Valid Names Results
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret, 1873) (Coccidae: Palaeolecanium)Nomenclatural History
- Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 731. nomen nudum
- Lecanium pictum Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 731. nomen nudum (discovered by Signor1873a, 414). Notes: Type material lost.
- Lecanium bituberculatum Signoret 1873a: 414. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes and Hyeres, ITALY: Florence, on 'epine blanche'.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name
- Eulecanium bituberculatum; Fernald 1903b: 182. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
- Lecanium bituberculatum; Reh 1903: 407. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
- Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret, 1873); Šulc 1908: 36. change of combination
- Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Šulc 1908: 36. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
- Lecanium (Palaeolecanium) bituberculatum Signoret, 1873; Šulc 1932: 82. change of combination Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
- Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret, 1873); De Lotto 1971c: 148. change of combination
- Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 210. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
- Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Tang 1991: 185. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
- Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Kozár & Drozdjak 1991: 363. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
- alaeolecanium bituberculatum; Moghaddam 2009: 34. misspelling of genus name Notes: Misspeling of 'alaeolecanium' for 'Palaeolecanium'.
Common Names
- bituberculate scale KosztaKo1988F
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 5 | Genera: 10
- Betulaceae
- Corylus | Borchs1957
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | Borchs1957
- Moraceae
- Morus alba | Moghad2013a
- Rosaceae
- Crataegus | Bodenh1944a Bodenh1944b Hodgso1994a KotejaZa1983 KozarzRe1975 TerGri1954 Dougla1888 GomezM1965 Green1928 Martin1984MP
- Crataegus azarolus | BenDov1971 Hodgso1994a | including var aronia (= Crataegus aronia)
- Crataegus monogyna | Kaweck1936 Kozar1980 Kozar1983a KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979 Hodgso1994a KozarDr1991 KozarWa1986
- Cydonia | TerGri1954
- Cydonia oblonga | Borchs1957
- Malus | Aziz1977 Hodgso1994a TerGri1954 TerGri1962 UygunSeEr1998
- Malus domestica | BatsanKaKi2017 Hodgso1994a KotejaZa1983 Kozar1980 OzgokcYa1995 KozarDr1988 KozarKoAk1979 KozarzRe1975 | (= Pyrus malus)
- Malus pumila | KozarGuBa1994
- Malus sylvestris | KozarKoAk1979 | (including Malus sylvestris subsp. orientalis
- Mespilus germanica | Borchs1957
- Prunus | Bodenh1944b Borchs1957 KozarKoAk1979 TerGri1954
- Prunus cerasifera | Borchs1957 KozarKoAk1979 | (= Prunus divaricata)
- Prunus domestica | Borchs1957
- Prunus laurocerasus | Hadzib1983
- Prunus persica | KozarKoAk1979
- Prunus spinosa | Borchs1957
- Pyrus | TerGri1954
- Pyrus communis | KotejaZa1983 KozarKoAk1979
- Salicaceae
- Salix rosmarinifolia | Stalaz2021
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 4
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus differens | Ulgent2001
- Coccophagus insidiator | Schmut1972a
- Coccophagus lycimnia | Schmut1972a
- Coccophagus palaeolecanii | OzgokcYaKa2001
- Coccophagus scutellaris | Ulgent2001
- Coccinellidae
- Adalia | Ulgent2001
- Encyrtidae
- Microterys duplicatus | Ulgent2001
- Trichomasthus albimanus | Ulgent2001
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 37
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996
- Armenia | TerGri1954 TerGri1962 TerGri1966a
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan SSR | BenDov1993
- Bulgaria | BenDov1993 Tsalev1968
- Croatia | Masten2007
- Cyprus | BenDov1993
- Czech Republic | Kozar1987
- Denmark | BenDov1993
- France | BenDov1993 FoldiGe2018
- Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1993
- Germany | BenDov1993 SchmutHo2016
- Hungary | Kozar1970 Kozar1980 Kozar1991 KozarDr1988 KozarDr1991 KozarKiSa2004 KozarKo2002b KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979 KozarWa1986
- Iran | Bodenh1944b Kaussa1957 Moghad2009
- Iraq | Aziz1977 Bodenh1944a Bodenh1944b Hodgso1994a
- Israel | BenDov1993 Hodgso1994a
- Italy | BenDov1993 Hellri2004
- Kazakhstan | BenDov1993
- Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) | KozarOs1987
- Latvia | Stalaz2021
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Moldova | KozarOs1987
- Netherlands | BenDov1993
- Poland | Kaweck1935 KotejaZa1983 SimonKa2011
- Romania | Savesc1982
- Russia
- Caucasus | Hodgso1994a
- Volgograd Oblast | Gavril2004
- Sardinia | Melis1930
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Spain | GomezM1960O GomezM1965
- Sweden | Gertss2001
- Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BenDov1993
- Turkey | KaydanUlEr2007 KozarKoAk1979 OzgokcYa1995 UlgentTo2001 UygunSeEr1998
- Turkmenistan
- Ashkahabad Oblast | Potaev1993
- Ukraine | BenDov1993
- Odessa Oblast | BenDov1993
- United Kingdom
- England | Green1917a Green1925 Green1928 Hodgso1994a
- Uzbekistan | Hodgso1994a
- Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a
Keys
- DuroviSpUl2024: pp.490-491 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) ) [Eulecaniinae in Ankara]
- Hodgso2020: pp.221-223 ( Adult (M) ) [Coccidae species]
Remarks
- Systematics: Lecanium pictum Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731, is here regarded as a nomen nudum. The presence of eight or more pairs of eight-shaped pores (large dorsal microducts) in the medial area of the dorsum is a really obvious character that separates this species from others in the Eulecaninae. The second-instar male nymph of P. bituberculatum differs from that of S. prunastri by lacking heavily rimmed pores on the venter, and by having a long median line of tubular duct on the dorsum, whereas the second-instar male of S. prunastri has heavily rimmed pores present on the venter and lacks a median line of tubular ducts on the dorsum. The second-instar female nymphs of P. bituberculatum and S. prunastri both have spiracular clefts each containing 3 spiracular setae of unequal lengths, with the median seta longer than the lateral setae, but the species can be easily separated: S. prunastri has heavily rimmed pores on the venter, whereas these are absent from the second-instar female nymph of P. bituberculatum. (Durović, et al, 2024)
- Structure: First-instar nymph oval, yellowish green. Second-instar male nymph elongate oval, brownish pink. Second-instar female nymph broadly oval; brownish pink. (Durović, et al, 2024)
- Biology: Develops one annual generation in Europe. Overwintering in egg stage; eggs hatch during the blooming period of its rosaceous host plants; nymphs settle on leaves, on which the insects develop; adult females migrate to twigs at the end of June; oviposition in August-September (Schmutterer, 1952).
- Economic Importance: Lagowska (1984) found in Lublin, Poland that the frequency and infestation rate on fruit trees was higher in unprotected orchards than in protected ones.
- General Remarks: Good description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1920), Šulc (1932), Kosztarab & Kozar (1978; 1988), Tereznikova (1981), Yang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description and illustration of adult male by Giliomee (1967).
Illustrations
Citations
- AyazUlOz2015: distribution,
- Aziz1977: distribution, host, 47
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
- BenDov1993: catalog, 198
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 26,
- Bodenh1944a: distribution, host, 83
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 88
- Bolu2012: biological control, 110
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 344-347
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 295
- CamachCh2015: distribution, host, 8
- CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 216
- Cocker1896: distribution, 332
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 203
- Danzig1972c: distribution, host, 582
- DeLott1971: taxonomy, 148
- Dougla1888: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 59-61
- DuroviSpUl2024: description, diagnosis, illustration, key, nymph, 471-477
- Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 95
- Fernal1903b: 182,328
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- Gavril2004: distribution, host, 527
- Georgh1977: distribution, host, 148
- Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 132
- Giliom1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52-56
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- Goidan1962: distribution, host, life history, 269-284
- GomezM1960O: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 183-185
- GomezM1965: distribution, host, 112-113
- Green1917a: taxonomy, 201
- Green1925: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Green1928: distribution, host, 5
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 135-137
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 85
- Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 409-412
- Hodgso2020: key, 221
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
- Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 81
- KaydanKo2010: distribution, host, 201-204
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
- Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 113
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 254-255
- Kiritc1935: distribution, 2
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
- KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 163
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 14
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 110
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 210-213
- Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 249
- Koteja1974b: distribution, 80
- Koteja1976: structure, taxonomy, 276
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 479-480
- Kozar1970: distribution, host, 230
- Kozar1975: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-24
- Kozar1976a: distribution, economic importance, host, 35-47
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 67
- Kozar1983a: distribution, host, 146
- Kozar1987: distribution, 100
- Kozar1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 176-177
- Kozar1991: distribution, host, 82
- Kozar1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 317
- KozarDr1988: distribution, host, 209
- KozarDr1991: distribution, host, 363
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 65
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 154
- KozarJaKo1982: distribution, 333-338
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 58
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, host, 376
- KozarKoAk1979: distribution, economic importance, host, 535-542
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 72
- KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
- KozarSu1979: distribution, host, 235
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 95, 110, 129, 147, 166, 200
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
- KozarWa1986: distribution, host, 116
- Kozarz1992: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 81-82
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 24-25
- Lagows1984: distribution, economic importance, host, 9-17
- Lagows1986a: distribution, host, 175-176
- Lagows1987a: distribution, host, life history, 131-144
- Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 303-306
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 215,262,275
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 123
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, 21
- Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 72
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- Melis1930: distribution, host, 17
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9,34
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, 9
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 11
- Newste1903: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- OgurTu2018: ecology, reproduction, 381-387
- Ossian1951: distribution, host, 6
- OzgokcYa1995: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 163-174
- OzgokcYaKa2001: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 317-322
- OzturkUlEr2004: distribution, host, 5
- Potaev1993: distribution, host, 35,38
- Reh1903: distribution, host, 407-408
- Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-52
- Reyne1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
- Savesc1961: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 39
- Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 277-278
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 548-549
- Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 18
- Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 408
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 39
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 105
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 845,865
- Signor1873a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 414-415
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 238
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 458
- Sulc1908: taxonomy, 36
- Sulc1912: distribution, host, 34
- Sulc1932: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82-86
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137-143
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-186
- Targio1868: taxonomy, 731
- TerGri1956: chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 136-137
- TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 372
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 184
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 30
- Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 166-167
- Trembl1988a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
- Ulgent2001: biological control, distribution, host, 369-375
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
- UlgentTo2001: distribution, host, 213-217
- UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 207
- Wunn1937: distribution, host, 22