Valid Names Results
Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley, 1897) (Diaspididae: Pseudaulacaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Chionaspis cockerelli Cooley 1897: 278-279. Type data: CHINA: from quarantine at United States, San Francisco, on unidentified Palmae, 11/07/1897, by A. Craw. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Chionaspis aucubae Cooley 1897: 279-280. Type data: JAPAN: taken at quarantine in San Francisco, on Aucuba sp., by A. Craw. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1955d, 46).
- Chionaspis dilatata Green 1899a: 148. Type data: SRI LANKA: Peradeniya, ?/06/1897, by E.E. Green. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988,222). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1955d, 46). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis natalensis Cockerell 1902a: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Mangifera sp., by C. Fuller. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Hall1929, 345).
- Phenacaspis aucubae (Cooley, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 237. change of combination
- Phenacaspis cockerelli (Cooley, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 237. change of combination
- Phenacaspis dilatata (Green, 1899); Fernald 1903b: 237. change of combination
- Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green, 1899; Green 1905: 29. change of combination
- Chionaspis candida Banks 1906: 232-233. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on upper surface of leaves of Cocos nucifera. Holotype, female, Type depository: Manila: Entomological Collection, Bureau of Science, Philippines; junior homonym (discovered by Banks1906a, 787). Notes: Homonym of Chionaspis candida Green 1905b. Illustr.
- Chionaspis inday Banks 1906a: 787. replacement name that is a synonym (discovered by WilliaWa1988, 222). Replacement name for Chionaspis candida Banks 1906
- Phenacaspis inday (Banks, 1906); Robinson 1917: 20. change of combination
- Aulacaspis dilatata (Green, 1899); Wester 1920: 64. change of combination
- Aulacaspis natalensis (Cockerell, 1902); Wester 1920: 64. change of combination
- Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) natalensis (Cockerell, 1902); Brain 1920: 100. change of combination
- Phenacaspis eugeniae; Ferris 1921a: 213. misidentification (discovered by Ferris1955d, 46).
- Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green, 1899; Hall 1929: 345. change of combination
- Phenacaspis eugeniae sandwicensis Fullaway 1932: 103-104. Type data: UNITED STATES: Hawaii. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1955, 46).
- Trichomytilus aucubae (Cooley, 1897); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus cockerelli (Cooley, 1897); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus dilatatus (Green, 1899); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus inday (Banks, 1906); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus natalensis (Cockerell, 1902); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Chionaspis syringae Borchsenius 1938: 140-141. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorsky Kray, Vladivostok, city garden, on Syringa amurensis, 16/05/1934, by I.P. Shmorgunova. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1980b,318). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, 46). Illustr.
- Chionaspis hattorii Kanda 1941b: 185-186. Type data: SOUTH KOREA: Suigen, on Deutzia scabra var.crenata, by S. Nakayama & D. Kanda. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, 46). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 1932; Zimmerman 1948: 386. change in status (level) Illustr.
- Chionaspis akebiae Takahashi 1952a: 8-10. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Mt. Takao and Hikawa, near Tokyo, on Akebia lobata, 9/08/1950 and 16/07/1950, by R. Takahashi. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1961, 31-33). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis syringae (Borchsenius, 1938); Balachowsky 1954e: 351. change of combination
- Phenacaspis cockerelli sandwicensis Fullaway, 1932; Takahashi & Tachikawa 1956: 8. change in status (level)
- Phenacaspis akebiae (Takahashi, 1952); Ferris 1956: 74. change of combination
- Phenacaspis ferrisi Mamet 1959a: 459-461. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambilobe, on undetermined plant, ?/04/1951, by R. Paulian. Holotype, unknown, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, 46). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis hattorii (Kanda, 1941); Borchsenius 1966: 122. change of combination
- Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley, 1897); Takagi & Kawai 1967: 40. change of combination
- Pseudalacaspis cockerelli; Campbell, et al. 2014. misspelling of genus name
- Psudaulacaspis cockerelli; Williams, D.J. 2017a: 222. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- false oleander scale Sankar1984
- Fullaway oleander scale Borchs1966
- magnolia white scale Gill1982c
- mango scale Fuller1907
- oleander scale EastonPu1999 Zimmer1948
- oyster scale EastonPu1999
- aoki-shiro-kaigaramushi BerryWaTa2022
- escama falsa del mango BerryWaTa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 102 | Genera: 224
- Acoraceae
- Acorus calamus | PowellCaLa2026
- Acorus gramineus | Chen1983
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia | Borchs1966
- Actinidia arguta | Suh2020
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | MillerDa2005
- Viburnum obovatum | PowellCaLa2026
- Viburnum odoratissimum | Muraka1970 Kuwana1931a Muraka1970 | (= Viburnum arboricola) (= Viburnum awabuki)
- Altingiaceae
- Liquidambar formosana | Takagi1970
- Amaryllidaceae
- Agapanthus | Nakaha1981a
- Amaryllis | PowellCaLa2026
- Lycoris | PowellCaLa2026
- Proiphys | Green1899a | (= Eurycles)
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | Sankar1984
- Campnosperma brevipetiolatum | Beards1966 Takaha1941b
- Mangifera | Cocker1902a MillerDa2005
- Mangifera indica | Heu2002 Mamet1943a Robins1917
- Schinus terebinthifolia | PowellCaLa2026
- Annonaceae
- Annona squamosa | KawaiMaUm1971
- Artabotrys hexapetalus | Varshn2002
- Cananga odorata | Zimmer1948 | (= Canangium odoratum)
- Apocynaceae
- Adenium | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1981a
- Adenium obesum | PowellCaLa2026
- Allamanda | Nakaha1981a
- Alyxia stellata | Nakaha1981a | (= Alyxia oliviformis)
- Calotropis gigantea | Nakaha1981a
- Cascabela thevetia | AmunCl2015 Nakaha1981a | (= Thevetia peruviana)
- Mandevilla sanderi | PowellCaLa2026
- Nerium | MillerDa2005
- Nerium oleander | Muraka1970 Beards1966 Heu2002 | (=Nerium indicum),(= Oleander)
- Pachypodium geayi | PowellCaLa2026
- Plumeria | Heu2002 MillerDa2005
- Plumeria pudica | Malump2014a
- Plumeria rubra | Nakaha1981a | (= Plumeria acuminata) (= Plumeria acutifolia)
- Stephanotis | Suh2016
- Trachelospermum | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Trachelospermum asiaticum | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Trachelospermum jasminoides | Muraka1970
- Vinca | PowellCaLa2026
- Willughbeia | Green1905
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Ilex cassine | PowellCaLa2026
- Ilex cinerea | MartinLa2011
- Ilex cornuta | Suh2020
- Ilex crenata | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Ilex integra | KawaiMaUm1971
- Ilex latifolia | McComb1986
- Ilex opaca | NormarOkMo2019
- Ilex viridis | MartinLa2011
- Araceae
- Alocasia | Nakaha1981a
- Monstera | PowellCaLa2026
- Philodendron | Ferris1955d
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | PowellCaLa2026
- Fatsia japonica | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Hedera canariensis | Dekle1965
- Hedera helix | Tippin1968
- Hedera rhombea | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix alexandrae | Dekle1965
- Areca | MillerDa2005
- Areca catechu | KawaiMaUm1971 Mamet1943a
- Arecaceae | Cooley1897
- Arenga engleri | KawaiMaUm1971
- Attalea cuatrecasana | PowellCaLa2026
- Butia capitata | Dekle1965
- Butia odorata | PowellCaLa2026
- Caryota | BesheaTiHo1973
- Chamaedorea cataractarum | PowellCaLa2026
- Chamaerops humilis | Dekle1965
- Clinostigma | KawaiMaUm1971 MillerDa2005
- Cocos | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Banks1906 DeLott1967a Heu2002 Mamet1943a
- Corypha utan | Ali1969a | (= Corypha elata)
- Dypsis | Mamet1954 MillerDa2005 | (= Chrysalidocarpus)
- Dypsis baronii | Mamet1954 | (= Neodypsis baronii)
- Dypsis lutescens | Mamet1943a NormarOkMo2019 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis | Chen1983
- Howea | HowardOl1985
- Howea forsteriana | PowellCaLa2026
- Hyophorbe lagenicaulis | PowellCaLa2026
- Hyphaene | Suh2026
- Hyphaene coriacea | PowellCaLa2026
- Livistona | MillerDa2005
- Livistona chinensis | PowellCaLa2026
- Nypa fruticans | Beards1966
- Phoenix canariensis | PowellCaLa2026
- Phoenix dactylifera | PowellCaLa2026
- Phoenix roebelenii | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Ptychosperma | MillerDa2005 | (= Seaforthia)
- Ptychosperma elegans | PowellCaLa2026
- Ravenea | JansenAl2023
- Ravenea robustior | PowellCaLa2026
- Rhapidophyllum hystrix | PowellCaLa2026
- Rhapis humilis | Chen1983
- Sabal mexicana | Dekle1965
- Sabal palmetto | PowellCaLa2026
- Serenoa repens | Dekle1965
- Syagrus romanzoffiana | Dekle1965 | (= Arecastrum romanzoffianum )
- Thrinax parviflora | PowellCaLa2026
- Trachycarpus | MillerDa2005
- Trachycarpus fortunei | NormarOkMo2019
- Verschaffeltia splendida | PowellCaLa2026
- Washingtonia filifera | PowellCaLa2026 | var. robusta
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | Suh2026
- Agave americana | PowellCaLa2026
- Asparagus | MillerDa2005
- Asparagus densiflorus | PowellCaLa2026
- Asparagus setaceus | PowellCaLa2026
- Beaucarnea recurvata | PowellCaLa2026
- Chlorophytum comosum | PowellCaLa2026
- Cordyline australis | PowellCaLa2026
- Cordyline fruticosa | Nakaha1981a | (= Cordyline terminalis)
- Dracaena | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1981a
- Liriope muscari | Tippin1968
- Nolina | Dekle1965
- Ophiopogon planiscapus | PowellCaLa2026
- Ruscus aculeatus | PowellCaLa2026
- Ruscus hypoglossum | PowellCaLa2026
- Ruscus microglossus | PowellCaLa2026
- Sansevieria nilotica | KawaiMaUm1971
- Yucca | MillerDa2005
- Yucca aloifolia | PowellCaLa2026
- Yucca filamentosa | PowellCaLa2026
- Yucca flaccida | PowellCaLa2026
- Yucca gloriosa | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970 | including var. tristis
- Asphodelaceae
- Dianella | Mamet1954 MillerDa2005
- Dianella ensifolia | Chen1983 Nakaha1981a | (= Dianella montana)
- Dianella tasmanica | Dekle1965
- Phormium tenax | Dekle1965
- Xanthorrhoea | JansenAl2023
- Asteraceae
- Chrysanthemum morifolium | Suh2020
- Helianthus | MillerDa2005
- Helianthus annuus | Nakaha1981a
- Pyrrhopappus carolinianus | Tippin1968
- Berberidaceae
- Bignoniaceae
- Tabebuia heterophylla | Nakaha1981a | (= Tabebuia pentaphylla)
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica | Suh2026
- Bromeliaceae
- Bromelia | Nakaha1981a
- Vriesea | MillerDa2005
- Bruniaceae
- Berzelia | Suh2016
- Burseraceae
- Canarium album | MartinLa2011
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | BesheaTiHo1973
- Buxus microphylla | PowellCaLa2026
- Buxus sempervirens | PowellCaLa2026
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | KawaiMaUm1971
- Cannabaceae
- Aphananthe | Muraka1970
- Cannaceae
- Canna × hybrida | KawaiMaUm1971 | (=Canna generalis)
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | PowellCaLa2026
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | WilliaWa1988
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus alatus | Danzig1986a | (= Euonymus sacrosanctus)
- Euonymus japonicus | Suh2020
- Schaefferia | Dekle1965
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | Nakaha1981a
- Commelinaceae
- Tradescantia | PowellCaLa2026
- Cornaceae
- Cornus controversa | Muraka1970
- Cornus florida | Tippin1968
- Costaceae
- Costus | PowellCaLa2026
- Crassulaceae
- Bryophyllum | Nakaha1981a
- Kalanchoe | Nakaha1981a
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita | Suh2016
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MillerDa2005
- Cycas circinalis | Dekle1965
- Cycas micholitzii | PowellCaLa2026
- Cycas micronesica | DelosoTeYu2020
- Cycas revoluta | Nakaha1981a
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Daphniphyllum | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Daphniphyllum glaucescens | TakahaTa1956
- Daphniphyllum macropodum | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Daphniphyllum teijsmannii | Muraka1970
- Diervillaceae
- Weigela | Muraka1970
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | MillerDa2005
- Diospyros kaki | Suh2020
- Diospyros lotus | Chen1983
- Diospyros virginiana | PowellCaLa2026
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus macrophylla | NormarOkMo2019 | x ebbingei
- Elaeagnus pungens | PowellCaLa2026
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Elaeocarpus decipiens | Muraka1970
- Elaeocarpus photiniifolia | KawaiMaUm1971
- Elaeocarpus sylvestris | PowellCaLa2026
- Ericaceae
- Chimaphila maculata | Tippin1968
- Rhododendron | Takagi1970
- Rhododendron mucronulatum | Suh2020
- Rhododendron schlippenbachii | Suh2020
- Vaccinium myrsinites | PowellCaLa2026
- Euphorbiaceae
- Aleurites | MillerDa2005
- Aleurites moluccanus | Zimmer1948
- Euphorbia humistrata | Tippin1968
- Euphorbia milii | PowellCaLa2026
- Excoecaria cochinchinensis | Takagi1970 Takaha1933 | (= Excoecaria orientalis)
- Hevea | MillerDa2005
- Hevea brasiliensis | Green1905
- Jatropha integerrima | Nakaha1981a | (= Jatropha integerrima)
- Jatropha multifida | PowellCaLa2026
- Triadica sebifera | Dekle1965 | (= Sapium sebiferum)
- Fabaceae
- Erythrina herbacea | PowellCaLa2026
- Virgilia | Suh2026
- Wisteria floribunda | Suh2020
- Fagaceae
- Lithocarpus | Chen1983
- Quercus michauxii | PowellCaLa2026
- Quercus phillyraeoides | Suh2020
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba | Cooley1897 MillerDa2005
- Aucuba japonica | BesheaTiHo1973 Kuwana1909
- Gelsemiaceae
- Gelsemium sempervirens | NormarOkMo2019
- Gentianaceae
- Fagraea berteroana | Nakaha1981a
- Ginkgoaceae
- Ginkgo biloba | Suh2018
- Gnetaceae
- Gnetum luofuense | MartinLa2011
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | Danzig1986a
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | Nakaha1981a
- Hydrangeaceae
- Deutzia | Borchs1966
- Deutzia scabra | Kanda1941b | (= Deutzia scabra crenata)
- Iridaceae
- Dietes bicolor | Zimmer1948 | (= Moraea bicolor)
- Dietes iridioides | PowellCaLa2026
- Iris | Dekle1965
- Sisyrinchium arenarium | PowellCaLa2026
- Juglandaceae
- Carya illinoinensis | PowellCaLa2026
- Lardizabalaceae
- Akebia quinata | Muraka1970
- Akebia trifoliata | Muraka1970 Takaha1952a | (= Akebia lobata)
- Lauraceae
- Lauraceae | Borchs1966
- Laurus nobilis | PowellCaLa2026
- Machilus kobu | KawaiMaUm1971
- Neolitsea sericea | Suh2020
- Persea americana | Nakaha1981a
- Persea borbonia | PowellCaLa2026 | (= Tamala borbonia)
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia asiatica | KawaiMaUm1971 | (= Barringtonia speciosa)
- Loranthaceae
- Dendrophthoe falcata | MudgalMuGu2011
- Magnoliaceae
- Liriodendron tulipifera | PowellCaLa2026
- Magnolia | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Magnolia ashei | PowellCaLa2026 | (=Magnolia macrophylla)
- Magnolia champaca | Chen1983 | (= Michelia champaca)
- Magnolia compressa | Muraka1970 | (= Michelia compressa)
- Magnolia denudata | Chen1983
- Magnolia figo | EastonPu1999 Ferris1921a Takagi1970 | (= Michelia fuscata)
- Magnolia grandiflora | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Magnolia kobus | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Magnolia officinalis | Chen1983
- Magnolia soulangeana | Dekle1965
- Magnolia stellata | PowellCaLa2026
- Magnolia virginiana | Dekle1965 Nakaha1981a
- Michelia alba | Takagi1970 Takaha1933
- Malvaceae
- Durio | Suh2026
- Hibiscus | Almeid1971
- Tilia amurensis | Suh2020
- Marantaceae
- Indianthus virgatus | Ali1969a Ramakr1924 | (= Clinogyne virgata)
- Melastomataceae
- Melastoma | KawaiMaUm1971
- Meliaceae
- Aglaia odorata | Chen1983
- Melia azedarach | Suh2020
- Swietenia | PowellCaLa2026
- Moraceae
- Ficus | Green1905
- Ficus benjamina | JansenAl2023
- Ficus carica | Chen1983
- Ficus lyrata | JansenAl2023
- Ficus microcarpa | MartinLa2011
- Ficus pumila | Chen1983
- Ficus virens | KawaiMaUm1971 | (= Ficus wightiana)
- Morus | Muraka1970
- Morus alba | Hua2000
- Moringaceae
- Moringa ovalifolia | Hua2000 | 8/02/02 i can't find this name anywhere.
- Musaceae
- Musa | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Musa paradisiaca | KawaiMaUm1971
- Myristicaceae
- Compsoneura sprucei | Green1899a | (= Myristica laurifolia)
- Myristica | MillerDa2005
- Myristica fragrans | Green1905 Green1899a | (= Myristica moschata)
- Myrtaceae
- Callistemon | Dekle1965
- Eugenia | Mamet1959a
- Melaleuca | Suh2026
- Pimenta dioica | Nakaha1981a | (= Pimenta officinalis)
- Syzygium cumini | Varshn2002
- Syzygium polyanthum | JansenAl2023
- Thryptomene | Suh2026
- Oleaceae
- Forsythia koreana | Suh2020
- Jasminum | Suh2016
- Ligustrum japonicum | Suh2020
- Ligustrum obtusifolium | Suh2020
- Olea | Nakaha1981a
- Osmanthus fragrans | Chen1983
- Syringa reticulata | Borchs1938 Danzig1986a | ssp. amurensis
- Orchidaceae
- Prosthechea fragrans | PowellCaLa2026
- Vanda miniata | PowellCaLa2026
- Oxalidaceae
- Averrhoa carambola | PowellCaLa2026
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus utilis | Green1914c | (= Pandanus odoratissimus)
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Eurya acuminata | Takagi1970
- Eurya crenatifolia | Takagi1970
- Eurya japonica | Takagi1970
- Eurya strigillosa | Takagi1970
- Phyllanthaceae
- Bischofia | MillerDa2005
- Bischofia javanica | KawaiMaUm1971 Takaha1933
- Pinaceae
- Pinus elliottii | PowellCaLa2026
- Piperaceae
- Piper auritum | PowellCaLa2026
- Piper longum | PowellCaLa2026
- Piper methysticum | PowellCaLa2026
- Poaceae
- Bambusa | Chen1983
- Cymbopogon | Suh2016
- Poaceae | Borchs1966
- Podocarpaceae
- Nageia nagi | Dekle1965 | (= Podocarpus nagi)
- Polygonaceae
- Polygonum | Borchs1966
- Proteaceae
- Leucadendron | Suh2016
- Leucospermum | Suh2016
- Protea | JansenAl2023
- Protea cynaroides | PowellCaLa2026
- Pteridaceae
- Adiantum | Hinckl1963
- Rhamnaceae
- Sageretia | JansenAl2023
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rhizophora | MillerDa2005
- Rhizophora mangle | Nakaha1981a
- Rosaceae
- Rubiaceae
- Adina rubella | Chen1983
- Cephalanthus occidentalis | PowellCaLa2026
- Gardenia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Gardenia jasminoides | Dekle1965
- Ixora coccinea | Varshn2002
- Mitchella repens | PowellCaLa2026
- Rutaceae
- Calodendrum | Borchs1966
- Citrus | Hua2000 MillerDa2005
- Orixa japonica | Suh2020
- Ruta graveolens | PowellCaLa2026
- Salicaceae
- Salix pseudolasiogyne | Suh2020
- Santalaceae
- Phoradendron leucarpum | PowellCaLa2026
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | PowellCaLa2026
- Aesculus turbinata | Muraka1970
- Sapotaceae
- Sideroxylon tenax | PowellCaLa2026
- Sarraceniaceae
- Sarracenia purpurea | Tippin1968
- Saxifragaceae
- Saxifraga stolonifera | PowellCaLa2026
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium floridanum | PowellCaLa2026
- Schisandra chinensis | Danzig1986a
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | NormarOkMo2019
- Smilax auriculata | NormarOkMo2019
- Smilax china | Suh2020
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum annuum | KawaiMaUm1971
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala madagascariensis | Dekle1965
- Strelitzia | MillerDa2005
- Strelitzia juncea | PowellCaLa2026
- Strelitzia nicolai | Dekle1965
- Strelitzia reginae | Dekle1965
- Symplocaceae
- Symplocos coreana | Suh2020
- Symplocos ramosissima | Takagi1975
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | Tippin1968
- Taxus cuspidata | Danzig1986a
- Torreya | Dekle1965
- Theaceae
- Camellia | MillerDa2005 Takaha1935
- Camellia japonica | Chen1983 DaoLiWa2025
- Camellia oleifera | Chen1983 Tao1999 | (= Camellia sasanqua)
- Camellia sinensis | Chen1983 | (= Thea sinensis)
- Gordonia lasianthus | PowellCaLa2026
- Trochodendraceae
- Trochodendron aralioides | Takagi1970
- Verbenaceae
- Stachytarpheta jamaicensis | KawaiMaUm1971
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Zamia floridana | Dekle1965
- Zamia integrifolia | PowellCaLa2026
Foes:
Families: 8 | Genera: 16
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | Sankar1984
- Aphytis albus | Suh2018
- Aphytis japonicus | Suh2018
- Aphytis lingnanensis | BerryWaTa2022
- Aphytis sankarani | RehmatAnKh2011
- Aphytis stepanovi | BerryWaTa2022
- Encarsia berlesei | Suh2018
- Encarsia citrina | Zimmer1948 | (= Aspidiophagus citrinus)
- Encarsia protransvena | BerryWaTa2022
- Encarsia variegata | BerryWaTa2022
- Marietta carnesi | Suh2018 Suh2018
- Pteroptrix | Suh2018
- Chalcidoidea
- Chartocerus subaenus | Suh2018
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa sinica | BerryWaTa2022
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus chalybeatus | ZouZh1993
- Chilocorus nigritus | SankarNaNa1984
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Zimmer1948 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Scymnomorphus | Vinson1936
- Telsimia | SankarNaNa1984
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | Sankar1984
- Cybocephalus inui | LeeLeSe2024
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | LeeLeSe2024
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus kosef | LiByCh2002 Suh2018 Suh2019b
- Arrhenophagus albitibiae | Zimmer1948 | (= Arrhenophagus albipes)
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | Muraka1970 Suh2019b
- Thomsonisca sankarani | Sankar1984
- Phytoseiidae
- Amblyseius | BerryWaTa2022
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | BerryWaTa2022
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 59
- Andaman Islands | BerryWaTa2022
- Argentina
- Tucuman | AmunCl2015
- Australia | Giliom1966 TakahaTa1956
- New South Wales | BerryWaTa2022
- Northern Territory | Green1914c WeiNoNo2026
- Queensland | BerryWaTa2022
- Bangladesh | Ali1968
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Beards1966 KawaiMaUm1971
- China | Cooley1897
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | EastonPu1999
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Henan (=Honan) | Hua2000
- Hubei (=Hupei) | EastonPu1999
- Hunan | EastonPu1999
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | EastonPu1999
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | EastonPu1999
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | BerryWaTa2022
- Shandong (=Shantung) | EastonPu1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | EastonPu1999
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Nakaha1982
- Yunnan | EastonPu1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | EastonPu1999 Wu2001b
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Corsica | FoldiGe2018
- Croatia | BerryWaTa2022
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Giliom1966 Green1937
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Yap | Beards1966 Takaha1941b
- Fiji | Hinckl1963
- France | PicartMa2000
- Ghana | JansenAl2023
- Guam | Beards1966 Fullaw1946
- Guatemala | BerryWaTa2022
- Hawaiian Islands | Fullaw1932 Giliom1966
- Hawaii | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Kauai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Lanai | Heu2002
- Maui | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Molokai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a Zimmer1948
- Oahu | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a Zimmer1948
- India | Green1937
- Andhra Pradesh | MudgalMuGu2011
- Bihar | Ali1968
- Gujarat | BerryWaTa2022
- Karnataka | Ali1968 Fletch1919
- Kerala | BerryWaTa2022
- Maharashtra | Fletch1919 Kasarg1914
- Tamil Nadu | Ali1969a
- West Bengal | Ali1968 Fletch1919
- Indonesia
- Java | Giliom1966 Green1905
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | WatsonMuSh2014
- Italy | MazzeoLoPe2014 PellizDa1997
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Japan | Cooley1897
- Honshu | Kuwana1909 Muraka1970
- Kyushu | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Shikoku | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Takaha1942b
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Lord Howe Island | WilliaWa1988
- Madagascar | Frappa1931 Mamet1943a
- Malaysia
- Malaya | Giliom1966
- Maldives | BerryWaTa2022
- Mauritius | Charmo1899 Giliom1966
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- Nepal | Takagi1975
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1988
- Palau | Beards1966 Takaha1936c
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Philippines | Banks1906 Mamet1943a
- Luzon | Robins1917
- Palawan | BerryWaTa2022
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Green1937 Mamet1952
- Rodriques Island | Mamet1956b
- Russia
- Primor'ye Kray | Borchs1938 Danzig1986a
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | YamaguNoOm2000
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Seychelles | Green1907 Mamet1943a
- Aldabra Island | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a
- Singapore | Ali1969a HodgsoMa2001
- Slovenia | Seljak2008
- Solomon Islands | Giliom1966
- South Africa | Brain1920 Cocker1902a Giliom1966
- South Korea | Danzig1986a Kanda1941b KwonHaCh2005
- Sri Lanka | Giliom1966 Green1899a
- Sudan | Razig2014a
- Taiwan | EastonPu1999 Ferris1921a
- Tanzania | BerryWaTa2022
- Thailand | Giliom1966 Takaha1942b
- Tonga | Suh2016
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- United Kingdom
- England | MalumpBa2012
- United States
- Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinHo1983
- California | Gill1997 TippinHo1983
- Florida | Merril1953 TippinHo1983
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 Merril1953 TippinHo1983
- Kansas | BerryWaTa2022
- Louisiana | TippinHo1983
- Maryland | BerryWaTa2022
- Mississippi | BerryWaTa2022
- Missouri | McComb1986
- North Carolina | BerryWaTa2022
- Oregon | BerryWaTa2022
- Pennsylvania | BerryWaTa2022
- South Carolina | McComb1986
- Tennessee | LambdiWa1980
- Texas | Koszta1996 McComb1986
- Virginia | Koszta1996
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaWa1988
- Vietnam | Ali1969a
- Zanzibar | Giliom1966
- Zimbabwe | Hall1928
Keys
- WeiNoNo2026: pp.30-36 ( Adult (F) ) [species of Fioriniina in Australia]
- PowellCaLa2026: pp.17 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudaulacaspis and Albastaspis present or intercepted in Florida]
- Suh2015: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Korean Pseudaulacaspis]
- WeiFe2012a: pp.15 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of the genus Pseudaulacaspis]
- HodgsoLa2011: pp.14-15 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Pseudaulacaspis sp. known from Fiji.]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Koszta1996: pp.566 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Northeastern North American species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Danzig1993: pp.332 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Danzig1988: pp.723 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.222 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Chen1983: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis cockerelli
- TippinHo1983: pp.199 ( First instar ) [Key to first instars of North American species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.142 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Wang1982c: pp.90 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Beards1966: pp.553 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Micronesian species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis cockerelli and Phenacaspis inday
- Takagi1961: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis cockerelli
- McKenz1956: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis sandwicensis
- Takaha1956d: pp.56 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to some Japanese species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis akebiae, C. miyakoensis and C. aucubae
- Balach1954e: pp.351 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis syringae
- Kuwana1931a: pp.2 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis dilatata and P. aucubae
- MacGil1921: pp.346, 351 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis aucubae and Phenacaspis dilata
- Robins1917: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis inday
- Green1899a: pp.108 ( Adult (F) ) [Synopsis of Chionaspis species] Key as: Chionaspis dilatata
Remarks
- Systematics: Genbank accession numbers KF887352, KF887353, KF887355, KF887356, KF887357, KF887383. KF887384, KF887385, KF887386, KF887387 and as KF887354 and KF887358 undet Halimococcidae (Campbell, et al., 2014) Ferris (1955d) notes that Takahashi recorded P. cockerelli from Taiwan under the names P. eugeniae and P. dilata, but Ferris does not specify which records are misidentifications.
- Structure: Female body orange, elongate-oval. 1st lobe with widely spaced apices, triangular, with depressions on notches along side. Inner lobule of 2nd lobe elongate. 3rd lobe not developed. Gland spines seen on abdomen, meta- and mesothorax. Eggs yellow (Danzig, 1986a). Male scale cover: Elongated, 1.00 mm long, white, with longitudinal slits, apical exuvias, yellowish. (Anum & Claps, 201) Powell et al. (2026) note variation that has not been discussed or only briefly mentioned previously: In P. cockerelli, the macroduct normally present in the first space between the median and second lobes may be absent, and its shape may vary from thin and elongate to wide and barrel shaped. This species most frequently lacks macroducts on segment VI but sometimes has one to three submedial macroducts on each side of segment VI and rarely has one submarginally.
- Biology: Univoltine in the USSR. Egg laying has been observed in late May (Danzig, 1986a). Tippins (1968) reported that false oleander scale occurred in Georgia as far north as Atlanta. Reproduction continued year around in southern Georgia where 50 to 60 days were required for a generation. The female to male sex ratio was 61:39. The upper leaf surface was preferred for settling by 70% of the female crawlers, but by only 2% of the male crawlers; the remainder settled on the lower leaf surface. Both sexes principally were found on leaves with an occasional individual on fruit or tender twigs. Greenhouse studies showed the minimum period to egg hatch was 3 days and all eggs hatched in 8 days. The first nymphal stadium averaged 9.4 days. The second stadium averaged 17.9 days. The minimum preoviposition period of adult females was 23 days. Reproducing females lived about 61 days and appeared dead within 1 week after all their crawlers had emerged. Virgin females remained alive for about 10 months. Takagi and Kawai (1967) recognized that this species produced two morphs depending on where feeding occurred: a broad median lobe form on bark; and a narrow median lobe form on leaves. Danzig (1980) reported 2 generations each year in southeastern Russia. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. A serious pest of ornamental plants in Florida (Dekle, 1976). Dekle (1970) reported that false oleander scale was introduced into Florida in 1942. It rapidly spread throughout Florida on infested nursery stock. Soon it was the most serious economic pest of ornamentals in Florida, and known hosts included many of the major ornamental plants found in commercial nurseries (Dekle 1977). It has recently been reported as a pest in Italy (Russo and Mazzeo 1992) and France (Picart and Matile-Ferrero 2000). It has been reported to be a serious pest of Mangifera in Australia (Jarvis 1946), India (Fletcher 1921), Mauritius (Moutia 1935), and Madagascar (Frappa 1937). Dupont (1926) noted it as 1 of 10 coconut pests in the Seychelles. The false oleander scale is a pest of kiwi fruit in China (Zou and Zhou 1993). Hara et al. (1993) developed a hot water treatment that will kill all stages of this species on bird of paradise plants, Strelitzia reginae. Crawlers seemed to be the most resistant to the treatment. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be a serious pest in a small area of the world. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). I has only been found in nurseries in California and is considered to have been eradicated in that state. (von Ellenrieder, 2025)
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Williams & Watson (1988). Description of 1st instar by Tippins & Howell (1983). Colour photographs in Mudgal, et al. (2011) and Berry et al. (2022).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 38
- Ali1968: distribution, host, 136
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 68, 69
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- Almeid1972: economic importance, host, 3
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host,
- AmunCl2015: description, description of male, diagnosis, distribution, host, 5-6
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997
- Arnett1985: economic importance, taxonomy, 242
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 351-354
- Banks1906: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 232
- Banks1906a: taxonomy, 787
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 553-554
- Beeson1941: distribution, host, 744
- BerryWaTa2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 527
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 13
- BhasinRo1954: distribution, host, 82
- Bianch1940: distribution, 387
- Borchs1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 140-141, 145
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 194
- Borchs1963a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 199-200
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 119-120, 121, 122, 1
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 200
- Brain1920: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 100
- BurditBa1981: biological control, economic importance, 88
- CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, phylogeny, 531, 532, 533
- Chang1972: distribution, taxonomy, 86
- Charmo1899: description, distribution, host, 31
- Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69-72
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 103
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 102
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
- Cocker1899r: distribution, taxonomy, 900
- Cocker1902a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- Cooley1897: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 278-280
- Dale2017: diagnosis, 5
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 220
- Danzig1977b: distribution, taxonomy, 41, 48, 51
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 318-322
- Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 378-379
- Danzig1988: taxonomy, 723
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 334-337
- DaoBeWa2023: phylogeny, 1030, 1031
- DaoLiWa2025: genetics, host, illustration, resistance,
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 117
- Dekle1965: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-2
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13, 108
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136
- DoAC1923: distribution, host, 34
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 12
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 515
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- EastonPu1999: distribution, host, 103
- Ebelin1959: distribution, host, 318, 385
- Esaki1940: distribution, host, 413
- Essig1931: distribution, host, 573
- FDACS2010: distribution, host, 4
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 237, 238
- Ferris1921a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 213
- Ferris1953: taxonomy, 64
- Ferris1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68, 72, 73, 74
- Fletch1917a: distribution, host, 228
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 296
- Fletch1921: distribution, host, 19
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 28
- Foldi2001: distribution, 306
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- Frappa1931: biological control, distribution, host, 188
- Fullaw1932: distribution, host, taxonomy, 94, 96, 103
- Fullaw1946: distribution, host, taxonomy, 162
- Fuller1907: taxonomy, 1035
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, taxonomy, 424
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, ill
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 238-239, 240
- GrandpCh1899: distribution, host, 9, 10
- Green1899a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 108, 148
- Green1905: distribution, host, 29
- Green1907: distribution, host, 201
- Green1908a: distribution, host, 36
- Green1914c: distribution, host, 232
- Green1916e: distribution, host, 58
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 319
- Hall1923: distribution, host, 55
- Hall1928: distribution, host, 287
- Hall1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 345
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 528, 549, 551
- HansenHaCh1991: chemical control, host, 533
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 103
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 188
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 52
- HillNe1982: taxonomy, 228
- HillNe1982: distribution, 228
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 54
- HodgesHoBu2003: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution,
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14,26
- HodgsoMa2001: distribution, host, 228
- Hsu1935: distribution, 581
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 201
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 149, 158, 159
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28,34
- JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 185
- KSPP1972: distribution, host, 109
- Kanda1941b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-186
- Kasarg1914: distribution, host, 135
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
- Kawai1977: distribution, 156
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 274-275
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24-25
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 566, 567-568
- Kotins1907: distribution, host, 306
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- Krauss1965: distribution, host, 99
- Kuwana1909: distribution, host, 155
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, host, 16
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 72
- Kuwana1931a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2, 3-6
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 4, 6, 7
- LiByCh2002: biological control,
- Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 165
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 551
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 371
- LiuXuFa2019: distribution, host,
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- LucasPoDe2024: distribution, host, 2
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 345, 346, 348, 351
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, illustration, 78
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, host, 41
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 165
- Mamet1948: distribution, 24
- Mamet1950: distribution, host, 18
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 229
- Mamet1952: distribution, host, 171
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-20
- Mamet1956b: distribution, host, 306
- Mamet1957: distribution, 369
- Mamet1959a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 384, 459-461
- Marlat1921a: distribution, host, 19
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 42,118
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 57
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- McCabeJo1980: taxonomy, 8
- McComb1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 149-150
- Mead1987: distribution, host, 2
- Merril1953: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 144
- Miller1975JW: distribution, host, 4
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 356
- Misra1920: 588
- Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 348
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 10, 22
- MudgalMuGu2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, 282-286
- Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, 93-94
- Nakaha1975: taxonomy, 202
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 404
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 14
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 30, 68, S6
- NorrisKo1980: distribution, ecology, 3
- Otanes1936: host, 130
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 383-386
- PaikKi1977: distribution, host, 48-49
- PellizDa1997: distribution, host, 176
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 504
- Pelot1950: distribution, host, 17
- PicartMa2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14, 17
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 162
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- PowellCaLa2026: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, molecular biology, morphology, natural enemies, 10, 13-14, 17
- PowellMi2025: distribution, host, 1
- QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7,11
- RamachRa1934: distribution, host, 98
- Ramakr1919a: description, distribution, host, 9-10
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 351
- Ramakr1924: distribution, host, 339
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
- Ramakr1940: distribution, host, 337, 373, 478
- Rao1965: distribution, host, 30
- Razig2014a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-5
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, host, 275
- Reiner1976: taxonomy, 518
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 2, 38
- SankarNaNa1984: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 410
- Sassce1914: distribution, host, 242
- Sassce1923: distribution, host, 155
- SchneiPo2026: distribution, economic importance, list, 21
- Seljak2008: distribution, host, 121-126
- Stimme1987: distribution, host, 22
- Strong1922: distribution, host, 776
- Su1982: distribution, host, 62
- Suh2015: distribution, key,
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 318, 330
- Suh2018: biological control, host, natural enemies, 1-6
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 2, 3
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 3, 4, 6, 8-11, 13, 14, 17-22
- Suh2026: dispersal, distribution, economic control, host, list, 8
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- Tachik1955: distribution, host, 58
- Tachik1956: distribution, host, 38
- Takagi1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-33 34
- Takagi1969a: taxonomy, 24
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 43-46, 70
- Takagi1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- Takagi1977: distribution, 3
- TakagiKa1967: distribution, taxonomy, 30, 40
- Takaha1933: distribution, host, 26, 28, 31, 46
- Takaha1935: distribution, host, 3
- Takaha1936c: distribution, host, 117
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 264
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 218
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33, 35
- Takaha1952a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8-10
- Takaha1956d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-56
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 8
- Tang1977: description, distribution, taxonomy, 172-173
- Tang1984b: taxonomy, 129
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 99
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 112
- Tippin1968: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 13-15
- TippinHo1973: taxonomy, 403
- TippinHo1983: distribution, taxonomy, 195, 197, 199
- VanithJoRa2026: description, distribution, host, illustration, list,
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 73-74
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, taxonomy, 196
- Vinson1936: biological control, 26
- VonEll2025: distribution, 39
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 189
- Wang1982c: description, distribution, taxonomy, 83, 90
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- WeiFe2012a: taxonomy, 15
- WeiNoNo2026: distribution, key, list of species, molecular biology, taxonomy, 22, 30, 36
- Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 394
- Wester1920: host, taxonomy, 64
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 222, 225
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 96
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 222-225
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 33-34, 77-78
- Wu1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 208
- Wu2001b: distribution, 257
- Xie1998: description, distribution, taxonomy, 125
- XieYuDe2025: control, economic importance, host, 3
- YamaguNoOm2000: distribution, host, 133
- Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 238, 245, 248
- Yao1985: physiology, 338, 339
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 34
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 170
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 386
- ZouZh1993: biological control, distribution, 174-176
