Valid Names Results

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret, 1873) (Coccidae: Palaeolecanium)

Nomenclatural History

Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 731. nomen nudum
Lecanium pictum Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 731. nomen nudum (discovered by Signor1873a, 414). Notes: Type material lost.
Lecanium bituberculatum Signoret 1873a: 414. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes and Hyeres, ITALY: Florence, on 'epine blanche'.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name
Eulecanium bituberculatum (Signoret, 1873); Fernald 1903b: 182. change of combination Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
Lecanium bituberculatum; Reh 1903: 407. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret, 1873); Šulc 1908: 36. change of combination
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Šulc 1908: 36. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
Lecanium (Palaeolecanium) bituberculatum Signoret, 1873; Šulc 1932: 82. change of combination Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret, 1873); De Lotto 1971c: 148. change of combination
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 210. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Tang 1991: 185. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Kozár & Drozdjak 1991: 363. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.
alaeolecanium bituberculatum; Moghaddam 2009: 34. misspelling of genus name Notes: Misspeling of 'alaeolecanium' for 'Palaeolecanium'.

Common Names

bituberculate scale KosztaKo1988F

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 5 | Genera: 10

Betulaceae

Corylus | Borchs1957

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia | Borchs1957

Moraceae

Morus alba | Moghad2013a

Rosaceae

Crataegus | Bodenh1944a Bodenh1944b Hodgso1994a KotejaZa1983 KozarzRe1975 TerGri1954 Dougla1888 GomezM1965 Green1928 Martin1984MP
Crataegus azarolus | BenDov1971 Hodgso1994a | including var aronia (= Crataegus aronia)
Crataegus monogyna | Hodgso1994a Kaweck1936 Kozar1980 Kozar1983a KozarDr1991 KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979 KozarWa1986 | (= Crataegus oxyacantha)
Cydonia | TerGri1954
Cydonia oblonga | Borchs1957
Malus | Aziz1977 Hodgso1994a TerGri1954 TerGri1962 UygunSeEr1998
Malus domestica | BatsanKaKi2017 Hodgso1994a KotejaZa1983 Kozar1980 OzgokcYa1995 KozarDr1988 KozarKoAk1979 KozarzRe1975 | (= Pyrus malus)
Malus pumila | KozarGuBa1994
Malus sylvestris | KozarKoAk1979 | (including Malus sylvestris subsp. orientalis
Mespilus germanica | Borchs1957
Prunus | Bodenh1944b Borchs1957 KozarKoAk1979 TerGri1954
Prunus cerasifera | Borchs1957 KozarKoAk1979 | (= Prunus divaricata)
Prunus domestica | Borchs1957 | (= Prunus communis)
Prunus laurocerasus | Hadzib1983
Prunus persica | KozarKoAk1979
Prunus spinosa | Borchs1957
Pyrus | TerGri1954
Pyrus communis | KotejaZa1983 KozarKoAk1979

Salicaceae

Salix rosmarinifolia | Stalaz2021

Foes:

Families: 3 | Genera: 4

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus differens | Ulgent2001
Coccophagus insidiator | Schmut1972a
Coccophagus lycimnia | Schmut1972a
Coccophagus palaeolecanii | OzgokcYaKa2001
Coccophagus scutellaris | Ulgent2001

Coccinellidae

Adalia fasciatopunctata revelierei | Ulgent2001

Encyrtidae

Microterys duplicatus | Ulgent2001
Trichomasthus albimanus | Ulgent2001

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 37

Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996

Armenia | TerGri1954 TerGri1962 TerGri1966a

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan SSR | BenDov1993

Bulgaria | BenDov1993 Tsalev1968

Croatia | Masten2007

Cyprus | BenDov1993

Czech Republic | Kozar1987

Denmark | BenDov1993

France | BenDov1993 FoldiGe2018

Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1993

Germany | BenDov1993 SchmutHo2016

Hungary | Kozar1970 Kozar1980 Kozar1991 KozarDr1988 KozarDr1991 KozarKiSa2004 KozarKo2002b KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979 KozarWa1986

Iran | Bodenh1944b Kaussa1957 Moghad2009

Iraq | Aziz1977 Bodenh1944a Bodenh1944b Hodgso1994a

Israel | BenDov1993 Hodgso1994a

Italy | BenDov1993 Hellri2004

Kazakhstan | BenDov1993

Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) | KozarOs1987

Latvia | Stalaz2021

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Moldova | KozarOs1987

Netherlands | BenDov1993

Poland | Kaweck1935 KotejaZa1983 SimonKa2011

Romania | Savesc1982

Russia

Caucasus | Hodgso1994a
Volgograd Oblast | Gavril2004

Sardinia | Melis1930

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

Spain | GomezM1960O GomezM1965

Sweden | Gertss2001

Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994

Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BenDov1993

Turkey | KaydanUlEr2007 KozarKoAk1979 OzgokcYa1995 UlgentTo2001 UygunSeEr1998

Turkmenistan

Ashkahabad Oblast | Potaev1993

Ukraine | BenDov1993

Odessa Oblast | BenDov1993

United Kingdom

England | Green1917a Green1925 Green1928 Hodgso1994a

Uzbekistan | Hodgso1994a

Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a

Keys

DuroviSpUl2024: pp.490-491 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) ) [Eulecaniinae in Ankara]
Hodgso2020: pp.221-223 ( Adult (M) ) [Coccidae species]

Remarks

Systematics: Lecanium pictum Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731, is here regarded as a nomen nudum. The presence of eight or more pairs of eight-shaped pores (large dorsal microducts) in the medial area of the dorsum is a really obvious character that separates this species from others in the Eulecaninae. The second-instar male nymph of P. bituberculatum differs from that of S. prunastri by lacking heavily rimmed pores on the venter, and by having a long median line of tubular duct on the dorsum, whereas the second-instar male of S. prunastri has heavily rimmed pores present on the venter and lacks a median line of tubular ducts on the dorsum. The second-instar female nymphs of P. bituberculatum and S. prunastri both have spiracular clefts each containing 3 spiracular setae of unequal lengths, with the median seta longer than the lateral setae, but the species can be easily separated: S. prunastri has heavily rimmed pores on the venter, whereas these are absent from the second-instar female nymph of P. bituberculatum. (Durović, et al, 2024)
Structure: First-instar nymph oval, yellowish green. Second-instar male nymph elongate oval, brownish pink. Second-instar female nymph broadly oval; brownish pink. (Durović, et al, 2024)
Biology: Develops one annual generation in Europe. Overwintering in egg stage; eggs hatch during the blooming period of its rosaceous host plants; nymphs settle on leaves, on which the insects develop; adult females migrate to twigs at the end of June; oviposition in August-September (Schmutterer, 1952).
Economic Importance: Lagowska (1984) found in Lublin, Poland that the frequency and infestation rate on fruit trees was higher in unprotected orchards than in protected ones.
General Remarks: Good description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1920), Šulc (1932), Kosztarab & Kozar (1978; 1988), Tereznikova (1981), Yang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description and illustration of adult male by Giliomee (1967).

Illustrations

Citations

AyazUlOz2015: distribution,
Aziz1977: distribution, host, 47
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
BenDov1993: catalog, 198
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 26,
Bodenh1944a: distribution, host, 83
Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 88
Bolu2012: biological control, 110
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147
Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 344-347
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 295
CamachCh2015: distribution, host, 8
CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 216
Cocker1896: distribution, 332
Danzig1972: distribution, host, 203
Danzig1972c: distribution, host, 582
DeLott1971: taxonomy, 148
Dougla1888: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 59-61
DuroviSpUl2024: description, diagnosis, illustration, key, nymph, 471-477
Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 95
Fernal1903b: catalog, 182,328
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
Gavril2004: distribution, host, 527
Georgh1977: distribution, host, 148
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 132
Giliom1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52-56
GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
Goidan1962: distribution, host, life history, 269-284
GomezM1960O: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 183-185
GomezM1965: distribution, host, 112-113
Green1917a: taxonomy, 201
Green1925: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
Green1928: distribution, host, 5
Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 135-137
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 85
Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 409-412
Hodgso2020: key, 221
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 81
KaydanKo2010: distribution, host, 201-204
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 113
Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 254-255
Kiritc1935: distribution, 2
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 163
KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 14
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 110
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 210-213
Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 249
Koteja1974b: distribution, 80
Koteja1976: structure, taxonomy, 276
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 479-480
Kozar1970: distribution, host, 230
Kozar1975: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-24
Kozar1976a: distribution, economic importance, host, 35-47
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 67
Kozar1983a: distribution, host, 146
Kozar1987: distribution, 100
Kozar1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 176-177
Kozar1991: distribution, host, 82
Kozar1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 317
KozarDr1988: distribution, host, 209
KozarDr1991: distribution, host, 363
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 65
KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 154
KozarJaKo1982: distribution, 333-338
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 58
KozarKo2002b: distribution, host, 376
KozarKoAk1979: distribution, economic importance, host, 535-542
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 72
KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
KozarSu1979: distribution, host, 235
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 95, 110, 129, 147, 166, 200
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
KozarWa1986: distribution, host, 116
Kozarz1992: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 81-82
KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 24-25
Lagows1984: distribution, economic importance, host, 9-17
Lagows1986a: distribution, host, 175-176
Lagows1987a: distribution, host, life history, 131-144
Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 303-306
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 215,262,275
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 123
MalumpBa2012: distribution, 21
Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 72
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
Melis1930: distribution, host, 17
Moghad2009: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9,34
Moghad2009: distribution, host, 9
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 11
MoghadWa2024: distribution, history, illustration, 9, 15, 18
Newste1903: distribution, host, taxonomy,
OgurTu2018: ecology, reproduction, 381-387
Ossian1951: distribution, host, 6
OzgokcYa1995: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 163-174
OzgokcYaKa2001: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 317-322
OzturkUlEr2004: distribution, host, 5
Potaev1993: distribution, host, 35,38
Reh1903: distribution, host, 407-408
Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-52
Reyne1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
Savesc1961: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 39
Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 277-278
Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 548-549
Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 18
Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 408
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 39
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 105
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 845,865
Signor1873a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 414-415
SimonKa2011: distribution, 238
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 458
Sulc1908: taxonomy, 36
Sulc1912: distribution, host, 34
Sulc1932: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82-86
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137-143
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-186
Targio1868: taxonomy, 731
TerGri1956: chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
TerGri1962: distribution, host, 136-137
TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 372
Terezn1963: distribution, host, 184
Terezn1966: distribution, host, 30
Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 166-167
Trembl1988a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
Ulgent2001: biological control, distribution, host, 369-375
UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
UlgentTo2001: distribution, host, 213-217
UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 207
Wunn1937: distribution, host, 22