Valid Names Results
Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger, 1936 (Cryptococcidae: Cryptococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus fagi Baerensprung 1849: 174. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin. Syntypes, female, junior homonym (discovered by Lindin1936b, 444). Replacement name for Coccus fagi Sulzer 1776 Notes: Type material has probably been lost (Williams, 1985h).
- Coccus fagi Walker 1852: 1086. Type data: ENGLAND. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985h,353-356). synonym and homonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 444). Notes: Coccus fagi Walker is a junior homonym of Coccus fagi Sulzer 1776 and Coccus fagi Baerensprung 1849.
- Pseudococcus fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Douglas 1886c: 152. change of combination
- Cryptococcus fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Douglas 1890a: 155. change of combination
- Eriococcus fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Perrier 1926: 122. change of combination
- Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger 1936b: 444. replacement name Replacement name for Coccus fagi Baerensprung 1849
- Kermes fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Lindinger 1957: 549. change of combination Notes: Lindinger (1957) meant to reiterate the placement of fagi in Cryptococcus and he cites Guérin (1818) as the creator of the Kermes fagi combination. The date of this is probably wrong, and no publication by Guérin mentioning the combination can be found. Therefore, at least for the time being, this combination will be listed as by Lindinger (1957) even though it is not what he intended.
Common Names
- beech bark scale MalumpBa2012
- beech coccus KozarDr1998e
- beech eriococcin MillerMi1993
- beech scale Westco1973
- felted beech coccus Collin1908
- beukewolluis Pelliz2022
- boekeull-lus Pelliz2022
- buchenwollschildlaus Pelliz2022
- cocciniglia del faggio Pelliz2022
- cochenille des écorces Pelliz2022
- cochinilla del haya Pelliz2022
- буковый войлочник Pelliz2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Fagaceae
- Fagus grandifolia | Hoy1963
- Fagus orientalis | Hoy1963 Moghad2013a
- Fagus sylvatica | Hoy1963
- Pinaceae
- Pinus sylvestris | KosztaKo1988F
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 5
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopidia ciliata | KosztaKo1988F
- Pseudomallada ventralis | KosztaKo1988F
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | KosztaKo1988F
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Chilocorus stigma | KosztaKo1988F
- Exochomus | KosztaKo1988F
- Psychidae
- Psyche casta | KosztaKo1988F
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Nectriaceae
- Nectria | GwiazdVaDe2006
- Nectria coccinea var. fasciata | GertssSc2020
- Nestriaceae
- Neonectria galligena | GertssSc2020
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 31
- Armenia | Hoy1963
- Austria | Hoy1963
- Belgium | Hoy1963
- Bulgaria | KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968
- Canada | Hoy1963
- New Brunswick | Ehrlic1932
- Nova Scotia | Koszta1996
- Ontario | MawFoHa2000
- Prince Edward Island | Ehrlic1932
- Corsica | Covass1975
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Czech Republic | Pelliz2022
- Czechoslovakia | Hoy1963
- Denmark | Gertss2001 Hoy1963
- France | Foldi2001 Hoy1963
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hoy1963
- Germany | Hoy1963 SchmutHo2016
- Hungary | KosztaKo1988F
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996
- Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- Italy | Covass1975 KosztaKo1988F
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Luxembourg | Gertso2016
- Netherlands | Hoy1963 Jansen2001
- Norway | EndresGe2021
- Poland | Hoy1963 SimonKa2011
- Romania | Hoy1963 Teodor2018
- Russia | Hoy1963
- Stavrapol Oblast | Danzig1985
- Slovenia | KozarKaKo2013
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Hoy1963
- Switzerland | Hoy1963
- Turkey | Hoy1963
- Ukraine
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Mateso1958
- Zakarpat'ye (=Transcarpathia) Oblast | Terezn1959
- United Kingdom | Hoy1963 MalumpBa2012
- Channel Islands | Hoy1963
- England | Parker1974
- Northern Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- United States
- Connecticut | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- Maine | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- Massachusetts | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- Michigan | WieferMcHa2011
- New Hampshire | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- New Jersey | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- New York | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- North Carolina | Pelliz2022
- Ohio | SinclaLyJo1987
- Pennsylvania | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- Rhode Island | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- Tennessee | Koszta1996
- Vermont | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- Virginia | Koszta1996
- West Virginia | Stimme1993
- Yugoslavia | KosztaKo1988F
Keys
- KozarKaKo2013: pp.596 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Cryptococcus]
- Koszta1996: pp.262 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species of Northeastern North America]
- TangHa1995: pp.427, 641 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species]
- MillerMi1993: pp.68 ( Adult (F) ) [Adult female of Cryptococcus]
- Terezn1982: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species] Key as: Cryptococcus fagi
- Danzig1971d: pp.824 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Eriococcidae]
- KosztaHa1968: pp.11 ( Adult (F) ) [Adult females of Cryptococcus]
- Danzig1964: pp.635 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species of the USSR]
- Borchs1949: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [USSR species of Cryptococcus]
Remarks
- Systematics: This species was first described as Coccus fagi Baerensprung (1849). The next description was as Coccus fagi Walker (1852). C. fagi Baerensprung is the junior primary homonym of C. fagi Sulzer (1776). C. fagi Walker is a synonym of C. fagi Baerensprung and a junior primary homonym of C. fagi Sulzer. The next three names Pseudococcus fagi Douglas (1886c), Cryptococcus fagi Douglas (1890) and Eriococcus fagi Perrier (1926) are change of combinations. The last and final change is to Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger (1936) who realized the homonymy of the species (Miller & Miller, 1993). C. fagisuga is part of a clade that includes one other Palearctic species (P. fraxini), one Nearctic species (C. williamsi), and two species endemic to New Zealand (C. nudatus and M. totarae). Since this clade is nested within a larger "Gondwanan" clade consisting of species from Australia and New Zealand, it appears to have originated in New Zealand and to have somehow spread to the North Temperate Zone at an ancient date. (Gwiazdowski et al., 2006)
- Structure: Adult female body is nearly hemispherical, bright yellow and covered with a filamentous white sac (Miller & Miller, 1993). Slide-mounted adult female with: antennae 1- to 3-segmented; anal ring with 4 setae; 6 or 8 setae surrounding anal ring (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988; Miller & Miller, 1993); anal ring with small pores; multiloculars absent from dorsum; macrotubular ducts of 2 sizes (Miller & Miller, 1993).
- Biology: The general pattern of life cycle is as follows. Yellow eggs are laid in the spring or early summer within the ovisac. Eggs hatch in late summer and early fall. Crawlers are quite mobile and may move some distance before settling on the bark. The first instar is usually the overwintering stage. During the winter, yellow first instar nymphs change in body form from oval to rotund. Molting occurs during the spring and the short lived apodous second instar is produced. Adult females occur throughout the spring and summer. Males have never been collected (Miller & Miller, 1993). In adult females of C. fagisuga having restricted access of oxygen to apiracles the spiracles are located in deep cavities of scleotised walls which probably contain airr reserves. (Podsiadlo, 2006)
- Economic Importance: This scale, together with a fungus, can cause extensive damage to the native beech trees in the northeastern United States (Miller & Miller, 1993). Van Driesche & Japoshvili (2012) found that scale densities were 45.4-fold higher per unit area of bark in Massachusetts on F. grandifolia than in their native range in the country of Georgia on F. orientalis. Also, F. orientalis trees at sample sites in Georgia were 2.9-fold larger in DBH and much healthier that were F. grandifolia trees in Massachusetts. The good condition of beech that were observed during a natural enemy surveys in Georgia might reflect high tree resistance to beech scale in invaded areas. Silvicultural preservation and expansion of the fraction of the American beech population possessing natural resistance to beech bark disease seems to be a more promising tool for restoration of American beech in forest stands than biological control. (Japoshvili, et al., 2015)
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Miller & Miller (1993). Description of first and second instars and adult female by Williams (1985h). Discussion of population dynamics relating to physiological defense reactions of attacked trees by Gora et al. (1996). Detailed description and illustration of first-instar nymph and second-instar female in Miller & Stocks, 2022.
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1930: taxonomy, 639
- Apstei1915: taxonomy, 158
- Arnett1985: distribution, taxonomy, 239
- Baeren1849: description, 174
- Baker1972: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 97-98
- Balach1937c: distribution, taxonomy, 6
- BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 43
- BarethVa1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, 209-221
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 289, 306
- Bodenh1935: taxonomy, 271
- Bodenh1953a: distribution, host, 134, 153
- BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 91
- Borchs1934: distribution, host, 12
- Borchs1937: distribution, illustration, 62
- Borchs1939a: taxonomy, 43, 45
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371
- Britti1915a: description, taxonomy, 157
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 298
- CCNI1989: taxonomy, 158
- CebeciKu2005: distribution, host, 97-102
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 324
- Collin1908: distribution, 23
- CookGuSt2000: taxonomy, 889
- Danzig1964: taxonomy, 635
- Danzig1971a: host, taxonomy, 1415
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 824
- Danzig1985: taxonomy, 111
- Davids1974: chemical control, distribution, host, 3
- Dougla1886c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 152
- Dougla1890a: taxonomy, 155
- Ehrlic1932: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 75-80
- Ehrlic1934: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 593-692
- EndresGe2021: diagnosis, distribution, history, illustration,
- FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 71
- FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 72
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 120
- Ferris1955a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 83
- Ferris1957c: taxonomy, 85
- FirouzShAs2017: ecology,
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 305, 307
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- ForresMcMi2003: economic importance, 70
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertso2016: distribution, 153
- Gertss1997: distribution, host, illustration, 113, 114
- Gertss2000: distribution, host, 151
- Gertss2001: distribution, 126
- Gertss2011: distribution, 40
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 135
- GoraKoLu1996: ecology, host, 112-120
- GordonHi1990: biological control, 287
- Gottsc1995: host, 222
- Goux1931: distribution, host, 332
- Green1922b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
- Green1925b: distribution, host, 517
- Green1927a: distribution, 29
- Green1928: description, host, taxonomy, 9
- GullanKo1997: host, 42
- GullanMa2003: economic importance, 1089
- GwiazdVaDe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 9-18
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 270
- Harris1916a: distribution, 94
- Hendry1962: taxonomy, 127
- Henrik1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 313
- Herric1935: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- Hopkin1904: distribution, host, 51, 52
- Housto1994: distribution, ecology, host, 75-87
- Hoy1962: distribution, taxonomy, 25
- Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 54-55
- Jaap1914: taxonomy, 136
- Jansen2001: distribution, 200
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 63
- JaposhFiDr2015: biological control, host, life history, natural enemies, phenology, 1193-1198
- Johnso1982: chemical control, description, economic importance, illustration, 114, 116, 122
- JohnsoLy1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 286-287
- Jonsso1998: distribution, ecology, host, 297-305
- Kaweck1935: host, 74
- Kaweck1985: distribution, taxonomy, 33-34
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 90-106
- Kiritc1931: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 312
- Kiritc1935: distribution, host, 1
- KohlerPaWe2015: mechanical control,
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 13
- Koszta1959: distribution, host, 402
- Koszta1968: taxonomy, 12
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 262-264
- KosztaHa1968: taxonomy, 11
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 270-272
- KosztaRh1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 121
- Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 322
- Koteja1974b: structure, 272
- Koteja1974b: taxonomy, 78
- Koteja1983a: distribution, host, 676
- Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
- Koteja2000d: distribution, 242
- KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 310, 320
- KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 362
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 478
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66, 67
- Kozar1983a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 146
- Kozar1991: taxonomy, 81
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 139
- Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 96
- KozarDr1998e: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 167-168
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 65
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, taxonomy, 154
- KozarKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 600-603
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 60
- KozarKo1982: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 204, 210
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 375
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 75
- Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 306, 307
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 7, 16
- Lagows2002: distribution, 243
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, 31
- Lindin1907d: taxonomy, 158
- Lindin1912b: host, taxonomy, 152
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 204
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 135
- Lindin1936a: taxonomy, 444
- Lindin1938: distribution, taxonomy, 4-5
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 549
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 367
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 121
- Lunder1998: biological control, distribution, host, 319-322
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, 26
- Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 263
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MawFoHa2000: distribution, 43
- Miller1985b: distribution, host, life history, 101-102
- Miller1991b: economic importance, 101
- Miller2005: distribution, 491
- MillerGi2000: biological control, catalog, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 85-89
- MillerMi1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68-70
- MillerSt2022: description, distribution, host, illustration, 62-64
- MillerWi1995aDR: taxonomy, 200, 242
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 55
- Moghad2018b: distribution, 519
- MoraalJa2011: ecology, 53, 57
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, 208
- NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, taxonomy, 171, 173-174
- NastChKl1990: distribution, taxonomy, 121
- Newste1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 249
- Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215-221
- Nikols1936: taxonomy, 155
- Nitsch1895: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1250-1252
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 10, 36
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 40
- Ossian1951: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- OuvrarKo2009: host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 101-115
- Parker1974: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3-15
- Pelliz2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 409-410
- PellizKo2011: distribution, 66
- Perrie1926: description, distribution, taxonomy, 122
- Perrin1980: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 319-331
- Pierce1917: distribution, economic importance, host, 39
- Piltz1952: distribution, taxonomy, 304
- Podsia2006a: illustration, physiology, 277-281
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 354
- Reh1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 351-353
- Reh1904: taxonomy, 34
- Reh1926: taxonomy, 322
- Reyne1961: taxonomy, 138
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 378, 406, 417-418
- Schmut1955: host, taxonomy, 159, 160
- Schmut1974: host, taxonomy, 49
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 53
- Signor1877: catalog, description, host, taxonomy, 615
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 237
- Step1929: distribution, host, 183
- Stimme1993: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 17-18
- Stocki1998: distribution, host, 89, 91, 97
- StoetzMi1979: catalog, taxonomy, 15
- Storka1925: distribution, taxonomy, 70
- Sulc1895a: description, distribution, taxonomy, 13, 22
- Sulc1912: distribution, taxonomy, 34
- Suvak1999: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 73-83
- SwaineHu1926: description, distribution, host, 47-48
- Szklar1998: host, illustration, physiology, 168, 169, 171
- TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 416, 427, 641
- TealeLeMa2009: ecology, 1235-1240
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 41, 50
- TerGri1983: distribution, taxonomy, 882
- Terezn1959: distribution, 683-685
- Terezn1959b: distribution, 447
- Terezn1959d: taxonomy, 92
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 27
- Terezn1967a: distribution, 474, 475
- Terezn1975: taxonomy, 29
- Terezn1981: taxonomy, 46
- Terezn1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 36
- TranfaMa1988: taxonomy, 609
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 66, 67
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 207
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S116
- VanDriJa2012: distribution, ecology, host, 422-427
- Walczu1932: taxonomy, 625
- Walker1852: description, distribution, 1086
- Westco1973: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 388-389
- WieferMcHa2011: description, distribution, host, life history, 173-179
- Willia1985h: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 353-356
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 579
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 21
- Wunn1925: distribution, host, 122
- Wunn1925b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281, 284
- Wunn1925c: distribution, host, 438
- Zahrad1959a: host, taxonomy, 538
- Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 403-404
- Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 121
- ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 418
