Valid Names Results
Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell, 1893) (Diaspididae: Hemiberlesia)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus rapax palmae Cockerell 1892b: 333. nomen nudum
- Aspidiotus palmae Cockerell 1893e: 39. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on coconut [=Cocos nucifera].. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Aspidiotus palmae Morgan 1893: 40. Type data: JAMAICA: on palms.. Syntypes, female, synonym and homonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 270). Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Synonym and homonym of Aspidiotus palmae Cockerell, 1893e.
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) palmae Cockerell, 1893; Cockerell 1897i: 24. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) palmae; Cockerell 1897i: 24. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morg. & Ckll." as authors.
- Aspidiotus palmae; Leonardi 1897: 285. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) palmae Cockerell, 1893; Leonardi 1898c: 51. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) palmae; Leonardi 1898c: 51. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Aspidiotus palmae; Fernald 1903b: 270. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Aspidiotus unguiculatus Leonardi 1914: 199. Type data: Guinea: Conakry, on undetermined plant.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Laing1929a, 486). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus palmae; Houser 1918: 167. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Furcaspis palmae (Cockerell, 1893); MacGillivray 1921: 407. change of combination
- Selenaspidus palmae; Seabra 1921: 98. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as author.
- Aspidicotus palmae; Green 1930c: 281. misspelling of genus name
- Aspidiotus javanensis Kuwana in Kuwana & Muramatsu 1931a: 654. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Batavia, on palm.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 44). Illustr.
- Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell, 1893); Ferris 1938a: 242. change of combination
- Abgrallaspis palmae (Cockerell, 1893); Balachowsky 1948b: 320. change of combination
- Abgrallaspis palmae; Balachowsky 1948b: 320. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Borchseniaspis palmae (Cockerell, 1893); Zahradnik 1959: 65. change of combination
- Aspidiotus palmae; Zahradník 1959: 65. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Abgrallaspis palmae; Almeida 1969: 153. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Hemiberlesia palmae; Almeida 1973b: 9. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Morgan & Cockerell" as authors.
- Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell, 1893); Williams & Watson 1988: 134. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- Queresa de las palmeras Nunez2008 WatsonKo2022a
- tropical palm scale Dekle1965c McKenz1956
- jawa-maru-kaigaramushi WatsonKo2022a
- Escama de la palma WatsonKo2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 57 | Genera: 105
- Acanthaceae
- Graptophyllum pictum | WilliaWa1988
- Acoraceae
- Acorus gramineus | Dekle1965c
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | WilliaWa1988
- Mangifera indica | Balach1959a WilliaWa1988
- Mangifera odorata | Green1930
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Almeid1973b WilliaWa1988
- Annona muricata | WilliaWa1988
- Annona reticulata | Mamet1956 WilliaWa1988
- Annona squamosa | WilliaWa1988
- Aphloiaceae
- Aphloia theiformis | Matile1978
- Apocynaceae
- Plumeria | WilliaWa1988
- Plumeria rubra | WilliaWa1988
- Araceae
- Colocasia | WilliaWa1988
- Epipremnum pinnatum | WilliaWa1988
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium | WilliaWa1988
- Arecaceae
- Areca catechu | Takaha1939b
- Arecaceae | Almeid1969 KuwanaMu1931a
- Chamaerops humilis | BugajNJuKa2021
- Cocos nucifera | Cocker1892b Ferris1938a McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Dypsis lutescens | Velasq1971 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis guineensis | Almeid1973b
- Nypa fruticans | Beards1966
- Phoenix | Balach1956
- Saribus rotundifolius | JansenAl2023
- Asparagaceae
- Cordyline | WilliaWa1988
- Aspleniaceae
- Asplenium serratum | SantosWo2015
- Bignoniaceae
- Kigelia africana | WilliaWa1988 | (= Kigelia pinnata)
- Bixaceae
- Bixa orellana | WilliaWa1988
- Boraginaceae
- Hilsenbergia nemoralis | DeLott1967a | (= Ehretia littoralis)
- Bromeliaceae
- Aechmea weilbachii | McKenz1956
- Billbergia | Dekle1965c McKenz1956
- Bromelia | Green1919c McKenz1956 | (= Karatas)
- Nidularium | JansenAl2023
- Tillandsia | Malump2012
- Vriesea | JansenAl2023
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum | WilliaWa1988
- Calophyllum inophyllum | WilliaWa1988
- Mammea americana | DonesEv2011
- Marila laxiflora | NormarMoKr2014
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | Green1923b
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina | WilliaWa1988
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | Beards1966
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | Beards1966 Takaha1939b WilliaWa1988
- Cycas circinalis | WilliaWa1988
- Cycas revoluta | Balach1948b
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea | WilliaWa1988
- Dioscorea bulbifera | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | Balach1956
- Acalypha hispida | WilliaWa1988
- Aleurites moluccanus | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbia | Balach1948b
- Euphorbia heterophylla | WilliaWa1988
- Hevea brasiliensis | WilliaWa1988
- Jatropha multifida | Beards1966
- Manihot | Balach1956
- Manihot carthaginensis | Balach1948b | (= Manihot glaziovii)
- Fabaceae
- Abarema barbouriana | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Albizia saman | WilliaWa1988 | (= Pithecellobium saman)
- Bauhinia | WilliaWa1988
- Bauhinia monandra | WilliaWa1988
- Canavalia | WilliaWa1988
- Gliricidia sepium | WilliaWa1988
- Intsia bijuga | Beards1966
- Samanea saman | WilliaWa1988
- Senna spectabilis | MatileNo1984 | (= Cassia spectabilis)
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | WilliaWa1988
- Heliconia bihai | WilliaWa1988
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum camphora | Velasq1971
- Persea americana | GonzalCh1968 Takaha1941b WilliaWa1988 | (= Persea gratissima)
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia | WilliaWa1988
- Barringtonia asiatica | WilliaWa1988
- Barringtonia racemosa | WilliaWa1988
- Bertholletia excelsa | Takaha1941b
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | Velasq1971
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia grandiflora | Houser1918
- Malvaceae
- Ceiba pentandra | Beards1966 WilliaWa1988
- Grewia | DeLott1967a
- Hibiscus | WilliaWa1988
- Hibiscus tiliaceus | WilliaWa1988
- Talipariti | WatsonKo2022a
- Theobroma cacao | WilliaWa1988
- Meliaceae
- Trichilia | Balach1956
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | Takaha1939b Takaha1941b WilliaWa1988 | (= Artocarpus communis)
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | WilliaWa1988
- Ficus | Ferris1938a McKenz1956
- Ficus glandulifera | WilliaWa1988
- Musaceae
- Musa | Ferris1938a Green1915c Green1937 MatileNo1984 WilliaWa1988
- Musa paradisiaca | McKenz1956 AmunCl2015 GonzalCh1968 WilliaWa1988 | ssp. sapientum,(= Musa sapientum)
- Myristicaceae
- Virola multiflora | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Myrtaceae
- Decaspermum | WilliaWa1988
- Eucalyptus tereticornis | SantosWo2015
- Psidium guajava | WilliaWa1988
- Syzygium aqueum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Eugenia malaccensis)
- Syzygium littorale | DeLott1967a
- Ochnaceae
- Cespedesia macrophylla | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Cespedesia spathulata | NormarOkMo2019 | (= Cespedesia macrophylla)
- Schuurmansia henningsii | WilliaWa1988
- Oleaceae
- Olea europaea | AguileDiGr1981 GonzalCh1968
- Orchidaceae
- Grammatophyllum speciosum | WilliaWa1988
- Vanilla | WilliaWa1988
- Vanilla planifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Oxalidaceae
- Averrhoa carambola | Velasq1971
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus utilis | WilliaWa1988
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora edulis | WilliaWa1988
- Pinaceae
- Pinus caribaea | WilliaWa1988
- Piperaceae
- Piper | WilliaWa1988
- Piper aduncum | WilliaWa1988
- Poaceae
- Miscanthus | WilliaWa1988
- Tripsacum laxum | WilliaWa1988
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus | NormarOkMo2019
- Polygonaceae
- Coccoloba uvifera | MatileEt2006
- Proteaceae
- Macadamia ternifolia | Velasq1971
- Macadamia tetraphylla | WilliaWa1988
- Rhizophoraceae
- Bruguiera gymnorhiza | WilliaWa1988
- Rosaceae
- Malus | WilliaWa1988
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea canephora | WilliaWa1988
- Guettarda speciosa | WilliaWa1988
- Morinda citrifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | WilliaWa1988
- Citrus limon | WilliaWa1988
- Citrus reticulata | SantosWo2015
- Sapindaceae
- Litchi chinensis | GermaiMiPa2014
- Sapotaceae
- Chrysophyllum cainito | WilliaWa1988
- Solanaceae
- Solanum grandiflorum | MatileNo1984
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala madagascariensis | Velasq1971
- Strelitzia | Almeid1973b
- Strelitzia reginae | Velasq1971
- Theaceae
- Camellia sinensis | WilliaWa1988
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Dekle1965c
- Zingiberaceae
- Alpinia purpurata | WilliaWa1988
- Curcuma longa | WilliaWa1988
- Elettaria cardamomum | WilliaWa1988
- Zygophyllaceae
- Guaiacum sanctum | Balach1948b
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 3
- Coccinellidae
- Coccidophilus citricola | AguileMeVa1984
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | GersonOcHo1990
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora flavella | Woolle1990
- Signiphora perpauca | Woolle1990
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 77
- Angola | Almeid1969 Almeid1973b
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | Nakaha1982
- Argentina | ClapsTe2001
- Tucuman | GranarCl2003
- Australia | Nakaha1982
- Belgium | WatsonKo2022a
- Bolivia | Nakaha1982
- Brazil | Nakaha1982
- Bahia | MartinWoCu2022
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Parana | MartinWoCu2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | MartinWoCu2022
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinWoCu2022
- Sao Paulo | MartinWoCu2022
- Brunei | WatsonKo2022a
- Cameroon | MatileNo1984
- Chile | AguileDiGr1981 GonzalCh1968
- Tarapaca | WatsonKo2022a
- China | Tang1984
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | DaoBeWa2023
- Shandong (=Shantung) | WatsonKo2022a
- Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023
- Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016
- Colombia | Balach1959a Kondo2001 Kondo2008a
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Costa Rica | WatsonKo2022a
- Cuba | DonesEv2011 Houser1918
- Cyprus | WatsonKo2022a
- Czech Republic | Zahrad1953 Zahrad1977
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1956
- Dominica | Nakaha1982
- Ecuador | YustCe1956
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Takaha1939b Takaha1941b
- Kosrae (=Kusaie) | Beards1966
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Yap | Beards1966
- Fiji | Green1915c HodgsoLa2011 WilliaWa1988
- Galapagos Islands | WatsonKo2022a
- Germany | Lindin1909b
- Ghana | Nakaha1982
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guam | Nakaha1982
- Guinea | Balach1956 Leonar1914
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Nakaha1982
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Beards1983b
- India | Nakaha1982
- Kerala | WatsonKo2022a
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Irian Jaya | WatsonKo2022a
- Java | KuwanaMu1931a
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | WatsonMuSh2014
- Sumatra | Green1930c
- Jamaica | Cocker1892b Cocker1893e Cocker1894g Ferris1938a
- Japan | WatsonKo2022a
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Kiribati | WilliaWa1988
- Laos | DaoBeWa2023
- Latvia | Stalaz2021
- Madeira Islands | Ferris1938a FrancoRuMa2011 Green1923b
- Malaysia | Clause1933 Nakaha1982 NormarOkMo2019
- Sabah | WatsonKo2022a
- Sarawak | WatsonKo2022a
- Marshall Islands | Takaha1939b
- Martinique | MatileEt2006
- Mexico | Nakaha1982
- Tamaulipas | NormarOkMo2019
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Saipan Island | WatsonKo2022a
- Palau | Beards1966 Takaha1939b Takaha1941b
- Panama | Cocker1899n Ferris1938a NormarMoKr2014
- Panama Canal Zone | Ferris1938a
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Peru | Nunez2008 VasqueDeCo2002
- Philippines | Nakaha1982 VelasqRi1969
- Poland | Dziedz1989
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014
- Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands
- Saint Kitts | Nakaha1982
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Principe | Castel1963 Fernan1993 Seabra1921
- Sao Tome | Nakaha1982
- Seychelles | Nakaha1982
- Singapore | Nakaha1982
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988 | Nakaha1982
- South Africa | Nakaha1982
- Sri Lanka | Nakaha1982
- Suriname | Nakaha1982
- Tanzania | Balach1956 Borchs1966 Mamet1956
- Thailand | Nakaha1982
- Togo | Nakaha1982
- Tonga | WilliaWa1988
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Ferris1938a
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- United Kingdom
- England | Green1920
- United States
- California | McKenz1956
- Florida | Dekle1965c Merril1953
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 Nakaha1982
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Zanzibar | Nakaha1982
Keys
- WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini from Panama]
- SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
- LiuFe2018: pp.584 ( Adult (F) ) [Hemiberlesia in China]
- RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
- Hender2011: pp.100 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Hemiberlesia adult females in New Zealand]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) []
- ClapsTe2001: pp.392 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Gill1997: pp.155 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Danzig1993: pp.169 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.132 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- Chou1985: pp.306 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Velasq1971: pp.110 ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
- Beards1966: pp.520 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- Balach1956: pp.106 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Balach1953k: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Ferris1942: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Newell1899: pp.25 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: There has been some confusion as to the authorship of this species, since it was described as a new species by both Cockerell and by Morgan in separate articles in the same number of the same journal. Consequently, the species has been ascribed variously to Cockerell, to Morgan and to Morgan and Cockerell. Under ICZN rules, it is clear that this species should be ascribed to Cockerell alone (see discussion in Ferris, 1938a).
- Structure: Female scale somewhat oval, quite convex, white, the exuviae subcentral and very dark; scale of the male not seen and apparently unknown (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph by Gill (1997 ). Scale cover of adult female 1.7–2.3 mm in diameter, circular and moderately convex; off-white or straw-coloured to dark brown, with subcentral exuviae darker than the surrounding scale cover. Sometimes there is a strong colour difference between the paler secreted scale and the darker exuviae, making the scales conspicuous. Scale cover of immature male elongate oval with brown subterminal exuviae, similar to that of adult female but smaller. Slide-mounted adult female body membranous and pyriform. Pygidium with median lobes large, separated by a gap at least 1/3 of the width of a median lobe. Second lobes much smaller, usually not sclerotized. Third lobes very reduced. Anal opening large, situated near posterior margin of pygidium. (Watson & Kondo, 2022a)
- Biology: Occurring on the leaves (Ferris, 1938a). This species was reported to have uniparental as well as biparental populations (Schmutterer, 1959).
- Economic Importance: The tropical palm scale is a pest of crops in the tropics, such as banana, coconut palm, oil palm, manihot and cocoa (Schmutterer et al, 1957; Chua & Wood, 1990). Occasionally damaging orchids and palms in greenhouses at cooler regions (Schmutterer et al., 1957). Gill (1997) reported that this armoured scale has been eradicated in California, USA.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1892b), Kuwana & Muramatsu (1931a) (as Aspidiotus javanensis), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1948b, 1956), McKenzie (1956), Velasquez (1971), Bazarov & Shmelev (1971), Tang (1984), Chou (1985, 1986), Williams & Watson (1988), Dziedzicka (1989), Zahradník (1990b), Danzig (1993), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998). Although McKenzie (1956) found Hemiberlesia palmae In several cnurseries in Los Angeles County prior to 1945, Gill (1997) reported the it had been Eradicated.
Illustrations
Citations
- AguileDiGr1981: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 175-178
- AguileMeVa1984: biological control, life history, 47-54
- Almeid1969: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 153
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 9-10
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
- AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 5
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- Balach1948b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 320-321
- Balach1953k: taxonomy, 114
- Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-117
- Balach1959a: distribution, host, 362
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 196-197
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 521
- Beards1983b: distribution, host, 187
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 549-554
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 128
- Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8,16
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 224
- Borchs1966: catalog, 313
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
- Castel1963: distribution, 140
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 308-309
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 689
- ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 543-552
- ClapsTe2001: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 392,394
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
- Cocker1892b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 333
- Cocker1892e: biological control, economic importance, 5
- Cocker1893e: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39-40
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 334
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- Cocker1897l: taxonomy, 151
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 22
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61-62
- Conway1951: distribution, host, 10
- Corbet1932: distribution, host,
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 652
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 171-172
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 47
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 273-274
- DaoBeWa2023: distribution, host, key, phylogeny, 1022, 1030, 1031
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 115
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 93
- Dhilee1996: biological control, distribution, host, 64-74
- DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
- DonesEv2011: distribution, host, 2
- Dziedz1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 100
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- FDACSB1982: distribution, host, 5-11
- Fernal1903b: 270
- Fernan1993: distribution, host, 112
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 242
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 44,46,49
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:34
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 12,24
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, host, 23
- Gerson1990: taxonomy, 130
- GersonOcHo1990: biological control, 77-97
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 157,160
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 132, 101, 191-192
- GonzalCh1968: distribution, host, 111
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
- Green1915c: distribution, host, 44
- Green1920: distribution, host, taxonomy, 129-130
- Green1923b: distribution, host, 89
- Green1930c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 281
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 330
- GruwelMoNo2007: endosymbionts, taxonomy, 267-280
- Hamon1998a: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 24
- Houser1918: distribution, host, 167
- Jancke1955: taxonomy, 305
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26,34
- JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 185
- Kalsho1981: distribution, host, 170
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 220
- Komosi1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 221-224
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 44
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 57-58
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 6
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
- Kotins1907: distribution, host, 304-308
- KuwanaMu1931a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 654,658
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Laing1929a: taxonomy, 486
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 285
- Leonar1898c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-53
- Leonar1914: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 199-201
- Lepesm1947: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 211
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 151
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
- Lindin1910a: taxonomy, 440
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 37
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 204-205,240
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 129
- LiuFe2018: distribution, key, 584
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 407
- Mallam1954: distribution, 24-60
- Malump2012: host, 58
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 75
- Mamet1956: distribution, host, 138
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 5
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 1-303
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 63
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 171
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 64-65
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 71-73
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 302
- Montei1973: distribution, host, 3
- Morgan1893: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 40-41
- MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 42
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 11
- NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
- Newell1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25,28
- Newell1923: distribution, host, 263-266
- NormarMoKr2014: distribution, host, 39
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 22, S4, S6
- Nunez2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 324-325
- Nur1990b: life history, taxonomy, 196
- PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
- Ponnam1999: chemical control, distribution, host, 445-451
- RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8151, 8152
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- SantosWo2015: distribution, host, illustration,
- Sassce1923: distribution, host, 152-158
- Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 135,136
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- Schmut1990a: distribution, host, 393
- Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 477
- SchneiClWe2020: key, 70
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- Seabra1917: distribution, host,
- Seabra1921: distribution, taxonomy, 98
- Seabra1930a: distribution, host, 143-148
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- SeabraVa1918: distribution, host,
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 474
- Sugimo1994: distribution, host, 115-121
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 323, 327
- SzentI1961: distribution, host, 127-147
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, 269
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 220
- Tang1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 58-59
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 68
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 25
- VasqueDeCo2002: distribution, host, 331
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
- Velasq1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 113-114
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 195-208
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- WatsonKo2022a: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 485-487
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- WeiScNo2021: key, 20
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 229
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 133-135
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- WuGrGw2008: Cardinium, life history, 232-233
- YustCe1956: distribution, host, 425-442
- Zahrad1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 137-139
- Zahrad1959: taxonomy, 65-67
- Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
- Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 119
- Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 83-85
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 165
