Valid Names Results
Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899) (Diaspididae: Pinnaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Chionaspis minor; Cooley 1898: 89-90. misidentification
- Hemichionaspis minor strachani Cooley 1899: 54-55. Type data: NIGERIA: Abeokuta, on unknown host, by H. Strachan. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Hemichionaspis Marchali Cockerell 1902b: 81-83. Type data: GUINEA: Konakry, on Elaeis guineensis, by Dr. Marchal. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by FerrisRa1947, 28).
- Hemichionaspis townsendi Cockerell 1905f: 135. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Tayabas (=Quezon), on Gossypium sp., 12/04/????. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by FerrisRa1947, 29).
- Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) aspidistrae gossypii Newstead 1906a: 74. nomen nudum (discovered by Lindin1935, 143).
- Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) aspidistrae gossypii Newstead 1908b: 37. Type data: TOGO: Kpeme, on Gossypium hirsutum, ?/01/1905. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1935, 143).
- Hemichionaspis aspidistrae gossypii (Newstead, 1908); Sanders 1909a: 49. change of combination
- Hemichionaspis (Pinnaspis) marchali Cockerell, 1902; Lindinger 1914: 244. change of combination
- Hemichionaspis proxima Leonardi 1914: 193-195. Type data: SENEGAL: Dakar, on Calotropis procera, Thiès, on Mango; GUINEA: Conakry, on Annona sp.; NIGERIA: Lagos; BENIN: Cotonou; ANGOLA; SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 284). Illustr.
- Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) minor; Newstead 1917b: 133. misidentification
- Hemichionaspis minor; Wilson 1917: 35. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 114).
- Chionaspis (Pinnaspis) proxima (Leonardi, 1914); Brain 1920: 104. change of combination
- Pinnaspis minor strachani (Cooley, 1899); Kuwana 1926: 40. change of combination
- Pinnaspis minor; Kuwana 1926: 38. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 114).
- Pinnaspis proxima (Leonardi, 1914); Lindinger 1928: 107. change of combination
- Pinnaspis (Hemichionaspis) aspidistrae gossypii (Newstead, 1908); Mayné & Ghesquière 1934: 36. change of combination
- Pinnaspis temporaria Ferris 1942: SIV-407. Type data: PANAMA: Armuelles, on Mangifera indica, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; junior synonym (discovered by FerrisRa1947, 29, 39). Illustr.
- Hemichionaspis minor; Fulmek 1943: 35. misidentification
- Hemichionaspis gossypii (Newstead, 1908); Hall 1946a: 550. change of combination
- Pinnaspis aspidistrae gossypii (Newstead, 1908); Hall 1946a: 528. change of combination
- Pinnaspis gossypii (Newstead, 1908); Hall 1946a: 529. change of combination
- Pinnaspis marchali (Cockerell, 1902); Hall 1946a: 529. change of combination
- Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) gossypii Newstead, 1908; Ferris & Rao 1947: 28. change of combination
- Pinnaspis townsendi (Cockerell, 1905); Ferris & Rao 1947: 29. change of combination
- Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899); Ferris & Rao 1947: 39. change of combination and rank
- Pinaspis minor strachani; Lindinger 1957: 551. misspelling of genus name
- Pinaspis strachani; Lindinger 1958: 371. misspelling of genus name
- Pinnaspis stracheni (Cooley, 1899); Brookes 1964: 18. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- cotton white scale Gill1997
- guagua nevada menor AlayoS1976
- hibiscus snow scale VelasqRi1969
- lesser snow scale Dekle1954
- small snow scale Newste1907a
- escama nieve menor CoronaRuMo1997
- kermès de Strachan Watson2022a
- konma-kaigaramushi Watson2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 79 | Genera: 264
- Acanthaceae
- Justicia | WilliaWa1988
- Thunbergia grandiflora | AlayoS1976
- Amaryllidaceae
- Crinum | WilliaBu1987
- Crinum asiaticum | WilliaWa1988
- Eucharis | Hinckl1963
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | WilliaWa1988
- Mangifera | MillerDa2005
- Mangifera indica | CarnerPe1986 Ferris1942
- Mangifera odorata | YunusHo1980
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Leonar1914 MillerDa2005
- Annona cherimola | NormarOkMo2019
- Annona muricata | AlayoS1976 CouturMaRi1985 Malump2012b
- Annona reticulata | AlayoS1976
- Annona squamosa | AlayoS1976
- Artabotrys hexapetalus | SureshMo1996 | (= Manoranjitham
- Cananga odorata | Hinckl1963
- Polyalthia longifolia | Sankar1984
- Uvaria | Balach1954e
- Apocynaceae
- Calotropis procera | Brain1920 ColonFMe1998 Leonar1914
- Nerium | Borchs1966
- Nerium oleander | LincanHoCa2010
- Pachypodium | Mamet1959a
- Parsonsia | Cooley1899
- Plumeria | MillerDa2005 Tao1999
- Plumeria alba | Cohic1958
- Plumeria obtusa | AlayoS1976 | var. sericifolia (= Plumeria tuberculata)
- Plumeria rubra | AlayoS1976
- Vallesia glabra | Willia1977ML | (= Vallesia glabra pubescens)
- Araceae
- Colocasia esculenta | WilliaWa1988
- Rhaphidophora | WilliaWa1988
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | MillerDa2005
- Schefflera | Hinckl1963
- Arecaceae
- Acanthophoenix | Mamet1943a
- Attalea butyracea | FerrisRa1947 | (= Attalea gomphococca)
- Chamaedorea seifrizii | CulikMaVe2008 | (= Chamaedorea erumpens)
- Chamaerops | Borchs1966
- Cocos | MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a
- Dypsis | MillerDa2005
- Dypsis lutescens | MilleHeCa2016 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis guineensis | Cocker1902b FerrisRa1947 WilliaWa1988
- Heterospathe | MillerDa2005
- Howea | Borchs1966
- Howea forsteriana | Balach1959a | (= Kentia)
- Latania | MillerDa2005
- Licuala | MillerDa2005
- Livistona | MillerDa2005
- Phoenix dactylifera | AlayoS1976
- Phoenix roebelenii | JansenAl2023
- Pritchardia thurstonii | Hinckl1963
- Rhapis | Borchs1966
- Roystonea regia | AlayoS1976
- Sabal | MillerDa2005
- Saribus | JansenAl2023
- Thrinax | MillerDa2005
- Trachycarpus | Borchs1966
- Veitchia joannis | Hinckl1963
- Verschaffeltia | Borchs1966
- Asparagaceae
- Agave americana | CarnerPe1986
- Agave fourcroydes | AlayoS1976
- Agave sisalana | Mamet1959a
- Asparagus aethiopicus | AlayoS1976 | (= Asparagus sprengeri )
- Asparagus officinalis | FerrisRa1947
- Asparagus setaceus | Hinckl1963 | (= Asparagus plumosus)
- Cordyline | Borchs1966
- Cordyline fruticosa | Heu2002 WilliaWa1988 | (= Cordyline terminalis)
- Dracaena | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
- Dracaena bicolor | JansenAl2023
- Dracaena reflexa | NormarOkMo2019 | Dracaena reflexa var. angustifolia (= Dracaena marginata)
- Furcraea foetida | Mamet1949 | (= Furcraea gigantea)
- Liriope | MillerDa2005
- Ophiopogon intermedius | AhmadGh1972
- Ophiopogon japonicus | Hadzib1983
- Polianthes tuberosa | AlayoS1976
- Sansevieria | McKenz1956
- Sansevieria metallica | AlayoS1976
- Sansevieria trifasciata | LincanHoCa2010
- Yucca | MillerDa2005
- Yucca gloriosa | AlayoS1976
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe | Borchs1966
- Aspleniaceae
- Asplenium nidus | Paik1978 WilliaWa1988 | (= Neottopteris rigida)
- Asteraceae
- Chrysanthemum indicum | AlayoS1976
- Fitchia | WilliaWa1988
- Psiadia | Borchs1966 Mamet1954
- Scalesia affinis | Willia1977ML
- Scalesia incisa | Willia1977ML
- Boraginaceae
- Coldenia | Willia1977ML
- Cordia | AlayoS1976
- Cordia curassavica | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 | (= Cordia macrostachya)
- Cordia leucophlyctis | LincanHoCa2010
- Cordia lutea | Willia1977ML
- Ehretia | JansenAl2023
- Heliotropium arborescens | AlayoS1976
- Heliotropium curassavicum | LagowsGoHo2022
- Tiquilia | Willia1977ML | (= Coldenia)
- Tiquilia darwinii | LincanHoCa2010
- Tournefortia | Willia1977ML
- Tournefortia argentea | Beards1966 WilliaWa1988 | (= Messerschmidia argentea)
- Varronia alba | AlayoS1976
- Varronia rupicola | MalumpSaHa2015
- Brassicaceae
- Thelypodium | Borchs1966
- Bromeliaceae
- Ananas comosus | YunusHo1980
- Bromelia | AlayoS1976
- Cannabaceae
- Trema micrantha | ColonFMe1998
- Trema orientalis | MayneGh1934 | (= Trema guineensis)
- Cannaceae
- Canna indica | AlayoS1976 WilliaWa1988
- Combretaceae
- Conocarpus erectus | Willia1977ML
- Terminalia | MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988
- Terminalia calamansanay | WilliaWa1988
- Terminalia catappa | WilliaWa1988
- Terminalia complanata | WilliaWa1988
- Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea alba | Beards1966
- Ipomoea batatas | SchmutPiKl1978
- Ipomoea tuberculata | LagowsGoHo2022
- Stictocardia tiliifolia | Beards1966 | (= Ipomoea grandiflora)
- Crassulaceae
- Kalanchoe pinnata | NakahaMi1981 | (= Bryophyllum pinnatum)
- Cucurbitaceae
- Benincasa hispida | Ali1967a | (= Benincasa cerifera)
- Cucumis dipsaceus | LincanHoCa2010
- Cucurbita | MillerDa2005
- Cucurbita maxima | WilliaWa1988
- Cucurbita pepo | Mamet1943a
- Sechium | MillerDa2005
- Sechium edule | Mamet1943a
- Trichosanthes | FerrisRa1947
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MillerDa2005
- Cycas revoluta | Heu2002 Kuwana1902
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea | Hinckl1963 MillerDa2005
- Dioscorea alata | WilliaBu1987
- Dioscorea bulbifera | WilliaWa1988
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros chloroxylon | Ali1967a
- Diospyros kaki | WilliaWa1988
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron | MartinLa2011
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha wilkesiana | AlayoS1976 Myers1926
- Aleurites moluccanus | WilliaWa1988
- Croton | Ali1967a MillerDa2005
- Croton lucidus | AlayoS1976
- Croton scouleri | LincanHoCa2010
- Euphorbia | Beards1966 MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988 | (= Pedilanthus)
- Euphorbia amplexicaulis | Willia1977ML | (= Chamaesyce amplexicaulis)
- Euphorbia heterophylla | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbia nivulia | Sankar1984
- Euphorbia origanoides | MalumpWhHa2015
- Euphorbia pulcherrima | AlayoS1976
- Excoecaria agallocha | Hinckl1963
- Hevea brasiliensis | Balach1954e Foldi1988
- Hippomane mancinella | Willia1977ML
- Jatropha curcas | AlayoS1976 Newste1917b
- Manihot | MillerDa2005
- Manihot esculenta | WilliaWa1988
- Ricinus communis | ColonFMe1998 WilliaWa1988
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | Moghad2013a
- Acacia melanoxylon | FerrisRa1947
- Acacia oshanesii | Moghad2013a
- Albizia | MayneGh1934
- Albizia chinensis | Ali1967a | (= Albizia stipulata)
- Albizia saman | Ali1967a | (= Pithecolobium saman)
- Bauhinia | FerrisRa1947 MillerDa2005
- Bauhinia pauletia | ColonFMe1998
- Bauhinia purpurea | AlayoS1976
- Bauhinia variegata | AlayoS1976
- Caesalpinia crista | Beards1966
- Caesalpinia insolita | MillerDa2005
- Caesalpinia pulcherrima | Hinckl1963
- Cajanus | MillerDa2005
- Cajanus cajan | AlayoS1976 | (= Cajanus indicus)
- Canavalia cathartica | Beards1966 | (= Canavalia microcarpa)
- Coronilla valentina | Borchs1966
- Crotalaria | MillerDa2005 WilliaWa1988
- Crotalaria hirsuta | Ali1967a
- Crotalaria trichotoma | WilliaWa1988 | (= Crotalaria usaramoensis)
- Delonix regia | AlayoS1976
- Desmodium velutinum | MayneGh1934 | (= Desmodium lasiocarpum)
- Enterolobium cyclocarpum | AlayoS1976
- Erythrina | Beards1966 Cocker1896d
- Erythrina droogmansiana | Beards1966 Cocker1896d
- Erythrina fusca | Simmon1969 | (= Erythrina glauca)
- Erythrina poeppigiana | AlayoS1976
- Erythrina subumbrans | WilliaWa1988
- Erythrina variegata | SureshMo1996 WilliaWa1988 | (= Erythrina indica) (= Erythrina lithosperma)
- Galactia striata | ColonFMe1998
- Inocarpus fagifer | Hinckl1963
- Intsia bijuga | Beards1966
- Lablab purpureus | ColonFMe1998
- Leucaena leucocephala | WilliaWa1988
- Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus | AlayoS1976 | (= Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus)
- Macroptilium lathyroides | ColonFMe1998
- Mimosa pigra | AlayoS1976
- Mimosa pudica | Hinckl1963
- Neptunia plena | LincanHoCa2010
- Parkinsonia aculeata | LincanHoCa2010
- Phaseolus vulgaris | WilliaWa1988
- Prosopis | FerrisRa1947
- Pueraria montana | MayneGh1934 | var. lobata (= Pueraria thunbergiana)
- Samanea saman | Ali1967a AlayoS1976
- Senna alata | AlayoS1976 | (= Cassia alata)
- Senna occidentalis | Balach1954e WilliaWa1988 | (= Cassia occidentalis)
- Senna tora | Ali1967a | (= Cassia tora)
- Sophora tomentosa | Hinckl1963
- Tamarindus | Varshn2002
- Wisteria | Borchs1966
- Geraniaceae
- Geranium | Borchs1966
- Pelargonium radula | AlayoS1976
- Pelargonium zonale | ColonFMe1998
- Gesneriaceae
- Saintpaulia | McKenz1956
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | WilliaWa1988
- Hernandiaceae
- Hernandia nymphaeifolia | WilliaWa1988 | (= Hernandia peltata)
- Hernandia ovigera | WilliaWa1988
- Lamiaceae
- Clerodendrum thomsoniae | YunusHo1980
- Gmelina arborea | WilliaWa1988
- Hyptis | LincanHoCa2010
- Ocimum gratissimum | WilliaWa1988
- Lauraceae
- Cassytha filiformis | WilliaWa1988
- Cinnamomum camphora | AlayoS1976
- Persea americana | AlayoS1976
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia | Hinckl1963 WilliaWa1988
- Barringtonia asiatica | WilliaWa1988 | (= Barringtonia butonica)
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | AlayoS1976
- Punica granatum | Cocker1893b Tang1986
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia grandiflora | AlayoS1976
- Malvaceae
- Abelmoschus esculentus | CouturMaRi1985 | (= Hibiscus esculentus)
- Abelmoschus manihot | WilliaWa1988 | (= Hibiscus manihot)
- Abutilon | BeardsTu1959 LincanHoCa2010 WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Althaea officinalis | AlayoS1976
- Apeiba tibourbou | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Bastardia viscosa | AlayoS1976
- Brachychiton | JansenAl2023
- Ceiba pentandra | AlayoS1976
- Dombeya | MillerDa2005
- Gossypium | Cocker1905f FerrisRa1947 Hinckl1963 MillerDa2005 Simmon1924a
- Gossypium arboreum | AlayoS1976
- Gossypium barbadense | Willia1977ML | var. darwinii
- Gossypium darwinii | LincanHoCa2010
- Gossypium hirsutum | ColonFMe1998 Newste1908b OtanesBu1939
- Guazuma ulmifolia | Balach1959a
- Hibiscus | Heu2002 Mamet1949 MillerDa2005
- Hibiscus mutabilis | AlayoS1976
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Hinckl1963
- Hibiscus sabdariffa | AlayoS1976
- Hibiscus syriacus | AlayoS1976
- Hibiscus tiliaceus | AlayoS1976
- Malvastrum americanum | AlayoS1976
- Malvaviscus arboreus | WilliaWa1988
- Ochroma | Borchs1966
- Pachira insignis | AlayoS1976
- Sida | Ali1967a
- Sida acuta | AlayoS1976
- Sidastrum paniculatum | LincanHoCa2010 | (= Sida paniculata)
- Sterculia | AlayoS1976
- Thespesia | MillerDa2005 SureshMo1996
- Thespesia populnea | WilliaWa1988
- Triumfetta semitriloba | ColonFMe1998
- Urena lobata | Hinckl1963
- Waltheria ovata | Willia1977ML
- Wissadula amplissima | LincanHoCa2010
- Marantaceae
- Calathea zebrina | AlayoS1976
- Maranta | WilliaWa1988
- Meliaceae
- Cedrela salvadorensis | Mead1982
- Melia azedarach | Cooley1899 CastroLiWo2020 | (= Azadirachta indica)
- Menispermaceae
- Cissampelos pareira | ColonFMe1998
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | WilliaWa1988
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | Tao1999 WilliaWa1988
- Ficus carica | Beccar1971
- Ficus palmata | AhmadGh1972
- Morus nigra | AlayoS1976
- Moringaceae
- Moringa oleifera | AlayoS1976
- Muntingiaceae
- Muntingia calabura | AlayoS1976
- Musaceae
- Musa | Hinckl1963 MillerDa2005
- Musa paradisiaca | WilliaWa1988 | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myrtaceae
- Eucalyptus grandis | WilliaWa1988
- Nephrolepidaceae
- Nephrolepis cordifolia | SantosWo2015
- Nephrolepis davalliae | AlayoS1976
- Nephrolepis davallioides | SantosWo2015
- Nephrolepis exaltata | SantosWo2015
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1983
- Cryptocarpus pyriformis | Willia1977ML
- Ochnaceae
- Lophira alata | Balach1954e | could be spelled lophyra
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum officinale | AlayoS1976 | (= Jasminum grandifolium)
- Jasminum sambac | Sankar1984
- Olea europaea | Wolff2014
- Orchidaceae
- Aerides | Borchs1966
- Cymbidium | McKenz1956
- Cypripedium | FerrisRa1947
- Dendrobium | Borchs1966
- Odontoglossum | MillerDa2005
- Orchis | WilliaWa1988
- Paphiopedilum insigne | Komosi1961
- Phalaenopsis | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Renanthera | Borchs1966
- Rhynchostylis | Borchs1966
- Trichoglottis | Borchs1966
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | MillerDa2005 WilliaBu1987
- Pandanus utilis | WilliaWa1988 | (= Pandanus odoratissimus)
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora edulis | Brooke1964
- Passiflora quadrangularis | LincanHoCa2010
- Piperaceae
- Piper nigrum | RamachRa1934
- Poaceae
- Cenchrus ciliaris | SureshMo1996 | (= Cenchrus glaucus)
- Cymbopogon | SureshMo1996
- Cynodon dactylon | SureshMo1996
- Panicum | SureshMo1996
- Saccharum officinarum | CaballRaKo2017
- Polygalaceae
- Polygala | Willia1977ML
- Polygala anderssonii | Willia1977ML
- Polygala galapageia | Willia1977ML
- Polygala sancti-georgii | Willia1977ML
- Polygonaceae
- Antigonon | FerrisRa1947
- Antigonon leptopus | AlayoS1976
- Coccoloba | WilliaWa1988
- Persicaria glabra | Sankar1984 | (= Polygonum glabrum)
- Polypodiaceae
- Niphidium crassifolium | SantosWo2015
- Platycerium grande | AlayoS1976
- Pyrrosia longifolia | SureshMo1996 | (= Niphobolus fissus)
- Portulacaceae
- Portulaca | Reyne1961 WilliaWa1988
- Proteaceae
- Grevillea heliosperma | Green1916e
- Grevillea robusta | AlayoS1976
- Leucospermum | MilleHeCa2016
- Persoonia | Cooley1898
- Rhamnaceae
- Colubrina arborescens | ColonFMe1998
- Sageretia | JansenAl2023
- Scutia pauciflora | Willia1977ML
- Ziziphus | MillerDa2005
- Ziziphus jujuba | Nakaha1983
- Ziziphus mauritiana | LagowsGoHo2022
- Ziziphus spina-christi | Moghad2013a
- Rhipogonaceae
- Rhipogonum scandens | Cooley1899
- Rhizophoraceae
- Bruguiera gymnorhiza | Hinckl1963
- Rhizophora mangle | NakahaMi1981 WilliaWa1988
- Rosaceae
- Prunus | MillerDa2005
- Prunus persica | AlayoS1976
- Pyrus | Mamet1943a
- Rubiaceae
- Chiococca alba | LincanHoCa2010
- Genipa | MillerDa2005
- Morinda citrifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Morinda royoc | AlayoS1976
- Randia | MillerDa2005
- Rutaceae
- Aegle marmelos | AlayoS1976
- Aeglopsis chevalieri | AlayoS1976 | (= Balsamocitrus chevaliere)
- Afraegle paniculata | AlayoS1976 | (= Balsamocitrus paniculata)
- Amyris madrensis | AriasCRoHe2022
- Atalantia citroides | AlayoS1976
- Balsamocitrus | AlayoS1976
- Balsamocitrus dawei | AlayoS1976
- Casimiroa | MillerDa2005
- Citrus | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 MillerDa2005 | (= Feronia) (= Feroniella pentaphylla)
- Citrus aurantiifolia | Vilard1974 | (= Citrus macrophylla)
- Citrus aurantium | AlayoS1976 CulikMaVe2008
- Citrus limon | AlayoS1976
- Citrus maxima | Muraka1970 WilliaWa1988 | (= Citrus grandis)
- Citrus medica | PorcelPe2019
- Citrus paradisi | AlayoS1976
- Citrus sinensis | Mamet1948
- Citrus unshiu | Muraka1970
- Limonia acidissima | AlayoS1976 Borchs1966
- Micromelum minutum | Hinckl1963
- Murraya koenigii | HayatAlAg1975
- Murraya paniculata | AlayoS1976 Maxwel1902 | (= Murraya exotica)
- Swinglea glutinosa | AlayoS1976 | (= Limonia glutinosa)
- Zanthoxylum | HodgsoHi1990 MillerDa2005
- Zanthoxylum fagara | LincanHoCa2010
- Zanthoxylum martinicense | AlayoS1976
- Salicaceae
- Salix | MillerDa2005
- Salix babylonica | AlayoS1976
- Salix humboldtiana | AlayoS1976 | (= Salix chilensis)
- Santalaceae
- Viscum | MillerDa2005
- Sapindaceae
- Dodonaea viscosa | FerrisRa1947
- Litchi chinensis | WilliaWa1988
- Melicoccus | MillerDa2005
- Melicoccus bijugatus | AlayoS1976
- Sapindus | FerrisRa1947
- Sapotaceae
- Planchonella obovata | Tao1999 | (= Pouteria obovata)
- Schoepfiaceae
- Schoepfia | Butche1959
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum | Cooley1898
- Capsicum annuum | WilliaWa1988
- Capsicum frutescens | WilliaWa1988
- Cestrum diurnum | AlayoS1976
- Datura metel | WilliaWa1988
- Solanum | MayneGh1934 MillerDa2005
- Solanum erianthum | AlayoS1976
- Solanum lycopersicum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Solanum melongena | Beards1966
- Solanum seaforthianum | AlayoS1976
- Solanum torvum | AlayoS1976
- Solanum wendlandii | AlayoS1976
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala madagascariensis | AlayoS1976
- Strelitzia | MillerDa2005 WilliaBu1987
- Symplocaceae
- Symplocos | Ali1967a
- Urticaceae
- Laportea | WilliaWa1988
- Soleirolia | AbouEl2001
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana involucrata | Beatty1944 ColonFMe1998
- Lantana peduncularis | LincanHoCa2010
- Stachytarpheta | WilliaWa1988
- Vitaceae
- Cissus | MillerDa2005
- Vitis | MillerDa2005
- Vitis tiliifolia | MestreHaEv2011
- Vitis vinifera | AlayoS1976 Cooley1898
- Zamiaceae
- Dioon edule | AlayoS1976
- Zamia | TippinBe1970
- Zingiberaceae
- Alpinia purpurata | WilliaWa1988
- Zingiber officinale | WilliaWa1988
- Zygophyllaceae
- Tetraena fontanesii | LagowsGoHo2022
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 22
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | AhmadGh1972 | (= Azotus)
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Fulmek1943 Ruhl1913 | (= Aphelinus quaylei)
- Aphytis diaspidis | DeSilv1961 Ruhl1913 | (= Aphelinus fuscipennis)
- Aphytis melinus | AhmadGh1972
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | MyartsRuCo2016
- Aphytis pinnaspidis | MyartsRu2000
- Coccobius fulvus | RehmatAnKh2011 Sankar1984 | (= Coccobius albipodus)
- Encarsia | AhmadGh1972 Sankar1984 | (= Prospaltella)
- Encarsia aurantii | DeSilv1961 | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
- Encarsia berlesei | DeSilv1961 | (= Prospaltella berlesei)
- Encarsia citrina | HertinSi1972 HuangPo1998 Ruhl1913 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia gaonae | MyartsRuCo2016
- Encarsia lounsburyi | Simmon1957 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
- Encarsia peruviana | Fulmek1943
- Eretmocerus | AriasCRoHe2022
- Marietta | Sankar1984
- Cecidomyiidae
- Dentifibula | Sankar1984
- Cheyletidae
- Cheletogenes ornatus | Watson2022a
- Cheyletogenes ?ornatus | MalumpSaHa2015
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus nigritus | Sankar1984
- Microscymnus | Mosque1976
- Pentilia | AriasCRoHe2022
- Pharoscymnus | Sankar1984
- Pharoscymnus flexibilis | GhaniMu1974
- Pharoscymnus horni | Sankar1984
- Pharoscymnus simmondsi | GhaniMu1974
- Sticholotis | AhmadGh1972
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | Sankar1984
- Cybocephalus semiflavus | AhmadGh1972 Lesche2000
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus coxalis | HayatAlAg1975
- Adelencyrtus funicularis | Mani1976
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | Simmon1957
- Habrolepis apicalis | Fulmek1943
- Plagiomerus | Sankar1984
- Eupelmidae
- Eupelmus coccidivorus | Fulmek1943
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonSc1981
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | Fulmek1943
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Fulmek1943
- Signiphora lutea | Fulmek1943
- Thysanus rusti | Fulmek1943 | (= Neosigniphora nigra)
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 128
- Agalega Islands | Mamet1936a
- Andaman Islands | Watson2022a
- Angola | Brain1920 FerrisRa1947 Leonar1914
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | RileyHo1893
- Ascension Island | MalumpWhHa2015
- Australia
- South Australia | Brooke1964
- Bahamas | Watson2022a
- Barbados | Dash1916
- Benin | Brain1920 FerrisRa1947 Marcha1909a
- Bermuda | Simmon1957
- Bolivia | NormarOkMo2019
- Brazil
- Amazonas | Foldi1988
- Bahia | Azeved1923aA CastroLiWo2020
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Minas Gerais | Watson2022a
- Pernambuco | CarvalCa1939
- Rio Grande do Sul | WolffCo1994
- Rio de Janeiro | SilvadGoGa1968
- Sao Paulo | MartinWoCu2022
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | Mamet1943a
- British Virgin Islands | MalumpSaHa2015
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014
- Cameroon | Nakaha1982
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- Cape Verde | Fernan1972
- Cayman Islands | Maxwel1902
- Chile | Charli1972
- China
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Hua2000
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tang1986
- Hainan | Tao1999
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- Christmas Island | Nakaha1982
- Colombia | Figuer1952 Mosque1976
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Costa Rica | SuhJi2009
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | CouturMaRi1985
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cuba | AlayoS1976 MestreHaEv2011 Myers1926
- Curaçao | Reyne1964
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | MayneGh1934
- Dominica | Watson2022a
- Dominican Republic | Russo1929
- Ecuador | Ebelin1959
- Egypt | AbouEl2001
- El Salvador | Berry1959
- Eritrea | Watson2022a
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Beards1966
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Truk Islands | Beards1966
- Yap | Beards1966
- Fiji | FerrisRa1947 Simmon1924a
- France | Germai2008
- French Guiana | Watson2022a
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | FerrisRa1947 WilliaWa1988
- Galapagos Islands | Willia1977ML
- Gambia | Nakaha1982
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | HertinSi1972
- Ghana | Nakaha1982 Newste1917b
- Grenada | Cocker1896d WoodruBeSk1998
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006 Meurge2011
- Guam | Beards1966
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Guinea | Cocker1902b FerrisRa1947
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | BenDovShMi1985
- Hawaiian Islands | MillerDa2005
- Hawaii | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Kauai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Lanai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Maui | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Molokai | Heu2002
- Niihau | BeardsTu1959 Nakaha1981a
- Oahu | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Honduras | JansenAl2023
- Hungary | Watson2022a
- India | FerrisRa1947
- Andhra Pradesh | HayatAlAg1975
- Assam | Watson2022a
- Bihar | Watson2022a
- Goa | Watson2022a
- Jammu & Kashmir | Varshn2002
- Karnataka | Sankar1984
- Kerala | RamachRa1934
- Maharashtra | Watson2022a
- Tamil Nadu | SureshMo1996
- Tripura | GangulGh1964
- West Bengal | Green1908a
- Indonesia
- Irian Jaya | Reyne1961 WilliaWa1988
- Java | Ali1969a
- Iran | Moghad2013a
- Italy | PellizDa1997
- Jamaica | Cocker1893b
- Japan | Kuwana1902
- Honshu | TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Nickel1979
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Kiribati | Beards1966
- Gilbert Islands | Beards1966
- Liberia | Watson2022a
- Madagascar | Mamet1951
- Malaysia | YunusHo1980
- Sarawak | Watson2022a
- Mali | Vilard1974
- Marshall Islands | Beards1966
- Mauritania | BalachMa1970
- Mauritius | Mamet1949 WilliaWi1988
- Mexico
- Baja California Sur | MyartsRu2000
- Oaxaca | FerrisRa1947
- Quintana Roo | NormarOkMo2019
- Sinaloa | MyartsRu2000
- Tamaulipas | NormarOkMo2019
- Veracruz | FerrisRa1947
- Midway Islands | Suehir1960
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- Nepal | Nakaha1982
- New Caledonia | Cohic1958 WilliaWa1988
- Nicobar Islands | Watson2022a
- Nigeria | Cooley1899
- Niue | WilliaWa1988
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Rota Island | Beards1966
- Oman | Watson2022a
- Pakistan | AhmadGh1972
- Palau | Beards1966
- Panama | Cooley1899 NormarOkMo2019
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Peru | RosenDe1978
- Philippines
- Luzon | Cocker1905f
- Poland | DanzigPe1998 Komosi1961
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | NakahaMi1981
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1954a
- Rodriques Island | Nakaha1982
- Saint Croix | MiskimBo1970 Nakaha1983
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Saint Kitts | Gordon1978
- Saint Lucia | Malump2012b
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Watson2022a
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Principe | Simmon1969
- Sao Tome | Simmon1969
- Saudi Arabia | Shalab1961
- Senegal | Brain1920 FerrisRa1947 Leonar1914
- Seychelles | Nakaha1982
- Sierra Leone | Watson2022a
- Singapore | Nakaha1982
- Slovenia | Seljak2008
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Somalia | PorcelPe2019
- South Africa | Brain1920 GroveDeDa2013 Leonar1914
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 Suh2014
- Sri Lanka | FerrisRa1947
- Sudan | Watson2022a
- Suriname | JansenAl2023
- Taiwan | FerrisRa1947
- Tanzania | Nakaha1982
- Thailand | Nakaha1982
- Togo | Newste1908b
- Tokelau | WilliaWa1988
- Tonga | Dumble1954 WilliaWa1988
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Maxwel1902
- Tuvalu | WilliaWa1988
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- Uganda | GreathPo1977
- United Kingdom
- England | BoratyWi1964 Green1934d
- United States
- Alabama | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- California | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
- Florida | Cooley1899 Dekle1954 MillerDa2005
- Georgia | TippinBe1970
- Louisiana | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Maryland | MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Texas | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987
- Venezuela | Ballou1945
- Vietnam | Nakaha1982
- Wake Island | Beards1966
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Zanzibar | Mansfi1920
Keys
- MoghadWa2021: pp.201 ( Adult (F) ) [Pinnaspis in Iran]
- WolffEfDa2018: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Secies recorded on Olea europaea in Brazil]
- CaballRaKo2017: pp.498 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccomorpha of sugarcane from Colombia]
- Suh2014: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis from Korea]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-21 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.119 ( ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis of Puerto Rico]
- Gill1997: pp.230 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Pinnaspis]
- Danzig1993: pp.312 ( ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.212 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- HowardOl1985: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Pinnaspis species of Louisiana]
- Chen1983: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Pinnaspis]
- Paik1978: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Beards1966: pp.554 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to known Micronesian species of Pinnaspis]
- Takagi1963c: pp.68 ( ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Takagi1961a: pp.75 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis of Japan]
- McKenz1956: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Balach1954e: pp.277 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- FerrisRa1947: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Hall1946a: pp.529 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Ethiopian species of Pinnaspis] Key as: Pinnaspis marchali, Pinnaspis gossypii
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:60 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis] Key as: Pinnaspis temporaria
- Archan1929: pp.190 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis] Key as: Pinnaspis minor
- MacGil1921: pp.341, 343, 344 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hemichionaspis] Key as: Hemichionaspis marchali, H. minor strachani, H. townsendi
- Cocker1902b: pp.82 ( ) [Key to species of Hemichionaspis] Key as: Hemichionaspis marchali
- Cooley1899: pp.45 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hemichionaspis] Key as: Hemichionaspis minor
Remarks
- Systematics: GenBank accession numbers DQ145376, DQ145488, GQ425020, DQ873260 and DQ868848 were previously determined to be Pinnaspis hibisci, but Normark, et al., 2019, referred these numbers to Pinnaspis strachani.. Ferris & Rao (1947) state that most references to Hemichionaspis minor Maskell probably refer to this species. Many authors have misidentified strachani as minor such as Green (1908a, 1934d), Mamet (1943a) and Boratynski & Williams (1964). Rugman-Jones, et al. (2009) state that this species can be separated from other pests on "Hass" avocados by using the polymerase chair reacion (PCR) on ribosomal DNA.
- Structure: Female scale white or slightly gray. Adult female with median pygidial lobes somewhat variable in size and form but usually moderately large and projecting somewhat past the neighboring structures, their lateral margins twice or thrice-notched (Ferris & Rao, 1947). Dorsal preanal sclerosis on each side of the pygidium and second lobes often reduced, with their apices not projecting as far posteriorly as those of median lobes (Watson 2022a).
- Biology: Hadzibejli (1983) indicated that there was a full generation and a partial second in the warmer parts of Georgia. According to Johnston and Lyon (1976) lesser snow scale engages in continuous reproduction in the subtropics, producing several generations each year. The development in Cuba was 22.6 and 44.5 days for males and females, respectively on grapefruit (Fernandez et al. 1996). The biology of this species probably is very similar to the life history of the fern scale. Brown (1965) sampled populations on various hosts from Mexico, Jamaica, Brazil, and Peru and found only the diaspidoid sexual chromosome system. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Considered to be a pest of soursop in Costa Rica (Soto & Saunders, 2001). Beardsley and González (1975), Miller and Davidson (1990), and Arnett (1985) treat this species as a serious pest. According to Rosen and DeBach (1978) the cotton white scale of Peru is probably the same as the lesser snow scale. Based on the material in the U.S. National Museum, we agree. This pest was first noted in Peru in 1905 on perennial cotton in the Rio Piura and Chira cotton districts. A poorly documented biological control program was carried out during 1909 1912. Introduced parasites along with changes in cotton cultivation practices were credited with providing economically satisfactory control of lesser snow scale in Peru. This scale has seriously damaged coconut palm in Guam (Vandenberg 1929). Bondar (1926) considered it to be a pest of pineapple in Brazil, while Gowdey (1925) reported it as the worst pest of citrus in Jamaica. It occasionally causes serious damage to Hibiscus spp. in the Seychelles (Dupont 1918), New Caledonia (Cohic 1958), and Florida (Dekle 1965). It also is reported as a pest on tamarind (Butani 1978), citrus (Delucchi 1975, Fernandez et al. 1998), black pepper (Koya et al. 1996), arecanut (Areca catechu) (Nair et al. 1963), olives (Canales Canales and Valdivieso, 1999), and several wild plants (Sankaran et al. 1984). (Miller & Davidson, 2005). In Colombia, it has only been found on sugarcane in the department of Caldas. P. strachani can now be considered an important pest in jackfruit orchards, infesting fruits and affecting their aesthetic quality. Moreover, it is difficult to eliminate the scales during the packaging process. (Arias-Corpuz, et al., 2022)
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris & Rao (1947) and Takagi (1970). Color photograph in Watson (2022a).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 37
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 187
- AhmadGh1970: taxonomy, 106
- AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 95
- AlayoS1976: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16-18
- Ali1967a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65-66
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AlvareLiLu2020: phylogeny, 5
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- AnneckPr1974: biological control, distribution, 38
- Archan1929: taxonomy, 190
- AriasCRoHe2022: distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, 84, 88
- Azeved1923aA: 153
- Balach1954e: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 277, 284-288
- Balach1959a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 363
- BalachMa1970: distribution, 1083
- Ballou1945: distribution, host, 18, 94
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 261
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 554, 555-557
- BeardsTu1959: distribution, host, 58
- Beccar1971: distribution, host, 195
- BenDovShMi1985: distribution, host, 2128
- Berry1959: distribution, host, 228, 244
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 13
- BoratyWi1964: distribution, 88
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 114
- Brain1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 104-105
- Brooke1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18
- Butche1959: distribution, host, 364
- CaballRaKo2017: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, key, 495
- CaballRaRa2020: host, 169
- CampbeLaHu2014: phylogeny, 532
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46
- CarvalCa1939: 30
- CastroLiWo2020: distribution, host, illustration,
- CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 8
- CharleHe2002: distribution, taxonomy, 590,609
- Charli1972: distribution, 216
- ChatteBo1934: biological control, 8
- Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24-26, 115
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 92, 95-96
- Chou1986: illustration, 497
- Cocker1893b: 160
- Cocker1896d: distribution, host, 307
- Cocker1902b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 82-83
- Cocker1905f: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 135
- Cohic1956: distribution, host, 17, 25, 74
- Cohic1958: distribution, host, 18, 22, 25, 29, 34
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 121-122
- Cooley1898: distribution, host, taxonomy, 89-90
- Cooley1899: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45, 52-55
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- CotoSa2001: economic importance, 60
- CouturMaRi1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 278-279
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 312, 316-317
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 335-336
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, phylogeny, 82
- Dash1916: 42
- DeBachRo1976: economic importance, taxonomy, 175
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 117
- DeSant1979: biological control, 252
- DeSilv1961: biological control, distribution, 121
- Dekle1954: distribution, host, 227
- Dekle1965a: distribution, host, 1-2
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13, 114
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132
- Dumble1954: distribution, host, 45, 112
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Ebelin1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 227, 250, 273, 279,
- EfromRoWo2019: distribution, host, 126
- FDACS2010: distribution, host, 4
- FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 7
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 240, 241
- Fernan1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 13-14
- Ferris1942: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SIV-407, SIV-446:60
- FerrisRa1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 26, 28, 29, 36, 37,
- Figuer1946: 215
- Figuer1952: distribution, 210
- Foldi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 86
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 35
- GangulGh1964: distribution, host, 359
- Garcia1930: distribution, host, 70
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 3
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- GermaiVaMa2010: distribution, 127
- GersonSc1981: biological control, economic importance, 201
- GhaniMu1974: biological control, distribution, host, 63
- Gill1997: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 230, 233-234
- GonzalAt1984: distribution, host, 214, 221
- Gordon1978: 206
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 631
- GreathPo1977: biological control, distribution, 268
- Green1908a: 39
- Green1928a: distribution, host, 31
- Green1934d: 112-113
- GreveIs1983: distribution, economic importance, 109
- GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
- GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 379
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 185-186, 275
- Hall1946a: distribution, taxonomy, 529, 550
- HayatAlAg1975: biological control, distribution, host, 79
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 189
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 50
- HillNe1982: distribution, 228
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 55-56
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 7
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 26
- HowardOl1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61-62
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 158
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 27,34
- Kawai1980: taxonomy, 304
- Komosi1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 226-228
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 28
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 75
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, 16
- Kuwana1926: distribution, taxonomy, 36, 38, 40
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 10
- Leonar1914: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 193-195
- Leonar1933: distribution, 106
- Lesche2000: biological control, 919
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 5
- Lindin1914: taxonomy, 244
- Lindin1928: structure, 107
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 143
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 551
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 371
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 341, 343, 344
- Mallam1954: distribution, 115
- Malump2012b: distribution, host, illustration, 208,211,212
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 78
- MalumpSaHa2015: distribution, host, illustration, 285-288
- MalumpWhHa2015: distribution, host, 135
- Mamet1936a: distribution, host, 153
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 166
- Mamet1948: distribution, host, 25
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 47-48
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 229
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 20
- Mamet1954a: distribution, host, 264, 265
- Mamet1957: distribution, host, 369, 377
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 384
- Mani1976: biological control, distribution, 68
- Mansfi1920: 147
- Marcha1909a: distribution, host, 587
- Marcha1909d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177-178
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 42
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 7
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-118
- Matile1976a: economic importance, 2
- Matile1977: taxonomy, 151
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40, 56
- Matile1978a: taxonomy, 37
- Matile1984c: distribution, host, 222
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- Maxwel1902: distribution, taxonomy, 251
- MayneGh1934: distribution, host, 36
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- McComb1986: distribution, host, 69
- McDani1973: taxonomy, 390
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 151-153
- Mead1982: distribution, host, 3
- Medler1980: distribution, 89
- Merril1953: distribution, host, 72
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 13
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MillarChMc2012: host, 497
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 344
- MiskimBo1970: distribution, host, 31
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 29
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 48
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 12, 201, 202-204, 249
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- Mosque1973: description, distribution, host, 61
- Mosque1976: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59, 94
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 93
- MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, host, 12, 25
- MyartsRuCo2016: distribution, host, natural enemies, 82
- Myers1926: distribution, host, 107
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 403-404
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 70-71
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 14
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 35
- Newste1906a: taxonomy, 74
- Newste1907a: distribution, 10
- Newste1908b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 37
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133
- Nickel1979: distribution, 61
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 199, 261
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, genebank, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 29, 40, 73, S6
- OtanesBu1935: economic importance, 168
- OtanesBu1939: economic importance, host, 365
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 375, 378-379
- PanisFeTo1974: distribution, host, 24
- PellizDa1997: distribution, host, 175
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 504
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 317
- PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- PorcelPe2019: distribution, host, 186
- RamachRa1934: distribution, host, 70
- Ramakr1937: distribution, host, 146
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, host, 275
- Reyne1961: distribution, host, 167
- Reyne1964: distribution, host, 99
- RileyHo1893: 50
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 38-39
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 469
- RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, host, 118-119
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RugmanMoSt2009: DNA sequencing, economic importance, taxonomy, 1948-1953
- Ruhl1913: biological control, 80
- Russo1929: 3
- Samway1984: biological control, 99
- Sander1909a: catalog, taxonomy, 49
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 35-36, 42
- SantosWo2015: distribution, host, illustration,
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 149
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215, 218-220
- SchmutPiKl1978: distribution, host, 330-331
- Seljak2008: distribution, host, 121-127
- Shalab1961: distribution, host, 216
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 178
- Simant1973: economic importance,
- Simmon1924a: distribution, host, 61
- Simmon1957: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 5
- Simmon1969: distribution, host, 21
- Suehir1960: 292
- Suh2014: distribution, host, 2,6
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 317, 329
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- SureshMo1996: distribution, host, 257-258
- SzentI1959: distribution, host, 426
- Takagi1961a: taxonomy, 71, 75
- Takagi1963c: taxonomy, 66, 68
- Takagi1969a: taxonomy, 24
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 108-110
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 11
- Tang1977: taxonomy, 164
- Tang1986: distribution, host, illustration, 298
- Tao1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-106
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 110
- TippinBe1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 72
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
- Vayssi1930: distribution, host, 404
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 196
- Vilard1974: distribution, host, 73-75
- WalkerDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 76
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, 12
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- Watson2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 522
- Whitne1933: distribution, host, 67
- Willia1977ML: distribution, host, 95
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 227
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 95
- WilliaWa1988: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 71
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 35
- Wolcot1948: distribution, host, 178-179
- Wolff2014: distribution, host, 3
- WolffCo1994: 131-133
- WolffEfDa2018: distribution, host, key, 2-3
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution, taxonomy, 108
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 232
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 35
- Yust1958: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30, 55, 65
- YustCe1956: distribution, host, 428
- Zacher1913: economic importance, 224
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 169
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 387, 390
