Valid Names Results
Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell, 1894) (Coccidae: Protopulvinaria)Nomenclatural History
- Pulvinaria (Protopulvinaria) pyriformis Cockerell 1894c: 309. Type data: TRINIDAD: St. Anns, on guava.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell 1894d: 311. nomen nudum
- Pulvinaria newsteadi Leonardi 1898b: 121. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Funchal, on Caprifoglio [=Caprifolium].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899k, 311).
- Pulvinaria plana Lindinger 1911a: 34. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, on Laurus canariensis.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1912, 199).
- Protopulvinaria piriformis (Cockerell, 1894); Lindinger 1912b: 104. misspelling of species epithet
- Protopulvinaria piriformis (Cockerell, 1894); Brain 1920a: 17. misspelling of species epithet
- Protopulvinaria piriformes (Cockerell, 1894); Gomez-Menor Ortega 1929: 4. misspelling of species epithet
- Protopulvinaria agalmae Takahashi 1933: 39. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Shinten, on Agalma lutchuense.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan; junior synonym (discovered by Takaha1955a, 36).
- Protopulvinaria pyiformis (Cockerell, 1894); Tao 1978: 82. misspelling of species epithet
- Pulvinaria phriformis Cockerell, 1894; Pollard & Alleyne 1986: 39. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- cochinilha-priforme CarvalAg1997
- cochinilla piriforme Lloren1990
- conchuela algodonosa del palto RipaLaRo2008b
- conchuela corazón RipaLaRo2008b
- conchuela piriforme RipaLaRo2008b
- pyriform scale BenDov1993 Gill1988 HamonWi1984
- qenima demuyat agas BenDov1993
- pyriform soft scale AbdRabEv2021
- grushevidnaya podushechnitsa KondoGaWa2022a
- nashigata- kata-kaigaramushi KondoGaWa2022a
- qenima demuyat agas KondoGaWa2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 37 | Genera: 68
- Acanthaceae
- Justicia adhatoda | BenDov1985a | (= Adhatoda vasica)
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum tinus | VieiraCaPi1983
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | BenDov1985a
- Apocynaceae
- Araujia sericifera | BenDov1985a
- Carissa macrocarpa | BenDov1985a | (= Carissa grandiflora)
- Nerium | HodgsoHi1990
- Plumeria | HodgsoHi1990
- Plumeria rubra | VieiraCaPi1983 | (= Plumeria tricolor)
- Trachelospermum jasminoides | BenDov1985a
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex canariensis | VieiraCaPi1983
- Ilex perado | VieiraCaPi1983
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | VieiraCaPi1983
- Dizygotheca | VieiraCaPi1983
- Fatsia japonica | BenDov1985a
- Hedera | Granar1999 PellizPoSe2011
- Hedera canariensis | VieiraCaPi1983 | (= Hedera helix canariensis)
- Hedera helix | BenDov1985a Canard1966 DeLott1967b JansenBeKa2011
- Heptapleurum actinophyllum | HamonWi1984 | (= Brassaia actinophylla) (= Schefflera actinophylla)
- Schefflera | HodgsoHi1990
- Schefflera arboricola | Malump2014a
- Schefflera heptaphylla | Ali1971 Takaha1933 BenDov1985a | (= Agalma lutchuense ) (= Schefflera octophylla)
- Schefflera papuana | BenDov2012
- Tetrapanax papyrifer | VieiraCaPi1983
- Arecaceae
- Phoenix | JansenAl2023
- Asparagaceae
- Cordyline | JansenAl2023
- Dracaena | CarnerPe1986
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | SzitaFeBe2017
- Cannaceae
- Canna indica | CarnerPe1986
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | Green1923b HodgsoHi1990 Leonar1898b | (= Caprifolium)
- Lonicera caprifolium | BenDov2012
- Lonicera etrusca | BenDov1985a
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | BenDov1985a
- Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea | CarnerPe1986
- Cyperaceae
- Eleocharis elliptica | Ali1971 Takaha1933
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros eriantha | Ali1971
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Elaeocarpus serratus | TaoWoCh1983
- Elaeocarpus sylvestris | Ali1971 Takaha1933 | (= Elaeocarpus ellipticus)
- Fabaceae
- Bauhinia championii | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
- Bauhinia vahlii | Takaha1955
- Lamiaceae
- Clerodendrum | HodgsoHi1990
- Lauraceae
- Apollonias barbujana | Lindin1911a Sassce1912 VieiraCaPi1983 | (= Laurus canariensis)
- Cinnamomum | Cocker1895a Cocker1896d
- Cinnamomum camphora | CarnerPe1986
- Cinnamomum cassia | Ballou1926
- Cinnamomum montanum | MestreHoHa2015
- Cinnamomum verum | VieiraCaPi1983 | (= Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
- Laurus | HodgsoHi1990
- Laurus azorica | CarnerPe1986
- Laurus nobilis | BenDov1985a Canard1966 GomezM1948 Granar1999
- Laurus novocanariensis | Lindin1911a Sassce1912
- Litsea glutinosa | GermaiMiPa2014
- Nectandra coriacea | MestreHaEv2011
- Ocotea foetens | VieiraCaPi1983
- Persea | DanzigKo1990 HodgsoHi1990
- Persea americana | BenDov1985a Granar1999 Hodgso1994a Mamet1954a Nakaha1983 Ballou1926 Brain1920a DeLott1967b GomezM1948 GomezM1958b Mamet1954a | (= Persea gratissima)
- Persea borbonia | WilliaKo1972
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | Ballou1926
- Punica | HodgsoHi1990
- Malpighiaceae
- Malpighia glabra | Ballou1926
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus mutabilis | BenDov1985a | (= Hibiscus sinensis)
- Meliaceae
- Guarea guidonia | MestreHoHa2015
- Moraceae
- Ficus | BenDov1985a
- Musaceae
- Musa acuminata | CarnerPe1986 PerezGCa1987 | (= Musa cavendishii)
- Myricaceae
- Myrica | HodgsoHi1990
- Myrtaceae
- Callistemon | JansenAl2023
- Eucalyptus | BenDov1985a
- Eugenia | CouturQuGo1997 HodgsoHi1990
- Myrciaria dubia | WolffKoPe2016
- Myrtus communis | VieiraCaPi1983
- Pimenta | HodgsoHi1990 | (= Amomis)
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1985a Cocker1894u Cocker1895a DeLott1967b Nakaha1983 NakahaMi1981 Cocker1894c DanzigKo1990 Granar1999
- Syzygium cumini | BenDov1985a | (= Eugenia jambolana)
- Syzygium jambos | MestreHaEv2011
- Syzygium malaccense | MestreHoHa2015
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | LinKoGu2013
- Orchidaceae
- Cymbidium | VieiraCaPi1983
- Epidendrum | Nakaha1983
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora | CarnerPe1986
- Phyllanthaceae
- Antidesma | Mamet1954a WilliaWi1988
- Antidesma bunius | Hodgso1994a
- Richeria grandis | MatileEt2006
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum tobira | BenDov1985a
- Plantaginaceae
- Veronica | VieiraCaPi1983
- Rubiaceae
- Gardenia | DanzigKo1990 Granar1999 Hodgso1969a
- Gardenia jasminoides | Hodgso1969a
- Ixora | Malump2014a
- Psychotria grandis | MestreHaEv2011
- Rutaceae
- Choisya ternata | VieiraCaPi1983
- Citrus | BenDov1985a CarvalAg1997 Nakaha1983
- Citrus aurantium | GomezM1954 GomezM1958b PerezGCa1987
- Saxifragaceae
- Bergenia | Granar1999
- Darmera peltata | Hodgso1994a | (= Peltiphyllum peltatum)
- Tamaricaceae
- Myricaria | CouturQuGo1997
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 11
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus lycimnia | BeltraSoTe2011
- Coccophagus yoshidae | AmouroCrCo2019
- Encarsia lounsburyi | AmouroCrCo2019
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa | HarbiAbSu2022
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | StathaElJa2009
- Exochomus | HarbiAbSu2022
- Scymnus | HarbiAbSu2022
- Encyrtidae
- Encyrtus aurantii | BlumbeGo1992 | (= Encyrtus lecaniorum)
- Encyrtus infelix | Blumbe1997 BlumbeGo1992
- Metaphycus flavus | BeltraSoTe2011
- Metaphycus galbus | BlumbeWyHa1993
- Metaphycus helvolus | StathaElJa2009
- Metaphycus lounsburyi | BeltraSoTe2011
- Metaphycus stanleyi | Blumbe1991 Blumbe1997 BlumbeBl1991
- Metaphycus swirskii | Blumbe1997 BlumbeSw1984
- Microterys nietneri | BeltraSoTe2011
- Pteromalidae
- Scutellista caerulea | BeltraSoTe2011
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora bifasciata | AmouroCrCo2019
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 51
- Algeria | MerzouWa2022
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | Granar1999
- Jujuy | Granar1999
- Salta | Granar1999
- Tucuman | Granar1999
- Australia
- Western Australia | Anonym2017
- Azores | CarvalFrAg1996 LopesFiMa2008
- Bermuda | HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991
- Canary Islands | GomezM1967O Lindin1911a PerezGCa1987 Sassce1912
- Chile | KondoGu2010 RipaLaRo2008b
- Colombia | Kondo2001
- Comoros | BenDov1993 GermaiAtBa2008
- Costa Rica | Hodgso1994a
- Crete | JansenBeKa2011
- Cuba | Ballou1926 MestreHaEv2011
- Cyprus | JansenAl2023
- Dominican Republic | Hodgso1994a
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021
- France | Canard1996 Foldi2000
- Gambia | ReidMa2006
- Greece | AnagnoPaKa2008 BenDovStMa2003 StathaElJa2009 StathaKaKo2008
- Grenada | Cocker1895a Cocker1896d Hodgso1994a
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guatemala | Willia2010
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | HamonWi1984
- Haiti | PerezG2008
- Hungary | MazzeoLoPe2014
- India | JansenAl2023
- Indonesia | Suh2023
- Israel | BenDov1985a BenDov1993 BenDovAm1980
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995 MazzeoLoPe2014 Pelliz2003
- Jamaica | Cocker1895a
- Japan | DanzigKo1990
- Kenya | MacharKiHe2021
- Madeira Islands | CarvalAg1997 CarvalFrAg1996 Green1923b
- Malta | MifsudMaRu2014 MifsudPo2012
- Martinique | MatileEt2006
- Mauritius | Mamet1954a
- Mexico
- Chiapas | CaballRa2018 Miller1996
- Peru | CouturQuGo1997
- Portugal | CarvalFrAg1996
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Martor1976 NakahaMi1981
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014
- Saint Lucia | Hodgso1994a
- South Africa | Brain1920a DeLott1967b
- Spain | GomezM1948
- Suriname | JansenAl2023
- Taiwan | Ali1971 WongChCh1999
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Cocker1894c Cocker1895a Cocker1896d
- Tunisia | HarbiAbSu2022
- U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1993
- United States
- Alabama | HamonWi1984
- California | Gill1988
- District of Columbia | Koszta1996
- Florida | BenDov1993 FDACS2010 HamonWi1984
- Georgia | HamonWi1984
- Louisiana | HamonWi1984
- Mississippi | HamonWi1984
- New Hampshire | HamonWi1984
- New Mexico | HamonWi1984
- New York | HamonWi1984
- South Carolina | HamonWi1984
- Texas | HamonWi1984
- Virginia | HamonWi1984
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990
- Zimbabwe | Hodgso1969a
Keys
- WolffKoPe2016: pp.275-276 ( Adult (F) ) [Species recorded on Myrciaria dubia in Brazil]
- KondoGu2010: pp.13-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae species of Chile]
- Koszta1996: pp.323 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastren North America]
- Tang1991: pp.244 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- HamonWi1984: pp.78 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida]
- TaoWoCh1983: pp.81 ( Adult (F) ) [Taiwan]
- Kawai1980: pp.147 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Remarks
- Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae A, Pulvinarini (Choi & Lee, 2019)
- Structure: Colour photograph by Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), Germain et al., (2003) and by Ben-Dov et al. (2003). The body of P. pyriformis is broadly oval or pyriform/ heart-shaped, often asymmetrical; flat in cross-section; body yellowish brown in young females, dark brown in older females, often with sclerotized areas around body margin; anal plates located in middle of the dorsum appearing as a medial ridge, without an obvious wax covering. The ovisac can be seen as a narrow white waxy secretion around the body margin. (Harbi, et al., 2022)
- Biology: Females reproduce parthenogenetically. Two annual generations in Israel on avocado, and three on Hedera helix (Blumberg & Blumberg, 1991). Several overlapping generations in California, USA (Gill, 1988). The entire life cycle is spent on ethe lower leaf surface and it is estimated that the fecundity of the scale reaches 200 eggs per female. (Mifsud & Porcelli, 2011)
- Economic Importance: A serious pest of fruit trees and ornamentals in several tropical and subtropical countries (Del Rivero, 1966; Hamon & Williams, 1984; Ben-Dov, 1985; De Meijer et al. 1989; Gill, 1988). Infestations of pyriform scale on plants can result in reduced vigor, leaf drop and reduction in size and quality of fruit. It can also result in the growth of black sooty mould on leaves which blocks sunlight and minimizes energy available to the plant. Protopulvinaria pyriformis exhibited an active defense that frequently disrupted the oviposition of parasitoid, M. helvolus females. To thwart the parasitoid attack, the scale removed its inserted stylet from the plant, wiggled continuously and was sometimes seen to walk. The scales were able to thwart 50% of the parasitoid attacks in this way. (Tena, et al., 2012)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1967b), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1966) and by Granara de Willink (1999).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 30
- Ali1971: distribution, host, 49
- AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
- AmouroCrGe2017: DNA sequencing, phylogenetics, phylogeny, 2-9
- AnagnoPaKa2008: distribution, host, 55-78
- Anonym2017: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 30
- BeltraSoTe2011: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 36-42
- BenDov1985a: distribution, host, 185-192
- BenDov1993: catalog, 243-244
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 27, 44
- BenDovAm1980: distribution, host, 797-798
- BenDovStMa2003: distribution, host, taxonomy, 89-91
- BenYehHaWy2001: chemical control, distribution, host, 273
- Blumbe1990a: anatomy, biological control, life history, 1313-1316
- Blumbe1991: biological control, life history, 231-237
- Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
- BlumbeBl1991: biological control, distribution, host, 265-269
- BlumbeGo1992: biological control, life history, 57-65
- BlumbeSw1984: biological control, economic importance, life history, 29-35
- BlumbeWyHa1993: biological control, life history, 7-13
- Brain1920a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17
- BrainKe1917: distribution, host, 183
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
- CaballRa2018: distribution, 2
- CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 7, 13
- Canard1996: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 131-134
- CarvalAg1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 168-170
- CarvalFrAg1996: distribution, economic importance, host, 614
- ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
- Cocker1894c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 309-310
- Cocker1894d: taxonomy, 311
- Cocker1895a: distribution, host, 102
- Cocker1895g: taxonomy, 167
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 330
- Cocker1896d: distribution, host, 307
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 395
- Cocker1902p: distribution, host, 252
- Comper1938: biological control, 315-337
- CouturQuGo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 126
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 44
- DeLott1967b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 792,808
- DeMeijWySw1989: biological control, distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 75-82
- DelRiv1966: distribution, economic importance, host, 59-62
- DengYuWa2021: illustration, symbionts, 4
- DixLuMoKu2019: morphology, 253
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
- FDACS2010: distribution, host, 3
- Fernal1903b: 138
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 82
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 6,22
- Frank2021: ecology, natural enemies, 7, 8
- GaleCaDi2022: distribution, host, 5
- GavrilTr2008a: chromosomes, taxonomy, 131-138
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, host, 129-135
- GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 255
- GermaiMaPi2003: distribution, host, structure, 23
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, host, 22
- Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 81-83
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- GomezM1929: taxonomy, 4
- GomezM1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 84-87
- GomezM1954: distribution, host, 137
- GomezM1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 74-80
- GomezM1958c: distribution, host, 407
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 133
- Gonzal1989: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 86
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 42, 194-196, 216-217
- Granar1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 134-136
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- Green1923b: distribution, host, 88
- HadarWyRo1995: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 268
- Hall1969: economic importance, 823-826
- HamonWi1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 82-84
- HarbiAbSu2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- Hodgso1969a: distribution, host, 29
- Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 485-488
- Hodgso1995a: structure, taxonomy, 57-65
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 2,6,10-11,13,15-19
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 136
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 23,32
- JansenBeKa2011: distribution, host, 483
- JervisCo1996: biological control, 63
- Kawai1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
- KondoGaWa2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 308-309
- KondoGu2010: distribution, 13
- KondoLoQu2010: biological control, 7-13
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 10
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 370-372
- Koteja1974a: structure, taxonomy, 249
- Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 81
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
- Leonar1898b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 121-125
- LinKoGu2013: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 253, 258
- Lindin1911a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-35
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 104,199,206
- Lloren1984: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy,
- LondonKoCa2014: distribution, host, illustration, 265, 268, 269
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 124
- LopesFiMa2008: distribution, host, 153-154
- MacharKiHe2021: distribution, economic importance, host, 3
- Malump2012b: distribution, 210
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 72
- Mamet1954a: distribution, host, 261
- Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 74
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 164
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 48
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 166
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, economic importance, host, 57
- MendelBlWy1992: biological control, distribution, host, 45S-49S
- MerzouWa2022: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 8
- MestreHoHa2015: distribution, host, 8-9
- MestreKo2018: distribution, 5
- Meurge2011: distribution, 80
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 505
- MifsudPo2012: description, distribution, host, 127-128
- Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 71
- MorganLuAm2013: illustration, physiology, 6, 8-10
- MumaSeDe1961: biological control, 1-39
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 6
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 30
- OuvrarKoGu2013: economic importance, 3
- PanisMa1976: distribution, host, 7
- Pelliz2003: distribution, host, 101-102
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 72
- PellizPo2014: distribution, host, 4
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 294,297
- PerezG2008: distribution, 213
- PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 128
- PollarAl1986: distribution, economic importance, host,
- RayWi1982: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 169-176
- ReidMa2006: distribution, 186, 189
- RipaLaRo2008b: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 147-149
- RobertDe1986: biological control, 7
- SaccoPaD2000: biological control, distribution, host, 3-8
- Sassce1912: 87
- Schmut1980: distribution, host, 51
- Schmut1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 258
- Simant1962a: biological control, 105-112
- Simant1973: economic importance,
- Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 8
- Spina2001: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 64-66
- StathaElJa2009: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 33-39
- StathaKaDa2021: biology, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle, 57-58
- StathaKaKo2008: distribution, host, 56-59
- Suh2023: distribution, 6
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 81-85
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
- Takaha1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 39-41
- Takaha1955: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 249-250
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 82
- Tao1989: catalog, distribution, host, 59
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
- TaoWoCh1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 81-83
- TenaBeSo2012: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 45-52
- Trjapi2003: biological control, distribution, host, 192-196
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 102-103
- Watson2021: distribution, 521
- Willia2001: distribution, 225-227
- Willia2010: distribution, host, 144-152
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 213
- WilliaKo1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 107-112
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 58
- WolffKoPe2016: distribution, host, key, 274-275
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16-17,55
- Wysoki1987: taxonomy, 73-74
- Yang1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 160,162
- ZchoriBePo2005: Cardinium, endosymbionts, 211-221
- deVill2001: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 170-174
