Valid Names Results

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889) (Diaspididae: Selenaspidus)

Nomenclatural History

Aspidiotus articulatus Morgan 1889a: 352. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Dictyospermum album; coll. McIntire.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
Aspidiotus rufescens Cockerell 1891: 5. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Heus and Olive trees.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1892i, x). Notes: Type material probably lost; no type material was found in BMNH, USNM and UCDC; information from the curators to Y. Ben-Dov, December 2002.
Aspidiotus refescens Cockerell, 1891; Cockerell 1891: 5. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus articulatus rufescens Cockerell, 1891; Cockerell 1892: 5. change in status (level)
Aspidiotus (Selenaspidus) articulatus Morgan, 1889; Cockerell 1897i: 14, 23. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Selenaspis) articulatus; Leonardi 1898a: 51. misspelling of genus name
Aspidiotus (Selenaspidus) articulatus simplex Grandpré & Charmoy 1899: 21. Type data: MAURITIUS: on Jasmin [=Jasminum] sp. and on avocado.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Mamet1958a, 370). Notes: Type-material lost (Mamet, 1941).
Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Fernald 1903b: 284. change of combination
Selenaspidus articulatus simplex (Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899); Fernald 1903b: 285. change of combination
Selenaspidus articulatus simplex; Fernald 1903b: 285. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "de Charm." as author.
Pseudaonidia articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Marlatt 1908: 132. change of combination
Aspidiotus articulatus simplex Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899; Lindinger 1909d: 3. change of combination
Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Lindinger 1909d: 5. revived combination (previously published)
Pseudaonidia articulata (Morgan, 1889); Malenotti 1916a: 339. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
Selenaspidus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Seabra 1922: 5. change of combination
Aspidiotus simplex Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899; Ferris 1941e: 48. change in status (level)
Selenaspidus articulatus; Balachowsky 1959: 362. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Borgan" as author.
Selenaspidus rufescens (Cockerell, 1891); Borchsenius 1966: 256. change of combination
Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Borchsenius 1966: 253. revived combination (previously published)
Selenaspidis articulatus; Waltman, et al. 2016. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

escama "rufous" CoronaRuMo1997
Queresa redonda de los citricos Nunez2008
rufous scale Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
West Indian red scale SchmutKlLu1957
morugan-maru-kaigaramushi Watson2022a
Westindische Citrusschildlaus Watson2022a

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 55 | Genera: 110

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentale | WilliaWa1988
Mangifera | Balach1951
Mangifera indica | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a Marlat1908 WilliaWa1988
Schinus molle | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Spondias dulcis | WilliaWa1988
Spondias purpurea | MerrilCh1923
Tapirira guianensis | NormarOkMo2019

Annonaceae

Annona | Houser1918
Annona atemoya | MartinWoCu2022
Annona muricata | WilliaWa1988
Annona squamosa | WilliaWa1988
Guatteria dumetorum | NormarOkMo2019

Apocynaceae

Carissa macrocarpa | Brain1918 | (= Carissa grandiflora)
Carissa spinarum | Borchs1966 Brain1918 Mamet1958a | (= Carissa edulis)
Mascarenhasia arborescens | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 Mamet1958a
Nerium oleander | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a Marlat1908 McKenz1956
Plumeria rubra | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988 | (= Plumeria acutifolia)
Tabernaemontana | MerrilCh1923
Tabernaemontana arborea | PetersHaMo2020s1
Tabernaemontana divaricata | MartinWoCu2022

Araceae

Xanthosoma sagittifolium | WilliaWa1988

Araliaceae

Hedera helix | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a

Arecaceae

Arecaceae | Houser1918
Cocos nucifera | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a Marlat1908 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
Dictyosperma album | Lepage1938 Marlat1908 McKenz1956 Morgan1889a
Dypsis | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 | (= Neodypsis)
Dypsis decaryi | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a | (= Neodypsis decaryi)
Dypsis lutescens | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 Mamet1958a | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
Elaeis | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Elaeis guineensis | Almeid1973b Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Hyphaene thebaica | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Phoenix dactylifera | Houser1918 WilliaWa1988
Phoenix roebelenii | JansenAl2023

Armadillidae

Laureola indica | MerrilCh1923

Asparagaceae

Beaucarnea guatemalensis | JansenAl2023
Cordyline | Lepage1938
Cordyline fruticosa | Balach1951 Hempel1900a Marlat1908 MerrilCh1923 | (= Cordyline terminalis)

Atherospermataceae

Laurelia | MerrilCh1923

Bignoniaceae

Campsis radicans | Borchs1966 Mamet1950 Mamet1958a | (= Tecoma radicans)

Burseraceae

Trattinnickia aspera | PetersHaMo2020s1

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum calaba | Houser1918
Calophyllum inophyllum | WilliaWa1988
Calophyllum longifolium | NormarMoKr2014
Mammea | MerrilCh1923

Caricaceae

Carica papaya | MartinCuWo2004

Celastraceae

Maytenus oleoides | Marlat1908 | (= Celastrus laurinus)

Clusiaceae

Garcinia ovalifolia | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a

Cucurbitaceae

Citrullus | LoayzaPaVe2003

Cycadaceae

Cycas circinalis | McKenz1956

Cyperaceae

Bulbostylis | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Stenophyllus)

Elaeocarpaceae

Sloanea meianthera | NormarOkMo2019 PetersHaMo2020s1

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Acalypha wilkesiana | WilliaWa1988 | (= Acalypha tricolor)
Aleurites moluccanus | GomezM1941
Codiaeum | WilliaWa1988
Codiaeum variegatum | Dekle1965c WilliaWa1988
Croton | McKenz1956
Excoecaria | WilliaWa1988
Hevea brasiliensis | WilliaWa1988

Fabaceae

Bauhinia | Almeid1973b Borchs1966 Mamet1950 Mamet1958a
Bauhinia purpurea | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Bauhinia variegata | WilliaWa1988
Ceratonia siliqua | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Dussia | NormarOkMo2019
Gliricidia sepium | WilliaWa1988
Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus | PetersHaMo2020s1 | (= Lonchocarpus latifolius)
Phaseolus | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Senna alata | WilliaWa1988 | (= Cassia alata)
Tamarindus | Marlat1908 WilliaWa1988
Tamarindus indica | Dekle1965c WilliaWa1988

Lauraceae

Nectandra purpurea | NormarMoKr2014
Persea | McKenz1956
Persea americana | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia asiatica | WilliaWa1988

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia indica | WilliaWa1988

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia grandiflora | Houser1918

Malpighiaceae

Malpighia emarginata | MartinWoCu2022
Malpighia urens | GomezM1941

Malvaceae

Apeiba aspera | NormarOkMo2019
Apeiba tibourbou | NormarOkMo2019
Hibiscus | Balach1959a Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Hibiscus syriacus | WilliaWa1988
Mortoniodendron anisophyllum | NormarOkMo2019
Theobroma cacao | WilliaWa1988
Thespesia populnea | WilliaWa1988

Marantaceae

Calathea | WilliaWa1988

Meliaceae

Carapa guianensis | NormarMoKr2014
Swietenia mahagoni | GomezM1941
Trichilia emetica | Almeid1971
Xylocarpus granatum | Maleno1916a | (= Xylocarpus obovatus)

Monimiaceae

Tambourissa | Matile1978

Moraceae

Artocarpus | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a Marlat1908
Artocarpus heterophyllus | WilliaWa1988
Brosimum utile | NormarMoKr2014
Ficus benjamina | Balach1959a Merril1953 | (= Ficus nitida)
Ficus lutea | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Ficus verrucocarpa)
Ficus thonningii | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Ficus hochstetteri)
Maquira guianensis | PetersHaMo2020s1
Poulsenia armata | NormarOkMo2019

Musaceae

Musa | WilliaWa1988
Musa paradisiaca | GomezM1941 | (= Musa sapientum)

Myristicaceae

Virola multiflora | NormarMoKr2014

Myrtaceae

Decaspermum | WilliaWa1988
Eugenia | WilliaWa1988
Psidium guajava | Marlat1908
Syzygium jambos | MestreHaEv2011

Ochnaceae

Cespedesia macrophylla | NormarOkMo2019

Oleaceae

Jasminum | Borchs1966 GrandpCh1899 Mamet1943a
Olea | McKenz1956
Olea europaea | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a Marlat1908

Orchidaceae

Arundina graminifolia | WilliaWa1988 | (= Arundina bambusifolia)

Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa bilimbi | WilliaWa1988
Averrhoa carambola | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988

Pandanaceae

Pandanus | Balach1951 Lepage1938 Marlat1908 MerrilCh1923

Passifloraceae

Passiflora edulis | WilliaWa1988

Poaceae

Saccharum officinarum | WilliaWa1988

Polygonaceae

Homalocladium platycladum | Houser1918
Muehlenbeckia | Houser1918

Primulaceae

Ardisia crenata | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus mauritiana | MatileEt2006

Rosaceae

Rosa | Marlat1908 McKenz1956

Rubiaceae

Benkara scandens | WilliaWa1988 | (= Gardenia scandens)
Coffea arabica | Borchs1966 Lepage1938 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a Muntin1969 WilliaWa1988
Coffea canephora | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988 | (= Coffea robusta)
Coffea liberica | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
Coffea macrocarpa | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 Mamet1958a
Gardenia | Cocker1899n Lepage1938 Marlat1908 McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 WilliaWa1988
Ixora coccinea | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a Newste1901a WilliaWa1988
Tocoyena pittieri | NormarOkMo2019

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantiifolia | WilliaWa1988
Citrus aurantium | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988
Citrus japonica | WilliaWa1988 | (= Fortunella japonica)
Citrus limon | Almeid1971 Houser1918 WilliaWa1988
Citrus maxima | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988 | (= Citrus decumana)
Citrus paradisi | Houser1918
Citrus reticulata | WilliaWa1988
Citrus sinensis | Houser1918 WilliaWa1988

Salicaceae

Dovyalis caffra | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Aberia caffra)

Sapindaceae

Cupania scrobiculata | PetersHaMo2020s1
Litchi chinensis | WilliaWa1988
Nephelium | WilliaWa1988

Sapotaceae

Chrysophyllum | Marlat1908
Chrysophyllum argenteum | NormarOkMo2019
Chrysophyllum oliviforme | MestreHaEv2011
Englerophytum magalismontanum | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Chrysophyllum argyrophyllum)
Labramia bojeri | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a | (= Mimusops chapelieri)
Mimusops | Almeid1971

Solanaceae

Brunfelsia nitida | MerrilCh1923

Theaceae

Camellia sinensis | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988

Urticaceae

Pilea urticifolia | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 Mamet1958a

Verbenaceae

Lantana camara | WilliaWa1988

Vitaceae

Vitis vinifera | Marlat1908 WilliaWa1988

Foes:

Families: 7 | Genera: 16

Aphelinidae

Ablerus stylatus | AnneckIn1971 | (= Azotus stylatus)
Aphytis chrysomphali | QuezadCoDi1972
Aphytis diaspidis | RosenDe1979
Aphytis holoxanthus | RosenDe1979
Aphytis lingnanensis | RosenDe1979
Aphytis roseni | DeBachGo1974 RosenDe1979
Coccobius paolii | AnneckIn1971 | (= Physcus paolii)
Encarsia citrina | AnneckIn1971 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus agilior)

Clavicipitaceae

Aschersonia aleyrodis | QuezadCoDi1972

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus cacti | QuezadCoDi1972
Pentilia egena | AzeredRoCa2004 BenvenGrBo1997
Rhyzobius lophanthae | Parede2019 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
Scymnus | QuezadCoDi1972

Encyrtidae

Habrolepis rouxi | Greath1976
Metaphycus helvolus | Parede2019
Zaomma ficusae | AnneckIn1971 | (= Adelencyrtus ficusae)

Nectriaceae

Fusarium | EvansPr1990
Nectria diploa | EvansPr1990

Peraceae

Pera arborea | PetersHaMo2020s1

Signiphoridae

Signiphora lutea | Woolle1990

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 76

Angola | Almeid1973b

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua | WalkerWaEv1974

Australia | Mamet1958a

Bahamas | Watson2022a

Barbados | Mamet1958a Marlat1908

Belize | Watson2022a

Bermuda | Watson2022a

Bolivia | Watson2022a

Brazil | Hempel1900a Marlat1908

Amapa | AlmeidPeMa2018
Amazonas | AlmeidPeMa2018
Bahia | MartinFoCu2015
Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
Goias | SilvaPeCh2020
Para | AlmeidPeMa2018 MartinFoCu2015
Parana | Watson2022a
Rio Grande do Norte | MartinCuWo2004
Rio de Janeiro | MartinFoCu2015
Sao Paulo | MartinFoCu2015

Cameroon | Mamet1958a

Chad | Mamet1958a

China | Suh2016

Colombia | Balach1959a Kondo2001 Kondo2008a

Comoros | Matile1978

Costa Rica | Mamet1958a

Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | Mamet1958a

Cuba | Houser1918 MestreHaEv2011

Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Mamet1958a

Dominica | Watson2022a

Dominican Republic | JansenAl2023

Ecuador | YustCe1956

El Salvador | QuezadCoDi1972

Eritrea | DeLottNa1955 Mamet1958a

Ethiopia | Watson2022a

Fiji | HodgsoLa2011 WilliaWa1988

French Guiana | Watson2022a

Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010 PeckHeLa1998

Ghana | Mamet1958a

Grenada | Mamet1958a

Guadeloupe | Balach1957c

Guatemala | JansenAl2023

Guiana | Mamet1958a

Guinea | Mamet1958a

Guyana (=British Guiana) | Mamet1958a

Haiti | Mamet1958a PerezG2008

Honduras | Watson2022a

India | Mamet1958a

Jamaica | Cocker1891 Cocker1892i Newste1917b

Japan | Mamet1958a

Kenya | Mamet1958a

Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1950 Mamet1951 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a Mamet1959a

Martinique | Balach1957c

Mauritius | Borchs1966 GrandpCh1899 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1953a Mamet1958a

Mexico | Cocker1899n Marlat1908

Montserrat | Mamet1958a

Mozambique | Almeid1971 Mamet1958a

Namibia (=South West Africa) | Muntin1969

Nicaragua | Marlat1908

Nigeria | Watson2022a

Panama | Cocker1899n Marlat1908 NormarMoKr2014

Peru | Beders1969 Beingo1969a Nunez2008

Philippines | VelasqRi1969

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Mamet1958a Martor1976

Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957 Mamet1958a

Saint Lucia | Malump2012b

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Watson2022a

Sao Tome and Principe

Sao Tome | Castel1963 Mamet1958a Seabra1921 Seabra1925

Sierra Leone | Watson2022a

Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988

Somalia | Maleno1916a

South Africa | Brain1918 BrainKe1917 Mamet1958a Marlat1908

Sri Lanka | Mamet1958a

Suriname | Mamet1958a

Taiwan | Mamet1958a

Tanzania | Mamet1958a

Togo | Mamet1958a

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad | Mamet1958a RosenDe1979

U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983

Uganda | Borchs1966 Gowdey1917 Mamet1958a

United Kingdom

England | Mamet1958a Marlat1908 Newste1901a

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
Florida | Dekle1965c Marlat1908 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Morril1911 Wilson1917

Venezuela | Mamet1958a

Vietnam | Suh2016

Zambia | Watson2022a

Zanzibar | Mamet1958a

Zimbabwe | Hall1929 Mamet1958a

Keys

WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini from Panama]
RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Gill1997: pp.256 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
Mamet1962: pp.158 ( Adult (F) ) [Afrotropical]
Mamet1958a: pp.365-366 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
McKenz1956: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
Brain1918: pp.131 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
Lindin1909d: pp.4-5 ( Adult (F) ) [Genus Selenaspidus]
Marlat1908: pp.134 ( Adult (F) ) [World]

Remarks

Structure: Female scale greyish-white, depressed, more or less circular; exuviae in the centre (Morgan, 1889a). Female scale, flat, circular, white, the centrally placed exuviae being darker; male scale almost white, oval, exuvia subcentral (Ferris, 1938a). Scale of female, circular, flat, semi-transparent, white to yellowish-brown in colour; exuviae subcentral, yellowish; diameter of scale about 2.3 mm. Scale of male smaller than that of female, elongate-oval, white to brownish in colour; exuviae towards one end (Mamet, 1958a). Eggs small (0.2 mm long), oval and flat. Winged adult males are rarely seen as they live for less than 1 day (Watson, 2022a).
Biology: Loayza et al. (2003) reported on successful laboratory-rearing of this species on Citrullus silvestris (Cucurbitaceae).
Economic Importance: The rufous scale is a polyphagous, tropicopolitan species (see Distribution, Host plants and CABI1981b). It is mainly a pest of citrus in several regions (Boyce, 1948; Schmutterer et al., 1957; Ebeling, 1959; Beingolea, 1963d; Beardsley & Gonzalez, 1975; Talhouk, 1975; Rose, 1990c). Has been also recorded a pest of other crops such as coffee, cocoa, avocado, mango, banana and palms (Schmutterer et al., 1957).
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Marlatt (1908), Brain (1918), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1951, 1959a), McKenzie (1956), Mamet (1958a), Chou (1985, 1986), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998). Color photograph in Watson (2022a).

Illustrations

Citations

Aguila1980: biological control, distribution, host, 83-91
Almeid1971: distribution, host, 15
Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 11
AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
AltierNi1999: biological control, 975-991
AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 2,29,35
AzeredRoCa2004: biological control, distribution, host, 569-576
Balach1951: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 691-694
Balach1957c: distribution, host, 200
Balach1959a: distribution, host, 362
Ballou1912a: distribution, host, 412-425
Ballou1913: distribution, host, 61-65
Ballou1922a: distribution, host, 239
Bartra1974: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 60-68
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
Beders1969: chemical control, distribution, host, 933-940
Beingo1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 119-129
Beingo1969d: biological control, 827-838
Beingo1977: biological control, distribution, host, 1-2
BenDov1990c: taxonomy, 113
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 762-770
Bennet1974: biological control, 87-96
BenvenGrBo1997: biological control, 105-106
BergmaStBr1988: distribution, host, 27-28
Bondar1914: distribution, economic importance, host, 1064-1106
Bondar1915: distribution, economic importance, host, 44-47
Borchs1966: catalog, 253-254,256
Bourne1921: distribution, economic importance, host,
Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
Brain1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135
BrainKe1917: distribution, 184
Bunzli1935: distribution, host,
BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
Buxton1920: distribution, host, 287-303
CABI1981b: distribution, host, 1-2
CanaleVa1999: biological control,
CassinRo2005: distribution, host, 1017-1021
Castel1963: distribution, 140
CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 138
CaveMa1994: biological control, distribution, host, 3-8
CeballHe1988a: biological control, life history, 137-140
Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 257-259
Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 657
ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 548
ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30
ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
Cocker1891: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 5
Cocker1892b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 333
Cocker1892c: control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 380-382
Cocker1892i: distribution, host, taxonomy, x
Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, 100
Cocker1896b: distribution, 334
Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14,23
Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 24
Cocker1900k: taxonomy, 350
ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 80-82
CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
CorreaAnLi1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 312-313
Costa1997: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 294
CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 221
DanzigPe1998: catalog, 355
DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
DeBachGo1974: biological control, distribution, host, 259-265
DeLottNa1955: distribution, host, 53-60
DeSant1940: biological control, 29-44
DeSant1979: biological control,
Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 131
Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 150
DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
DomeniBaSc1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 227
DonesEv2011: distribution, host, 2
DooleySm2013: catalog, 13
Dumble1954: distribution, economic importance, host, 1
DziedzKa1990: distribution, host, 39-43
EFSA2022b: dispersal, distribution, host, 20-21
Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
Edward1936: distribution, economic importance, host, 335-337
EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
Fawcet1948: biological control, 627-664
FengWe2011: taxonomy, 173
Fernal1903b: 284, 285
FernanFr1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 325
Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 51,97
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 265
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 41
Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:40
FisherDe1976: biological control, 43-50
Fleury1934: distribution, host, 483-500
FonsecAu1932a: distribution, host, 202-214
FontenRoSu1987: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-28
FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
GarciaPiGr1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 160
Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
GermaiDeLa2016: list of species, 3
GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 24
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 258,260
GomezM1941: distribution, host, 142
GonzalHeSi1991: biological control, distribution, host, 433-441
Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 189
Gowdey1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 31
GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
Graven1996: biological control, distribution, host, 710
GravenFeSa1992: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 215-222
GravenLeMo1988: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 209-218
GravenPaYa1993: chemical control, 16-25
GravenYaFe1992: chemical control, 101-111
Greath1978a: biological control, distribution, host,
Green1907: distribution, host, 203
GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 175, 176
Hall1929: distribution, host, 356
Hall1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 100
Hamble1947: distribution, host, 949-956
Hargre1927: distribution, economic importance, host, 113-128
Hargre1937: distribution, economic importance, host, 505-520
Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 499
Herrer1964: distribution, host, life history, 1-8
Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 26
Houck1999: biological control, life history, 97-118
Houser1918: distribution, host, 167-168
Hoz1983: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 21-33
HuffakGu1990a: biological control, economic importance, 473-492
Hunt1939: distribution, host, 548-566
Ibarra1990: distribution, host, 207-231
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28,34
Jeppso1969: chemical control, economic importance, physiology, 917-921
Johnst1915: biological control, distribution, host, 1-33
Jorgen1934: distribution, host, taxonomy, 278
Kerveg1932: distribution, economic importance, host, 1653
Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 57-58
KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 8
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
KonstaGu1987: distribution, host, 162
Larter1937: distribution, host, 65-72
LePell1959: distribution, host, 33-48
Leonar1897: taxonomy, 286
Leonar1898a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-53
Leonar1914: distribution, host, taxonomy, 203
Lepage1938: catalog, 420-421
Lepesm1947: distribution, host, 214
LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 5
Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 451
Lindin1909d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3,5-7,11
Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 42
Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 204
LoayzaPaVe2003: distribution, host, life history, 493-496
MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 452
Maleno1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 339-340
Mallam1954: distribution, 24-60
Malump2012b: distribution, host, 211,212
Malump2014a: distribution, host, 78
Mamet1941: taxonomy, 24
Mamet1943a: 167
Mamet1949: catalog, 64
Mamet1950: distribution, host, 23
Mamet1951: distribution, host, 230
Mamet1953a: taxonomy, 152
Mamet1954: distribution, host, 21
Mamet1957: distribution, 369
Mamet1958a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 370-374
Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 390
Maranh1946: taxonomy, 164-179
MarinLPa2001: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 53-57
Marlat1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132-136
MartinCuWo2004: distribution, host, 655-657
MartinFoCu2015: distribution, host,
MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 8
Martor1976: distribution, host, 1-303
Maskew1916: distribution, host, 308-309
Matile1978: distribution, host, 67
MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 174
MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 67
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-86
MerloAl1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 324
Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 79-80
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 248-249
MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 14
Meurge2011: distribution, 81
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 305
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 385-387
Moreir1921a: distribution, host, 124-126
Moreir1921b: distribution, host, 182
Moreir1929a: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 3
Morgan1889a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 352
Morril1911: distribution, host, 277
MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
MoutiaMa1947: distribution,
MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
Muntin1969: distribution, host, 142
NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-542
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 82
Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 15
Newell1923: distribution, host, 263-266
Newste1896a: distribution, host, 133
Newste1901a: distribution, host, 81-82,127
Newste1901b: 284
Newste1917b: distribution, host, 133
NormarMoKr2014: distribution, host, 38-39
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 33, S1, S6
NotzP1974: biological control, distribution, host, 127-143
Nunez2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 331-332
OteroCaMo1996: biological control, distribution, host, 530-535
PaivaPiSi1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 161
PalaroSiPa1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 161
PeckHeLa1998: distribution, host, 219-237
PereirSaAs1997: distribution, host, life history, 223
PerezG2008: distribution, 215
PerrusCa1993: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 401-404
PerrusCa1997: distribution, host, life history, 321-326
PerrusCaSo1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 241
Petch1921a: biological control, 89-167
PetersHaMo2020: host distribution, 7
PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
PintoBuGr1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 239
PorcelPe2019: distribution, host, 186
PratesBr1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 321
Prinsl1983: biological control, distribution, 27
PrunaAl1973: distribution, host, 1-12
PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
QuezadCoDi1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 9-11
RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8152
Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28-29
RodrigGoAz1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 132
Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
Rosen1987: biological control, taxonomy, 191
Rosen1990: biological control, 413-415
Rosen1990a: biological control, 503
Rosen1993: biological control, 411-416
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 405-409,533-539,
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
Salaza1999: control, 28
SantosGr1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 411-414
Sassce1923: distribution, host, 152-158
Schmut1969: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 115-116
Schmut1990a: distribution, host, 393
Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 494
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 93
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
Seabra1921: distribution, host, 98
Seabra1925: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-30
SeabraVa1918: distribution, host, 162-164
SenoGa1999: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 715-720
SilvaMiBu2004: biological control, 1321-1325
SilvaPaPi1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 161
SilvaPeCh2020: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,
Silves1915: distribution, host, 262
SoaresMaCa1998: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 124-129
Strong1922: distribution, host, 775-780
Sudoi1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 119-123
Suh2016: key, 321
Suris1999: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 23-24
SurisC1984: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 110
SurisC1993: description, distribution, host, 121-127
SurisCa1987: distribution, host, 27-31
SurisHeVa1989: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-8
SurisVa1988: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 38-44
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 116
Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 431
VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 195-208
Viggia1984: biological control, 257-276
VilelaZuCa2001: economic importance,
WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 12
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
Watana1997: biological control, distribution, host, 103
WatanaTaCo2000: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 49-64
WatanaTaNa2000: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 81-97
WatanaYo1992: biological control, 63-65
WatanaYoSi1994: biological control, distribution, host, 193-200
Watson1918: distribution, host,
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2021: distribution, 524
Watson2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 538
WatsonBe1937: control, distribution, host,
WeiScNo2021: key, 17
Wester1918: distribution, economic importance, host, 5-57
Wester1920: distribution, host,
Whitne1933: distribution, host, 59-70
Wille1941: distribution, host, 3-26
Willia1970DJ: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 218
WilliaWa1988: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 11,240-241
Wilson1917: distribution, host, 56-57
Wilson1921: distribution, host, 20-34
WilsonGo1962: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-61
WoodruBeSk1998: distribution,
Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
XavierDeSc1997: biological control, distribution, host, 135
YamamoFeBe1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 414
YustCe1956: distribution, host, 425-442
deAzerRoCa2004: biological control, distribution, host, 569-579
deVill2001h: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 227