005
- Montana | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- New Jersey | Smith1910
- New York | Fernal1903b MillerDa2005
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Pennsylvania | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Rhode Island | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Uruguay | MillerDa2005 Trujil1942 Watson2002a
- Yugoslavia | Zahrad1972
Keys
- MoghadWa2021: pp.121 ( Adult (F) ) [Epidiaspis in Iran]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.137 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Epidiaspis]
- Koszta1996: pp.410 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of the subfamily Diaspidinae]
- Danzig1971d: pp.844 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- Balach1954e: pp.219 ( Adult (F) ) [Clef des espèces paléarctiques du g. Epidiaspis Ckll]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:54 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Epidiaspis]
Remarks
- Systematics: Signoret's (1869d) discussion of Diaspis ostreaeformis Curtis actually refers to Epidiaspis leperii. Lindinger's (1912b) treatment of Epidiaspis betulae is actually E. leperii, the real Epidiaspis betulae is a junior synonym of Quadraspidiotus ostreaformis Curtis.
- Structure: Female scale 1.5 mm wide, circular, light gray, flattened, exuviae covered by a film of secretion and inconspicuous, but when film is rubbed off it is shiny and orange-brown. Adult female with median lobes large and prominent (Britton, 1923). Male scale cover elongate, white or light grey, with terminal yellow exuviae and body of living female light pink to orange-yellow, becoming dark red-brown with age. The insects are often found sheltering under lichens on the bark. Adult male wingless, with orange-yellow body (Gharbi, 2021)
- Biology: Epidiaspis leperii hibernates as immature females. The main oviposition in Turkey is April-May, with about 50 eggs per female. Larvae hatch in June, only one annual generation (Bodenheimer, 1953). Additional biological information by Geier (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988) and Geoffrion (1976). A detailed study of this species was carried out in Switzerland by Geier (1949). There is one generation each year and the species overwinters as mated, adult females. Eggs are present in late May, June, and early July. Crawlers predominate in June but also are present in May, July, and early August. Adult males are apterous and are found in July and August; adult females are present at all times of the year. The preferred feeding site seems to be on two year branches in protected areas. In Hungary there is one generation each year, there is an obligate diapause over the winter, mated adult females are the overwintering stage, egg laying and hatching can last up to two months, egg laying begins at the end of May when pears are in blossom, most first instars emerge between June 5 and June 15, the first instar lasts about one month, the second instar requires about 20 to 30 days, and adults are first observed at the end of July or early August (Kosztarab and Kozár 1988). Bodenheimer (1953) observed 1 generation each year in Turkey with the "immature females" overwintering and oviposition taking place in April and May. Crawlers hatched in June. A pheromone is known for this species (El-Kareim and Kozár 1988a). A detailed study of the biology, economic damage, and natural enemies was carried out by Geoffrion (1976) in France. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Gill (1997) reports Epidiaspis leperii as a pest in walnut groves in California. The Italian pear scale is an economic pest on many rosaceous plants including pears, apples, prunes, and peaches. It causes distortion of branches, gumosus, and early fruit drop. It is an important pest in some parts of Europe. In Hungary it has caused serious problems on pears (Kosztarab and Kozár 1988); it can cause serious problems on olives in the Mediterranean (Argyriou 1990). El-Kareim and Kozár (1988) report that egg production, sex ratio, and level of infestation differ significantly among cultivars of plum, apple, and pear; in fact, the apple varieties Jonathan and Starling were free of infestation in one experiment. Gill (1997) reported damage to walnuts in California; large populations caused weakened trees and smaller nut size. Examples of countries where this species is considered of economic importance are: Republic of Georgia (Aleksidze 1995, Yasnosh 1995); France (Bianchi and Bénassy 1979, Blaisinger 1979, Geoffrion 1976); Argentina (Chiesa Molinari 1948); Hungary (El-Kareim and Kozár 1988, Kosztarab and Kozár 1988, El-Kareim et al. 1988); Norway (Fjelddalen 1996); England and Wales (Fryer 1936); Switzerland (Geier 1949); California (Gill 1997); Italy (Melis 1949); Uruguay (Trujillo Peluffo 1942); Turkey (Bodenheimer 1953). Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed description of physiology and bodily systems by Childs (1914). Discussion of life history by Bianchi & Benassy (1979). Detailed description and illustration by Gill (1997).
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1937: taxonomy, 535, 550
- AbdElK1998: 306
- AbdElKKo1988b: biological control, chemistry, 79-84
- AlvareLiLu2020: phylogeny, 5
- AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Archan1937: taxonomy, 6
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- Atanas1959: distribution, host, 430-431
- Bachma1953: distribution, host, 176
- BaetaN1954: distribution, host, 194
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 182
- Balach1933e: distribution, host, 4
- Balach1938a: distribution, host, 153
- Balach1946: distribution, 216
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 206, 219, 220-223
- BalasSa1982: distribution, host, 412
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 128
- BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 67
- Berles1896: distribution, host, 185
- BerlesLe1898: distribution, host, 96
- BianchBe1979: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 494-511
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 505
- Blanch1939: distribution, host, 182
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 294, 308
- Bodenh1949: distribution, host, 96
- Bodenh1953: distribution, host, life history, 7
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 19
- Boraty1953: taxonomy, 475
- Boraty1968a: distribution, taxonomy, 33, 35
- Borchs1935: taxonomy, 128
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, 119
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101-103
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, taxonomy, 227
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 208
- Borchs1950c: distribution, host, 369, 372
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 179-181, 372
- Borg1919: distribution, host, 29
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 12
- BrandtBo1948: taxonomy, 3
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, 368
- Brown1965: taxonomy, 213
- CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 341
- Carnes1907: distribution, host, 204
- Chabou1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 59-62
- ChabouRa1951: chemical control, distribution, host, 62-67
- Charli1972: distribution, host, 215
- Chiesa1948: distribution, host, 142-143
- Childs1914: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 47-57
- Cocker1895x: description, distribution, host, 260-261
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 333
- Cocker1897i: distribution, host, 4
- Cocker1902d: distribution, 59
- Colvee1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 33-35
- Colvee1881b: distribution, taxonomy, LI
- Comsto1881a: distribution, host, 311
- Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 86, 94, 96
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 460, 547, 555
- Costan1950: distribution, taxonomy, 9
- Danzig1964: description, distribution, taxonomy, 650
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 844
- Danzig1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 213
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 256
- DarvasAbCa1994: chemical control, 52
- DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, host, 23
- DeBachRo1976: taxonomy, 175
- DelGue1894: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 142-148
- Dikshi1966a: taxonomy, 254
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 11
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- DumasVa1950: biological control, 235
- Ebelin1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 343
- Ehrhor1907: distribution, host, 224
- ElekciKa2021: distribution, host, 8
- ErlerKoTu1996: distribution, host, 57
- EssigHo1944: distribution, economic importance, 104, 133
- FarahbMo1975: distribution, host, 66
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 200
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 231, 232, 250
- Ferris1920b: description, distribution, host, 46
- Ferris1936a: taxonomy, 21, 49
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-49, SI-51
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 47
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:54
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 18
- Flachs1931: economic importance, 67
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 84
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- Foldi2003: distribution, 152
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FowjhaKo1999: distribution, host, 121
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 2,11,24
- FrankKr1898: taxonomy, 399
- FrankKr1900: taxonomy, 80
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 32
- Garcia1922: biological control, 197
- Geier1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 177-266
- Geoffr1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 23-31
- GeoffrGo1978: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 3-4
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertss2001: distribution, 127, 128
- GertssSc2020: distribution, economic importance, host, 135
- Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 9
- Ghauri1962: taxonomy, 5
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 137-138, 140
- Goethe1884: distribution, host, 114, 115
- Goethe1899: distribution, host, 20
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 186, 195-198, 201
- GomezM1954: distribution, host, 121
- GomezM1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 100-102
- GomezM1957: distribution, host, 49, 100
- GomezM1958a: taxonomy, 13
- GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 173
- GomezM1968: distribution, host, 547
- Gonzal2016: description of male, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration, taxonomy, 44, 106-107, 132, 175-178
- Goot1912: taxonomy, 287
- Hadzib1950: distribution, host, 261
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, 194, 276
- Hall1941: taxonomy, 230
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 87
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 180
- Hewitt1943: taxonomy, 267
- Horvat1897: taxonomy, 95
- Howard1907: biological control, distribution, 75
- Imamku1966: distribution, economic importance, host, 48
- InserrCa1985: distribution, taxonomy, 90
- Jansen2001: distribution, 201
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 64
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 19
- Kiritc1940: distribution, host, 118
- Kohler1983: taxonomy, 449
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
- KonstaKo1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101-102
- Korone1934: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 87, 91
- Korone1939: distribution, economic importance, host, 43
- Koszta1963: distribution, host, 80
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 499-501
- KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 143, 157, 159
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 343-345
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 69
- Kozar1982: distribution, host, 91, 93
- Kozar1985: distribution, 203
- Kozar1987: taxonomy, 100
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 141
- Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
- KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 95
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- KozarKoSa2002: catalog, distribution, 39
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 74
- KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 94
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 86, 100, 117, 137, 153, 174, 188
- KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 131
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 83
- KozarYaKo1982: distribution, host, 334, 335
- KozarzVl1982: distribution, 196
- Lasaro1940: distribution, host, 19, 22-23
- Lazare1975: distribution, host, 56
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 182, 183
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 249
- Lichte1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, LII
- Lindin1907: distribution, taxonomy, 5
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 191, 260, 261
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 357
- Lindin1912b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 82, 187, 213, 229, 2
- Lindin1931: taxonomy, 124
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 201
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 134
- Lindin1937: distribution, taxonomy, 184
- Lizery1915: distribution, host, 570
- Lizery1938: distribution, host, 343, 357
- Lizery1942: distribution, host, 75
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 145
- Lupo1938: distribution, host, taxonomy, 122, 143
- Lupo1957a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 427
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 318
- Mahdih1939: taxonomy, 1232
- Maleno1927: taxonomy, 52
- Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 54,56-57
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 54, 57
- Marlat1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 590
- Martin1983: distribution, host, 53-54
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 357
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 31, 109
- Melis1949: distribution, host, xxiv
- Melis1951: taxonomy, viii
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 509
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 198
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 32
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 121, 122-123, 245
- Morgan1888a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46, 119
- Morgan1890: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- Morsta1908: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 349-365, 408-424
- Nakaha1982: taxonomy, 35
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 251, 283
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, 21, 65
- Paoli1915: distribution, host, 259
- Parr1940: taxonomy, 7
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,69
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 121
- Pierce1917: distribution, economic importance, 23, 169
- PiskurJu2019: disease transmission, distribution, host,
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 348
- Porter1912: distribution, host, 23
- Priore1964: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 167-168
- Priore1965: distribution, host, 135
- Reh1904: taxonomy, 32-34
- Reyne1957: taxonomy, 27, 33
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 759
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Sassce1915: distribution, taxonomy, 270
- Schmut1959: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13, 27, 31, 155, 195
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 62, 93
- SchvesMiGi1955: taxonomy, 410
- Seabra1941: distribution, host, 8
- ShafikHu1938: chemical control, host, 363
- Signor1869d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 437-439
- Signor1877: catalog, taxonomy, 603
- Streri1924: distribution, host, 11-12
- Takagi2011: taxonomy, 49
- Targio1884: distribution, host, taxonomy, 391
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 42, 50
- TerGri1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 52-53
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 147
- TerGri1969a: distribution, host, 5, 49, 50
- Terezn1959c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 796
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 183, 184, 187
- Terezn1967b: distribution, taxonomy, 562
- Terezn1968b: distribution, taxonomy, 48
- Terezn1968c: distribution, host, 46, 47, 49
- ThiemGe1934: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 543
- ThiemGe1934a: taxonomy, 132
- Trabut1911: distribution, host, 61
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- Trujil1942: description, distribution, host, 198-199
- Tschor1939: distribution, host, 72, 89
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 121-122
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- Watson2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 475-476
- Westco1973: distribution, host, 408
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 226, 229
- Winkle1920: taxonomy, 123
- Wunn1913: taxonomy, 258
- Yasnos1978: distribution, taxonomy, 486, 494
- Zahrad1952: taxonomy, 189
- Zahrad1972: taxonomy, 429
