Valid Names Results
Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853) (Diaspididae: Parlatoria)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus ziziphi Lucas 1853: xxix. Type data: FRANCE: on Ziziphus pinnachristi. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost.
- Chermes aurantii Boisduval 1867: 338-339. Type data: ALGERIA: Blidah, on Citrus sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by McKenz1945, 54). Notes: Types presumed lost.
- Parlatoria Lucassi Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 735. nomen nudum (discovered by Ferris1937, SI-84).
- Parlatoria zizyphi (Lucas, 1853); Signoret 1869a: 451. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria Lucasi (Boisduval, 1867); Targioni Tozzetti 1884: 398. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria ziziphe (Lucas, 1853); Osborn 1898: 227. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853); Grandpre & Charmoy 1899: 27. change of combination
- Parlatoria (Websteriella) Zizyphi (Lucas, 1853); Leonardi 1899a: 7. change of combination and misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria zizyphus (Lucas, 1853); Cockerell 1900: 349. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria ziziphus (Lucas, 1853); Fernald 1903b: 322. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria zyziphi (Lucas, 1853); Leonardi 1907: 118. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatorea zizyphi Lindinger 1912b: 108. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Parlatoria zozypium (Lindinger, 1912); Froggatt 1914: 601. misspelling of species epithet
- Parlatoria (Websteriella) ziziphus (Lucas, 1853); Ramakrishna Ayyar 1919: 26. change of combination
- Apteronidia ziziphi (Lucas, 1853); Lindinger 1934: 62. change of combination
- Diaspis ziziphus (Lucas, 1853); Lindinger 1934: 62. change of combination
- Parlatoreopsis ziziphi (Lucas, 1853); Kawai 1972: 23. change of combination
- Parlatoria ziziphii (Lucas, 1853); Bouazza & Guenaoui 2015. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- black parlatoria scale DeBachRo1976
- citrus parlatoria DanzigPe1998
- cochenille noire de l'oranger Foldi2001
- ebony scale Bedfor1998a
- Mediterranean scale VelasqRi1969
- escama parlatoria negra CoronaRuMo1997
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 14 | Genera: 19
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa | BlackbMi1984
- Arecaceae
- Cocos nucifera | Hua2000
- Phoenix | BlackbMi1984
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | UlgentErYa2022
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | Mamet1943a | Blackburn & Miller (1984) believe this record to be erroneous.
- Mantidae
- Severinia | MillerDa2005
- Moraceae
- Ficus benjamina | ShafikHu1938 | (= Ficus nitida)
- Myrtaceae
- Psidium | Maskel1897a
- Oleaceae
- Ligustrum | Ferris1950a
- Orchidaceae
- Cymbidium | GrandpCh1899 Mamet1943a | Blackburn & Miller (1984) believe this to be erroneous.
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus | GhabboMo1996 MillerDa2005
- Ziziphus spina-christi | Lucas1853
- Rubiaceae
- Damnacanthus | Tao1999
- Rutaceae
- Atalantia buxifolia | Heu2002 MartinLa2011 Nakaha1981a | (= Severinia buxifolia)
- Citrus | Boisdu1867 ChenWo1936 MillerDa2005
- Citrus aurantiifolia | Green1914c Heu2002 Sankar1984 | (= Citrus acida)
- Citrus aurantium | Aysu1950 Beards1966 PellizPoSe2011 | including ssp.dulcis (= Citrus myrtifolia) (= Citrus bigaradia)
- Citrus clementina | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus japonica | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus limon | Hadzib1941 MartinLa2011 | (= Citrus limonium) (= Citrus limetta)
- Citrus maxima | Fuller1899 GhabboMo1996 Heu2002 Muraka1970 | (= Citrus decumana)(= Citrus grandis buntan)(= Citrus grandis)
- Citrus medica | ChenWo1936 GhabboMo1996 | including Citrus medica chirocarpa)
- Citrus nobilis | GhabboMo1996
- Citrus paradisi | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Citrus reticulata | ChenWo1936 ColonFMe1998 DeLott1967a Heu2002 Muraka1970 | (= Citrus deliciosa)(= Citrus nobilis deliciosa)
- Citrus sinensis | GhabboMo1996 Heu2002 MifsudMaRu2014
- Citrus trifoliata | Tao1999 | (= Citrus triptera)
- Citrus unshiu | Muraka1970
- Glycosmis pentaphylla | ChenWo1936
- Murraya | MillerDa2005
- Murraya paniculata | ChenWo1936 | (= Murraya exotica)
- Poncirus | MillerDa2005
- Sapindaceae
- Nephelium lappaceum | HernanNiMa2011
- Theaceae
- Camellia sinensis | Hua2000
Foes:
Families: 8 | Genera: 17
- Aphelinidae
- Aphelinus | Fulmek1943
- Aphytis | AhmadGh1972 BenassOnPa1973
- Aphytis aonidiae | NikolsYa1966
- Aphytis chrysomphali | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis proclia | HertinSi1972
- Encarsia brimblecombei | HuangPo1998 | (= Encarsia elongata)
- Encarsia citrina | Fulmek1943 HuangPo1998 Viggia1987 | (= Aspidiophagus citrinus)
- Encarsia lounsburyi | Dozier1933 Fulmek1943 HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiophagus lounsburyi)
- Encarsia tristis | HertinSi1972
- Marietta leopardina | AbdRab1999
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | Fulmek1943
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | BlackbMi1984
- Chilocorus nigritus | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus | Fulmek1943
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | BlackbMi1984
- Halmus chalybeus | BlackbMi1984 | (= Orcus chalybeus)
- Pharoscymnus ovoidus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Pharoscymnus taoi | BlackbMi1984
- Rhyzobius chrysomeloides | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017 StathaBoEl2005 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Coniopterygidae
- Coniopteryx | BelgueBiBe2017
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus fodori | Statha2008
- Cybocephalus rufifrons | HertinSi1972 | ssp. flaviceps
- Encyrtidae
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | HertinSi1972 | (= Mymariella parlatoreae)
- Habrolepis diaspidi | AbdRab1999 MansouGrSu2016 | (= Habrolepis aspidioti)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | Coorem1951 HertinSi1972
- Mymaridae
- Alaptus minutus | BlackbMi1984
- Arescon | HertinSi1972
- Tubeufiaceae
- Podonectria aurantii | XuZeLv2021
- Podonectria coccicola | XuZeLv2021
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Acaridae
- Monieziella mali | Coorem1951
- Cheyletidae
- Cheletogenes ornatus | Coorem1951
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 92
- Algeria | Boisdu1867 TaibiGaMe2016
- Andaman Islands | JoshiDu2020
- Argentina | Lizery1938
- Australia
- Northern Territory | Green1914c
- Western Australia | Maskel1896b
- Azerbaijan | Balach1953g
- Bangladesh | BlackbMi1984 NormarOkMo2019
- Barbados | BlackbMi1984
- Bermuda | HodgsoHi1990
- Brazil | BlackbMi1984
- Goias | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Sao Paulo | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tschor1939
- Burma (=Myanmar) | Clause1933
- Cameroon | Balach1953g
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- Central African Republic | BlackbMi1984
- China
- Beijing (=Peking) | Tao1999
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Cheo1935
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Cheo1935
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Tao1999
- Hainan | Tao1999
- Hebei (=Hopei) | Cheo1935
- Hubei (=Hupei) | Hua2000
- Hunan | Wang1936
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | ChenWo1936
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Tao1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | ChenWo1936
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Maskel1896b
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Hua2000
- Yunnan | Ferris1950a
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Cheo1935
- Colombia | BlackbMi1984 | RamosPeKo2017
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | BlackbMi1984
- Crete | Ayouta1940 PellizPoSe2011
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Cuba | Morris1939a
- Cyprus | Georgh1977
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1953g | MacharKiHe2021
- Dominica | Morris1939a
- Dominican Republic | BlackbMi1984
- Egypt | AbdRab1999 Newste1911
- Eritrea | DeLott1967a | HussaiAhTe2017
- Ethiopia | BlackbMi1984
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Truk Islands | BlackbMi1984
- France | Foldi2001 Lucas1853 Perrie1926
- Gambia | BlackbMi1984
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1941
- Germany | DanzigPe1998
- Ghana | BlackbMi1984
- Greece | Korone1934 NormarOkMo2019
- Guam | BlackbMi1984
- Guatemala | BlackbMi1984
- Guinea | BlackbMi1984
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Mamet1943a
- Haiti | Dozier1933 NormarOkMo2019
- Hawaiian Islands | Cocker1899q Kirkal1904b MillerDa2005
- Hawaii | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Kauai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Maui | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Molokai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Oahu | Heu2002 Zimmer1948
- India | ChenWo1936
- Tamil Nadu | Fletch1919
- West Bengal | Green1903a
- Indonesia
- Java | Kalsho1981 Morris1939a
- Sumatra | Clause1933
- Iran | Bodenh1944b KozarFoZa1996
- Israel | BlackbMi1984
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995 Osborn1898
- Sicily | Maskel1897 Monast1962 Morris1939a
- Jamaica | Fletch1919
- Japan | MillerDa2005
- Honshu | Muraka1970
- Kyushu | Kuwana1925
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Nickel1979
- Kenya | MacharKiKo2018
- Laos | BlackbMi1984
- Lebanon | BlackbMi1984
- Liberia | BlackbMi1984
- Libya | Lupo1947
- Malaysia | Bedfor1998a ChenWo1936
- Mali | BlackbMi1984
- Malta | Borg1919 MifsudMaRu2014 Newste1911
- Mauritius | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
- Morocco | LepineMi1931 Vayssi1920
- New Zealand | Morris1939a
- Nicobar Islands | JoshiDu2020
- Nigeria | Medler1980
- Pakistan | AhmadGh1972
- Palau | Beards1966
- Panama | BlackbMi1984
- Papua New Guinea | BlackbMi1984
- Peru | BlackbMi1984
- Philippines | CockerRo1915a
- Luzon | Robins1917
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Morris1939a
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998
- Romania | DanzigPe1998 Knecht1930
- Saint Croix | Nakaha1983
- Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995 Paoli1915
- Saudi Arabia | BlackbMi1984
- Senegal | Balach1953g
- Sierra Leone | Balach1953g
- Singapore | Fuller1899
- South Africa | BrainKe1917 Lounsb1914
- Spain | ChenWo1936
- Sri Lanka | Balach1953g
- Switzerland | Tao1999
- Syria | BlackbMi1984
- Taiwan | Maskel1897a
- Thailand | NakaoTaTa1977 Takaha1942b
- Togo | BlackbMi1984
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | BlackbMi1984
- Tunisia | ChenWo1936 Lupo1947
- Turkey | Aysu1950
- Turkmenistan | Lashin1956
- Ukraine | Terezn1986
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Terezn1968b
- United States
- Florida | MillerDa2005 Stocks2016b Wilson1917
- Venezuela | BlackbMi1984
- Vietnam | BlackbMi1984 DaoBeWa2018
Keys
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.188-189 ( Adult (F) ) [Parlatoria in Iran]
- DaoBeWa2018: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Citrus diaspidids in Viet Nam]
- RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
- Tanaka2010: pp.180-183 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Parlatoria species of Japan]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted adult females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.113 ( ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Puerto Rico]
- Danzig1993: pp.83 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Chou1985: pp.221 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Wang1982c: pp.78 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Paik1978: pp.369 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria] Key as: Parlatoria zizyphus
- Danzig1971d: pp.840 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]
- Beards1966: pp.550 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria known from Micronesia] Key as: Parlatoria zizyphus
- Takagi1960: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Japanese species of Parlatoria]
- Balach1958b: pp.321 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Ezzat1958: pp.249 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Egypt]
- GomezM1956: pp.54 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Balach1953g: pp.776 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- McKenz1952: pp.14 ( ) [Revised key to species of Parlatoria]
- Borchs1950b: pp.170 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Zimmer1948: pp.394 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria] Key as: Parlatoria zizyphus
- Hall1946a: pp.527 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Parlatoria species of the Ethiopian Region]
- McKenz1945: pp.78 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:58 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Morris1939a: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Fullaw1932: pp.96, 99 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
- Kuwana1925: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Japanese species of Parlatoria]
- Britto1923: pp.380 ( ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Connecticut]
- Hollin1923: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria in Missouri]
- Robins1917: pp.27 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Palmer1905: pp.145 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Newste1901b: pp.140 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
- Cocker1900k: pp.349 ( Adult (F) ) [Table to separate the commoner scales (Coccidae) of the orange] Key as: Parlatoria zizyphus
Remarks
- Systematics: Parlatoria ziziphi can be distinguished from all other species of Parlatoria by the earlike, marginal, prosomatic lobes laterad of the anterior spiracles; the rectangular, black scale cover and the white wax fringe that surrounds the posterior half of the cover (Blackburn & Miller, 1984).
- Structure: Female scale is long and black, due to the color of the exuviae which are so large that they cover nearly the whole scale. Male scale is dirty white with black exuviae (Comstock, 1883). The second instar male is broadly oval. Derm membranous except for the pygidium. The eyes very inconspicuous, visible as a pair of small marginal spots. Pygidium rounded, composed of 6-8 abdominal segments. Head and thorax nealy fused, metathorax and abdomenal segments 1-5 fairly well marked by intersegmental furrows. Anal opening nearly circular. Antennae reduced to small tubercles with a long stout seta at the base. The second instar males had a well developed gladular system, a pair of dorsal submedian setae on the 1st segment and three pairs of setae between antennae and anterior margin of clypeolabral shield. Second instar females differed from the second-instar males in less developed gladular system, lack of dorsal submedian setae on the 1st abdominal segment and lack of ventral setae between antennae and anterior margin of the clypeolabral shield. (Podsiadlo & Bugila, 2007)
- Biology: In the Levante region of Spain there are 3 to 5 generations each year (Gomez Clemente 1943). All stages of development can be found throughout the year. The adult female lays from 8 to 20 eggs which may serve as the overwintering form when they are laid in the fall (Gomez Clemente 1943). In the Caucasus, the scale produces 2 ½ generations each year, and overwinters in the second instar (Borchsenius 1950). In Taiwan, there are up to 7 generations each year; a generation requires about 42 days to develop from June to August and about 93 days during cooler weather. Depending on the season, the egg stage lasts 2-4 days, the first instar 6-13 days, the second instar 13-30 days, and the adult female lives 11-24 days. The oviposition period lasts 7-18 days (Chang and Tao 1963). There are 5 generations each year in Sicily, and the complete life cycle takes 30-40 days under favorable conditions (Monastero 1962). A generation requires 75-80 days in Tunisia during warm periods, and up to 160 days during cool periods (Bénassy and Soria 1964). (Miller & Davidson, 2005). P. ziziphi is biparental and oviparous and infests mainly the upper-leaf surfaces and the fruits of the sour-orange in Greece. All developmental stages are present throughout the year, indicating that the diaspidid completed several overlapping generations anually. The number of crawlers was very low during January and February, followed by a sharp increase in April. Male nymphs increased during April, June and July. A generation time of about 62 days was observed on sour-orange in the laboratory. (Stathas, et al., 2008)
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Parlatoria ziziphi can cause dieback in twigs, premature drop of fruit and leaves and deformation of fruit, but it is most serious as a fruit contaminant (Blackburn & Miller, 1984). The black parlatoria scale has long been considered one of the major pests of citrus in certain areas. It is reported as important in the following countries: Brazil (Gravena et al. 1992), China (Chen 1936), Egypt (Coll and Abd-Rabou 1998, Hosny 1943), Iran (Zoebelein 1966), Italy (Liotta 1970), Libya (Martin 1954), Nigeria (Boboye 1971), Puerto Rico (Cruz and Segarra 1991), Taiwan (Chang and Tao 1963), and Tunisia (Bénassy and Soria 1964). Talhouk (1975) in his treatment of citrus pests of the world, lists black parlatoria scale as economically important in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and southeast Asia; he lists it as causing some damage in Greece, Italy, Spain, Israel, Egypt, and South Africa. He noted that in some countries the scale may not be considered a pest, but populations occasionally become a problem in localized areas. Rose (1990b) also included the black parlatoria scale as an important pest of citrus in many parts of the world. Heavy infestations of this scale cause chlorosis and premature drop of leaves, die back of twigs and branches, stunting and distortion of fruit, and premature fruit drop. Perhaps the most characteristic damage is the virtually unremovable scale cover on the fruit. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this to be one of 43 major armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) treated it as a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). In the northwestern Algeria a study showed that almost Citrus species were heavily infested with a rate of scales varying from 80% to 99%. (Bouazza & Guenaoui, 2015)
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Takagi (1969a) and Blackburn & Miller (1984). This species is often taken on fruit in markets. For example it has been reported in Iowa (Osborn, 1898), Mississippi (Herrick, 1911), and Missouri (Hollinger, 1923) in stores, but the species is not established in these states. Detailed descriptions and photographs of all stages of male and female in Jendoubi, et al., 2020.
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab1999: biological control, distribution, 1122
- AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 174, 176
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 37
- AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 94
- Ali1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 80
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AnneckPr1974: biological control, distribution, 38
- Argyri1977: distribution, host, 360
- ArouaKaAc2020: control, ecology, host,
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- Ayouta1940: distribution, 3M
- Aysu1950: distribution, host, 112
- Balach1953g: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 776, 779-782
- Balach1958b: description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, taxonomy, 321, 332-334
- BatcheWe1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 715
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 261
- BazaroSh1970: distribution, taxonomy, 110
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 550, 552
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- Bedfor1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 130
- Bedfor1998a: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 159
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127, 129
- Bellio1929a: distribution, host, 243
- BenassOnPa1973: biological control, 118
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 509
- BlackbMi1984: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-13
- Blanch1939: distribution, host, 30
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 86, 97
- Boisdu1867: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 338-339
- Borchs1934: distribution, taxonomy, 21
- Borchs1936: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 119-120
- Borchs1937: distribution, taxonomy, 102
- Borchs1949d: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 196
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 170
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 199-200
- Borg1919: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22-23
- Borg1922: distribution, host, taxonomy, 79-81
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 11
- BouazzGu2015: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, 793-798
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 213-214
- Brain1929: distribution, host, 141
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 185
- BrandtBo1948: illustration, taxonomy, 18
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 380, 381
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, distribution, host, 47
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- CaveRe1996: distribution, economic importance, host, 8, 14, 15, 18, 20
- CharleHe2002: distribution, taxonomy, 590,609
- Chen1936: distribution, host, taxonomy, 210, 226-227
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 103
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 222-224
- Chou1986: illustration, 641
- Clause1933: distribution, host, 17
- Cocker1894: distribution, host, 33, 35
- Cocker1899q: distribution, 164
- Cocker1900k: host, taxonomy, 349
- CockerRo1915a: distribution, host, 426
- CollAb1998:
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 117-118
- Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 115
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 574, 576
- Coorem1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 30-31, 33
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 840
- Danzig1972: distribution, taxonomy, 219-220
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 83, 84-85
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 332
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, key, morphology, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: distribution, host, key, 1022, 1029, 1030, 1031
- DeBachRo1976: economic importance, 175
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 117
- DelGue1906: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 265-266
- Dingle1924: taxonomy, 371
- Dozier1933: biological control, distribution, 89
- Dumble1954: distribution, host, 44
- Ehrhor1907: distribution, host, 25-26
- ElimemJeLa2022: distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 249
- FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 70
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, structure, 322
- Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 22, 75
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-84, SI-90
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:58
- Ferris1950a: distribution, host, 76
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 298
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 304
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 28
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- Fonsec1978: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 287-291
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 15,24
- FrankKr1900: distribution, host, 104
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, 601, 603
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, 28, 30
- Fullaw1932: description, distribution, taxonomy, 96, 99
- Fuller1897b: distribution, host, 1344
- Fuller1899: distribution, host, 467
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 10, 57
- Gavalo1932: distribution, host, 140
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 243
- Georgh1977: distribution, 152
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Ghabbo1999: taxonomy, 86
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 355
- Ghesqu1932: distribution, host, 59
- GithaeOnNd2021: distribution, host, 81
- Gogibe1938: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 44-45
- GomezC1943: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 310-312
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 145-150
- GomezM1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55-61
- Goot1935: distribution, host, 15
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, 36
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 631
- GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, taxonomy, 7, 27
- Greath1973: distribution, host, 30
- Green1903a: distribution, host, 102
- Green1914c: distribution, host, 233
- GuenaoDeAl2003: ecology, 135
- Guo1992: taxonomy, 2
- Hadzib1941: distribution, host, 186
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, 197, 276
- Hall1922: distribution, host, 45, 46
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 527
- Herber1922: physiology, 284
- HernanNiMa2011: host, 379-380
- Herric1911: distribution, host, 12
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 188
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 48
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 6
- Hollin1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34, 35-36, 67
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 199
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 157
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859, 1871, 1910
- HussaiAhTe2017: chemical control, distribution, host, 1226-1230
- Imamku1966: distribution, host, 49
- Jannon1940: distribution, economic importance, 243
- JendouGaRu2020: diagnosis, illustration,
- JoshiDu2020: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
- Kalsho1981: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 165
- Kalsho1981: description, economic importance, host, 165
- Kaussa1946a: distribution, host, 8
- Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 17
- Kaussa1970: distribution, host, 6-7
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 23
- Kawai1977: distribution, taxonomy, 23
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 194
- KhaladGu2019: distribution, ecology,
- King1899c: distribution, host, 228
- Kiritc1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
- Kirkal1902: distribution, taxonomy, 110
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- Knecht1930: distribution, 237
- Komosi1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 208, 228-230
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36-39
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 68
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 200
- Kuwana1925: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 6-7
- Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 124
- LattinOm1983: distribution, economic importance, 112
- Leonar1899a: taxonomy, 209
- Leonar1903a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5, 38-42
- Leonar1907a: illustration, taxonomy, 118
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 137, 140-145
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 247
- Lindin1912b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 246, 108
- Lindin1921: distribution, host, 434
- Lindin1928: taxonomy, 105
- Lindin1934: taxonomy, 15, 62
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 142
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 150
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 371
- Lizery1938: distribution, host, 355
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
- Lounsb1914: distribution, host, 9
- Lucas1853: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, xxix
- Lupo1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40, 41-47
- Lupo1957a: distribution, host, illustration, 426-427
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 252
- MacharKiHe2021: distribution, host, 5-6
- Mallam1954: distribution, host, 119
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 165
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, 44
- MansouGrSu2016: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, natural enemies, 8-9
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 60
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 44
- Maskel1896a: distribution, host, 225
- Maskel1896b: distribution, host, 386-387
- Maskel1897: distribution, host, taxonomy, 301-302
- Maskel1897a: distribution, host, 241
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- McKenz1943: taxonomy, 155
- McKenz1945: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52, 53, 54, 55, 76-7
- McKenz1952: taxonomy, 14
- Medler1980: distribution, 89
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 512
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 336
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 48
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 188, 199-200, 249
- MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 99-101
- Monast1962: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 89-100
- Morris1939a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-28, 29
- MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 90
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 68
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 403
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 1
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 14
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 35
- NakaoTaTa1977: distribution, host, 65
- Newste1897a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 98
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 140, 148-151
- Newste1906: distribution, economic importance, illustration, 71
- Newste1907a: distribution, host, 15
- Newste1911: distribution, economic importance, host, 91
- Nickel1979: distribution, economic importance, host, 43
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 206
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 28, 84, S6
- Osborn1898: distribution, host, 227
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 201
- Palmer1905: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 133-135, 145
- Panis1975: biological control, distribution, 151
- Paoli1915: distribution, host, 268
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 63
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,72
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 122
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, host, 477,487,503
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,298
- PerezG2008: distribution, 214
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- Perrie1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 126
- PodsiaBu2008: description, host, illustration, 51-53
- Priore1964: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 154
- PruthiBa1960: distribution, host, 29
- PruthiMa1945: distribution, economic importance, host, 12
- Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
- RamosPeKo2017: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration, key, 8139, 8145-8146
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, 275
- Reyne1961: distribution, 122
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- Rungs1950: biological control, 10
- Russo1951: biological control, distribution, 90
- Samway1984: biological control, host, 99
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75-76
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 1, 33
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 19
- ShafikHu1938: chemical control, distribution, host, 395
- Signor1869d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 451-452
- Sigwal1971: distribution, host, life history, 5-15
- Silves1921: taxonomy, 1
- Silves1926a: biological control, distribution, 97, 100
- Silves1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 626, 820-821
- Smirno1950a: biological control, economic importance, 190-192
- StathaElJa2008: ecology, life history, 95-101
- Stocks2016b: description, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 1-2
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 320, 329
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
- TaibiGaMe2016: distribution, economic importance, 217-221
- Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36-37, 52
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 77-78
- Takaha1930: distribution, host, 43
- Takaha1937a: distribution, host, 74
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 44
- Tanaka2010: taxonomy, 180
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 126-127
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 86
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 107
- Targio1868: taxonomy, 735
- Targio1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 154-158
- Targio1884: distribution, host, taxonomy, 398
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 43
- Terezn1968b: distribution, host, 50
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20, 22
- Trabut1910: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 13-16
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
- Tschor1939: distribution, 90
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S121
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 13
- Vayssi1920: distribution, host, 257
- Viggia1987: biological control, 136
- Vilard1974: distribution, host, 75-76
- Voute1935: distribution, host, 47
- Wang1936: distribution, 386
- Wang1982c: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78, 82-83
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- Weber1930: distribution, taxonomy, 271, 391
- Weber1933: taxonomy, 568, 659
- WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 112
- Willco1922: distribution, host, 169
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 235
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 49
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 71
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 64
- Wise1977: distribution, taxonomy, 111
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 31, 73
- Wu1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 246-247
- XuZeLv2021: entomopathogenic fungi, 1
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 273-274
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 34
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 169
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 394, 404-405
