Valid Names Results
Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley, 1897) (Diaspididae: Pseudaulacaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Chionaspis cockerelli Cooley 1897: 278-279. Type data: CHINA: from quarantine at United States, San Francisco, on unidentified Palmae, 11/07/1897, by A. Craw. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Chionaspis aucubae Cooley 1897: 279-280. Type data: JAPAN: taken at quarantine in San Francisco, on Aucuba sp., by A. Craw. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1955d, 46).
- Chionaspis dilatata Green 1899a: 148. Type data: SRI LANKA: Peradeniya, ?/06/1897, by E.E. Green. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988,222). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1955d, 46). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis natalensis Cockerell 1902a: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Mangifera sp., by C. Fuller. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Hall1929, 345).
- Phenacaspis aucubae (Cooley, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 237. change of combination
- Phenacaspis cockerelli (Cooley, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 237. change of combination
- Phenacaspis dilatata (Green, 1899); Fernald 1903b: 237. change of combination
- Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green, 1899; Green 1905: 29. change of combination
- Chionaspis candida Banks 1906: 232-233. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on upper surface of leaves of Cocos nucifera. Holotype, female, Type depository: Manila: Entomological Collection, Bureau of Science, Philippines; junior homonym (discovered by Banks1906a, 787). Notes: Homonym of Chionaspis candida Green 1905b. Illustr.
- Chionaspis inday Banks 1906a: 787. replacement name that is a synonym (discovered by WilliaWa1988, 222). Replacement name for Chionaspis candida Banks 1906
- Phenacaspis inday (Banks, 1906); Robinson 1917: 20. change of combination
- Aulacaspis dilatata (Green, 1899); Wester 1920: 64. change of combination
- Aulacaspis natalensis (Cockerell, 1902); Wester 1920: 64. change of combination
- Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) natalensis (Cockerell, 1902); Brain 1920: 100. change of combination
- Phenacaspis eugeniae; Ferris 1921a: 213. misidentification (discovered by Ferris1955d, 46).
- Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green, 1899; Hall 1929: 345. change of combination
- Phenacaspis eugeniae sandwicensis Fullaway 1932: 103-104. Type data: UNITED STATES: Hawaii. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1955, 46).
- Trichomytilus aucubae (Cooley, 1897); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus cockerelli (Cooley, 1897); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus dilatatus (Green, 1899); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus inday (Banks, 1906); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Trichomytilus natalensis (Cockerell, 1902); Lindinger 1933a: 165. change of combination
- Chionaspis syringae Borchsenius 1938: 140-141. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorsky Kray, Vladivostok, city garden, on Syringa amurensis, 16/05/1934, by I.P. Shmorgunova. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1980b,318). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, 46). Illustr.
- Chionaspis hattorii Kanda 1941b: 185-186. Type data: SOUTH KOREA: Suigen, on Deutzia scabra var.crenata, by S. Nakayama & D. Kanda. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, 46). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 1932; Zimmerman 1948: 386. change in status (level) Illustr.
- Chionaspis akebiae Takahashi 1952a: 8-10. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Mt. Takao and Hikawa, near Tokyo, on Akebia lobata, 9/08/1950 and 16/07/1950, by R. Takahashi. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1961, 31-33). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis syringae (Borchsenius, 1938); Balachowsky 1954e: 351. change of combination
- Phenacaspis cockerelli sandwicensis Fullaway, 1932; Takahashi & Tachikawa 1956: 8. change in status (level)
- Phenacaspis akebiae (Takahashi, 1952); Ferris 1956: 74. change of combination
- Phenacaspis ferrisi Mamet 1959a: 459-461. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambilobe, on undetermined plant, ?/04/1951, by R. Paulian. Holotype, unknown, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, 46). Illustr.
- Phenacaspis hattorii (Kanda, 1941); Borchsenius 1966: 122. change of combination
- Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley, 1897); Takagi & Kawai 1967: 40. change of combination
- Pseudalacaspis cockerelli; Campbell, et al. 2014. misspelling of genus name
- Psudaulacaspis cockerelli; Williams, D.J. 2017a: 222. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- false oleander scale Sankar1984
- Fullaway oleander scale Borchs1966
- magnolia white scale Gill1982c
- mango scale Fuller1907
- oleander scale EastonPu1999 Zimmer1948
- oyster scale EastonPu1999
- aoki-shiro-kaigaramushi BerryWaTa2022
- escama falsa del mango BerryWaTa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 89 | Genera: 171
- Acoraceae
- Acorus gramineus | Chen1983
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia | Borchs1966
- Actinidia arguta | Suh2020
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | MillerDa2005
- Viburnum odoratissimum | Muraka1970 Kuwana1931a Muraka1970 | (= Viburnum arboricola) (= Viburnum awabuki)
- Altingiaceae
- Liquidambar formosana | Takagi1970
- Amaryllidaceae
- Agapanthus | Nakaha1981a
- Proiphys | Green1899a | (= Eurycles)
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | Sankar1984
- Campnosperma brevipetiolatum | Beards1966 Takaha1941b
- Mangifera | Cocker1902a MillerDa2005
- Mangifera indica | Heu2002 Mamet1943a Robins1917
- Annonaceae
- Annona squamosa | KawaiMaUm1971
- Artabotrys hexapetalus | Varshn2002
- Cananga odorata | Zimmer1948 | (= Canangium odoratum)
- Apocynaceae
- Adenium | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1981a
- Allamanda | Nakaha1981a
- Alyxia stellata | Nakaha1981a | (= Alyxia oliviformis)
- Calotropis gigantea | Nakaha1981a
- Cascabela thevetia | AmunCl2015 Nakaha1981a | (= Thevetia peruviana)
- Nerium | MillerDa2005
- Nerium indicum | Muraka1970
- Nerium oleander | Beards1966 Heu2002 | (= Oleander)
- Plumeria | Heu2002 MillerDa2005
- Plumeria pudica | Malump2014a
- Plumeria rubra | Nakaha1981a | (= Plumeria acuminata) (= Plumeria acutifolia)
- Stephanotis | Suh2016
- Trachelospermum | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Trachelospermum asiaticum | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Trachelospermum jasminoides | Muraka1970
- Willughbeia | Green1905
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Ilex cinerea | MartinLa2011
- Ilex cornuta | Suh2020
- Ilex crenata | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Ilex integra | KawaiMaUm1971
- Ilex latifolia | McComb1986
- Ilex opaca | NormarOkMo2019
- Ilex viridis | MartinLa2011
- Araceae
- Alocasia | Nakaha1981a
- Philodendron | Ferris1955d
- Araliaceae
- Fatsia japonica | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Hedera canariensis | Dekle1965
- Hedera helix | Tippin1968
- Hedera rhombea | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix alexandrae | Dekle1965
- Areca | MillerDa2005
- Areca catechu | KawaiMaUm1971 Mamet1943a
- Arecaceae | Cooley1897
- Arenga engleri | KawaiMaUm1971
- Butia capitata | Dekle1965
- Caryota | BesheaTiHo1973
- Chamaerops humilis | Dekle1965
- Clinostigma | KawaiMaUm1971 MillerDa2005
- Cocos | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Banks1906 DeLott1967a Heu2002 Mamet1943a
- Corypha utan | Ali1969a | (= Corypha elata)
- Dypsis | Mamet1954 MillerDa2005 | (= Chrysalidocarpus)
- Dypsis baronii | Mamet1954 | (= Neodypsis baronii)
- Dypsis lutescens | Mamet1943a NormarOkMo2019 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis | Chen1983
- Howea | HowardOl1985
- Livistona | MillerDa2005
- Nypa fruticans | Beards1966
- Phoenix roebelenii | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Ptychosperma | MillerDa2005 | (= Seaforthia)
- Rhapis humilis | Chen1983
- Sabal mexicana | Dekle1965
- Serenoa repens | Dekle1965
- Syagrus romanzoffiana | Dekle1965 | (= Arecastrum romanzoffianum )
- Trachycarpus | MillerDa2005
- Trachycarpus fortunei | NormarOkMo2019
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | MillerDa2005
- Cordyline fruticosa | Nakaha1981a | (= Cordyline terminalis)
- Dracaena | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1981a
- Liriope muscari | Tippin1968
- Nolina | Dekle1965
- Sansevieria nilotica | KawaiMaUm1971
- Yucca | MillerDa2005
- Yucca gloriosa | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970 | including var. tristis
- Asphodelaceae
- Dianella | Mamet1954 MillerDa2005
- Dianella ensifolia | Chen1983 Nakaha1981a | (= Dianella montana)
- Dianella tasmanica | Dekle1965
- Phormium tenax | Dekle1965
- Asteraceae
- Chrysanthemum morifolium | Suh2020
- Helianthus | MillerDa2005
- Helianthus annuus | Nakaha1981a
- Pyrrhopappus carolinianus | Tippin1968
- Berberidaceae
- Bignoniaceae
- Tabebuia heterophylla | Nakaha1981a | (= Tabebuia pentaphylla)
- Bromeliaceae
- Bromelia | Nakaha1981a
- Vriesea | MillerDa2005
- Bruniaceae
- Berzelia | Suh2016
- Burseraceae
- Canarium album | MartinLa2011
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | BesheaTiHo1973
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | KawaiMaUm1971
- Cannabaceae
- Aphananthe | Muraka1970
- Cannaceae
- Canna × generalis | KawaiMaUm1971
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | WilliaWa1988
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus alatus | Danzig1986a | (= Euonymus sacrosanctus)
- Euonymus japonicus | Suh2020
- Schaefferia | Dekle1965
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | Nakaha1981a
- Cornaceae
- Cornus controversa | Muraka1970
- Cornus florida | Tippin1968
- Crassulaceae
- Bryophyllum | Nakaha1981a
- Kalanchoe | Nakaha1981a
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita | Suh2016
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MillerDa2005
- Cycas circinalis | Dekle1965
- Cycas micronesica | DelosoTeYu2020
- Cycas revoluta | Nakaha1981a
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Daphniphyllum | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Daphniphyllum glaucescens | TakahaTa1956
- Daphniphyllum macropodum | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Daphniphyllum teijsmannii | Muraka1970
- Diervillaceae
- Weigela | Muraka1970
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | MillerDa2005
- Diospyros kaki | Suh2020
- Diospyros lotus | Chen1983
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus macrophylla | NormarOkMo2019 | x ebbingei
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Elaeocarpus decipiens | Muraka1970
- Elaeocarpus photiniifolia | KawaiMaUm1971
- Ericaceae
- Chimaphila maculata | Tippin1968
- Rhododendron | Takagi1970
- Rhododendron mucronulatum | Suh2020
- Rhododendron schlippenbachii | Suh2020
- Euphorbiaceae
- Aleurites | MillerDa2005
- Aleurites moluccanus | Zimmer1948
- Euphorbia humistrata | Tippin1968
- Excoecaria cochinchinensis | Takagi1970 Takaha1933 | (= Excoecaria orientalis)
- Hevea | MillerDa2005
- Hevea brasiliensis | Green1905
- Jatropha integerrima | Nakaha1981a | (= Jatropha integerrima)
- Triadica sebifera | Dekle1965 | (= Sapium sebiferum)
- Fabaceae
- Wisteria floribunda | Suh2020
- Fagaceae
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba | Cooley1897 MillerDa2005
- Aucuba japonica | BesheaTiHo1973 Kuwana1909
- Gelsemiaceae
- Gelsemium sempervirens | NormarOkMo2019
- Gentianaceae
- Fagraea berteroana | Nakaha1981a
- Ginkgoaceae
- Ginkgo biloba | Suh2018
- Gnetaceae
- Gnetum luofuense | MartinLa2011
- Grossulariaceae
- Ribes | Danzig1986a
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | Nakaha1981a
- Hydrangeaceae
- Deutzia | Borchs1966
- Deutzia scabra | Kanda1941b | (= Deutzia scabra crenata)
- Iridaceae
- Dietes bicolor | Zimmer1948 | (= Moraea bicolor)
- Iris | Dekle1965
- Lardizabalaceae
- Akebia quinata | Muraka1970
- Akebia trifoliata | Muraka1970 Takaha1952a | (= Akebia lobata)
- Lauraceae
- Lauraceae | Borchs1966
- Machilus kobu | KawaiMaUm1971
- Neolitsea sericea | Suh2020
- Persea americana | Nakaha1981a
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia asiatica | KawaiMaUm1971 | (= Barringtonia speciosa)
- Loranthaceae
- Dendrophthoe falcata | MudgalMuGu2011
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Magnolia champaca | Chen1983 | (= Michelia champaca)
- Magnolia compressa | Muraka1970 | (= Michelia compressa)
- Magnolia denudata | Chen1983
- Magnolia figo | EastonPu1999 Ferris1921a Takagi1970 | (= Michelia fuscata)
- Magnolia grandiflora | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Magnolia kobus | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Magnolia officinalis | Chen1983
- Magnolia soulangeana | Dekle1965
- Magnolia virginiana | Dekle1965 Nakaha1981a
- Michelia alba | Takagi1970 Takaha1933
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | Almeid1971
- Tilia amurensis | Suh2020
- Marantaceae
- Indianthus virgatus | Ali1969a Ramakr1924 | (= Clinogyne virgata)
- Melastomataceae
- Melastoma | KawaiMaUm1971
- Meliaceae
- Moraceae
- Ficus | Green1905
- Ficus carica | Chen1983
- Ficus lyrata | JansenAl2023
- Ficus microcarpa | MartinLa2011
- Ficus pumila | Chen1983
- Ficus virens | KawaiMaUm1971 | (= Ficus wightiana)
- Morus | Muraka1970
- Morus alba | Hua2000
- Moringaceae
- Moringa ovalifolia | Hua2000 | 8/02/02 i can't find this name anywhere.
- Musaceae
- Musa | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Musa paradisiaca | KawaiMaUm1971
- Myristicaceae
- Compsoneura sprucei | Green1899a | (= Myristica laurifolia)
- Myristica | MillerDa2005
- Myristica fragrans | Green1905 Green1899a | (= Myristica moschata)
- Myrtaceae
- Callistemon | Dekle1965
- Eugenia | Mamet1959a
- Pimenta dioica | Nakaha1981a | (= Pimenta officinalis)
- Syzygium cumini | Varshn2002
- Syzygium polyanthum | JansenAl2023
- Oleaceae
- Forsythia koreana | Suh2020
- Jasminum | Suh2016
- Ligustrum japonicum | Suh2020
- Ligustrum obtusifolium | Suh2020
- Olea | Nakaha1981a
- Osmanthus fragrans | Chen1983
- Syringa reticulata | Borchs1938 Danzig1986a | ssp. amurensis
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus utilis | Green1914c | (= Pandanus odoratissimus)
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Eurya acuminata | Takagi1970
- Eurya crenatifolia | Takagi1970
- Eurya japonica | Takagi1970
- Eurya strigillosa | Takagi1970
- Phyllanthaceae
- Bischofia | MillerDa2005
- Bischofia javanica | KawaiMaUm1971 Takaha1933
- Poaceae
- Bambusa | Chen1983
- Cymbopogon | Suh2016
- Poaceae | Borchs1966
- Podocarpaceae
- Nageia nagi | Dekle1965 | (= Podocarpus nagi)
- Polygonaceae
- Polygonum | Borchs1966
- Proteaceae
- Leucadendron | Suh2016
- Leucospermum | Suh2016
- Protea | JansenAl2023
- Pteridaceae
- Adiantum | Hinckl1963
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rhizophora | MillerDa2005
- Rhizophora mangle | Nakaha1981a
- Rosaceae
- Rubiaceae
- Adina rubella | Chen1983
- Gardenia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Gardenia jasminoides | Dekle1965
- Ixora coccinea | Varshn2002
- Rutaceae
- Calodendrum | Borchs1966
- Citrus | Hua2000 MillerDa2005
- Orixa japonica | Suh2020
- Salicaceae
- Salix pseudolasiogyne | Suh2020
- Sapindaceae
- Aesculus turbinata | Muraka1970
- Sarraceniaceae
- Sarracenia purpurea | Tippin1968
- Schisandraceae
- Schisandra chinensis | Danzig1986a
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | NormarOkMo2019
- Smilax auriculata | NormarOkMo2019
- Smilax china | Suh2020
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum annuum | KawaiMaUm1971
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala madagascariensis | Dekle1965
- Strelitzia | MillerDa2005
- Strelitzia nicolai | Dekle1965
- Strelitzia reginae | Dekle1965
- Symplocaceae
- Symplocos coreana | Suh2020
- Symplocos ramosissima | Takagi1975
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | Tippin1968
- Taxus cuspidata | Danzig1986a
- Torreya | Dekle1965
- Theaceae
- Camellia | MillerDa2005 Takaha1935
- Camellia japonica | Chen1983
- Camellia oleifera | Chen1983 Tao1999 | (= Camellia sasanqua)
- Camellia sinensis | Chen1983 | (= Thea sinensis)
- Trochodendraceae
- Trochodendron aralioides | Takagi1970
- Verbenaceae
- Stachytarpheta jamaicensis | KawaiMaUm1971
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Zamia floridana | Dekle1965
Foes:
Families: 8 | Genera: 16
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | Sankar1984
- Aphytis albus | Suh2018
- Aphytis japonicus | Suh2018
- Aphytis lingnanensis | BerryWaTa2022
- Aphytis sankarani | RehmatAnKh2011
- Aphytis stepanovi | BerryWaTa2022
- Encarsia berlesei | Suh2018
- Encarsia citrina | Zimmer1948 | (= Aspidiophagus citrinus)
- Encarsia protransvena | BerryWaTa2022
- Encarsia variegata | BerryWaTa2022
- Marietta carnesi | Suh2018 Suh2018
- Pteroptrix | Suh2018
- Chalcidoidea
- Chartocerus subaenus | Suh2018
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa sinica | BerryWaTa2022
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus chalybeatus | ZouZh1993
- Chilocorus nigritus | SankarNaNa1984
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Zimmer1948 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Scymnomorphus | Vinson1936
- Telsimia | SankarNaNa1984
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | Sankar1984
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus kosef | LiByCh2002 Suh2018 Suh2019b
- Arrhenophagus albitibiae | Zimmer1948 | (= Arrhenophagus albipes)
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | Muraka1970 Suh2019b
- Thomsonisca sankarani | Sankar1984
- Phytoseiidae
- Amblyseius | BerryWaTa2022
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | BerryWaTa2022
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 58
- Andaman Islands | BerryWaTa2022
- Argentina
- Tucuman | AmunCl2015
- Australia | Giliom1966 TakahaTa1956
- New South Wales | BerryWaTa2022
- Northern Territory | Green1914c
- Queensland | BerryWaTa2022
- Bangladesh | Ali1968
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Beards1966 KawaiMaUm1971
- China | Cooley1897
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | EastonPu1999
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Henan (=Honan) | Hua2000
- Hubei (=Hupei) | EastonPu1999
- Hunan | EastonPu1999
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | EastonPu1999
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | EastonPu1999
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | BerryWaTa2022
- Shandong (=Shantung) | EastonPu1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | EastonPu1999
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Nakaha1982
- Yunnan | EastonPu1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | EastonPu1999 Wu2001b
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Corsica | FoldiGe2018
- Croatia | BerryWaTa2022
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Giliom1966 Green1937
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Yap | Beards1966 Takaha1941b
- Fiji | Hinckl1963
- France | PicartMa2000
- Ghana | JansenAl2023
- Guam | Beards1966 Fullaw1946
- Guatemala | BerryWaTa2022
- Hawaiian Islands | Fullaw1932 Giliom1966
- Hawaii | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Kauai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Lanai | Heu2002
- Maui | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Molokai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a Zimmer1948
- Oahu | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a Zimmer1948
- India | Green1937
- Andhra Pradesh | MudgalMuGu2011
- Bihar | Ali1968
- Gujarat | BerryWaTa2022
- Karnataka | Ali1968 Fletch1919
- Kerala | BerryWaTa2022
- Maharashtra | Fletch1919 Kasarg1914
- Tamil Nadu | Ali1969a
- West Bengal | Ali1968 Fletch1919
- Indonesia
- Java | Giliom1966 Green1905
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | WatsonMuSh2014
- Italy | MazzeoLoPe2014 PellizDa1997
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Japan | Cooley1897
- Honshu | Kuwana1909 Muraka1970
- Kyushu | Kuwana1931a Muraka1970
- Shikoku | Muraka1970 TakahaTa1956
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Takaha1942b
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Lord Howe Island | WilliaWa1988
- Madagascar | Frappa1931 Mamet1943a
- Malaysia
- Malaya | Giliom1966
- Maldives | BerryWaTa2022
- Mauritius | Charmo1899 Giliom1966
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- Nepal | Takagi1975
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1988
- Palau | Beards1966 Takaha1936c
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Philippines | Banks1906 Mamet1943a
- Luzon | Robins1917
- Palawan | BerryWaTa2022
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Green1937 Mamet1952
- Rodriques Island | Mamet1956b
- Russia
- Primor'ye Kray | Borchs1938 Danzig1986a
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | YamaguNoOm2000
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Seychelles | Green1907 Mamet1943a
- Aldabra Island | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a
- Singapore | Ali1969a HodgsoMa2001
- Slovenia | Seljak2008
- Solomon Islands | Giliom1966
- South Africa | Brain1920 Cocker1902a Giliom1966
- South Korea | Danzig1986a Kanda1941b KwonHaCh2005
- Sri Lanka | Giliom1966 Green1899a
- Sudan | Razig2014a
- Taiwan | EastonPu1999 Ferris1921a
- Tanzania | BerryWaTa2022
- Thailand | Giliom1966 Takaha1942b
- Tonga | Suh2016
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- United Kingdom
- England | MalumpBa2012
- United States
- Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinHo1983
- California | Gill1997 TippinHo1983
- Florida | Merril1953 TippinHo1983
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 Merril1953 TippinHo1983
- Kansas | BerryWaTa2022
- Louisiana | TippinHo1983
- Maryland | BerryWaTa2022
- Mississippi | BerryWaTa2022
- Missouri | McComb1986
- North Carolina | BerryWaTa2022
- Oregon | BerryWaTa2022
- Pennsylvania | BerryWaTa2022
- South Carolina | McComb1986
- Tennessee | LambdiWa1980
- Texas | Koszta1996 McComb1986
- Virginia | Koszta1996
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaWa1988
- Vietnam | Ali1969a
- Zanzibar | Giliom1966
- Zimbabwe | Hall1928
Keys
- Suh2015: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Korean Pseudaulacaspis]
- WeiFe2012a: pp.15 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of the genus Pseudaulacaspis]
- HodgsoLa2011: pp.14-15 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Pseudaulacaspis sp. known from Fiji.]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Koszta1996: pp.566 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Northeastern North American species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Danzig1993: pp.332 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Danzig1988: pp.723 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.222 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Chen1983: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis cockerelli
- TippinHo1983: pp.199 ( First instar ) [Key to first instars of North American species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.142 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Wang1982c: pp.90 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Beards1966: pp.553 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Micronesian species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis cockerelli and Phenacaspis inday
- Takagi1961: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis cockerelli
- McKenz1956: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis sandwicensis
- Takaha1956d: pp.56 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to some Japanese species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis akebiae, C. miyakoensis and C. aucubae
- Balach1954e: pp.351 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis syringae
- Kuwana1931a: pp.2 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis dilatata and P. aucubae
- MacGil1921: pp.346, 351 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis aucubae and Phenacaspis dilata
- Robins1917: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Phenacaspis] Key as: Phenacaspis inday
- Green1899a: pp.108 ( Adult (F) ) [Synopsis of Chionaspis species] Key as: Chionaspis dilatata
Remarks
- Systematics: Genbank accession numbers KF887352, KF887353, KF887355, KF887356, KF887357, KF887383. KF887384, KF887385, KF887386, KF887387 and as KF887354 and KF887358 undet Halimococcidae (Campbell, et al., 2014) Ferris (1955d) notes that Takahashi recorded P. cockerelli from Taiwan under the names P. eugeniae and P. dilata, but Ferris does not specify which records are misidentifications.
- Structure: Female body orange, elongate-oval. 1st lobe with widely spaced apices, triangular, with depressions on notches along side. Inner lobule of 2nd lobe elongate. 3rd lobe not developed. Gland spines seen on abdomen, meta- and mesothorax. Eggs yellow (Danzig, 1986a). Male scale cover:. Elongated, 1.00 mm long, white, with longitudinal slits, apical exuvias, yellowish. (Anum & Claps, 201)
- Biology: Univoltine in the USSR. Egg laying has been observed in late May (Danzig, 1986a). Tippins (1968) reported that false oleander scale occurred in Georgia as far north as Atlanta. Reproduction continued year around in southern Georgia where 50 to 60 days were required for a generation. The female to male sex ratio was 61:39. The upper leaf surface was preferred for settling by 70% of the female crawlers, but by only 2% of the male crawlers; the remainder settled on the lower leaf surface. Both sexes principally were found on leaves with an occasional individual on fruit or tender twigs. Greenhouse studies showed the minimum period to egg hatch was 3 days and all eggs hatched in 8 days. The first nymphal stadium averaged 9.4 days. The second stadium averaged 17.9 days. The minimum preoviposition period of adult females was 23 days. Reproducing females lived about 61 days and appeared dead within 1 week after all their crawlers had emerged. Virgin females remained alive for about 10 months. Takagi and Kawai (1967) recognized that this species produced two morphs depending on where feeding occurred: a broad median lobe form on bark; and a narrow median lobe form on leaves. Danzig (1980) reported 2 generations each year in southeastern Russia. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. A serious pest of ornamental plants in Florida (Dekle, 1976). Dekle (1970) reported that false oleander scale was introduced into Florida in 1942. It rapidly spread throughout Florida on infested nursery stock. Soon it was the most serious economic pest of ornamentals in Florida, and known hosts included many of the major ornamental plants found in commercial nurseries (Dekle 1977). It has recently been reported as a pest in Italy (Russo and Mazzeo 1992) and France (Picart and Matile-Ferrero 2000). It has been reported to be a serious pest of Mangifera in Australia (Jarvis 1946), India (Fletcher 1921), Mauritius (Moutia 1935), and Madagascar (Frappa 1937). Dupont (1926) noted it as 1 of 10 coconut pests in the Seychelles. The false oleander scale is a pest of kiwi fruit in China (Zou and Zhou 1993). Hara et al. (1993) developed a hot water treatment that will kill all stages of this species on bird of paradise plants, Strelitzia reginae. Crawlers seemed to be the most resistant to the treatment. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be a serious pest in a small area of the world. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Williams & Watson (1988). Description of 1st instar by Tippins & Howell (1983). Colour photographs in Mudgal, et al. (2011) and Berry et al. (2022).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 38
- Ali1968: distribution, host, 136
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 68, 69
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- Almeid1972: economic importance, host, 3
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host,
- AmunCl2015: description, description of male, diagnosis, distribution, host, 5-6
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997
- Arnett1985: economic importance, taxonomy, 242
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 351-354
- Banks1906: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 232
- Banks1906a: taxonomy, 787
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 553-554
- Beeson1941: distribution, host, 744
- BerryWaTa2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 527
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 13
- BhasinRo1954: distribution, host, 82
- Bianch1940: distribution, 387
- Borchs1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 140-141, 145
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 194
- Borchs1963a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 199-200
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 119-120, 121, 122, 1
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 200
- Brain1920: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 100
- BurditBa1981: biological control, economic importance, 88
- CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, phylogeny, 531, 532, 533
- Chang1972: distribution, taxonomy, 86
- Charmo1899: description, distribution, host, 31
- Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69-72
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 103
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 102
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
- Cocker1899r: distribution, taxonomy, 900
- Cocker1902a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- Cooley1897: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 278-280
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 220
- Danzig1977b: distribution, taxonomy, 41, 48, 51
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 318-322
- Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 378-379
- Danzig1988: taxonomy, 723
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 334-337
- DaoBeWa2023: phylogeny, 1030, 1031
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 117
- Dekle1965: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-2
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13, 108
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136
- DoAC1923: distribution, host, 34
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 12
- DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, illustration, key, 510, 515
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- EastonPu1999: distribution, host, 103
- Ebelin1959: distribution, host, 318, 385
- Esaki1940: distribution, host, 413
- Essig1931: distribution, host, 573
- FDACS2010: distribution, host, 4
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 237, 238
- Ferris1921a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 213
- Ferris1953: taxonomy, 64
- Ferris1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68, 72, 73, 74
- Fletch1917a: distribution, host, 228
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 296
- Fletch1921: distribution, host, 19
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 28
- Foldi2001: distribution, 306
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- Frappa1931: biological control, distribution, host, 188
- Fullaw1932: distribution, host, taxonomy, 94, 96, 103
- Fullaw1946: distribution, host, taxonomy, 162
- Fuller1907: taxonomy, 1035
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, taxonomy, 424
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, ill
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 238-239, 240
- GrandpCh1899: distribution, host, 9, 10
- Green1899a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 108, 148
- Green1905: distribution, host, 29
- Green1907: distribution, host, 201
- Green1908a: distribution, host, 36
- Green1914c: distribution, host, 232
- Green1916e: distribution, host, 58
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 319
- Hall1923: distribution, host, 55
- Hall1928: distribution, host, 287
- Hall1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 345
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 528, 549, 551
- HansenHaCh1991: chemical control, host, 533
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 103
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 188
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 52
- HillNe1982: taxonomy, 228
- HillNe1982: distribution, 228
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 54
- HodgesHoBu2003: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution,
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14,26
- HodgsoMa2001: distribution, host, 228
- Hsu1935: distribution, 581
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 201
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 149, 158, 159
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28,34
- KSPP1972: distribution, host, 109
- Kanda1941b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-186
- Kasarg1914: distribution, host, 135
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
- Kawai1977: distribution, 156
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 274-275
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24-25
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 566, 567-568
- Kotins1907: distribution, host, 306
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- Krauss1965: distribution, host, 99
- Kuwana1909: distribution, host, 155
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, host, 16
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 72
- Kuwana1931a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2, 3-6
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- LiByCh2002: biological control,
- Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 165
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 551
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 371
- LiuXuFa2019: distribution, host,
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 345, 346, 348, 351
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, illustration, 78
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, host, 41
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 165
- Mamet1948: distribution, 24
- Mamet1950: distribution, host, 18
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 229
- Mamet1952: distribution, host, 171
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, taxonomy, 19-20
- Mamet1956b: distribution, host, 306
- Mamet1957: distribution, 369
- Mamet1959a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 384, 459-461
- Marlat1921a: distribution, host, 19
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 42,118
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 57
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- McCabeJo1980: taxonomy, 8
- McComb1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 149-150
- Mead1987: distribution, host, 2
- Merril1953: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 144
- Miller1975JW: distribution, host, 4
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 356
- Misra1920: 588
- Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 348
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 10, 22
- MudgalMuGu2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, 282-286
- Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, 93-94
- Nakaha1975: taxonomy, 202
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 404
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 14
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 30, 68, S6
- NorrisKo1980: distribution, ecology, 3
- Otanes1936: host, 130
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 383-386
- PaikKi1977: distribution, host, 48-49
- PellizDa1997: distribution, host, 176
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 504
- Pelot1950: distribution, host, 17
- PicartMa2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14, 17
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 162
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7,11
- RamachRa1934: distribution, host, 98
- Ramakr1919a: description, distribution, host, 9-10
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 351
- Ramakr1924: distribution, host, 339
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
- Ramakr1940: distribution, host, 337, 373, 478
- Rao1965: distribution, host, 30
- Razig2014a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-5
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, host, 275
- Reiner1976: taxonomy, 518
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 2, 38
- SankarNaNa1984: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 410
- Sassce1914: distribution, host, 242
- Sassce1923: distribution, host, 155
- Seljak2008: distribution, host, 121-126
- Stimme1987: distribution, host, 22
- Strong1922: distribution, host, 776
- Su1982: distribution, host, 62
- Suh2015: distribution, key,
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 318, 330
- Suh2018: biological control, host, natural enemies, 1-6
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 2, 3
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 3, 4, 6, 8-11, 13, 14, 17-22
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- Tachik1955: distribution, host, 58
- Tachik1956: distribution, host, 38
- Takagi1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-33 34
- Takagi1969a: taxonomy, 24
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 43-46, 70
- Takagi1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- Takagi1977: distribution, 3
- TakagiKa1967: distribution, taxonomy, 30, 40
- Takaha1933: distribution, host, 26, 28, 31, 46
- Takaha1935: distribution, host, 3
- Takaha1936c: distribution, host, 117
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 264
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 218
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33, 35
- Takaha1952a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8-10
- Takaha1956d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-56
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 8
- Tang1977: description, distribution, taxonomy, 172-173
- Tang1984b: taxonomy, 129
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 99
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 112
- Tippin1968: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 13-15
- TippinHo1973: taxonomy, 403
- TippinHo1983: distribution, taxonomy, 195, 197, 199
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 73-74
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, taxonomy, 196
- Vinson1936: biological control, 26
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 189
- Wang1982c: description, distribution, taxonomy, 83, 90
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- WeiFe2012a: taxonomy, 15
- Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 394
- Wester1920: host, taxonomy, 64
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 222, 225
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 96
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 222-225
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 33-34, 77-78
- Wu1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 208
- Wu2001b: distribution, 257
- Xie1998: description, distribution, taxonomy, 125
- YamaguNoOm2000: distribution, host, 133
- Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 238, 245, 248
- Yao1985: physiology, 338, 339
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 34
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 170
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 386
- ZouZh1993: biological control, distribution, 174-176
